U.S. patent number RE39,355 [Application Number 10/461,712] was granted by the patent office on 2006-10-17 for preparation of human igf via recombinant dna technology.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Genetech, Inc.. Invention is credited to James M. Lee, Axel Ullrich.
United States Patent |
RE39,355 |
Lee , et al. |
October 17, 2006 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Preparation of human IGF via recombinant DNA technology
Abstract
Human insulin-like growth factor is synthesized in recombinant
cell culture by host cells transformed with expression vectors
bearing DNA encoding human insulin-like growth factor.
Inventors: |
Lee; James M. (San Bruno,
CA), Ullrich; Axel (Munich, DE) |
Assignee: |
Genetech, Inc. (South San
Francisco, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
27053789 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/461,712 |
Filed: |
June 13, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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06506078 |
Jun 20, 1983 |
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06501353 |
Jun 6, 1983 |
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Reissue of: |
08464361 |
Jun 5, 1995 |
06331609 |
Dec 18, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
530/324; 530/350;
530/399; 435/69.7 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12N
9/2408 (20130101); C12N 15/81 (20130101); C07K
14/485 (20130101); C07K 14/65 (20130101); A61K
38/00 (20130101); C07K 2319/00 (20130101); C07K
2319/02 (20130101); C07K 2319/75 (20130101); C07K
2319/036 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C07K
14/65 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;530/324,350,399
;435/69.7 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1214739 |
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Dec 1986 |
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CA |
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022242 |
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Jul 1979 |
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026598 |
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Apr 1981 |
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EP |
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046039 |
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Feb 1982 |
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EP |
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055945 |
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Jul 1982 |
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EP |
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075444 |
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Mar 1983 |
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EP |
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116201 |
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Aug 1984 |
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121352 |
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Oct 1984 |
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123228 |
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123294 |
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123544 |
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135094 |
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189481 |
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56-95199 |
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JP |
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JP |
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8302324 |
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Jan 1985 |
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NL |
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WO 84/03103 |
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Aug 1984 |
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WO |
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|
Primary Examiner: Allen; Marianne P.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Hasak; Janet E. Dreger; Ginger R.
Heller Ehrman, LLP
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is related to commonly assigned applications filed
concurrently herewith under U.S. Ser. Nos. 506,077 abandoned and
506,098 abandoned, and their parents U.S. Ser. Nos. 501,351
abandoned and 501,362 abandoned.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/506,078 filed on
Jun. 20, 1983, abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser.
No. 06/501,353 filed Jun. 6, 1983, now abandoned, which
applications are incorporated herein by reference and to which
applications priority is claimed under 35 USC .sctn.120.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of mature
human IGF-I .[.as shown in FIG. 12 or a natural allelic variant
thereof.]. .Iadd.consisting of amino acids residues 20-89 of SEQ ID
NO: 48 .Iaddend.and, at the N-terminus of the mature .Iadd.human
.Iaddend.IGF-I, a bacterial protein followed by an enzymatic
proteolysis site linking the bacterial protein and the mature
.Iadd.human .Iaddend.IGF-I.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the preparation of human IGF
(insulin-like growth factor), in various forms, via recombinant DNA
technology. Notably, the present invention provides for the
preparation of human IGF as a mature protein product of expression,
processing, and secretion in a recombinant DNA modified host
organism. This invention thus provides for the production,
isolation, and use of human IGF, in its various forms, as well as
to the associated recombinant DNA technology by which it is
prepared. In addition, the present invention relates to the similar
preparation of a related protein, human EGF (Epidermal Growth
Factor).
The present invention arises in part from the discovery of a novel
system by which human IGF can be prepared by a recombinant host
organism in the form of a discrete, mature protein. This is
accomplished according to one aspect of the present invention by an
expression system which permits the expression of the amino acid
sequence of human IGF fused with at least a portion of the yeast
alpha factor signal sequence, followed by processing of said signal
sequence, and secretion of mature human IGF protein into the medium
supporting the host organism. Thus, this novel aspect of the
present invention, it is believed for the first time, permits the
preparation, isolation, and utilization of human IGF as a discrete,
mature protein. The present invention, in its broad compass,
however, converts the preparation of the amino acid sequence of
human IGF in other recombinant systems including bacteria and cell
culture and includes, therefore, the expression of human IGF DNA
sequences providing not only mature human IGF but also fusion
product derivatives containing the amino acid sequence of IGF as
the essential component. All such products have been found to be
biologically active, hence useful as intended.
The publications and other materials hereof used to illuminate the
background of the invention, and in particular cases, to provide
additional details concerning its practice are incorporated herein
by this reference and for convenience, are alphabetically and
numerically referenced in the following text and respectively
grouped in the appended bibliography.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A. Human IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor)
Human IGF has been the subject of a fair amount of intensive study
by past workers. A body of literature has been developed related to
various aspects of this protein or series of proteins (see
references A through L).
Insulin-like growth factors I and II have been isolated from human
serum (A). The designation "insulin-like growth factor" or IGF was
chosen to express the insulin-like effects and the insulin-like
structure of these polypeptides which act as mitogens on a member
of cells. The complete amino acid sequences of IGF-I and IGF-II
have been determined (D,E). They are both single-chain polypeptides
with three disulphide bridges and a sequence identity of 49 and 47
percent respectively, to human insulin A and B chains. The
connecting peptide or C region is considerably shorter than the one
of proinsulin and does not show any significant homology to it.
(For a summary of earlier studies on the biological efforts of IGF,
see Reference F).
IGF-I and IGF-II are growth promoting polypeptides occurring in
human serum and human cerebral spinal fluid. Their structure is
homologous to proinsulin. IGF-I seems to be produced by the liver
along with a specific IGF-binding protein both of which are under
control of growth hormone. Thus, human IGF is considered to be an
active growth promoting molecule that mediates the effect of human
growth hormone.
It was perceived that the application of recombinant DNA and
associated technologies would be a most effective way of providing
the requisite large quantities of high quality human IGF for
applied use to human beings as a growth factor. The goal was to
produce human IGF either as biologically active fusion protein, or
more importantly, as a mature protein, as products of recombinant
DNA technology from a host organism. Such materials would exhibit
bioactivity admitting of their use clinically in the treatment of
various growth affected conditions.
B. Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA technology has reached the age of some
sophistication. Molecular biologists are able to recombine various
DNA sequences with some facility, creating new DNA entities capable
of producing copious amounts of exogenous protein product in
transformed microbes and cell cultures. The general means and
methods are in hand for the in vitro ligation of various blunt
ended or "sticky" ended fragments of DNA, producing potent
expression vehicles useful in transforming particular organisms,
thus directing their efficient synthesis of desired exogenous
product. However, on an individual product basis, the pathway
remains somewhat tortuous and the science has not advanced to a
stage where regular predictions of success can be made. Indeed,
those who potend successful results without the underlying
experimental basis, do so with considerable risk of
inoperability.
DNA recombination of the essential elements, i.e., an origin of
replication, one or more phenotypic selection characteristics, an
expression promoter, heterologous gene insert and remainder vector,
generally is performed outside the host cell. The resulting
recombinant replicable expression vehicle, or plasmid, is
introduced into cells by transformation and large quantities of the
recombinant vehicle are obtained by growing the transformant. Where
the gene is properly inserted with reference to portion which
govern the transcription and translation of the encoded DNA
message, the resulting expression vehicle is useful to actually
produce the polypeptide sequence for which the inserted gene codes,
a process referred to as expression. The resulting product may be
obtained by lysing, if necessary, the host cell, in microbial
systems, and recovering the product by appropriate purification
from other proteins.
In practice, the use of recombinant DNA technology can express
entirely heterologous polypeptides-so-called direct expression-or
alternatively may express a heterologous polypeptide fused to a
portion of the amino acid sequence of a homologous polypeptide. In
the latter cases, the intended bioactive product is sometimes
rendered bioinactive within the fused, homologous/heterologous
polypeptide until it is cleaved in an extracellular environment.
See reference (M) and (N).
Similarly, the art of cell or tissue cultures for studying genetics
and cell physiology is well established. Means and methods are in
hand for maintaining permanent cell lines, prepared by successive
serial transfers from isolated normal cells. For use in research,
such cell lines are maintained on a solid support in liquid medium,
or by growth in suspension containing support nutriments. Scale-up
for large preparations seems to pose only mechanical problems. For
further background, attention is directed to references (O) and
(P).
Likewise, protein biochemistry is a useful, indeed necessary,
adjunct in biotechnology. Cells producing the desired protein also
produce hundreds of other proteins, endogenous products of the
cell's metabolism. These contaminating proteins, as well as other
compounds, if not removed from the desired protein, could prove
toxic if administered to an animal or human in the course of
therapeutic treatment with desired protein. Hence, the techniques
of protein biochemistry come to beat, allowing the design of
separation procedures suitable for the particular system under
consideration and providing a homogeneous product safe for intended
use. Protein biochemistry also proves the identity of the desired
product, characterizing it and ensuring that the cells have
produced it faithfully with no alterations or mutations. This
branch of science is also involved in the design of bioassays,
stability studies and other procedures necessary to apply before
successful clinical studies and marketing can take place.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is based upon the discovery that recombinant
DNA technology can be used successfully to produce human IGF and
related protein, human EGF, preferably in direct form and in
amounts sufficient to initiate and conduct animal and clinical
testing as prerequisites to market approval. The products human IGF
and EGF are suitable for use in all of their forms as produced
according to the present invention, viz. in tie prophylactic or
therapeutic treatment of human beings for various growth associated
conditions of diseases. Accordingly, the present invention, in one
important aspect, is directed to methods of treating growth
conditions in human subjects using human IGF or human EGF, and
suitable pharmaceutical compositions thereof, prepared in
accordance with the methods and means of the present invention.
The present invention further comprises essentially pure, mature
human IGF, as a product of expression processing, and secretion in
a recombinant host organism. Such human IGF is free from
association with N-terminus amino acid sequence derivable from the
expression systems that can be employed to prepare the material.
Thus, while the present invention is directed to the preparation of
polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence of IGF, a notable
aspect of the present invention involves the production of the
mature human IGF directly into the medium of the recombinant host
organism employed. The present invention is also directed to
replicable DNA expression vehicle harboring gene sequences encoding
human IGF and human EGF in expressible form, to microorganism
strains or cell cultures transformed with such vehicles and to
microbial or cell cultures of such transformants capable of
producing amino acid sequences of human IGF and human EGF. In still
further aspect, the present invention is directed to various
processes useful for preparing said gene sequences, DNA expression
vehicles, microorganisms and cell cultures and specific embodiments
thereof. Still further, this invention is directed to the
preparation of fermentation cultures of said microorganisms and
cell cultures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 represents the chemically synthesized DNA strands used in
the construction of expression vectors for human IGF .Iadd.(DNA
IGF-1 Left Half: 1L (43-mer), SEQ ID NO:14 ; DNA IGF-1 Left Half:
3L (43-mer), SEQ ID NO. 15; DNA IGF-1 Left Half: 2L (46-mer), SEQ
ID NO. 16; DNA IGF-1 Left Half: 4L (46-mer), SEQ ID NO. 17, DNA
IGF-1 Right Half: 1R (46-mer), SEQ ID NO. 18; DNA IGF-1 Right Half:
3R (46-mer), SEQ ID NO. 19; DNA IGF-1 Right Half: 2R (54-mer), SEQ
ID NO. 20; DNA IGF-1 Right Half: 4R (46-mer). SEQ ID NO.
21.Iaddend..
FIG. 2 shows the completed double stranded DNA of FIG. 1
.Iadd.(Protein IGF-1 Left Half: Part 1, SEQ ID NO. 22; DNA IGF-1
Left Half: Part 1, SEQ ID NO. 23; Protein IGF-1 Left Half: Part 2,
SEQ ID NO. 24; DNA IGF-1 Left Half: Part 2, SEQ ID NO. 25; Protein
IGF-1 Right Half: Part 3, SEQ ID NO. 26; DNA IGF-1 Right Half: Part
3, SEQ ID NO. 27; Protein IGF-1 Right Half: Part 4, SEQ ID NO. 28;
DNA IGF-1 Right Half: Part 4, SEQ ID NO. 29).Iaddend..
FIG. 3 show the fragments of DNA of FIG. 2 after restriction by
EcoRI and PstI and BamHI .Iadd.(Protein IGF-1 Left Half: Part 1,
SEQ ID NO. 30; DNA IGF-1 Left Half: part 1: 1L, SEQ ID NO. 31; DNA
IGF-1 Left Half: Part 1: 3L, SEQ ID NO. 32; Protein IGF-1 Left
Half: Part 2, SEQ ID NO. 33; DNA IGF-1 Left Half: Part 2: 2L, SEQ
ID NO. 34; DNA IGF-1 Left Half: Part 2: 4L, SEQ ID NO.
35).Iaddend..
FIG. 4 depicts the ligation of parts 1 and 2 of FIG. 3 into
PBR322.
FIG. 5 show parts 3 and 4 of IGF-I right half .Iadd.(Protein IGF-1
Right Half: Part 3, SEQ ID NO. 36; DNA IGF-1 Right Half: Part 3,
SEQ ID NO. 37; DNA IGF-1 Right Half: Part 3, SEQ ID NO. 38; Protein
IGF-1 Right Half: Part 4, SEQ ID NO. 39; DNA IGF-1 Right Half: Part
4, SEQ ID NO. 40; DNA IGF-1 Right Half: Part 4, SEQ ID NO.
41).Iaddend..
FIG. 6 depicts the ligation of parts 3 and 4 of FIG. 5 into the
vector of FIG. 4.
FIG. 7 shows a sequence of DNA .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO. 43) .Iaddend.and
deduced fusion protein containing IGF-I .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO.
42).Iaddend..
FIG. 8 shows a sequence of DNA .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO. 45) .Iaddend.and
deduced short fusion protein containing IGF-I .Iadd.(sLE-IGF-1
Fusion Protein, SEQ ID NO. 44).Iaddend..
FIG. 9 depicts a plasmid used in the present construction.
FIG. 10 shows the DNA and protein sequence of IGF-I fused with
alpha factor pre-pro sequence .Iadd.(IGF-1 Protein fused with alpha
factor pre-pro sequence, SEQ ID NO. 46; DNA, SEQ ID NO.
47).Iaddend..
FIG. 11 is a vector containing alpha factor promotor and pre-pro
sequence fused to IGF-I.
FIG. 12 shows the yeast invertase signal fused to IGF-I
.Iadd.(Yeast Invertase Signal-IGF-1 fusion protein, SEQ ID NO. 48;
DNA, SEQ ID NO. 49). The amino acid sequence of mature human IGF-I
is shown in the figure by the underscored amino acids (amino acids
20-89 of SEQ ID NO. 48).Iaddend..
FIG. 13 shows the parental plasmid containing the yeast PGK
promoter.
FIG. 14 depicts a yeast expression vector containing PGK promoter,
invertase signal and human IGF-I gene.
FIG. 15 is the synthetic DNA used to construct the coding sequence
of mature human EGF .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO. 50).Iaddend..
