U.S. patent number RE28,606 [Application Number 05/393,586] was granted by the patent office on 1975-11-04 for filled, biaxially oriented, polymeric film.
This patent grant is currently assigned to E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company. Invention is credited to Richard Masayoshi Ikeda, George Joseph Ostapchenko.
United States Patent |
RE28,606 |
Ikeda , et al. |
November 4, 1975 |
Filled, biaxially oriented, polymeric film
Abstract
A thermoplastic film and a process for preparing the film which
is characterized as a cellular polymer matrix with a filler
dispersed therein, biaxially oriented by stretching in mutually
perpendicular directions and having a void content of at least
about 30 to 70%, an elongation at break at 22.degree.C. of at least
about 8% in either direction of stretch, a fibrous surface having
about 2 to 40 surface ruptures per square millimeter, and an oxygen
permeability of about 900 to 10,000,000 cc./100 sq.in./24
hrs./atmosphere/mil. This film has many desirable and controllable
properties such as density, opacity, porosity, strength and surface
texture making it useful for various applications such as a bag for
packaging groceries, a synthetic writing paper, an ultra filter, or
a substrate for an ion exchange membrane.
Inventors: |
Ikeda; Richard Masayoshi
(Chadds Ford, PA), Ostapchenko; George Joseph (Wilmington,
DE) |
Assignee: |
E. I. Du Pont de Nemours &
Company (Wilmington, DE)
|
Family
ID: |
26854062 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/393,586 |
Filed: |
August 31, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
Reissue of: |
157367 |
Jun 28, 1971 |
03738904 |
Jun 12, 1973 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
428/155; 428/159;
428/409; 428/910; 264/288.8; 428/338 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B29C
55/02 (20130101); Y10T 428/268 (20150115); Y10T
428/31 (20150115); Y10T 428/24471 (20150115); Y10T
428/24504 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
B29C
55/02 (20060101); B32B 003/00 (); D01D 005/12 ();
D06N 007/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;161/117,116,168,247,402,109,164 ;264/289,21R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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2,012,460 |
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Mar 1970 |
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FR |
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61,147 |
|
May 1961 |
|
ZA |
|
857,223 |
|
Dec 1970 |
|
CA |
|
Primary Examiner: Kendell; Lorraine T.
Claims
We claim: .[.1. A biaxially stretched thermoplastic film consisting
essentially of:
A. a cellular polymer matrix prepared from a polymer having a
crystallinity of at least about 60% at room temperature taken from
the group consisting of homopolymers, copolymers and blends thereof
of .alpha.-olefins having two to ten carbon atoms, having dispersed
therein
B. about 26 to 50 weight percent of an inert filler based on the
weight of the polymer present having an average particle size of
about 0.3 to 8 microns;
wherein the filled polymer has an elongation of at least about
1000% at a temperature within the range which is above the
line-drawing temperature and below the melting temperature of the
polymer, said film having a void content of at least about 30 to
70%, an elongation at break at 22.degree.C. of at least about 8% in
each direction of stretch, an oxygen permeability of about 900 to
10,000,000 cc./100 sq.in./24 hrs./atmosphere/mil and about two to
40 surface ruptures per square
millimeter..]. 2. The thermoplastic film of claim 1 having an
oxygen permeability of 3,000 to 10,000,000 cc./100 sq.in./24
hrs./atmosphere/mil.
. The thermoplastic film of claim 1 wherein the tear propagation
strength
in each direction of stretch is at least about 2.5 g./mil. 4. The
thermoplastic film of claim 1 wherein the cellular polymer matrix
is
polyethylene. 5. The thermoplastic film of claim 1 wherein the
cellular
polymer matrix is polypropylene. 6. The thermoplastic film of claim
5 wherein the film has a Mullen burst strength of at least about 40
pounds, a Clark stiffness of at least about 20, and a modulus of
elasticity of at
least about 115 Kpsi in each direction of stretch. 7. The
thermoplastic film of claim 1 wherein the cellular polymer matrix
is an ethylene/octene
polymer. 8. The thermoplastic film of claim 7 wherein the film has
a Mullen burst strength of at least about 40 pounds, a Clark
stiffness of at least about 15, and a modulus of elasticity of at
least about 126 Kpsi in
each direction of stretch. 9. The thermoplastic film of claim 1
wherein the inert filler is clay. .[.10. The thermoplastic film of
claim 1
wherein the inert filler is kaolin clay..]. 11. The thermoplastic
film of
claim 1 wherein the inert filler is calcined kaolin clay. 12. The
thermoplastic film of claim 1 having a density of about 0.3 to 0.7
g./cc.