FIG. 16 depicts the yeast alpha factor "pre-pro" sequence fused to
the human EGF coding sequence .Iadd.(Yeast alpha factor protein
"pre-pro" sequence fused with EGF, SEQ ID NO. 51; EGF DNA fused
with yeast alpha factor "pre-pro" sequence, SEQ ID NO.
52).Iaddend..
FIG. 17 depicts the yeast invertase signal sequence fused to the
human EGF coding sequence .Iadd.(Yeast invertase signal protein
sequence fused with EGF, SEQ ID NO. 53; EGF DNA fused with
invertase sequence, SEQ ID NO. 54).Iaddend..
FIG. 18 shows the coding sequence for human IGF-II .Iadd.(Protein
coding sequence for Human IGF-II, SEQ ID NO. 55; DNA coding
sequence for Human IGF-II, SEQ ID NO. 56).Iaddend..
FIG. 19 illustrates the structure of pools of synthetic
oligonucleotides used as hybridization probes to isolate the gene
for .alpha.-factor .Iadd.(Protein carboxy terminus of alpha factor,
SEQ ID NO. 57; DNA consensus oligonucleotides encoding alpha-factor
carboxy terminus, SEQ ID NO. 58; DNA oligonucleotide pool I
(complementary to SEQ ID 58), SEQ ID NO. 59; DNA oligonucleotide
pool II (complementary to SEQ ID 58), SEQ ID NO. 60).Iaddend..
FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate the results of electrophoresis of DNA
fragments obtained using the probes of FIG. 19.
FIG.[.S.]. . 21A .Iadd.(DNA sequence of alpha factor, SEQ ID NO.
61; Protein sequence of alpha factor, SEQ ID NO. 62) .Iaddend.and
.Iadd.FIG. .Iaddend.21B .Iadd.(Protein sequence of alpha factor,
SEQ ID NO. 63; DNA sequence of alpha factor, SEQ ID NO. 64)
.Iaddend.and .Iadd.FIG. .Iaddend.22 .Iadd.(DNA sequence of alpha
factor, SEQ ID NO. 65; Protein sequence of alpha factor, SEQ ID NO.
66) .Iaddend.are the nucleotide sequences of .alpha.-factor
genes.
FIGS. 23A and 23B illustrates the scheme for joining the gene for
human interferon D with the gene for the .alpha.-factor promoter
and signal sequence.
FIG. 24 illustrate the scheme for construction of a yeast/E. coli
shuttle vector for use as a starting plasmid herein for expression
of heterologous genes supplying the .alpha.-factor promoter and
signal polypeptide gene sequences.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A. Definitions
As used herein, "human IGF" and "human EGF" denotes human
insulin-like growth factor and human epidermal growth factor,
produced by microbial or cell culture systems and bioactive forms
comprising the amino acid sequence corresponding to human IGF and
human EGF otherwise native to human tissue. The human IGF and EGF
proteins produced herein have been defined by means of DNA, gene,
and deductive amino acid sequencing. It will be understood that
inasmuch as natural allelic variations exist and occur from
individual to individual, as demonstrated by (an) amino acid
difference(s) in the overall sequence or by deletions,
substitutions, insertions, inversions, or additions of one or more
amino acids of said sequences, the present invention is intended to
embrace all of such allelic variations of the two molecules
involved. In addition, the location of and the degree of
glycosylation depend upon the nature of the recombinant host
organism employed and such variations as may occur as included
within the ambit of this invention. Finally, the potential exists
in the use of DNA technology for the preparation of various
derivatives of human IGF and human EGF by simple modification of
the underlying gene sequence for such molecules. Such modifications
could be accomplished by means of site directed mutagenesis of the
underlying DNA, as an example. All such modifications resulting in
derivatives of human IGF and human EGF are included within the
scope of the present invention so long as the essential
characteristic human IGF and human EGF activities remain unaffected
in kind.
"Essentially pure form" when used to describe the state of human
IGF or human EGF produced by this invention means that the proteins
are free of proteins or other materials normally associated with
human IGF or human EGF when produced by non-recombinant cells, i.e.
in their "native" environments.
"Expression vector" includes vectors which are capable of
expressing DNA sequences contained therein, where such sequences
are operably linked to other sequences capable of effecting their
expression, i.e., promotor/operator sequences. In sum, "expression
vector" is given a functional definition: any DNA sequence which is
capable of effecting expression of a specified DNA code disposed
therein. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant
DNA techniques are often in the form of "plasmids" which refer to
circular double stranded DNA loops which in their vector form are
not bound to the chromosome. In the present specification,
"plasmid" and "vector" are used interchangeably as the plasmid is
the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is
intended to include such other forms of expression vectors which
function equivalently and which become known in the art
subsequently.
"Recombinant host cells" refers to cells which have been
transformed with such vectors. Thus, the human IGF and human EGF
molecules produced by such cells can be referred to as "recombinant
human IGF" and "recombinant human EGF".
B. Host Cell Cultures and Vectors
The vectors and methods disclosed herein are suitable for use in
host cells over a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms.
In general, or course, prokaryotes are preferred for cloning of DNA
sequences in constructing the vectors useful in the invention. For
example, E. coli K12 strain 294 (ATCC No. 31446) is particularly
useful. Other microbial strains which may be used include E. coli
strains such as E. coli B, and E. coli X1776 (ATTC No. 31537). The
aforementioned strains, as well as E. coli W3110 (F.sup.-,
.lamda..sup.-, prototrophic, ATTC No. 27325), bacilli such as
Bacillus subtilus, and other enterobacteriaceae such as Salmonella
typhimurium or Serratia marcesans, and various pseudomonas species
may be used. These examples are, of course, intended to be
illustrative rather than limiting.
In general, plasmid vectors containing replicon and control
sequences which are derived from species compatible with the host
cell are used in connection with these hosts. The vector ordinarily
carries a replication site, as well as marking sequences which are
capable of providing phenotypic selection is transformed cells. For
example, E. coli is typically transformed using pBR 322, a plasmid
derived from an E. coli species (Bolivar, et al., Gene 2: 95
(1977)).pBR322 contains genes for ampicillin and tetracycline
resistance and thus provides easy means for identifying transformed
cells. The pBR322 plasmid, or other microbial plasmid must also
contain, or be modified to contain, promoters which can be used by
the microbial organism for expression of its own proteins. Those
promoters most commonly used in recombinant DNA construction
include the .beta.-lactamase (penicillinase) and lactose promoter
systems (Chang et al, Nature, 275: 615(1978), Itakura, et al,
Science, 198: 1056 (1977); (Goeddel, et al Nature 281: 544 (1979)
and a tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel, et al, Nucleic
Acids Res., 8: 4057 (1980); EPO Appl Publ No. 0036776). While these
are the most commonly used, other microbial promoters have been
discovered and utilized, and details concerning their nucleotide
sequences have been published, enabling a skilled worker to ligate
them functionally with plasmid vectors (Siebenlist, et al, Cell 20:
269 (1980)).
In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes, such as yeast
cultures, may also be used. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or common
baker's yeast is the most commonly used among eukaryotic
microorganisms, although a number of other strains are commonly
available. For expression in Saccharomyces, the plasmid YRp7, for
example, (Stinchcomb, et al, Nature, 282: 39 (1979); Kingsman et
al, Gene 7: 141 (1979); Tschemper, et al, Gene 10: 157(1980)) is
commonly used. This plasmid already contains the trp1 gene which
provides a selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking
the ability to grow in tryptophan, for example ATCC No. 44076 or
PEP4-1 (Jones, Genetics, 85: 12 (1977)). The presence of the trp1
lesion as a characteristic of the yeast host cell genome then
provides an effective environment for detecting transformation by
growth in the absence of tryptophan.
Suitable promoting sequences in yeast vectors include the promoters
for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman, et al., J. Biol. Chem.,
255: 2073 (1980)) or other glycolytic enzymes (Hess, et al., J.
Adv. Enzyme Reg., 7: 149 (1968); Hotland, et al, Biochemistry, 17:
4900 (1978)), such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatic
dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase,
phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase,
3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate
isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase. In
constructing suitable expression plasmids, the termination
sequences associated with these genes are also ligated into the
expression vector 3' of the sequence desired to be expressed to
provide polyadenylation of the mRNA and termination. Other
promoters which have the additional advantage of transcription
controlled by growth conditions are the promoter regions for
alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase,
degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, and the
aforementioned glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and
enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization (Holland,
ibid). Any plasmid vector containing yeast-compatible promoter,
origin of replication and termination sequences is suitable.
In addition to microorganisms, cultures of cells derived from
multicellular organisms may also be used as hosts. In principle,
any such cell culture is workable, whether from vertebrate or
invertebrate culture. However, interest has been greatest in
vertebrate cells, and propagation of vertebrate cells in culture
(tissue culture) has become a routine procedure in recent years
[Tissue Culture, Academic Press, Kruse and Patterson, editors
(1973)]. Examples of such useful host cell lines are VERO and HeLa
cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, and W138, BHK, COS-7
and MDCK cell lines. Expression vectors for such cells ordinarily
include (if necessary) an origin of replication, a promoter located
in front of the gene to be expressed, along with any necessary
ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation site, and
transcriptional terminator sequences.
For use in mammalian cells, the control functions on the expression
vectors are often provided by viral material. For example, commonly
used promoters are derived from polyoma. Adenovirus 2, and most
frequently Simian Virus 40 (SV40). The early and late promoters of
SV40 virus are particularly useful because both are obtained easily
from the virus as a fragment which also contains the SV40 viral
origin of replication (Fiers, et al, Nature, 273: 113 (1978)
incorporated herein by reference. Smaller or larger SV40 fragments
may also be used, provided there is included the approximately 250
bp sequence extending from the Hind III site toward the BglI site
located in the viral origin of replication. Further, it is also
possible, and often desirable, to utilize promoter or control
sequences normally associated with the desired gene sequence,
provide such control sequences are compatible with the host cell
systems.
An origin of replication may be provided either by construction of
the vector to include an exogenous origin, such as may be derived
from SV40 or other viral (e.g. Polyoma, Adeno, VSV, BPV, etc.)
source, or may be provided by the host cell chromosomal replication
mechanism. If the vector is integrated into the host cell
chromosome, the latter is often sufficient.
C. Methods Employed
If cells without formidable cell wall barriers are used as host
cells, transfection is carried out by the calcium phosphate
precipitation method as described by Graham and Van der Eb,
Virology, 52: 546 (1978). However, other methods for introducing
DNA into cells such as by nuclear injection or by protoplast may
also be used.
If prokaryotic cells or cells which contain substantial cell wall
constructions are used, the preferred method of transfection is
calcium treatment using calcium chloride as described by Cohen, F.
N. et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 69: 2110 (1972).
Construction of suitable vectors containing the desired coding and
control sequences employ standard ligation techniques. Isolated
plasmids or DNA fragments are cleaved, tailored, and religated in
the form desired to form the plasmids required.
Cleavage is performed by treating with restriction enzyme (or
enzymes) in suitable buffer. In general, about 1 .mu.g plasmid or
DNA fragments is used with about 1 unit of enzyme in about 20 .mu.l
of buffer solution. (Appropriate buffers and substrate amounts for
particular restrictions enzymes are specified by the manufacturer.)
Incubation times of about 1 hour at 37.degree. C. are workable.
After incubations, protein is removed by extraction with phenol and
chloroform, and the nucleic acid is recovered from the aqueous
fraction by precipitation with ethanol.
If blunt ends are required, the preparation is treated for 15
minutes at 15.degree. with 10 units of Polymerase I (Klenow),
phenol-chloroform extracted, and ethanol precipitated.
Size separation of the cleaved fragments is performed using 6
percent polyacrylamide gel described by Goeddel, D., et al, Nucleic
Acids Res., 8: 4057 (1980) incorporated herein by reference.
For ligation approximately equimolar amounts of the desired
components, suitably end tailored to provide correct matching are
treated with about 10 units T4 DNA ligase per 0.5 .mu.g DNA. (When
cleaved vectors are used as components, it may be useful to prevent
religation of the cleaved vector by pretreatment with bacterial
alkaline phosphatase.)
For analysis to confirm correct sequences in plasmids constructed,
the ligation mixtures are used to transform E. coli K12 strain 294
(ATCC 31446), and successful transformants selected by ampicillin
resistance where appropriate. Plasmids from the transformants are
prepared, analyzed by restriction and/or sequenced by the method of
Messing, et al, Nucleic Acids Res., 9:309 (1981) or by the method
of Maxam, et al, Methods in Enzymology, 65:499 (1980).
EXAMPLES
The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit
the present invention.
Synthesis and Expression of Human IGF-1
Enzymes were obtained from the following suppliers: New England
Biolabs: restriction enzymes, T4 DNA ligase Bethesda Research Labs:
restriction enzymes, Bact. Alkaline Phos. Boehringer-Mannheim: E.
coli DNA Polymerase I (Klenow) P+L Biochemicals: Polynucleotide
kinase, Terminal Nucleotidyl Transferase New England Nuclear:
pBR322 [oligo(dG)-tailed] DNA Reagents: BioRad: Bis Acrylamide,
Acrylamide, TEMED Sigma: Ammonium Persulfate Amersham:
10218.gamma..sup.32P ATP-5000 Ci/mmol; 10165 .alpha..sup.32P
dCTP>400 Ci/mmol. Solutions and Media: 1.times.TBE: 054M Tris
Base, 0.54 M Boric Acid, 0.017 M Na.sub.2 EDTA. Difco: Yeast
Nitrogenous Base (YNB); Tryptone, Yeast Extract, Bacto-Agar;
Casamino Acids. Autoradiography: Kodak X-0 mat AR XAR-2 Film Glass
Beads: 0.45-0.60 mM B. Braun Melsungen AG LB medium (per liter): 10
g NaCl; 5 g yeast extract; 10 g tryptone; 0.17 ml NaOH (50 percent)
LB Agar (per liter): 10 g tryptone; 5 g yeast extract; 0.5 g NaCl;
15 g Bacto-Agar adjusted to pH 7.5 with NaOH. Antibiotics:
Tetracycline (5 .mu.g/ml) in all mediums; Ampicillin (20 .mu.g/ml)
in all mediums (plates or liquid) M9 Medium (per liter): 6 g
Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 (anhydrous); 1 g NH.sub.4Cl; 3 g
KH.sub.2PO.sub.4; 0.5 g NaCl; 1 mM MgSO.sub.4; 0.5 percent (w/v)
glucose; 0.5 percent (w/v) Casamino Acids; 0.0001 percent
Thiamine-HCl. YNB-CAA (per liter): 6.7 g Yeast Nitrogenous Base
(without Amino Acids); 10 mg adenine; 10 mg uracil; 5 g Casamino
Acids; 20 g Glucose. YNB-CAA agar plates (per liter): Same as
YNB-CAA +30 g agar. Standard Ligation Conditions: 10-fold molar
excess of insert (for linker) to vector. 1.times.T4 DNA ligase
buffer and 400-800 U T4 DNA ligase; 14.degree.-12-16 hours.