3. The thermoplastic film of claim 1 having about 40 to 70% voids
and a
TAPPI opacity of at least 85%. 14. The thermoplastic film of claim
1 having a differential oxygen permeability through the film.
.Iadd. 15. A biaxially stretched thermoplastic film consisting
of:
A. a cellular polymer matrix prepared from a polymer having a
crystallinity of at least about 60% at room temperature taken from
the group consisting of homopolymers, copolymers, and blends
thereof, of .alpha.-olefins having two to ten carbon atoms, having
dispersed therein
B. about 26 to 50 weight percent of an inert inorganic filler,
based on the weight of polymer and filler, having an average
particle size of about 0.3 to 8 microns;
wherein the filled polymer has an elongation of at least about
1000% at a temperature within the range which is above the
line-drawing temperature and below the melting temperature of the
polymer, said film having a void content of at least about 30 to
70%, an elongation at break at 22.degree.C. of at least about 8% in
each direction of stretch, an oxygen permeability of about 900 to
10,000,000 cc./100 sq. in./24 hrs./atmosphere/mil and about two to
40 surface ruptures per square
millimeter. .Iaddend..Iadd. 16. The thermoplastic film of claim 14
also containing a pigment, dye, or antistatic agent.
.Iaddend..Iadd. 17. The thermoplastic film of claim 15 also
containing a pigment, dye, or antistatic agent. .Iaddend. .Iadd.
18. The thermoplastic film of claim 15 wherein the inert filler is
kaolin clay. .Iaddend.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a biaxially stretched polymeric film
having an inert filler dispersed therein and a process for
preparing such a film. The film is generally characterized as
having a relatively low density, good elongation, a controllable
porosity and a controllable amount of surface ruptures. Such a film
has an excellent versatility in use closely related to the degree
of porosity and the number of surface ruptures. Uses include
synthetic writing paper to an ultra filter.
It is known in the art that thermoplastic polymers can be filled
with inert fillers, cast into films, and thereafter stretched to
form an oriented thermoplastic film. While this general statement
is true, it must be appreciated that the particular ingredients
used and the particular process and process parameters employed
when varied, can result in significantly different end products or
significantly contribute to the success or failure of obtaining a
desired result. In addition, many articles formed from such known
thermoplastic filled polymers have enjoyed excellent commercial
acceptance; therefore, there is a continuous effort made to
discover new and related competitive products.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the present invention provides a new and useful
thermoplastic film and a process for making it.
The film is a biaxially stretched polymeric matrix having a filler
dispersed therein and is characterized as having a density of about
0.3 to 0.7 g./cc., an elongation at break at 22.degree.C. of at
least about 8% in either direction of stretch, an oxygen
permeability of about 900 to 10,000,000 cc./100 sq. in./24
hrs./atmosphere/mil and about 2 to 40 surface ruptures per square
millimeter.
The process for preparing the thermoplastic film consists
essentially of:
A. melt-bending
1. a polymer taken from the group consisting of homopolymers,
copolymers, or blends thereof of .alpha.-monoolefins having two to
ten carbon atoms, said polymer having a crystallinity of at least
about 60% at room temperature; and
2. about 26 to 50 weight percent of an inert filler based on the
weight of the polymer .Iadd.and filler.Iaddend. .[.present.]., said
filler having an average particle size of about 0.3 to 8
microns;
wherein the blend has an elongation at break of at least 1,000% at
a temperature within the range which is above the line-drawing
temperature and below the melting temperature of the polymer;
B. forming a film from the melt blend;
C. cooling the film to a temperature below the melting point;
D. stretching the film at least about two times its original
forming dimensions in mutually perpendicular directions with the
temperature of the film during stretching within the temperature
range which is above the line-drawing temperature and below the
melting temperature of the polymer until the film has at least
about 30% voids;
E. cooling the film to room temperature.
When using sequential stretching, the preferred method of
stretching, the oxygen permeability in the final film product is
directly related to the temperature of the film during the first
stretching operation in accordance with the following equation, and
therefore the desired oxygen permeability can be obtained by
adjusting this temperature accordingly:
where:
P = oxygen permeability of the final film product,
C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 = experimentally determined constants related
to film composition and process parameters used to make the film,
and
T = temperature of the film during the first direction stretch.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1, thermoplastic films of the present invention
are comprised of a polymer matrix 20 having dispersed therein an
inert particulate filler 21 surrounded by voids 22. The surface is
characterized by its fibrous texture 23 and surface ruptures
24.
More particularly, the film consists of a polymer from the group
consisting of homopolymers, copolymers and blends thereof of
.alpha.-monoolefins having two to ten carbon atoms with a
crystallinity of at least 60% at 22.degree.C. having dispersed
therein 26 to 50 weight percent of an inert filler.Iadd., based on
the total weight of polymer and inert filler,.Iaddend. having a
particle size of about 0.3 to 8 microns.
The film has a density of about 0.3 to 0.7 g./cc., an elongation at
break of at least 8% in either direction of stretch at
22.degree.C., an oxygen permeability of 900 to 10,000,000 cc./100
sq.in./24 hrs./atmosphere/mil and about 2 to 40 surface ruptures
per square millimeter. In addition, the film has about 30 to 70 %
voids, and films can be made having a TAPPI opacity of at least
about 85%. Films of the present invention are generally made having
a final thickness of about 0.5 to 7.0 mils.
Other properties of the film such as burst strength, stiffness and
modulus of elasticity vary according to the type of polymer and
filler used. For example, a film having a thickness of about 4.3
mils prepared according to a preferred embodiment incorporating a
copolymer matrix of about 98/2 weight percents units of
ethylene/octene with a density of 0.956 g./cc. and a crystallinity
of about 71% at 22.degree.C. and about 35 weight percent calcined
kaolin clay, having an average particle size of 5.5 microns are
further characterized as having a Mullen burst strength of at least
about 40 lbs., a Clark stiffness of at least about 15 and a modulus
of elasticity of at least about 126 Kpsi. While another preferred
film having a thickness of about 3.6 mils prepared incorporating
polypropylene having a crystallinity of about 71% at 22.degree.C.
as a matrix with the same calcined kaolin clay dispersed therein
exhibits properties characterized as a Mullen burst strength of at
least about 40 pounds, a Clark stiffness of at least about 20 and a
modulus of elasticity of about 115 Kpsi in either direction of
stretch.
Various tests used to determine the properties and characteristics
of the films of this invention are discussed below.
1. The density is measured by ASTM D 792-64T which provides a
weight per unit volume based on the boundary dimensions of the
specimen.
2. The tear propagation strength is measured by ASTM D-1922,
wherein a specimen is notched and a tear propagating from the notch
is made and the force required to propagate the tear is
measured.
3. The elongation at break, modulus of elasticity and tensile
strength at room temperature, i.e., about 22.degree.C., are
measured by ASTM D-882.
4. The elongation at elevated temperatures is measured by an
Instron Oven test wherein a rectangular specimen is prepared that
is one inch wide and four inches long along the two longer sides.
The specimen is punched on both sides, at the center of the long
dimension with a McBee Punch, type 5227-643, leaving a narrow
center section having a length of about 0.150 inch. The specimen is
gripped and pulled at the rate of five inches per minute permitting
the sample to stretch in its long dimension.
The elongation is measured in percent according to the following
equation: ##EQU1## where: E = % elongation, L.sub.F = length of
specimen's effective gauge length at break,
L.sub.o = original gauge length of specimen.