Standard Kination Conditions: 1.times. Polynucleotide kinase
buffer, 15 U polynucleotide kinase; 37.degree.60 minutes; followed
by reaction termination by heating to 65.degree. for 10 minutes.
1.times. Kinase Buffer: 70 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6); 10 mM MgCl.sub.2;
5 mM DTT 1.times.T4 DNA Ligase Buffer: 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8); 10
mM MgCl.sub.2; 20 mM DTT; 1 mM rATP. Construction, Strategy and
Selection of a DNA Sequence
The 1.degree. protein structure of the human IGF-1 molecule has
been determined (1). Based upon this protein sequence and the
genetic code, a DNA sequence coding for mature human IGF-1 protein,
including all possible base substitutions at any one base position,
was determined by computer analysis (Genentech Untrans Program).
Using a restriction site analysis program (Genentech Asearch
Program), all potential restriction sites located in all possible
DNA sequences consistently coding for the same protein were found.
Three sites internal to the coding sequence were selected: PstI,
BamHI, and AvalI. Two additional sites were placed at the ends,
just outside of the coding sequence of the mature protein: one
EcoRI site before the initiation codon, AUG, and the StilI site
following the termination codon, TAG of the coding sequence. The
choice of these sties facilitated the cloning of the coding
sequence in separate parts, each of which subsequently could be
excised and then assembled to form an intact synthetic IGF-1 gene.
This construction involved in the assembly of 4 parts, 2 parts
forming the left half, 2 parts forming the right half. Each part
consisted of two single strands of chemically synthesized DNA (see
FIG. 1.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS. 14-21.Iaddend.). Proposed synthetic
fragments were also analysed for internal complementar.[.it.].
y.
The constructions used to generate these four parts employed the
use of DNA Polymerase I repair synthesis of synthetic
oligonucleotide substrates having 9-10 bp stretches of
complementary sequence at their 3' termini. In the presence of DNA
Polymerase I (Klenow) and the four deoxynucleotide triphosphates,
these primer-templates were extended to become full-length
double-stranded DNAs. To prevent priming at locations other than
the desired portions as well as self-hybridizations, each set of
single-stranded DNAs were analysed by a computer program (Genentech
Homology Program), and wherever possible, sequences which would
have potentially led to hairpin loops, self-priming, or
mis-priming, were eliminated by alternate codon usage. Each of
these four double-stranded DNAs were synthesized to include 9-12
additional bp of non-IGF-1 coding DNA at each end (see FIG.
2.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS. 22-29.Iaddend.). This additional DNA was
included to allow generation of sticky ends by restriction enzyme
digestion. The sticky ends thus formed facilitated the ligation of
the double-stranded pieces to contiguous coding sections of the
synthetic gene or into a cloning vehicle.
The 9-12 extra bp of double stranded DNA beyond the restriction
site at the end of each part (see FIG. 2.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS.
22-29.Iaddend.) allowed for the TdT-mediated formation of
single-stranded oligodeoxycytidine strands at the 3' ends of each
double-stranded DNA section. These oligodeoxycytidine tailed
double-stranded DNAs could then be annealed into a complementary
oligodeoxyguanosine tailed PstI site of a cloning vehicle. Once
cloned, and sequenced to ensure the correct base sequences, the
parts could be easily isolated and ligated following restriction
enzyme cleavage at the restriction sites selected at the ends of
each of the four parts, to form the intact synthetic IGF-1
gene.
The method used successfully here was similar to that described by
Rossi et al. (28); however, attempts at the construction and
cloning of the IGF-1 coding sequence using the Rossi et al. method
(28) with only two base pairs of extra DNA beyond the restriction
enzyme recognition sites repeatedly failed. The method employed
here also differs from the Rossi et al. procedure (28) in that
restriction sites placed at both ends of a double stranded DNA
allow for the convenience of cloning each double stranded DNA
fragment, individually, by (dC)-tailing and annealing into a
(dG)-tailed vector, a method which in practice requires less of the
dobule stranded DNA than three-part ligations.
Chemical Synthesis
Eight fragments, 43, 43, 46, 46, 46, 46, 54, and 46 bases in length
(see FIG. 1.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS. 14-21.Iaddend.), were chemically
synthesized according to the method of Crea and Horn (2), the only
change being the use of mesitylene nitrotriazole as the condensing
agent rather than 2,4,6-Triisopropyl benzenesulfonylchloride
tetrazole.
The syntheses of the fragments were accomplished from the
appropriate solid support (cellulose) by sequential addition of the
appropriate fully-protected dimer- or trimer-blocks. The cycles
were carried out under the same conditions as described in the
synthesis of oligothymidilic acid (see Crea et al., supra). The
final polymers were treated with base (aqueous conc. NH.sub.3) and
acid (80 percent HoAc), the polymer pelleted off, and the
supernatant was evaporated to dryness. The residue, dissolved in 4
percent aq. NH.sub.3, was washed with ethyl ester (3.times.) and
used for the isolation of the fully deprotected fragment.
Purification was accomplished by electrophoresis using 20 percent
polyacrylamide gels. The pure oligonucleotide was ethanol
precipitated following gel elution.
225-285 pmoles of each chemically synthesized fragment was mixed
with an equivalent amount of the complementary single-stranded DNA
fragment (i.e. 1L+3L; 2L+4L; 1R+3R; 2R+4R) in the presence of
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates at a final concentration of 200
.mu.M with the exception of dCTP. dCTP was added to a concentration
of 5 .mu.M as a .alpha..sup.32 P-labeled isotope (with a specific
activity of 1000-2000 Ci/mmol) to allow easy monitoring to the
repair-synthesis reaction product. The reactions were carried out
in a buffer containing a final concentration of 50 mM Tris HCl pH
7.5; 20 mM MgCl.sub.2; 20 mM DTT and 154 DNA Polymerase 1 (Klenow)
in a reaction volume of 200 .mu.l. Reactions were allowed to
proceed at 4.degree. for 12-18 hrs.
Upon completion, EDTA was added to a concentration of 25 mM. Sample
buffer containing the mixes were phenol extracted, CHCl.sub.3
extracted 2.times., and products were etOH precipitated. Pellets
were taken up in 0.3 M NaOAc and the DNA was reprecipitated with
etOH. After dissolving the pellets in H.sub.2O, the 1L+3L and 2L+4L
products were then digested separately with PstI in 100 .mu.l
reaction mixes containing 1.times.PstI buffer (50 mM
(NH.sub.4).sub.2 SO.sub.4, 20 mM Tris HCl pH 7.5, 10 mM
MgCl.sub.2), and 70 U PstI. After 4 hrs, EDTA was added to a
concentration of 10 mM, and the material was ethanol precipitated.
Pellets were then taken up in 0.3 M NaOAc and reprecipitated, then
taken up in H.sub.2O. The PstI-digested 1L+3L product was digested
with EcoRI at 37.degree. in a 100 .mu.l reaction mix 1.times.EcoRI
buffer (150 mM NaCl, 6 mM Tris HCl pH 7.5, 6 mM MgCl.sub.2 ) and 70
U EcoRI. The PstI digested 2L+4L product was digest at 37.degree.
with BamHI in a 100 .mu.l reaction mixed in 1.times.BamHI Buffer
(150 mM NaCl, 6 mM Tris HCl pH 7.9, 6 mM MgCl.sub.2) and 70 U
BamHI. After 4 hrs, EDTA was added to both mixtures, and sample
buffer was added. They were electrophoresed on a 6 percent
polyacrylamide stab gel. Six percent slab gels were cast with a
mixture containing 6 percent (w/v) acrylamide (20 to 1 ratio of
acrylamide to Bis acrylamide) 1.times.TBE, 1 percent APS and 0.1
percent TEMED. Reaction products were located on the gel by
autoradiography and the band corresponding to the 45 bp EcoRI-PstI
digested 1L+3L product (Part 1) (see FIG. 3.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS.
30-32.Iaddend.) and the band corresponding to the 50 bp PstI-BamHI
digested 2L+4L product (Part 2) (see FIG. 3.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS.
33-35.Iaddend.) were excised from the gel, and the material was
electroeluted in 0.2.times.TBE, phenol extracted, CHCl.sub.3
extracted, and ethanol precipitated. Parts 1 and 2 were dissolved
in H.sub.2O.
Cloning Vector Prep
Cloning vector was prepared by digesting 20 .mu.g pBR322 (15) with
50 U EcoRI and 60 U BamHI, in 1.times.RI Buffer at 37.degree. for 6
hr. After addition of EDTA to a concentration of 10 mM, sample
buffer was added, and the mixture was run on a 5 percent
polyacrylamide gel. The gel was developed by staining 10' in
H.sub.2O containing 5 .mu.g/ml Et. Bromide, rinsing 2.times. in
H.sub.2O and placing upon a UV transilluminator (302 mM). The band
corresponding to ca. 3712 bp EcoRI-BamHI digested pBR322 molecules
was cut from the gel. The DNA was electroeluted from the gel slice,
phenol extracted, CHCl.sub.3 extracted 2.times., and ethanol
precipitated. The pellet was dissolved in H.sub.2O and was ready
for ligation.
Ligation
In a three-part ligation (see FIG. 4), in which the molar ratio of
inserts to vector in the ligation reaction was approximately 10 to
1, parts 1 and 2 were ligated into the EcoRI-BamHI digested 322
vector in 1.times.T4 DNA ligase buffer (cont. 50 mM Tris HCl pH
7.8; 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 20 mM DTT, 1 mM rATP) and .sup..about.800 U
T4 DNA ligase (NEB). The reaction was carried out at 14.degree. for
12-16 hrs.
Transformations
E. coli strain 294 was used as the transformation host, using the
procedure of M. Dagert and S. D. Ehrlich (3). The transformed cells
.[.W.]. .Iadd.w.Iaddend.ere plated on LB-agar plates containing
ampicillin (20 .mu.g/ml; LB-Amp-plates) and transformants were
screened and grown in LB medium containing ampicillin at 20
.mu.g/ml ampicillin. Transformants were screened using a
modification of the rapid miniscreen method of Birnhoim and Doly
(4). Miniprep DNA prepared as such was digested with EcoRI and
BamHI and run on polyacrylamide slab gels. Several transformants
which illustrated a ca. 218 bp EcoRI-BamHI insert were grown in
large scale and plasmids from each were isolated and sequenced
according to the procedure of Maxam and Gilbert (5) to confirm the
correct chemical synthesis and construction. The pBR322 vector
containing the complete correct left half sequence of IGF-1 was
called IGF-1 LH322 (see FIG. 5.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS.
36-41.Iaddend.).
Cloning of Fragments of the Right Half of IGF-1
Using the identical conditions of DNA Polymerase I-mediated
repair-synthesis, the two pairs of fragments comprising the right
half of the synthetic IGF-1 were converted into double-stranded
DNAs. After the DNA Polymerase I reactions, and without enzymatic
digestion, the 1R+3R (Part III) and 2R+4R (Part IV) reactions were
run on a 6 percent polyacrylamide slab gels. The 83 bp (Part III)
and 91 bp (Part IV) bands were located by autoradiography and cut
from the gel. After electroelution the ethanol precipitated
double-stranded DNAs were dC-tailed (see FIG. 6) using the
procedures of Villa-Komaroff et al. (6) and Rowenkamp and Firtel
(7). Reactions were carried out in 50 .mu.l vols. of
1.times.tailing mix (cont. 0.2M Pot. Cacodylate, 25 mM Tris HCl pH
6.9, 2 mM DTT, 0.5 mM CoCl.sub.2) and 22 .mu.m dCTP. After
prewarming at 37.degree. for 10'', The 150 second reaction was
begun by the addition of 10-20 units of terminal nucleotidyl
transferase and terminated by addition of EDTA followed by phenol
extraction, CHCl.sub.3 extraction 2.times., and ethanol
precipitation.
These oligo (dC) tailed Parts III and IV were then separately mixed
with equimolar amounts of oligo (dG)-tailed PstI cut pBR322 vector
in 50 .mu.l of 1.times.annealing buffer (0.1M NaCl; 10 mM Tris HCl
pH 7.8, 1 mM EDTA) at a final DNA concentration of 1-2 .mu.g/ml.
After heating to 75.degree. C., the mixes were gradually cooled to
4.degree. over a period of 16 hr and the mix transformed into
competent E. coli 294 cells prepared according to the procedure of
Dagert and Ehrlich (3). Transformed cells were plated on
LB-Tetracycline-Agar plates and grown in LB-Tetracycline medium at
tetracycline concentrations of 5 .mu.g/ml. Tetracycline resistant
transformants were picked and plated onto LB-Ampicillin-Agar plates
to check for insertions at the PstI site. Several tetracycline
resistant, Ampicillin-sensitive colonies for each Part 3 and 4 were
miniscreened and those exhibiting insertions at the PstI locus were
grown in large scale and sequenced by the Maxam and Gilbert
technique (5) to confirm the correct DNA sequences of Parts 3 and
4. Construction of an Intact Synthetic HuIGF-1 Coding Sequence
Preparation: Parts 3 and 4
Parts 3 and 4 Were separately removed from their vectors by
digestions of 20 .mu.g of each vector with AvalI in 2.times.AvalI
buffer (60 mM NaCl, 6 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0); 10 nM MgCl.sub.2; 6 mM
2-mercaptoethanol) and 30 U of AvalI. After 6hr., at 37.degree.,
EDTA was added to the 150 .mu.l reactions to a concentration of 15
mM and the material phenol extracted, CHCl.sub.3 extracted 2.times.
and ethanol precipitated. The Part 3 pellet was then taken up in
1.times.BamHI buffer and digested in a volume of 150 .mu.l with 30
U BamHI at 37.degree. for 4 hr. The pellet containing Part 4 was
digested with 30 U SalI in 150 .mu.l of 1.times.SalI buffer at
37.degree. for 4 hr.
Both digests were then run on 6 percent polyacrylamide slab gels
and stained. The 51 bp band representing Part 3 and the 62 bp band
representing Part 4 were removed from the gels and the DNA was
electroeluted, phenol extracted, CHCl.sub.3 extracted 2.times. and
ethanol precipitated. Pellets were then taken up in H.sub.2O and
were ready for ligation.
Vector Preparation
20 .mu.g of the IGF-1 LH322 vector was digested with 50 U of BamHI
and 50 U of SalI in a 200 .mu.l reaction containing 1.times.BamHI
buffer at 37.degree. for 6 hr. After addition of EDTA to a
concentration of 15 mM, the digestion mix was run on a 6 percent
polyacrylamide slab gel, ethidium bromide stained and the 3814 bp
band excised from the gel.
After electroelution, phenol extraction, chloroform extraction and
ethanol precipitation, the DNA pellet was taken up in H.sub.2O and
was ready for ligation with Parts 3 and 4 in a three-part ligation.
The ligation was performed under conditions described above for a
three-part ligation (see FIG. 7.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS. 42-43.Iaddend.).
Parts 3 and 4 were present in the ligation mix at a 10-fold molar
excess of inserts to vector. The mix was transformed into competent
E. coli 294 cells prepared according to the Dagert and Ehrlich
procedure (3) and plated onto LB-Ampicillin plates. Several
transformants were miniscreened and two clones exhibiting a ca. 115
bp BamHi-SalI fragment were grown in large scale and their plasmids
prepared. Both strands of the intact synthetic gene were sequenced
by the Maxam,-Gilbert technique (5) to confirm the correct
sequence. The pBR322 plasmid containing the complete correct
sequence coding for Human IGF-1 was called pBR322 HuIGF-1.
Human IGF-1 Expression
IGF-1 Fusion Expression in Bacteria
Initial attempts were to obtain expression of IGF-1 as a fusion
protein. To accomplish this, both the pNCV (9) and the pNCVsLE (10)
expression vectors were used. (The pNCVsLE expression vector is a
derivative of the pNCV vector and was prepared as follows: pNCV was
treated with BgII, which cleaves at the 13 codon of the LE fusion.
The site was converted to an ECoRI cleavage site using synthetic
DNA, to give the expression vector pNCVsLE. The synthetic DNA
introduced into the plasmid has the sequence:
5'-GATCCAGAATTC .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO. 1).Iaddend.
5'-GATCGAATTCTG .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO. 2) .Iaddend.and this sequence was
introduced into the plasmid:
TABLE-US-00001 GATCCAGAATTC SEQ ID NO. 1 GTCTTAAGCTAG SEQ ID NO.
2
As a strategy to release the fused human IGF-1 protein from the trp
fusion protein, a linker was designated such that an enzymatic
proteolysis method reported by Wunsch et al. (8) could be applied
to this expression system. To accomplish this, a DNA linker:
TABLE-US-00002 ProAla 5'- AATTCCCTGCCG -3' SEQ ID NO. 3 3'
GGGACGGCCAG -5' SEQ ID NO. 4
was chemically synthesized by standard methods (2) which when
linked to the trp fusion protein and the IGF-1 gene, coded for the
amino acid residues Proline and Alanine followed by Glycine and
Proline which are the first two amino acid residues of IGF-1 and
preceded by Proline and Alanine together comprise a recognition
site for a collagenase isolated from Clostridium histolyticum
(11,212). This enzyme reportedly acts at such a site to cleave the
alanineglycine peptide bond.
To construct a DNA sequence coding for a fusion protein with a
callagenase cleavage site, 30 .mu.g pBR322 HuIGF-1 plasmid was
cleaved with 50 U BamHI and 50 U PvuI enzyme in 200 .mu.l
1.times.BamHI buffer at 37.degree. for 6 hours. After addition of
EDTA to a concentration of 15 mM, the reaction mix was
chromatographed on a 6 percent polyacrylamide slab gel. The smaller
PvuI-BamHI fragment (.sup.-725 bp) was isolated and digested with
40 U AvalI in 150 .mu.l 1.times.Sau96I buffer (60 mM NaCl, 6 mM
Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 15 mM MgCl.sub.2, 6 mM 2-mercaptoethanol). After
addition of EDTA to a concentration of 15 mM, the resulting mix
chromatographed on a 6 percent polyacrylamide slab gel. The smaller
Sau96I-BamHI fragment (.about.86 bp) was extracted from the gel,
phenol extracted, chloroform extracted 2.times., and ethanol
precipitated. This fragment was ready for ligation.
200 pmols of linker fragments were kinased with 100 U
polynucleotide kinase in 20 .mu.l of 1.times.polynucleotide kinase
buffer (70 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6); 10 mM MgCl.sub.2; 5 mM DTT; 1 mM
rATP) at 37.degree. for 1 hour. The reaction was terminated by
heating to 65.degree. C. for 5 minutes. 100 pmols of the kinased
linker fragments were ligated to the 86 bp Sau96I-BamHI fragment
with 400 U of T4 DNA ligase in 30 .mu.l of 1.times.T4 DNA ligase
buffer at 14.degree. for 12-16 hours. The ligation reaction was
terminated by addition of EDTA to a concentration of 15 mM followed
by pheno extraction, chloroform extraction 2.times., and ethanol
precipitation. The pellet was then taken up in 1.times.BamHI buffer
and digested in a 100 .mu.l reaction with 50 U of EcoRI and 50 U of
BamHI at 37.degree. for 6 hrs. After terminating the digestion with
EDTA, the mixture was chromatographed on a 6 percent polyacrylamide
slab gel and the newly created (.about.97 bp) EcoRI-BamHI fragment
was extracted from the gel, and prepared for ligation. The vector
to receive this new fragment was prepared by digesting 30 .mu.g
pBR322 HuIGF-1 with 100 U of each EcoRI and BamHI in 100 .mu.l of
1.times.BamHI buffer at 37.degree. for 8 hr. The reaction was
terminated, chromatographed on a 6 percent polyacrylamide slab gel
and the larger band (.about.3830 bp) representing the EcoRI-BamHI
digested plasmid was isolated and the plasmid DNA extracted and
prepared for ligation as above. In a 30 .mu.l ligation reaction
containing a 10-fold molar excess of insert fragment to vector, the
EcoRI-BamHI fragment was ligated into the EcoRI-BamHI digested
plasmid pBR322 HuIGF-1 under standard ligation conditions mentioned
above. Competent E. coli 294, prepared as above (3), were used as
transformation hosts and the transformed cells were plated onto
LB-Ampicillin agar plates. Several transformants were picked,
miniscreened as above (4), and two exhibiting an EcoRI-BamHI
insertion were grown in large scale and their plasmids purified.
Using the Maxam-Gilbert procedure (5) the construction was
sequenced to verify the correct synthesis and insertion of the
EcoRI-Sau96I collagenase linker. This plasmid Was called pBR322
HuSynIGF-1-M.
To prepare this EcoRI-SalI IGF-1 coding sequence for insertion into
pNCV and pNCVsLE, 30 .mu.g of pBR322 HuSynIGF-1-M was digested with
70 U of SalI in 200 .mu.l of 1.times.SalI buffer (150 mM NaCl, 6 mM
Tris-HCl (pH 7.9); 6 mM MgCl.sub.2; 6 mM 2-mercaptoethanol) at
37.degree. for 6 hours. After addition of EDTA to 15 mM, the
mixture was phenol extracted, chloroform extracted 2.times., and
ethanol precipitated.
Using standard chemical synthesis procedures (2) a SalI-EcoRI
linker
TABLE-US-00003 5' TCGACGTACATG 3' SEQ ID NO. 5 3' GCATGTACTTAA 5'
SEQ ID NO. 6
was synthesized and 400 pmols kinased, as above. 200 pmols of the
kinased linker was ligated to the SalI digested pBR322 HuSynIGF-1-M
(prepared above) with 800 U T4 DNA ligase in 30 .mu.l of
1.times.ligation buffer for 12-16 hours at 14.degree. C.
After termination of the reaction with EDTA, the mixture was phenol
extracted, chloroform extracted 2.times., and ethanol precipitated.
The pellet was then taken up in 1.times.EcoRI buffer and digested
with 100 U EcoRI in a volume of 200 .mu.l for 8 hours at
37.degree.. After addition of EDTA to a concentration of 15 mM, the
mixture was chromatographed on a 6 percent polyacrylamide slab gel.
The gel was stained and the .about.230 bp band corresponding to the
EcoRI-EcoRI HuIGF-1 fragment was extracted from the gel, phenol
extracted, chloroform extracted 2.times., and ethanol precipitated.
This fragment was ready for ligation into pNCV and pNCVsLE, pNCV
and pNCVsLE were prepared for ligation by digestion of 20 .mu.g of
each with 100 U EcoRI in 200 .mu.l.times.EcoRI buffer at 37.degree.
for 8 hours. After digestion, 200 U of bacterial alkaline
phosphatase was added to each reaction and the mixtures were warmed
to 65.degree. C. for 2 hours. EDTA was added to a concentration of
15 mM and the mixes were phenol extracted 3.times., chloroform
extracted 2.times. and then ethanol precipitated. These expression
vectors were prepared for ligation.
Ligations of the EcoRI-EcoRI Human IGF-1 fragment into the two
expression vectors were performed in 30 .mu.l reaction volumes in
1.times.T4 DNA ligase buffer with 800 U T4 DNA ligase at 14.degree.
for 12-16 hours. The EcoRI-EcoRI fragment was present at a 10-fold
molar excess in vector.
Competent E. coli 294 were prepared (3) (ATCC 31446) and used as
transformation hosts for the ligations. Transformed cells were
plated onto LB-agar plates containing tetracycline (5 .mu.g/ml;
LB-Tet-plates) and transformants were miniscreened (4). Miniscreen
plasmid DNA from transformants of the pNCV-IGF-1 construction were
digested with both PstI and BGIII to determine the orientation of
the EcoRI fragment insertions. Two clones whose plasmids contained
a .about.570 bp BgIII-PstI fragment (as opposed to a .about.690 bp
fragment) were grown in large scale and their plasmids prepared.
The construction was sequenced using the Maxam-Gilbert procedure
(5) to confirm the correct insertion at the junction of the trp
fusion and IGF-1 protein coding sequences as well as retention of
the desired reading frame. Plasmids with the correctly inserted
IGF-1 fragment were called pNCVLE-IGF-1. Transformants of the
pNCV-sLE-IGF-1 construction were also miniscreened by the same
procedure (5), and the plasmid DNAs were digested with HincII and
PstI. Two clones exhibiting a .about.150 bp HincII-Pstl fragment
(as opposed to a .about.105 bp HincII-HincII fragment) were grown
in large scale and their plasmids prepared. Using the Maxam-Gilbert
techniques (5), the functions of the trp fusion and IGF-1 protein
coding sequences were sequenced to ascertain proper orientation and
retention of the proper reading frame. Those plasmids possessing
the correct insertion and proper reading frame were called
pNCV-sLe-IGF-1.
To attempt expression of each of these constructions, two clones,
one possessing pNCV-IGF-1 and the other possessing pNCV-sLE-IGF-1,
were inoculated into 10 ml M9-Tetracycline culture medium
supplemented with 0.5 mg/ml Tryptophan. A clone containing pNCV-LE
with no IGF-1 gene insert was also inoculated into culture medium
to provide as a negative control in assays.
After 12-16 hours growth at 37.degree. with agitation, 0.5 ml of
these cultures were used to inoculate 250 milliliters of
M9-Tetracycline culture medium. After growing for 12-16 hours at
37.degree. with agitation, the cells were harvested by
centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes in a Sorvall GSA rotor.
The refractile bodies were purified from the pelleted cells by: a)
suspending the host cells in a buffered solution of ionic strength
suitable to solubilize most of the host protein, b) subjecting the
suspension to cell wall/membrane disruption, c) centrifuging the
disrupted suspension at low speed to form a pellet, optionally
repeating the foregoing steps, and d) recovering the heterologous
protein as refractile bodies in the pellet (Reference 13). A small
quantity of refractile particles of each of the three preparations
was boiled in SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol containing sample buffer
and run on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels according to the Laemmli
method (14). The size of the protein expressed by pNCV-IGF-1
(LE-IGF-1) was .about.28,670 Daltons (see FIG. 7.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS.
42-43.Iaddend.), and .about.9770 Daltons for the pNCV-sLE-IGF-1
protein (sLE-IGF-1) (see FIG. 8.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS. 44-45.Iaddend.).
These two expressed proteins were subjected to solubilization in 6M
Guanidine-HCl followed by 50-fold dilution with dilute buffers. The
final buffer for pNCV-IGF-1 after dilution was 0.12 M
Guanidine-HCl; 0.05 M 7922 Tris-HCl pH 8, 20 percent glycerol; 0.1
mg/ml BSA; 0.15 M NaCl; 0.1 mM EDTA and the final buffer after
dilution of the pNCV-sLE-IGF-1 refractile bodies was 0.14 M
Guanidine-HCl; 25 mM Tris-CHl pH 7.6; 10 mM CaCl.sub.2. After
spinning out particulate matter, the two solutions containing
solubilized trp-IGF-1 fusion proteins were assayed by a radioimmune
assay procedure of Furlanetto et al. (23), as modified by Hintz et
al. (24). Both fusion proteins demonstrated activity in this assay.
A negative control prep was also included in the assay and the
control exhibited no measurable activity.
Expression and Secretion in Yeast
To avoid the necessity of refractile body purification and
solubilization, from bacterial cell lysates, yeast
expression-secretion systems were sought as an alternative. Aside
from the advantage of avoiding protein purification from cell
lysates, coupled expression-secretion systems might obviate a
subsequent in vitro processing step to remove a fused protein.
Available were three yeast expression-secretion systems. These
were: 1) yeast a factor (22), employing yeast .alpha.-factor
promoter and preprosequence; 2) yeast invertase (16) consisting of
the invertase promoter and signal sequence; and 3) a hybrid
composed of the PGK promoter (25) and invertase signal (16).
Yeast Alpha-Factor Promoter Pre-Alpha Factor IGF-1 Plasmid
Construction
To obtain expression of IGF-1 using the a factor promoter and
preprosequence, a plasmid constructed by Singh (22) was used.
Plasmid P65 (FIG. 9) possesses sequences of the .alpha.-factor
promoter, .alpha.-factor preprosequence, yeast 2 micron terminator,
the yeast Trp 1 gene, as well as portions of the pBR322 plasmid.
Plasmid p65 was obtained by its following method: The 15-mer
oligonucleotide probes for the .alpha.-factor gene were designed on
the basis of the amino acid sequence of the pheromone (23a) and
yeast codon usage frequencies. The rationale is outlined in FIG. 19
.Iadd.(SEQ ID NOS. 57-60) .Iaddend.where the last 5 amino acids of
the .alpha.-factor and all the possible codons and their usage
frequencies are given. (The codon usage is the total of 2 different
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase clones (23b, 23c) and of
alcohol dehydrogenase I.) The codon usage for these and other genes
has recently been summarized identical, to the MF.alpha.1. The
.alpha.-factor encoded by this gene is apparently made as a
precursor protein of 120 amino acid residues containing two copies
of the pheromone. One of the .alpha.-pheromone tridecapeptides
contained in the putative precursor is identical to the pheromone
copies encoded by the MF.alpha.1 gene, whereas the second copy
contains a Gln.hoarfrost.Asn and a Lys.fwdarw.Arg.
E. Construction of a Plasmid p65 for Expression and Secretion of
Human Interferon
The preparation of a plasmid to demonstrate the usefulness of the
.alpha.-factor promoter and the .alpha.-factor presequences for
expression and secretion of heterologous gene products is outlined
in FIGS. 23-24. The DNA sequences coding for the .alpha.-factor
peptides were removed from one of the .alpha.-factor clones (p53)
such that the resulting plasmid, p57, contained the promoter
sequences and the sequence corresponding to 89 amino acids of the
.alpha.-factor "prepro" protein. This sequence was then joined with
human interferon D (IFN-.alpha..sub.1) gene to form plasmid p58.