Thickness measurements are made in accordance with ASTM D-374.
5. Tear initiation strength is measured by ASTM D-1004.
6. TAPPI (Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry)
Stiffness, sometimes referred to as Clark Stiffness, is measured by
TAPPI test T-451.
7. Opacity is measured by TAPPI test T-425.
8. TAPPI burst strength, sometimes referred to as Mullen Burst, is
measured by TAPPI test T-403.
9. percent voids is determined by the following equation:
##EQU2##
10. The number and size of the surface ruptures can be measured by
metallizing the film with aluminum at an angle normal to the film
surface, transmitting light through the film perpendicular to the
film, then counting the number and measuring the size of the light
spots shining through the film.
11. The oxygen permeability is measured by ASTM D-1434.
The films prepared according to the present invention have
excellent versatility in use. For example, increasing the amount of
surface ruptures improves the ink receptivity of the film making
the film useful for writing or printing paper. Since the porosity
of the film can be controlled, film having a maximum oxygen
permeability can be made that is useful as a filter or as a
substrate for an ion exchange membrane. With oxygen permeability at
a minimum, the film is practically waterproof having an excellent
barrier surface while maintaining the ability to receive ink on the
surface for printing and labeling and can, therefore, be used for
packaging material. With porosity at a maximum and the film
containing a maximum amount of filler, the film is very inexpensive
and can, therefore, be used as a "paper bag" to carry
groceries.
In addition, the films can be coated for various purposes such as
providing an improvement in the printability of the paper, i.e.,
ink receptivity, fidelity, brightness, contrast or can be coated to
reduce static in paper. Coating adhesion is facilitated by the
surface ruptures although the film can optionally be surface
treated before coating by conventional means such as electrical
discharge, flame treatment, acid treatment, or by the use of
various oxidants such as peroxide. It must be realized, or course,
that the coating must contain a binder that is selected for its
preferential adhesion to base material.
Following is a description of the process used to make the film
products of the present invention.
The film products of the present invention are prepared from a
polymer having dispersed therein an inert filler. Useful polymers
include homopolymers, copolymers or blends thereof of
.alpha.-monoolefins having two to ten carbon atoms wherein the
polymer has a crystallinity of at least about 60% at room
temperature.
Representatives examples of useful homopolymers include the
homopolymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(1-butene),
poly(3-methyl-1-butene), poly(3-methyl-1-pentene),
poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), poly(4,4-dimethyl-1-pentene),
poly(3-methyl-1-hexene), poly(4-methyl-1-hexene), and
poly(4,4-dimethyl-1-hexene).
Useful copolymers include ethylene/propylene, ethylene/1-butene,
ethylene/1-pentene, ethylene/1-hexene, ethylene/1-octene,
ethylene/1-heptene, ethylene/1-nonene, and ethylene/1-decene.
Useful blends thereof include blends of homopolymers such as
polyethylene and polypropylene or blends of a homopolymer and a
copolymer such as polyethylene blended with ethylene/octene or
ethylene/decene. Blends of two copolymers such as ethylene/1-octene
and ethylene/1-butene can also be used provided they have a
crystallinity of at least about 60% at room temperature.
The crystallinity of a polymer is difficult to measure directly,
therefore, it has become conventional to use an indirect method of
measuring crystallinity. One such method is described in Physical
Chemistry of Macromolecules, authored by C. Tanford, published by
John Wiley and Sons (1961) at page 125. The method described
therein is based on the fact that the crystallinity of the polymer
is related to the density of the polymer and, accordingly, a chart
has been prepared correlating density to crystallinity. Therefore,
it is only necessary to measure the density of a polymer by
conventional means, refer to the type of chart in Physical
Chemistry of Macromolecules referenced above, and pick out the
crystallinity of the polymer. Density of the polymer can be
measured by ASTM D-792-64-T.
Useful fillers can be organic or inorganic. They must be relatively
inert toward the polymer, have a relatively low interfacial surface
tension making it practically noncohesive toward the polymer
matrix, have an average particle size of about 0.3 to 8 microns and
be present in the amount of about 26 to 50 weight percent based on
the .Iadd.total.Iaddend. amount of polymer .Iadd.and
filler.Iaddend. present. Average particle size of a filler material
is determined by having 50% by weight of the filler pass through a
sieve having openings the size of the average particle size
designation.
If the particles have an average size less than about 0.3 micron,
few or no voids result. If the average particle size is greater
than 8 microns, large and fewer voids than desirable form which do
not provide the desired low density. The amount of filler present
is based primarily on practicalities; however, it has been found
that there should be at least about 26 weight percent to provide
sufficient necleation centers for voiding but no greater than about
50 weight percent in order to provide a film flexible enough to
handle. If the amount of filler is significantly greater than 50
percent, the film becomes weak and tends to crack and tear
easily.
Useful inert, inorganic fillers include silica, diatomaceous earth,
titanium dioxide and clays while useful organic fillers include
nylon, polyesters andn polyamides, provided they are below their
softening temperatures at the stretching temperature of the film
and are in the disclosed particle size range. A preferred filler is
kaolin clay, commercially available as "Alumex R," "Hi-White R,"
"Macnamee Clay," "Paragon Clay," "PolyFil," or "Engelhard-ASP
400."
When using the preferred filled, i.e., clay, it has been helpful to
calcine the clay prior to its incorporation into the polymer. It is
believed that calcined clay has a lower adhesive bond to the
polymer than uncalcined clay and, therefore, during stretching,
polymer easily pulls away from the calcined clay providing an
increased number of open cells or voids for a given stretch ratio
thereby assisting in decreasing the density of the film. Typically,
when using calcined clay, the percent increase in the number of
voids is about 30 to 45% compared to the number of voids obtained
using an uncalcined clay. This amounts to an increase of about 20
to 25% in opacity.
The inert filler is dispersed within the polymer and this can be
accomplished by conventional means such as melt-blending. The
polymer-filler composition must have an elongation of at least
1000% at a temperature within the range of about the line-drawing
temperature and the melting temperature of the polymer. The
line-drawing temperature and the melting temperature of a useful
polymer can be determined experimentally.
The line-drawing temperature is defined in the following manner:
When a polyolefin film is stretched at temperatures low enough for
line drawing, a "line" or "neck" develops in the film perpendicular
to the direction of stretch once the yield point is reached.
Stretching then emanates from this thinned out region until an
elongation equal to the natural draw ratio of the polyolefin is
achieved for the particular stretch rate used. If a series of
polyolefin film samples is stretched under conditions of
line-drawing at a set of increasingly higher temperatures (starting
from room temperatures, e.g.), a series of decreasingly sharp
maxima will result in the corresponding stress-strain curves. At
some higher temperature, a maximum no longer appears in the
stress-strain curve, and line-drawing has ceased. At this
temperature or higher temperatures, the film undergoes more uniform
stretching over its length and no longer displays a line or neck
during elongation. For more detailed discussions of line-drawing,
refer to U.S. Pat. No. 2,961,711; U.S. Pat. No. 3,057,835; and
"Polyethylene" by Renfrew and Morgan, 2nd Edition, pages 170-172,
published by Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York (1960).
A significant fact related to the line-drawing temperature of a
film is that the line-drawing temperature can change. Fur example,
a film has a given line-drawing temperature before stretching.
However, after stretching in one direction, i.e., uniaxial
stretching, the line-drawing temperature of the film in the
direction perpendicular to the uniaxial stretch is higher than the
given temperature. This fact must be taken into consideration in
order to provide biaxial stretching at the proper stretching
temperature.
The melting point can be experimentally determined by heating a
polymer and noting the temperature of disappearance of the last
trace of crystallinity as evidenced by birefrigence observed
between crossed polarizers on a hot-stage microscope. Further
information related to a definition of the melting point can be
obtained from "Textbook of Polymer Science" by F. W. Billmeyer,
Jr., Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, page 158 (1962).