For this purpose an expression plasmid p65 was constructed as shown
in FIG. 24. This plasmid, like YEp9T, contains the origins of
replication for E. coli and yeast as well as selective markers for
selection in each of these two organisms. It also contains a
convenient EcoRI site for gene insertion so that any gene that is
contained on an EcoRI fragment where the first codon of the gene is
immediately preceded by the EcoRI site could be tested for the
synthesis and secretion of the corresponding protein. Due to the
dearth of convenient restriction sites in the .alpha.-factor
preprosequence, to insert the IGF-1 coding sequence, the identical
.sup..about.230 bp EcoRI-EcoRI HuSynIGF-1-M fragment that was
ligated into pNCV and pNCVsLE (as mentioned previously in bacterial
construction) was used. This EcoRI-EcoRI fragment contained the
collagenase recognition site Proline-Alanine-Glycine-Proline, and
allowed for collagenase digestion should IGF-1 be secreted as a
fusion protein. The protein expressed in this construction (see
FIG. 10.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS. 46-47.Iaddend.) consists of the repro
.alpha.-factor protein fused to IGF-1.
To insert the .sup..about.230 bp EcoRI-EcoRI fragment, the plasmid
P65 was partially digested in 1.times.EcoRI buffer with EcoRI, and
then sized upon a 0.7 percent horizontal agarose gel. The band
corresponding to the linearized singularly restricted plasmid was
excised, eluted from the gel, and phenol extracted, chloroform
extracted 2.times., and then ethanol precipitated. This DNA pellet
was then taken up in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8) and treated with
bacterial alkaline phosphatase under conditions to ensure 100
percent dephosphorylation of the 5' protruding ends. Following this
treatment, the phosphatase activity was removed by first adding
EDTA to a concentration of 15 mM, then extracting the DNA with
phenol 3.times., chloroform extracting 2.times., and ethanol
precipitating the vector. This material then contained linearized
P65 vector, digested with EcoRI in either of two locations: one,
either at the EcoRI site upstream of the .alpha.-factor promoter
and preprosequence, or at another, at the EcoRI site just
downstream of the .alpha.-factor promoter and preprosequence. The
.sup..about.230 bp EcoRI-EcoRI IGF-1 fragment was ligated into the
vector. The desired location of insertion was at the EcoRI site
just downstream from the .alpha.-factor promoter and
preprosequence.
The ligation was carried out under standard ligation conditions and
the transformation hosts were competent E. coli 294 prepared
according to Dagert and Ehrlich (3). The transformed cells were
plated onto LB-Amp-Agar plates. Several transformants were
miniscreened according to the method of Birnboim and Doly (4), and
plasmid DNA prepared as such was digested with both SaLI and
HINDIII in the appropriate buffers. One of several clones which
contained a plasmid with an .about.110 bp EcoRI-HindIII fragment
was grown in large scale and its plasmid was purified. This
plasmid, YEp9T .alpha.-factor EcoRI-EcoRI IGF-1 (see FIG. 11), was
used to transform competent yeast strain 20B-12 (atrp pep.sup.4)
cells according to the Hitzeman modification (19) of Hinnen et al.
(17) and Beggs et al. (18) procedures.
Two such transformants, as well as a negative control transformant
(with no IGF-1 insertion in the plasmid), were grown in suspension
as were those of the yeast pre-invertase-IGF-1 plasmid
transformations. Supernates were tested for secreted IGF-1
activity, as measured by the radioimmune assay procedure of
Furlanetto et al. (23) as modified by Hintz et al. (24). Both
supernates of transformants having plasmids with IGF-1 inserts
contained IGF-1 activity and the negative control supernate did
not. One of these transformants was grown in large scale in a 10
liter fermenter and the supernate contained secreted IGF-1 activity
at a peak level of .sup..about.3 .mu.g/ml. The IGF-1 activity of
the fermentation supernate was also demonstrated by a placental
membrane radioreceptor assay developed by Horner et al. (26).
Yeast Invertase Promoter Signal IGF-1 Plasmid Construction
Based upon evidence of correct processing and secretion in yeast of
proteins with heterologous signal sequences (16), the yeast
invertase expression-secretion system became of interest. Attempted
first was expression of the yeast invertase signal protein fused to
IGF-1 (FIG. 12.Iadd.SEQ ID NOS. 48-49.Iaddend.), coupled with the
processing and secretion of IGF-1, using the invertase promoter as
a starting point for transcription.
The yeast invertase signal coding sequence was attached to the
IGF-1 gene by the use of a NcoI-HindIII (.sup..about.400 bp)
fragment containing the initiation ATG codon and 5' end of the
signal DNA sequence, and 4 DNA fragments synthesized by standard
procedures (2):
TABLE-US-00004 5' AGCTTTCCTTTTCCTTTTGGC 3' SEQ ID NO. 7 3'
AAGGAAAAGGAAAACCGACCAA 5' SEQ ID NO. 8 5'
TGGTTTTGCAGCCAAAATATCTGCAG 3' SEQ ID NO. 9 3'
AACGTCGGTTTTATAGACGTCCAG 5' SEQ ID NO. 10
The construction began with the isolation of the 90 bp AvalI-BamHI
IGF-1 left half fragment by AvalI digestion of a .sup..about.730 bp
PvuI-VamHI fragment isolated from PvuI-BamHI digested
pBR322-HuSynGF-1.
After phosphorylation of all four synthetic DNA fragments using
standard kination conditons, the four synthetic fragments were
mixed with the AvlI-BamHI IGF-1 left half fragment and ligated
using standard ligation conditions. Following inactivation of the
ligase by phenol and chloroform extraction 2.times., the ethanol
precipitated DNA pellet was dissolved and digested with HindIII and
BamHI in the appropriate buffers. Newly constructed HindIII-BamHI
(ca. 140 bp) fragment was isolated and extracted from a 6 percent
polyacrylamide gel. This material was then ligated into
HindIII-BamHI digested pBR322 vector, which had been first digested
with HindIII, then BamIII in the appropriate buffers, followed by
purification of the 4014 bp vector fragment from a 6 percent
gel.
The transformation host was competent E. coli 294 prepared by
standard procedures (3) and the transformed cells were plated onto
LB-Ampicillin agar plates. Several tranformants were miniscreened
by the Birnboim-Doly procedure (4) and their plasmid DNAs digested
with EcoRI and BamHI. Two plasmids containing a .sup. bp
EcoRI-BamHI fragment (illustrating the insertion of a 140 bp
fragment into the HindIII and BamHI sites) were grown in large
scale and their plasmids prepared. Using Maxam-Gilbert sequencing
techniques (5), the entire 43 bp HindIII-AvalI section of DNA was
sequenced to confirm the correct chemical synthesis and
construction. The correctly constructed plasmid was called
pBR322-P-I-HuSynIGF HindIII-BamHI (.sup..about.4154 bp).
To insert the right half of the IGF-1 gene, this newly created
plasmid was digested with BamHI-SalI in the appropriate buffers and
the larger fragment (.sup..about.3879 bp) was purified by gel
fractionation. pBR322 HuSynIGF was digested with BamHI-SalI in the
appropriate buffers and the 115 bp BamHI-SalI fragment
corresponding to the right half of the IGF-1 gene was isolated by
gel fractionation. This 115 bp BAMIII-SalI IGF-1 right half
fragment was then ligated into the BamHI-SalI digested
pBR322-P-I-IGF-1 LH HindIII-BamHI vector using standard ligation
conditions. Competent E. coli strain 294 prepared according to
Dagert and Ehrlich (3) were used as transformation hosts and
transformed cells were plated onto LB-Amp-Agar plates. Several
transformants were miniscreened using standard techniques (4) and
plasmid DNA prepared as such was digested with EcoRI and SalI in
the appropriate buffers and those plasmids illustrating an
insertion of the BamHi SalI fragment corresponding to the right
half of IGF-1 were called PBR322 P-I-HuSynIGF-1 HindIII-SalI. One
of the clones containing the pBR322 P-I-IGF-1 HindIII-SalI plasmid
was grown in large scale and the plasmid was isolated. This plasmid
was then digested with HindIII and SalI in the appropriate buffer
to prepare a 255 bp HindIII-SalI fragment containing all of the
IGF-1 gene and the 3' portion of the yeast invertase signal coding
sequence. This fragment of DNA was isolated by polyacrylamide gel
fractionation and prepared for ligation by standard techniques. The
(.sup..about.400 bp) Ncol-HindIII fragment containing the 5' end of
the DNA sequence coding for the invertase signal as well as the
yeast invertase promoter was created by NcoI and HindIII digestion
of plasmid Ylpsp-LelFA (16) in the appropriate buffers. The
YIpsp-LelFA plasmid was first digested with NcoI to completion in
the appropriate buffer, then phenol extracted, chloroform extracted
2.times. and ethanol precipitated. The linearized molecules were
then taken up in 1.times.HindIII buffer and partially digested to
generate the needed NcoI-HindIII (.sup..about.400 bp) fragment
which contains an internal HindIII restriction site. This
NcoI-HindIII fragment was then isolated by gel fractionation and
prepared for ligation using standard techniques. To provide for a
vector, plasmid pUC12-YI (EcoRI-BamHI)(designated p4.3 kb in
citation 16) was digested with NcoI and SalI in the appropriate
buffers. After purification by gel fractionation, the
.sup..about.2.6 kbp vector was eluted from the gel and prepared for
ligation by standard techniques. To perform the final construction,
a three-part ligation was arranged using standard ligation
techniques. The DNA used in the ligation included the
NcoI-SalI-digested pUC12-1 (EcoRI-BamHI) (16), the .sup..about.400
bp NcoI-HindIII and the .sup..about.255 bp HindIII-SalI fragments.
After ligation, the material was transformed into competent E. coli
294 cells prepared according to Dagert et al. (3). Transformed
cells were plated onto LB-Amp-Agar plates and several transformants
were miniscreened using the procedure of Birnboim and Doly (4).
Plasmid DNA prepared as such was digested with NcoI and SalI in the
appropriate buffers and one of several clones containing plasmids
exhibiting the insertion of a .sup..about.625 bp NcoI-SalI DNA
fragment was grown in large scale and its plasmid was purified.
As a final step, this plasmid was linearized by digestion with SalI
in the appropriate buffer. SalI-EcoRI linker, prepared as mentioned
above, and kinased under standard kination conditions, was ligated
to the linearized vector to convert the SalI ends to EcoRI ends
using standard ligation conditions. After termination of the
ligation reaction by addition of EDTA to 15 mM, phenol extraction,
chloroform extraction 2.times. and ethanol precipitation, the DNA
pellet was dissolved in 1.times.EcoRI buffer, and digested with
EcoRI. The EcoRI digestion released a .sup..about.1150 bp EcoRI
fragment which contained the yeast invertase promoter, yeast
invertase signal coding sequence and the IGF-1 coding sequence in
one contiguous sequence. This material was isolated as a
.sup..about.1150 bp band from a 6 percent polyacrylamide slab get
after fractionation and prepared for ligation using standard
procedures.
The yeast-E. coli shuttle vector to receive the EcoRI fragment was
prepared by EcoRI digestion of plasmid YEp9T (16) to-linearize the
vector, followed by treatment of the EcoRI termini with bacterial
alkaline phosphatase using conditions recommended by the
manufacturer to produce 100 percent dephosphorylation of the 5'
protruding ends. The phosphatase reaction was terminated by
addition of EDTA to 15 mM and the mixture phenol extracted
3.times., chloroform extracted 2.times., and then the DNA was
ethanol precipitated. After redissolving the DNA pellet in
1.times.ligation buffer, the vector was mixed with the EcoRI
.sup..about.1150 bp fragment and ligated under standard ligation
conditions. Competent E. coli 294 cells prepared according to
Dagert et al. (3) were used as transformation hosts and the
transformants were placed onto LB-Amp-Agar plates. To determine the
orientation of the insertion, several transformants were
miniscreened using the method of Birnboim and Doly (4) and plasmid
DNAs purified as such were digested with BamHI in the appropriate
buffer. One of several transformants possessing plasmids which
produced a 1.3 kb BamHI-BamHI fragment upon BamHI digestion (as
opposed to a .sup..about.475 bp fragment) was grown in large scale
and its plasmid was purified. This plasmid, called P.I.IGF-1
EcorRI-EcoRI P.I. Promoter was used to transform competent yeast
cells prepared essentially according to the methods of Hinnen, A.,
et al. (17), and Beggs, J. D. (18), but with the modification of
Hitzeman (19). The yeast strain 20B-12 (.alpha.trpl pep4) was used
and was obtained from the Yeast Genetics Stock Center. In this
construction, the expression of IGF-1 begins With transcription at
the invertase promoter and terminates in the yeast 2 micron
sequence. The fusion protein expressed by this construction
consisted of the yeast invertase signal fused to the IGF-1 protein,
the combined molecular weight of which was 9964 Daltons. Another
plasmid with the EcoRI fragment inserted in the reverse orientation
was also used to transform competent yeast cells. In this
construction, the IGF-1 was not provided with the yeast
terminator.
Several transformants were picked and streaked on YNB-CAA agar
plates. Among these, three transformants were picked and inoculated
into 10 ml of YN3-CAA grow-up medium, in shake flasks. A fourth
culture was also started using a colony transformed with the same
vector, but with the EcoRI fragment inserted into the vector in the
reverse orientation. After 16-20 hours growth at 30.degree., the
cultures were sampled (1 ml) and cleared of cells by spinning 5' in
an eppendorf microfuge. Supernatants were taken off and assayed for
secreted activity using the radioimmune assay procedure of
Furlanetto et al. (23) as modified by Hintz et al. (24). The
supernates of the three transformants demonstrated activities of
1.7 to 3.3 ng/ml of IGF-1 activity and the negative control showed
no activity. To determine intracellular activity, the pellets from
1 ml of culture were washed 1.times.in 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 1
mM EDTA and then lysed by 3-4 minutes of vigorous vortexing in 0.5
ml of the above Tris-EDTA solution with 0.4 ml of glass beads.
Assay of the cell lysates demonstrated IGF-1 activities of 1.5-2.8
ng/ml in the three IGF-1 secreting transformants and no activity in
the negative control transformant. The highest secretor of the
three transformants was grown in a 5 liter fermentation and the
secreted IGF-1 activity reached a peak of 74 ng/ml of
supernate.
Yeast PGK Promoter Pre-Invertase IGF-1 Plasmid Construction
One difficulty in the use of the invertase promoter was that it was
subject to repression in the presence of glucose. Due to the
incompatibility of glucose with high levels of transcription
initiation at the invertase promoter, the PGK promoter was sought
as an alternative promoter, glucose, being the mainstay carbon
source of fermentation processes.
To begin construction of the PGK promoter P.I.IGF-1 construction,
it was necessary to clone a fragment containing the entire
invertase signal coding sequence. To do this, plasmid
pLeIF-A-Invertase Signal (16) was digested with BgIII and then
BamHI in the appropriate buffers. This digestion released several
fragments, one of which was a .sup..about.625 bp BgIII-BamHI
fragment which was isolated from a 6 percent polyacrylamide slab
gel and prepared for ligation using standard techniques. To clone
this fragment, the pUC8 vector was chosen as a cloning vehicle.
pUC8 plasmid was digested with BamHI in 1.times.BamHI buffer,
treated with bacterial alkaline phosphatase to dephosphorylate the
5' termini, and then run onto and purified from a 5 percent
polyacrylamide slab gel.
After standard preparation for ligation the BamHI digested vector
was mixed with the above .sup..about.625 bp BgIII-BamHI fragment,
and ligated under typical ligation conditions. The mixture was then
transformed into competent E. coli 294 prepared by the Dagert et
al. method (3) and the transformed culture plated onto LB-Amp-Agar
plates. Several transformants were picked and miniscreened using
the Birnboim and Doly (4) technique. Miniscreen plasmid DNA was
digested with EcoRI and an analytical gel of the digests
illustrated two types of plasmids having EcoRI fragments either
.sup..about.260 bp or .sup..about.385 bp in length. One clone
containing a .sup..about.260 bp EcoRI fragment was grown in large
scale and its plasmid purified. This plasmid was called pUC8P.I.
Promoter-Signal BgIII-BamHI.
A clone of this type was chosen because of the desired orientation
of the inserted BgIII-BamHI fragment. What was needed from this
plasmid was an .sup..about.20 bp EcoRI-HindIII fragment containing
the ATG initiation condon and 5' end of the invertase signal coding
sequence.
To construct the intact invertase signal coding DNA sequence,
.sup..about.150 bp HindIII-BamHI fragment containing the 3' end of
the signal sequence fused to the left half of the IGF-1 gene was
isolated from HindIII-BamHI digestion of plasmid pBR322 P.I. IGF-LH
HindIII-BamHI (.sup..about.4154 bp). Isolation was by
polyacrylamide slab gel fractionation, and the DNA band
corresponding to the .sup..about.150 bp fragment was excised and
prepared for ligation using standard techniques.
To obtain the short (.sup..about.20 bp) EcoRI-HindIII fragment, the
plasmid pUC8 P.I. Promoter-Signal-BgIII-BamHI was digested with
EcoRI in 1.times.EcoRI buffer. This digestion released the
.sup..about.260 bp EcoRI-EcoRI fragment which was isolated from a 6
percent polyacrylamide slab gel after fractionation of the
digestion mixture. This .sup..about.260 bp fragment was then
digested with HindIII in the appropriate buffer, causing the
creation of two. HindIII-EcoRI fragments, one .sup..about.20 bp and
the other .sup..about.240 bp in length. After complete digestion,
the digestion was terminated by addition of EDTA to 15 mM and the
entire mix phenol extracted, chloroform extracted 2.times., and
then ethanol precipitated.
A vector was prepared by EcoRI-BamHI digestion of pBR322 (15) in
the appropriate buffers followed by purification of the EcoRI-BamHI
digested vector from a 5 percent polyacrylamide slab gel. After
preparation for ligation using standard techniques, the vector was
mixed with the .sup..about.150 bp HindIII-BamHI fragment (3' end of
invertase signal +Left Half IGF-1), and the two HindIII-EcoRI
fragments (the .sup..about.20 bp fragment containing the 5' end of
the invertase signal coding sequence), and the entire mixture was
ligated under standard ligation conditions. Competent E. coli 294
prepared according to Dagert and Ehrlich (3) were used as
transformation hosts for the ligation, and the transformed cells
plated onto LB-Amp-Agar plates. Several transformants were
miniscreened according to Birnboim and Doly (4) and the purified
miniscreen DNAs were digested with EcoRI and BamHI. One of several
clones possessing an .sup..about.170 bp EcoRI-BamHI fragment was
grown in large volume and its plasmid purified. This plasmid
contained the complete yeast invertase signal coding sequence fused
to the left half of IGF-1 and was called P.I. IGF-1 L.H.
RI-BamHI.
The desired .sup..about.170 bp EcoRI-BamHI fragment was isolated
from this plasmid by digestion of the plasmid with EcoRI and BamHI
in the appropriate buffers followed by slab gel fractionation of
the reaction mix. Using standard techniques, the .sup..about.170 bp
band of DNA was prepared for ligation. To complete the
construction, the right half of IGF-1 was isolated as an
.sup..about.120 bp BAMHI-EcoRI fragment from the plasmid P.I. IGF-1
EcoRI-EcoRI-P.I. Promoter by digestion with EcoRI and BamHI in the
appropriate buffers followed by elution from a gel slice after
polyacrylamide slab gel fractionation of the digestion mixtures.
These two fragments the .sup..about.170 bp EcoRI-BamHI and the
.sup..about.120 bp BamHI-EcoRI, were ligated together in vitro
under standard ligation conditions, with both fragments present in
roughly equimolar concentrations. This ligation mixture was then
terminated by the addition of EDTA to .sup..about.15 mM followed by
phenol extraction, chloroform extraction 2.times., and ethanol
precipitation. The DNA pellet was then taken up in 1.times.ExoRI
buffer and digested with EcoRI. The digest was then run on a 6
percent polyacrylamide slab gel and the DNA band staining at
.sup..about.290 bp (as opposed to .sup..about.340 bp and 240 bp)
was excised and prepared for ligation using standard techniques.
This .sup..about.290 bp EcoRI-EcoRI fragment contained the entire
yeast invertase signal coding sequence fused to the complete IGF-1
coding sequence.
To express this protein, it was necessary to select a yeast vector
with a promoter. The PGK promoter of the plasmid YEp1PT Small (see
FIG. 13) was used. YEp1PT Small was constructed as a derivative of
YEp1PT (21) by ClaI and PvulI digestion of YEp1PT in the
appropriate buffers. The ClaI 5' protruding end was converted to a
blund end by use of DNA polymerase 1 (Klenow) under conditions
recommended by the vendor. After blunting the (ClaI protruding
ends, the blunt ends ClaI and PvulI) of the linearized vector were
fused using T4 DNA ligase under standard ligation conditions. The
resultant YEp1PT small vector was .sup..about.5.9 kbp in size (or
.about.2.7 kbp smaller than YEp1PT). Just as YEp1PT, YEp1PT small
possesses the 2 micron origin and terminator, the PGK promoter, the
TRP1 gene, and sequences from pBR322, including the
.beta.-lactamase gene.
YEp1PT Small was employed as a vector by insertion of the
.sup..about.290 bp EcoRI fragment into the unique EcoRI site of the
plasmid. EcoRI linearized YEp1PT Small vector was prepared by EcoRI
digestion of YEp1PT Small followed by bacterial alkaline
phosphatase (BAP) treatment (to prevent religation of the
complementary termini). The BAP Was removed by phenol extraction
3.times., chloroform extraction 2.times., and ethanol
precipitation. Under standard ligation conditions, the
.sup..about.290 bp EcoRI fragment was ligated into the vector.
Competent E. coli 294 prepared according to Dagert and Ehrlich (3)
were used as transformation hosts and the transformed culture was
plated onto LB-Amp-Agar plates. Several transformants were
miniscreened by the Birnboim and Doly procedure (4) and miniscreen
plasmid DNAs were digested with HindIII in the appropriate buffer
to determine the orientation of the insert. One of several
transformants possessing a plasmid with a .sup..about.400 bp
HindIII fragment was grown in large scale and its plasmid was
purified. This plasmid was called YEp1PT Small P.I. IGF-1 PGK
promoter (see FIG. 14) and was used to transform competent yeast
strain 20B-12 (ATCC 200626) (.alpha.trp pep4) cells employing the
Hitzeman modification (19) of Hinnen et al. (17), and Beggs et al.
(18) procedures.
Several yeast transformants were grown in suspension in identical
fashion as were those of the P.I. IGF-1 EcoRI-EcoRI P.I. promoter
plasmid transformation and supernates were measured for activity
determined by a radioimmune assay method of Furlanetto et al. (23)
as modified by Hintz et al. (24). Shake flask supernates of three
transformants contained activities ranging from 38 to 53 ng/ml of
supernate. Similarly, one of these transformants was selected and
grown in larger scale, utilizing a 10 liter fermenter and the
secreted IGF-1 activity in the supernate reached a peak of
.sup..about.780 ng/ml. This fermentation supernate was also
subjected to a radioreceptor assay (26) and was demonstrated to
contain IGF-1 activity.
Stature Human IGF Production
To construct a DNA sequence coding for the .alpha.-factor pre-pro
protein fused to the DNA sequence coding for mature IGF-1, and M-13
in vitro mutagenesis technique was employed (See Regin et al.,
Proc. Acad. Science (USA) 75, 4208; Hutchinson, et al., Journal
Biological Chem. 253, 6551; Gilliam, et al., Gene 8, 81 an 99;
Gillam, et al., Nucleic Acids Research 6, 2973; Adelman, et al.,
DNA (June, 1983).)
To construct the M13 plasmid, the plasmid YEp9T .alpha.-factor
EcoRI-EcoRI IGF-1 (FIG. 16.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS. 51-52.Iaddend.) was
digested with BglII and SalI and the ca. 1.5 Kbp fragment
containing the .alpha.-factor promoter-signal fused to IGF-1 was
isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This fragment was
then ligated under standard ligation conditions to an MP-8 (BRL)
vector digested with B3BamHI and SalI, and treated with bacterial
alkaline phosphatase. This ligation mix was then transformed into
competent JM4101 cells prepared according to the method of Dagert
and Ehrlich (3). These transformants were then mixed with
non-competent JM101 cells grown to log phase, mixed with top agar
and plated onto LB agar plates. Several clear plaques .[.W.].
.Iadd.w.Iaddend.ere picked and sequenced using M-13 dideoxy
sequencing technique to confirm the presence of an insertion into
the SalI-BamHI sites of the vector.
To perform the deletion according to the method above, a single
strand of DNA of the sequence. 5' AGAGTTTCCGGACCG CTT TTATCCAAAG 3'
.Iadd.SEQ ID NO. 11.Iaddend. was chemically synthesized by standard
methods (2) and used to delete the DNA sequence.
TABLE-US-00005 5' GAGGCTGAAGCTCTAGAATTCCCTGCC 3' SEQ ID NO. 12 3'
CTCCGACTTCGAGATCTTAAGGGACGG 5' SEQ ID NO. 13
just preceding the IGF-1 coding sequence of the .alpha.-factor
promotor/signal IGF-1 fusion sequence. This construction was then
isolated as a replicate form, using a large scale plasmid
preparation procedure from a JM101 cell culture inoculated with
this plasmid containing the deletion.
The isolated replicate form (10 mg) Was then digested with SalI,
phenol-chloroform extracted and then ethanol precipitated and
prepared for ligation. To this replicate form was ligated Sal
I-EcoRI linkers. After ligation and inactivation of the ligase by
phenol, chloroform extraction followed by ethanol precipitation,
the material was digested with .sup..about.50 U EcoRI enzyme under
standard conditions and then run onto a 6 percent polyacrylamide
gel. The ca. 1.5 khp RI-EcoRI fragment released was isolated from
the gel and prepared for ligation using standard conditions.
Yeast vector was prepared by digestion of 10 mg YEP9T plasmid with
50 units of EcoRI followed by treatment with bacteral alkaline
phosphatase. The digestion was then repeatedly phenol-chloroform
extracted and then ethanol precipitated and prepared for
ligation.
The ca. 1.5 kbp EcoRI-EcoRI fragment containing the deletion was
then ligated to the EcoRI-EcoRI YEP9t vector and the ligation mix
was then transferred into competent 294 cells prepared according to
the method of Dagert and Erhlich (3) and miniscreened using the
method of Birnboin and Doly (4). DNA prepared was screened by
digestion with EcoRI and those DNAs illustrating an insertion of
the ca. 1.5 kbp fragment were used to transform competent yeast
strain 20B-12 (ATCC 2026) according to the modification of
Ilitzerman (19) of the Hinner, et al., (17), and Beggs, et al.,
(18) procedures.
Transformants were then grown in shaker flasks and supernates
assayed and shown to have IGF-1 activity by the radioimmune assay
procedure of Furlanetto. et al., (23) as modified by Hintz, et al.,
(24).
One of these clones was grown in large scale in a 10-liter
fermentor and IGF-1 purified from the supernatant of this
fermentation. This material was then subjected to amino terminal
protein sequencing and shown to be mature IGF-1 protein.
Human EGF is prepared in accordance with the invention following
analogous procedures as those described above. Construction,
Expression, and Secretion of Human EGF.
In a fashion similar to IGF-1, double stranded DNA (FIG. 15.Iadd.;
SEQ ID NO. 50.Iaddend.) synthesized either by chemical means or
through polymerization reactions was assembled to form a mature EGF
coding sequence, with a codon coding for methionine (ATG) just
preceding the amino-terminal asparagine found in the mature
protein, and a codon (GTC) substituting valine for methionine at
residue number 21 from the amino terminal asparagine. This
construction was then attached at the 5' end to an additional
coding sequence, which when expressed in yeast or bacteria produced
a fusion protein. This fusion protein was then susceptible to CNBr
cleavage at the methionine to release the valine substituted human
EGF molecule.
To secrete the mature form of EGF from yeast, the above sequence
coding for the mature protein was attached to the .alpha.-factor
promoter/prepro sequence, the codon coding for valine at residue
number 21 was replaced by ATG, and the appropriate deletion was
made to bring the coding sequence for mature EGF adjacent to the
.alpha.-factor signal coding sequence (FIG. 16.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS.
51-52.Iaddend.). This construction was then inserted into the yeast
vector Yep9T and transformed into yeast. Transformants produced as
such expressed and secreted mature human EGF. In addition, the
sequence coding for mature EGF was attached to the preinvertase
signal sequence (FIG. 17.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS. 53-54.Iaddend.) and
this construction, when inserted into the yeast vector Yep1PT Small
containing the PGK promoter, and transformed into yeast, resulted
in the expression and secretion of human EGF.
Construction, Expression, and Secretion of Human IGF-II
A double stranded DNA sequence coding for mature IGF-II was
constructed from a combination of synthetic and natural DNA
sequences (FIG. 18.Iadd.; SEQ ID NOS. 55-56.Iaddend.). This coding
sequence, which did not contain an internal methionine, was
attached to the TrpE leader protein coding sequence and was
expressed as a fusion protein. Mature IGF-II was chemically cleaved
from the purified fusion product by the action of CNBr upon a
methionine residue preceding the first residue (alanine) of the
mature protein.
The IGF-II coding sequence was also attached to the .alpha.-factor
promoter/prepro sequence and after the appropriate deletion was
made to bring the 3' end of the .alpha.-factor signal coding
sequence adjacent to the 5' end of mature IGF-II coding sequence,
the construction was inserted into the Yep9T vector and transformed
into yeast. Resultant transformants expressed and secreted mature
human IGF-II. In the same manner, the sequence coding for mature
IGF-II was attached to the preinvertase coding sequence. The
resultant construction was inserted into Yep1PT Small and
transformed into yeast. Transformants produced as such expressed
and secreted mature human IGF-II.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
The compounds of the present invention can be formulated according
to known methods to prepare pharmaceutically useful compositions,
whereby the human IGF and human EGF or products hereof are combined
in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier vehicle.
Suitable vehicles and their formulation, inclusive of other human
proteins, e.g. human serum albumin are described, for example, in
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin, which is
hereby incorporated by reference. Such compositions will contain an
effective amount of the protein hereof together with a suitable
amount of vehicle in order to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable
compositions suitable for effective administration.