In addition to the polymer and filler, the film-forming composition
can contain other additives which do not adversely affect the
resultant product such as pigments, dyes and antistatic agents.
After the film composition is prepared, it is formed into a film by
conventional film-forming equipment. Thereafter, it is biaxially
oriented by stretching either simultaneously or sequentially at
least about two times, and preferably three to seven times, its
original film-forming dimensions in mutually perpendicular
directions at a temperature which is above the line-drawing
temperature and below the melting temperature of the polymer (where
the polymer-filler composition has an elongation at break of at
least 1,000%), until the film contains at least about 30% voids and
preferably about 40 to 70% voids.
Biaxial stretching of the film from its original forming dimensions
is important for at least the following reasons:
Stretching breaches the bond between the polymer matrix and the
inert filler creating voids in the polymer matrix and a fibrous
surface with ruptures on the surface of the film. Increasing the
stretch ratio within the limits described above increases the
number of voids in the polymer matrix causing an increase in the
opacity of the film and a decrease in the density. In addition,
biaxial stretching balances the tear strength of the film.
It has been found that sequential biaxial stretching, i.e.,
stretching in one direction first, usually the machine direction
(MD) of the film at one temperature followed by transverse
direction (TD) stretching of the film at a higher stretch
temperature, is advantageous to obtaining an end product that has a
relatively high oxygen permeability. Simultaneous stretching or
rapid sequential stretching at one uniform temperature on the other
hand, results in equivalent density films with relatively lower
oxygen permeability.
The stretch ratio of at least two times the original forming
dimensions is significant to producing a film having at least 30%
voids resulting in relatively high density films. However, to
produce relatively low density films, it is preferred that the film
be stretched at least three to seven times its original forming
dimensions in mutually perpendicular directions, resulting in a
film having about 40 to 70% voids.
While the degree of stretch is significant to providing voids, the
degree of voiding is also closely related to the filler content and
size. It has been found that the higher the filler content or the
smaller the particle size, within the ranges specified by the
invention, the greater the degree of voiding. Oxygen permeability,
on the other hand, is related to the number and size of voids. It
has been found that increasing the amount of filler, or increasing
the filler size, will result in increased oxygen permeability.
In sequential stretching, where the first and second stretching
operations are carried out at different temperatures, the
conditions during first direction of stretch are very important
because they greatly influence the degree of oxygen permeability in
the film structure and the amount of surface ruptures for a given
filler type and content.
The oxygen permeability for a given filler loading in the end
product can be approximated by a hyperbolic relationship to the
temperature of the film during the first direction of stretch by
the following formula:
Log P = C.sub.1 log T + C.sub.2 1
where:
P = oxygen permeability in the final film product,
C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 = experimentally determined constants related
to film composition and process parameters used to make the
film,
T = temperature of the film during the first stretching
operation.
This equation was derived by preparing film samples according to
the present invention, varying the temperature of the film during
the first direction stretch, measuring the resultant oxygen
permeability of the end film product, plotting a log-log curve of
the oxygen permeability v. temperature and determining the equation
of the curve by known mathematical means which indicate that the
curve is a hyperbola. FIG. 2 shows such a curve for polyethylene
and polypropylene. The polyethylene has a density = 0.965 g./cc., a
crystallinity of about 71% and a melt index of 0.45 having
dispersed therein about 35 weight percent of calcined kaolin clay
stretched about 4.5 times in the machine direction, cooled and
reheated to 128.degree.C., then stretched about 5.5 times in the
transverse direction and cooled at room temperature. The results of
measuring oxygen permeability and temperature are plotted and
indicated as plot "A."
The polypropylene has a density of about 0.910 g./cc. and a
crystallinity of about 71% having dispersed therein about 35 weight
percent of calcined clay stretched 4.5 times in one direction at
146.degree.-147.degree.C., cooled to room temperature and reheated
to 161.degree.C., then stretched 5.5 times in a mutually
perpendicular direction and cooled to room temperature. The test
results of measuring oxygen permeability against temperature during
the first stretching operation are plotted and indicated as plot
"B" in FIG. 2.