Notwithstanding that reference has been made to particular
preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be
understood that the present invention is not to be construed as
limited to such but rather to the lawful scope of the appended
claims.
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and Horn, T., Nucleic Acids Research 8, 2331-2776 (1980). 3.
Dagert, M. and Ehrlich, S. D., Gene 6, 23-28 (1979). 4. Birnboim,
H. C. and Doly, J., Nucleic Acids Research 7, 1513-1523 (1979). 5.
Maxam, A. and Gilbert, W. Methods in Enzymology 65, 499 (1980). 6.
Villa-Komaroff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 3727 (1979).
7. Rowenkamp and Firtel, Dicryostelium Dev. Biol. 79, 409 (1980).
8. Wunsch, E. et al., Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. Bd. 362,
S1285-1287 (September 1981). 9. Maniatis, T. et al., Molecular
Cloning, 426 (1982). 10. Kleid., D. G., New York Acad. of Sci.,
Annals. (in press) 11. Seifer, S. and Gallop, P. M. The Proteins,
2nd Ed. (H. Neurath, ed.) Vol. V. p. 659 (1966). 12. Nordwig, A.,
Leder 13, 10 (1962). 13. Lin, N. (U.S. Ser. No. 06/452,363, filed
Dec. 22, 1982). 14. Laemmli, U. K. Nature (London) 227, 680-685
(1970). 15. Bolivar, F. et al., Gene 2, 95 (1977). 16. Chang, C. N.
(U.S. Ser. No. 06/488337, filed Apr. 25, 1983 filed as a
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as U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,003). 17. Hinnen, A. et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1929-1933 (1978) 18. Beggs, J. D., Nature 275,
104-109 (1978). 19. Hitzeman, R. A. et al. U.S. Ser. No. 438236,
filed Nov. 1, 1982 20. Capon, D. (refer to Bovine Interferon patent
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(1983). 22. Singh, A. (U.S. Ser. No. 06/488323, filed Apr. 25,
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SEQUENCE LISTINGS
1
66112DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic DNA 1gatccagaat tc
12212DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic DNA 2gatcgaattc tg
12312DNAArtificial Sequence5' ProAla DNA linker; synthetic DNA
3aattccctgc cg 12411DNAArtificial Sequence3' ProAla DNA linker;
synthetic DNA 4gaccggcagg g 11512DNAArtificial Sequence5'
SalI-EcoRI DNA linker; synthetic DNA 5tcgacgtaca tg
12612DNAArtificial Sequence3' SalI-EcoRI DNA linker; synthetic DNA
6aattcatgta cg 12721DNAArtificial Sequence5' synthetic DNA; yeast
invertase coding signal 7agctttcctt ttccttttgg c 21822DNAArtificial
Sequence3' synthetic DNA; yeast invertase coding signal 8aaccagccaa
aaggaaaagg aa 22926DNAArtificial Sequence5' synthetic DNA; yeast
invertase coding signal 9tggttttgca gccaaaatat ctgcag
261024DNAArtificial Sequence3' synthetic DNA; yeast invertase
coding signal 10gacctgcaga tattttggct gcaa 241128DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic DNA 11agagtttccg gacctctttt atccaaag
281227DNAArtificial Sequence5' Synthetic DNA; isolated replicative
form 12gaggctgaag ctctagaatt ccctgcc 271327DNAArtificial Sequence3'
Synthetic DNA; isolated replicative form 13ggcagggaat tctagagctt
cagcctc 271443DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Left Half 1L
(43-mer); Synthetic DNA 14agttctgatt tcgaattcta tgggtccgga
aactctgtgc ggc 431543DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Left Half 3L
(43-mer); Synthetic DNA 15agttctgatt ctgcagagcg tcaaccagct
cagcgccgca cag 431646DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Left Half 2L
(46-mer); Synthetic DNA 16agttctgatt ctgcagttcg tatgtggtga
tcgaggcttc tacttc 461746DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Left Half
4L (46-mer); Synthetic DNA 17agttctgatt gaggatccgt acccagtcgg
tttgttgaag tagaag 461846DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Right Half
1R (46-mer); Synthetic DNA 18gactgacttc tggatcctcc tctcgtcgtg
ctccgcaaac cggcat 461946DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Right Half
3R (46-mer); Synthetic DNA 19gactgactta caggaccgaa aacagcattc
atcaacgatg ccggtt 462054DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Right Half
2R (54-mer); Synthetic DNA 20tgactgactt ggtcctgtga ccttcgccgt
ctggaaatgt actgcgctcc gctg 542146DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1
Right Half 4R (46-mer); Synthetic DNA 21gactgacttg agtcgactat
gcagacttag ccggtttcag cggagc 462215PRTArtificial SequenceProtein
IGF-1 Left Half Part 1; Synthetic Protein 22Gly Pro Glu Thr Leu Cys
Gly Ala Glu Leu Val Asp Ala Leu Gln 1 5 10 152377DNAArtificial
SequenceDNA IGF-1 Left Half Part 1; Synthetic DNA 23agttctgatt
tcgaattcta tgggtccgga aactctgtgc ggcgctgagc tggttgacgc 60tctgcagaat
cagaact 772418PRTArtificial SequenceProtein IGF-1 Left Half Part 2;
Synthetic Protein 24Gln Phe Val Cys Gly Asp Arg Gly Phe Tyr Phe Asn
Lys Pro Thr Gly 1 5 10 15Tyr Gly2582DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1
Left Half Part 2; Synthetic DNA 25agttctgatt ctgcagttcg tatgtggtga
tcgaggcttc tacttcaaca aaccgactgg 60gtacggatcc tcaatcagaa ct
822619PRTArtificial SequenceProtein IGF-1 Right Half Part 3;
Synthetic Protein 26Ser Ser Ser Arg Arg Ala Pro Gln Thr Gly Ile Val
Asp Glu Cys Cys 1 5 10 15Phe Arg Ser2783DNAArtificial SequenceDNA
IGF-1 Right Half Part 3; Synthetic DNA 27gactgacttc tggatcctcc
tctcgtcgtg ctccgcaaac cggcatcgtt gatgaatgct 60gttttcggtc ctgtaagtca
gtc 832820PRTArtificial SequenceProtein IGF-1 Right Half Part 4;
Synthetic Protein 28Ser Cys Asp Leu Arg Arg Leu Glu Met Tyr Cys Ala
Pro Leu Lys Pro 1 5 10 15Ala Lys Ser Ala 202991DNAArtificial
SequenceDNA IGF-1 Right Half Part 4; Synthetic DNA 29tgactgactt
ggtcctgtga ccttcgccgt ctggaaatgt actgcgctcc gctgaaaccg 60gctaagtctg
catagtcgac tcaagtcagt c 913015PRTArtificial SequenceProtein IGF-1
Left Half Part 1; Synthetic Protein 30Gly Pro Glu Thr Leu Cys Gly
Ala Glu Leu Val Asp Ala Leu Gln 1 5 10 153154DNAArtificial
SequenceDNA IGF-1 Left Half Part 1; 1L; Synthetic DNA 31aattctatgg
gtccggaaac tctgtgcggc gctgagctgg ttgacgctct gcag
543246DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Left Half Part 1; 3L;
Synthetic DNA 32gatacccagg cctttgagac acgccgcgac tcgaccaact gcgaga
463316PRTArtificial SequenceProtein IGF-1 Left Half Part 2;
Synthetic Protein 33Phe Val Cys Gly Asp Arg Gly Phe Tyr Phe Asn Lys
Pro Thr Gly Tyr 1 5 10 153448DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Left
Half Part 2; 2L; Synthetic DNA 34ttcgtatgtg gtgatcgagg cttctacttc
aacaaaccga ctgggtac 483557DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Left Half
Part 2; 4L; Synthetic DNA 35cgtcaagcat acaccactag ctccgaagat
gaagttgttt ggctgaccca tgcctag 573619PRTArtificial SequenceProtein
IGF-1 Right Half Part 3; Synthetic Protein 36Ser Ser Ser Arg Arg
Ala Pro Gln Thr Gly Ile Val Asp Glu Cys Cys 1 5 10 15Phe Arg
Ser3799DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Right Half Part 3; Synthetic
DNA 37gactgacttc tggatcctcc tctcgtcgtg ctccgcaaac cggcatcgtt
gatgaatgct 60gttttcggtc ctgtaagtca gtcccccccc ccccccccc
993898DNAArtificial SequenceDNA IGF-1 Right Half Part 3; Synthetic
DNA 38cccccccccc cccccctgac tgaagaccta ggaggagagc agcacgaggc
gtttggccgt 60agcaactact tacgacaaaa gccaggacat tcagtcag
983921PRTArtificial SequenceProtein IGF-1 Right Half Part 4;
Synthetic Protein 39Ser Cys Asp Leu Arg Arg Leu Glu Met Tyr Cys Ala
Pro Leu Lys Pro 1 5 10 15Ala Lys Ser Ala Thr 2040107DNAArtificial
SequenceDNA IGF-1 Right Half Part 4; Synthetic DNA 40tgactgactt
ggtcctgtga ccttcgccgt ctggaaatgt actgcgctcc gctgaaaccg 60gctaagtctg
catagtcgac tcaagtcagt cccccccccc ccccccc 10741106DNAArtificial
SequenceDNA IGF-1 Right Half Part 4; Synthetic DNA 41cccccccccc
cccccactga ctgaaccagg acactggaag cggcagacct ttacatgacg 60cgaggcgact
ttggccgatt cagacgtatc agctgagttc agtcag 10642262PRTArtificial
SequenceDeduced fusion protein containing IGF-1; synthetic protein
42Met Lys Ala Ile Phe Val Leu Lys Gly Ser Leu Asp Arg Asp Leu Asp 1
5 10 15Ser Arg Ile Glu Leu Glu Met Arg Thr Asp His Lys Glu Leu Ser
Glu 20 25 30His Leu Met Leu Val Asp Leu Ala Arg Asn Asp Leu Ala Arg
Ile Cys 35 40 45Thr Pro Gly Ser Arg Tyr Val Ala Asp Leu Thr Lys Val
Asp Arg Tyr 50 55 60Ser Tyr Val Met His Leu Val Ser Arg Val Val Gly
Glu Leu Arg His65 70 75 80Asp Leu Asp Ala Leu His Ala Tyr Arg Ala
Cys Met Asn Met Gly Thr 85 90 95Leu Ser Gly Ala Pro Lys Val Arg Ala
Met Gln Leu Ile Ala Glu Ala 100 105 110Glu Gly Arg Arg Arg Gly Ser
Tyr Gly Gly Ala Val Gly Tyr Phe Thr 115 120 125Ala His Gly Asp Leu
Asp Thr Cys Ile Val Ile Arg Ser Ala Leu Val 130 135 140Glu Asn Gly
Ile Ala Thr Val Gln Ala Gly Ala Gly Val Val Leu Asp145 150 155
160Ser Val Pro Gln Ser Glu Ala Asp Glu Thr Arg Asn Lys Ala Arg Ala
165 170 175Val Leu Arg Ala Ile Ala Thr Ala His His Ala Gln Glu Phe
Pro Ala 180 185 190Gly Pro Glu Thr Leu Cys Gly Ala Glu Leu Val Asp
Ala Leu Gln Phe 195 200 205Val Cys Gly Asp Arg Gly Phe Tyr Phe Asn
Lys Pro Thr Gly Tyr Gly 210 215 220Ser Ser Ser Arg Arg Ala Pro Gln
Thr Gly Ile Val Asp Glu Cys Cys225 230 235 240Phe Arg Ser Cys Asp
Leu Arg Arg Leu Glu Met Tyr Cys Ala Pro Leu 245 250 255Lys Pro Ala
Lys Ser Ala 26043803DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic DNA
43atgaaagcaa ttttcgtact gaaaggttca ctggacagag atctcgacag ccgtattgaa
60ctggaaatgc gtaccgatca taaagagctg tctgaacatc tgatgctggt tgatctcgcc
120cgtaatgatc tggcacgcat ttgcaccccc ggcagccgct acgtcgccga
tctcaccaaa 180gttgaccgtt attcctatgt gatgcacctc gtctctcgcg
tagtcggcga actgcgtcac 240gatcttgacg ccctgcacgc ttatcgcgcc
tgtatgaata tggggacgtt aagcggtgcg 300ccgaaagtac gcgctatgca
gttaattgcc gaggcggaag gtcgtcgccg cggcagctac 360ggcggcgcgg
taggttattt caccgcgcat ggcgatctcg acacctgcat tgtgatccgc
420tcggcgctgg tggaaaacgg tatcgccacc gtgcaagcgg gtgctggtgt
agtccttgat 480tctgttccgc agtcggaagc cgacgaaacc cgtaacaaag
cccgcgctgt actgcgcgct 540attgccaccg cgcatcatgc acaggaattc
cctgccggtc cggaaactct gtgcggcgct 600gagctggttg acgctctgca
gttcgtatgt ggtgatcgag gcttctactt caacaaaccg 660actgggtacg
gatcctcctc tcgtcgtgct ccgcaaaccg gcatcgttga tgaatgctgt
720tttcggtcct gtgaccttcg ccgtctggaa atgtactgcg ctccgctgaa
accggctaag 780tctgcatagt cgacgtacat gaa 8034489PRTArtificial
SequencesLE-IGF-1 Fusion Protein; synthetic Protein 44Met Lys Ala
Ile Phe Val Leu Lys Gly Ser Leu Asp Arg Asp Pro Glu 1 5 10 15Phe
Pro Ala Gly Pro Glu Thr Leu Cys Gly Ala Glu Leu Val Asp Ala 20 25
30Leu Gln Phe Val Cys Gly Asp Arg Gly Phe Tyr Phe Asn Lys Pro Thr
35 40 45Gly Tyr Gly Ser Ser Ser Arg Arg Ala Pro Gln Thr Gly Ile Val
Asp 50 55 60Glu Cys Cys Phe Arg Ser Cys Asp Leu Arg Arg Leu Glu Met
Tyr Cys65 70 75 80Ala Pro Leu Lys Pro Ala Lys Ser Ala
8545270DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic DNA 45atgaaagcaa ttttcgtact
gaaaggttca ctggacagag atccagaatt ccctgccggt 60ccggaaactc tgtgcggcgc
tgagctggtt gacgctctgc agttcgtatg tggtgatcga 120ggcttctact
tcaacaaacc gactgggtac ggatcctcct ctcgtcgtgc tccgcaaacc
180ggcatcgttg atgaatgctg ttttcggtcc tgtgaccttc gccgtctgga
aatgtactgc 240gctccgctga aaccggctaa gtctgcatag
27046164PRTArtificial SequenceIGF-1 Protein fused with alpha factor
pre-pro sequence; synthetic protein 46Met Arg Phe Pro Ser Ile Phe
Ser Ala Val Leu Phe Ala Ala Ser Ser 1 5 10 15Ala Leu Ala Ala Pro
Val Asn Thr Thr Thr Glu Asp Glu Thr Ala Gln 20 25 30Ile Pro Ala Glu
Ala Val Ile Gly Tyr Ser Asp Leu Glu Gly Asp Phe 35 40 45Asp Val Ala
Val Leu Pro Phe Ser Asn Ser Thr Asn Asn Gly Leu Leu 50 55 60Phe Ile
Asn Thr Thr Ile Ala Ser Ile Ala Ala Lys Glu Glu Gly Val65 70 75
80Ser Leu Asp Lys Arg Glu Ala Glu Ala Leu Glu Phe Pro Ala Gly Pro
85 90 95Glu Thr Leu Cys Gly Ala Glu Leu Val Asp Ala Leu Glu Phe Val
Cys 100 105 110Gly Asp Arg Gly Phe Tyr Phe Asn Lys Pro Thr Gly Tyr
Gly Ser Ser 115 120 125Ser Arg Arg Ala Pro Gln Thr Gly Ile Val Asp
Glu Cys Cys Phe Arg 130 135 140Ser Cys Asp Leu Arg Arg Leu Glu Met
Tyr Cys Ala Pro Leu Lys Pro145 150 155 160Ala Lys Ser
Ala47495DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic DNA 47atgagatttc cttcaatttt
tagtgcagtt ttattcgcag catcctccgc attagctgct 60ccagtcaaca ctacaacaga
agatgaaacg gcacaaattc cggctgaagc tgtcatcggt 120tactcagatt
tagaagggga tttcgatgtt gctgttttgc cattttccaa cagcacaaat
180aacgggttat tgtttataaa tactactatt gccagcattg ctgctaaaga
agaaggggta 240tctttggata aaagagaggc tgaagctcta gaattccctg
ccggtccgga aactctgtgc 300ggtgctgaac tggttgacgc tctggagttc
gtatgtggtg accgtggctt ttacttcaac 360aaaccgactg gttacggatc
ctcctctcgt cgcgctccgc aaactggcat cgttgatgaa 420tgctgttttc
gttcttgtga cctgcgccgt ctggaaatgt actgcgctcc gctgaaaccg
480gctaagtctg catag 4954889PRTArtificial SequenceYeast invertase
signal IGF-1 fusion protein 48Met Leu Leu Gln Ala Phe Leu Phe Leu
Leu Ala Gly Phe Ala Ala Lys 1 5 10 15Ile Ser Ala Gly Pro Glu Thr
Leu Cys Gly Ala Glu Leu Val Asp Ala 20 25 30Leu Gln Phe Val Cys Gly
Asp Arg Gly Phe Tyr Phe Asn Lys Pro Thr 35 40 45Gly Tyr Gly Ser Ser
Ser Arg Arg Ala Pro Gln Thr Gly Ile Val Asp 50 55 60Glu Cys Cys Phe
Arg Ser Cys Asp Leu Arg Arg Leu Glu Met Tyr Cys65 70 75 80Ala Pro
Leu Lys Pro Ala Lys Ser Ala 8549270DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
DNA 49atgcttttgc aagctttcct tttccttttg gctggttttg cagccaaaat
atctgcaggt 60ccggaaactc tgtgcggcgc tgagctggtt gacgctctgc agttcgtatg
tggtgatcga 120ggcttctact tcaacaaacc gactgggtac ggatcctcct
ctcgtcgtgc tccgcaaacc 180ggcatcgttg atgaatgctg ttttcggtcc
tgtgaccttc gccgtctgga aatgtactgc 240gctccgctga aaccggctaa
gtctgcatag 27050201DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic DNA; mature EGF
coding sequence 50gaattcatga actctgactc tgaatgtcca ttatcgcatg
atgggtactg tttgcacgac 60ggagtctgta tgtatattga agctctagac aagtacgctt
gtaactgtgt tgttggttac 120atcggtgaaa gatgtcaata cagagatcta
aagtggtggg aattgagata gattgaattg 180aattgaaatc gattaaagct t
20151138PRTArtificial SequenceYeast alpha factor protein "pre-pro"
sequence fused with EGF 51Met Arg Phe Pro Ser Ile Phe Ser Ala Val
Leu Phe Ala Ala Ser Ser 1 5 10 15Ala Leu Ala Ala Pro Val Asn Thr
Thr Thr Glu Asp Glu Thr Ala Gln 20 25 30Ile Pro Ala Glu Ala Val Ile
Gly Tyr Ser Asp Leu Glu Gly Asp Phe 35 40 45Asp Val Ala Val Leu Pro
Phe Ser Asn Ser Thr Asn Asn Gly Leu Leu 50 55 60Phe Ile Asn Thr Thr
Ile Ala Ser Ile Ala Ala Lys Glu Glu Gly Val65 70 75 80Ser Leu Asp
Lys Arg Asn Ser Asp Ser Glu Cys Pro Leu Ser His Asp 85 90 95Gly Tyr
Cys Leu His Asp Gly Val Cys Met Tyr Ile Glu Ala Leu Asp 100 105
110Lys Tyr Ala Cys Asn Cys Val Val Gly Tyr Ile Gly Glu Arg Cys Gln
115 120 125Tyr Arg Asp Leu Lys Trp Trp Glu Leu Arg 130
13552417DNAArtificial SequenceEGF DNA fused with yeast alpha factor
"pre-pro" sequence 52atgagatttc cttcaatttt tagtgcagtt ttattcgcag
catcctccgc attagctgct 60ccagtcaaca ctacaacaga agatgaaacg gcacaaattc
cggctgaagc tgtcatcggt 120tactcagatt tagaagggga tttcgatgtt
gctgttttgc cattttccaa cagcacaaat 180aacgggttat tgtttataaa
tactactatt gccagcattg ctgctaaaga agaaggggta 240tctttggata
aaagaaactc tgactctgaa tgtccattat cgcatgatgg gtactgtttg
300cacgacggag tctgtatgta tattgaagct ctagacaagt acgcttgtaa
ctgtgttgtt 360ggttacatcg gtgaaagatg tcaatacaga gatctaaagt
ggtgggaatt gagatag 4175372PRTArtificial SequenceYeast invertase
signal protein sequence fused with EGF 53Met Leu Leu Gln Ala Phe
Leu Phe Leu Leu Ala Gly Phe Ala Ala Lys 1 5 10 15Ile Ser Ala Asn
Ser Asp Ser Glu Cys Pro Leu Ser His Asp Gly Tyr 20 25 30Cys Leu His
Asp Gly Val Cys Met Tyr Ile Glu Ala Leu Asp Lys Tyr 35 40 45Ala Cys
Asn Cys Val Val Gly Tyr Ile Gly Glu Arg Cys Gln Tyr Arg 50 55 60Asp
Leu Lys Trp Trp Glu Leu Arg65 7054258DNAArtificial SequenceEGF DNA
fused with invertase sequence 54gaattcatga tgttgttgca agctttcttg
ttcttgttgg ctggtttcgc tgctaagatc 60tctgctaact ctgactctga atgtccatta
tcgcatgatg ggtactgttt gcacgacgga 120gtctgtatgt acattgaagc
tctagacaag tacgcttgta actgtgttgt tggttacatc 180ggtgaaagat
gtcaatacag agatctaaag tggtgggaat tgagatagat tgaattgaat
240tgaaatcgat taaagctt 2585568PRTArtificial SequenceProtein coding
sequence for Human IGF-II 55Met Ala Tyr Arg Pro Ser Glu Thr Leu Cys
Gly Gly Glu Leu Val Asp 1 5 10 15Thr Leu Gln Phe Val Cys Gly Asp
Arg Gly Phe Tyr Phe Ser Arg Pro 20 25 30Ala Ser Arg Val Ser Arg Arg
Ser Arg Gly Ile Val Glu Glu Cys Cys 35 40 45Phe Arg Ser Cys Asp Leu
Ala Leu Leu Glu Thr Tyr Cys Ala Thr Pro 50 55 60Ala Lys Ser
Glu6556221DNAArtificial SequenceDNA coding sequence for Human
IGF-II 56tctagaatta tggcttatcg accatctgaa accttgtgtg gtggtgagct
ggtggacacc 60ctccagttcg tctgtgggga ccgcggtttc
tacttctcta ggcccgcaag ccgtgtgagc 120cgtcgcagtc gtggcatcgt
tgaggagtgc tgtttccgca gctgtgacct ggccctattg 180gaaacctact
gtgctacccc agctaagtct gaataggatc c 221575PRTArtificial
SequenceProtein carboxy terminus of alpha factor 57Gly Gln Pro Met
Tyr 1 55815DNAArtificial Sequencemisc_feature3U= T or C
58ggucaaccua tgtac 155915DNAArtificial Sequencemisc_feature13U= A
or G 59gtacattggt tgucc 156015DNAArtificial
Sequencemisc_feature13U= A or G 60gtacataggt tgucc
1561550DNAArtificial SequenceDNA sequence of alpha factor
61cgacagtaaa ttttgccgaa tttaatagct tctactgaaa aacagtggac catgtgaaaa
60gatgcatctc atttatcaaa cacataatat tcaagtgagc cttacttcaa ttgtattgaa
120gtgcaagaaa accaaaaagc aacaacaggt tttggataag tacatatata
agagggcctt 180ttgttcccat caaaaatgtt actgttctta cgattcattt
acgattcaag aatagttcaa 240acaagaagat tacaaactat caatttcata
cacaatataa acgattaaaa gaatgagatt 300tccttcaatt tttactgcag
ttttattcgc agcatcctcc gcattagctg ctccagtcaa 360cactacaaca
gaagatgaaa cggcacaaat tccggctgaa gctgtcatcg gttacttaga
420tttagaaggg gatttcgatg ttgctgtttt gccattttcc aacagcacaa
ataacgggtt 480attgtttata aatactacta ttgccagcat tgctgctaaa
gaagaagggg tatctttgga 540taaaagagag 5506280PRTArtificial
SequenceProtein sequence of alpha factor 62Phe Thr Ala Val Leu Phe
Ala Ala Ser Ser Ala Leu Ala Ala Pro Val 1 5 10 15Asn Thr Thr Thr
Glu Asp Glu Thr Ala Gln Ile Pro Ala Glu Ala Val 20 25 30Ile Gly Tyr
Leu Asp Leu Glu Gly Asp Phe Asp Val Ala Val Leu Pro 35 40 45Phe Ser
Asn Ser Thr Asn Asn Gly Leu Leu Phe Ile Asn Thr Thr Ile 50 55 60Ala
Ser Ile Ala Ala Lys Glu Glu Gly Val Ser Leu Asp Lys Arg Glu65 70 75
806379PRTArtificial SequenceProtein sequence of alpha factor 63Ala
Glu Ala Trp His Trp Leu Gln Leu Lys Pro Gly Gln Pro Met Tyr 1 5 10
15Lys Arg Glu Ala Glu Ala Glu Ala Trp His Trp Leu Gln Leu Lys Pro
20 25 30Gly Gln Pro Met Tyr Lys Arg Glu Ala Asp Ala Glu Ala Trp His
Trp 35 40 45Leu Gln Leu Lys Pro Gly Gln Pro Met Tyr Lys Arg Glu Ala
Asp Ala 50 55 60Glu Ala Trp His Trp Leu Gln Leu Lys Pro Gly Gln Pro
Met Tyr65 70 7564552DNAArtificial SequenceDNA sequence of alpha
factor 64gctgaagctt ggcattggtt gcaactaaaa cctggccaac caatgtacaa
gagagaagcc 60gaagctgaag cttggcattg gctgcaacta aagcctggcc aaccaatgta
caaaagagaa 120gccgacgctg aagcttggca ttggctgcaa ctaaagcctg
gccaaccaat gtacaaaaga 180gaagccgacg ctgaagcttg gcattggttg
cagttaaaac ccggccaacc aatgtactaa 240gcccgactga taacaacagt
gtagatgtaa caaagtcgac tttgttccca ctgtactttt 300agctcgtaca
aaatacaata tacttttcat ttctccgtaa acaacatgtt ttcccatgta
360atatcctttt ctatttttcg ttccgttacc aactttacac atactttata
tagctattca 420cttctataca ctaaaaaact aagacaattt taattttgct
gcctgccata tttcaatttg 480ttataaattc ctataattta tcctattagt
agctaaaaaa agatgaatgt gaatcgaatc 540ctaagagaat tc
55265967DNAArtificial SequenceDNA sequence of alpha factor
65ttcttcattg gtacatcaat gccagcaacg atgtgcgcat ctgggcgacg cctgtagtga
60ttgttttcaa ggtatcgagc caaactattc atcgttactg tttcaaatat tcagttgttt
120cagtacagag tcgccgtgga cctagtgaaa cttggtgtct ttacagcgca
gagacgaggg 180cttatatgta taaaagctgt ccttgattct ggtgtagttt
gaggtgtcct tcctatatct 240gtttttatat tctatataat ggataattac
taccatcacc tgcatcaaat tccagtaaat 300tcacatattg gagaaaatga
aattcatttc tacctttctc acttttattt tagcggccgt 360ttctgtcact
gctagttccg atgaagatat cgctcaggtg ccagccgagg ccattattgg
420atacttggat ttcggaggtg atcatgacat agctttttta ccattcagta
acgctaccgc 480cagtgggcta ttgtttatca acaccactat tgctgaggcg
gctgaaaaag agcaaaacac 540cactttggcg aaaagagagg ctgttgccga
cgcttggcac tggttaaatt tgagaccagg 600ccaaccaatg tacaagagag
aggccaacgc tgatgcttgg cactggttgc aactcaagcc 660aggccaacca
atgtactgaa aaatgaccct aaactacttc taaaccctct cgatttcttt
720cacgttcata caacacctag ttttatttat tttcttttca atctgagtag
ttgagttttc 780gatcactcac atagaactat tttttgccat ttaaataaag
tattctctca aatgatgcga 840tactataata ctctttgcca tatattacat
tcattcataa ataggctatg tttctatatc 900cgtttccgat tctgtctgca
agcaaggttc cctatcatta ccggattgtt cactatggtt 960ggagctc
96766120PRTArtificial SequenceProtein sequence of alpha factor
66Met Lys Phe Ile Ser Thr Phe Leu Thr Phe Ile Leu Ala Ala Val Ser 1
5 10 15Val Thr Ala Ser Ser Asp Glu Asp Ile Ala Gln Val Pro Ala Glu
Ala 20 25 30Ile Ile Gly Tyr Leu Asp Phe Gly Gly Asp His Asp Ile Ala
Phe Leu 35 40 45Pro Phe Ser Asn Ala Thr Ala Ser Gly Leu Leu Phe Ile
Asn Thr Thr 50 55 60Ile Ala Glu Ala Ala Glu Lys Glu Gln Asn Thr Thr
Leu Ala Lys Arg65 70 75 80Glu Ala Val Ala Asp Ala Trp His Trp Leu
Asn Leu Arg Pro Gly Gln 85 90 95Pro Met Tyr Lys Arg Glu Ala Asn Ala
Asp Ala Trp His Trp Leu Gln 100 105 110Leu Lys Pro Gly Gln Pro Met
Tyr 115 120
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