The constants C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 in Equation 1 are derived in the
following manner. For a given polymer-filler composition, a film is
prepared according to the process of the present invention wherein
a temperature T.sub.1 is chosen for use within the range of about
the polymer line-drawing temperature to the polymer-melting
temperature. After the film is prepared, the oxygen permeability
P.sub.1 is measured by conventional gas permeation techniques.
Thereafter, a second film is prepared in the same manner except
that the temperature used during the first direction of stretch is
changed to T.sub.2 and the oxygen permeability P.sub.2 of the final
film product is measured. Knowing the oxygen permeability for two
films prepared using two different temperatures during the first
direction of stretch and the fact that the oxygen permeability and
temperature are hyperbolically related, the following linear
equations are solved simultaneously:
log P.sub.1 = C.sub.1 log T.sub.1 + C.sub.2 (Eq. 2)
log P.sub.2 = C.sub.1 log T.sub.2 + C.sub.2 (Eq. 3) ##EQU3##
For the film sample of polyethylene that is plotted in FIG. 2,
constants C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 can be determined based on the
following data where oxygen permeability (P.sub.1 and P.sub.2) is
measured in cc./100 sq., in./24 hrs./atmosphere and temperature
(T.sub.1 and T.sub.2) is in .degree.C. P.sub.1 = 3.56 .times.
10.sup.6, log P.sub.1 = 6.551, T.sub.1 = 126, log T.sub.1 =
2.10037; P.sub.2 = 6.43 .times. 10.sup.5, log P.sub.2 = 5.808,
T.sub.2 = 127, log T.sub.2 = 2.10380 ##EQU4##
C.sub.2 = 462.
therefore, the equation for determining the oxygen permeability of
this polyethylene-filled composition is:
Log P = -217 log T + 462
Actual oxygen permeability can be checked against this equation by
determining the oxygen permeability of the film according to ASTM
D-1434.
In addition to controlling the degree of oxygen permeability by
controlling the film temperature during the first direction
stretch, a differential oxygen permeability can be created through
the film by differentially cooling or heating the surfaces of the
film after casting and before the first direction stretch. The
cooler the film surface, the higher the oxygen permeability through
that surface will be. This differential oxygen permeability is made
evident by placing a few drops of isopropyl alcohol on the two
surfaces of a film that has been differentially cooled or heated
and observing the relative permeability rates. The surface that
receives the most heating or least cooling is permeated very slowly
or not at all while the surface receiving the least heating or
greatest amount of cooling is easily permeated.
While the degree of oxygen permeability can be determined and
controlled in accordance with the relationship of Equation 1 above,
it has been found that oxygen permeability is sensitive to change
only over a given temperature range. Therefore, while films can be
made according to the present invention wherein the stretching
operation and, in particular, the first stretching operation can be
effectively carried out at a temperature between about the
line-drawing temperature and the melting temperature of the
polymer, it is only at some given temperature range within this
broad range that the oxygen permeability can actually be changed by
changing the temperature of the first stretching operation.
For example, the line-drawing temperature for a filled polyethylene
useful in preparing film of the present invention is about
121.degree.C. and the polymer-melting temperature is about
131.degree.C., so that films can be made according to the present
invention with the temperatures of the first stretching operation
anywhere from about 121 to 131.degree.C. However, significant
changes in oxygen permeability can only be evidenced over the
temperature range of about 126-128.degree.C. during the first
stretching operation with the temperature of the film during the
second direction stretch somewhat higher. When the first stretching
operation is carried out at a temperature between 121.degree.C. and
126.degree.C., maximum oxygen permeability is obtained and when the
temperature is 128.degree.C. to 131.degree.C., minimum oxygen
permeability is obtained. The particular temperature range where
the film is most sensitive to substantial changes in oxygen
permeability can be determined experimentally for other films.
The first stretching operation is also very important in
determining the amount and size of surface ruptures. It has been
found that the surface ruptures can have a size variance from about
10 to 300 microns in their maximum dimension measured in a plane
parallel to the surface of the film and number about 2 to 40
ruptures per square millimeter. The number of surface ruptures
increases as the temperature of the film decreases during the first
stretching operation. The fibrous surface along with the surface
ruptures provides an excellent ink-receptive surface.
The second direction of stretch, whether carried out sequentially
or simultaneously, is particularly important to (a) balance the
properties of the film such as tear strength and elongation, (b)
provide a significant increase in voiding compared to the voids
created during the first direction stretch. The elongation of at
least 8% at 22.degree.C. provides a film having adequate toughness
and impact strength making it useful for packaging where impact
loading can occur. It has been found that the percent elongation
decreases as the stretch ratio in the second direction of stretch
increases. A relatively high stretch ratio produces relatively high
voiding resulting in a low elongation. Therefore, a relatively high
stretch ratio must be balanced against the loss in elongation in
order to provide at least an 8% elongation at 22.degree.C.
After the film is biaxially oriented, the film can optionally be
heat-set, then cooled to room temperature and wound on a winding
roll.
A preferred process for preparing the thermoplastic films of the
present invention will now be described in relation to the
accompanying drawings.
Referring to FIG. 3, the ingredients, namely about a 98/2 weight
percent copolymer of ethylene/octene units having a density of
0.956 g./cc. and a crystallinity of about 71%, typically in the
form of pellets, 35 weight percent of Englehard ASP-400 calcined
kaolin clay filler having an average particle size of 5.5 microns
and adjuvants, if desired, are added to extruder 1 through hopper 2
wherein the ingredients are mechanically melt-blended. In
mechanically melt-blending the ingredients, caution must be taken
not to shear the ingredients beyond a point where the terminal heat
generated by the shearing action of the mechanical melt-blending
becomes great enough to degrade the polymer. The melt is then
extruded through a slot die 3 into a film 4. The die opening is
typically about 50 mils in thickness and the film exiting the die
is drawn down to about 35-40 mils thick and a temperature of about
240.degree.C.
The film is extruded onto a casting wheel 5 maintained at a
temperature of about 85.degree. to 90.degree.C. and doctored on the
casting wheel by doctor roll 6 maintained at a temperature of about
80.degree.-95.degree.C. The doctor roll assists in distributing the
polymer across the width of the film providing a uniformly gauged
film and also assists in cooling the film to provide form
stability. In extruding the polymer melt into the nip of rolls 5
and 6, caution must be taken to have the film temperature at
approximately 155.degree.-165.degree.C. If the film is hotter than
165.degree.C., the melt will stick to the chill roll and if the
film is cooler than 155.degree.C., air bubbles tend to form between
the chill roll and the film and in either event the surface of the
film will become damaged.
The film leaves casting wheel 5 at a temperature of about 130 to
135.degree.C. and passes onto roll 7 maintained at a temperature of
about 125.degree. to 130.degree.C., cooling the film about
5.degree.C. to a temperature of about 125.degree. to 130.degree.C.,
i.e., the mechanical orientation temperature of the film, that is
between the line-drawing temperature and the polymer-melting
temperature. The film is now stretched about 3.5-7 times its
original length in the machine direction, i.e., the longitudinal
direction of the film. Stretching is accomplished by passing the
film through a set of nip rolls 8 and 9, over idler rolls 10, 11
and 12 and through nip rolls 13 and 14. Nip rolls 13 and 14 are
driven at a peripheral speed that is 3.5-7 times faster than the
peripheral speed of nip rolls 8 and 9 with the major portion of the
stretching taking place between the nip rolls 8 and 9 and roll
10.
During longitudinal stretching, the film cools about
15.degree.-30.degree.C.; therefore, it is necessary to reheat the
film to a temperature of 125.degree. to 130.degree.C. before
stretching in the transverse direction. Accordingly, the film
leaves drive rolls 13 and 14 and enters heating chamber 15 where
the film is reheated to 125.degree. to 130.degree.C. The film is
then directed into means 16 for transversely stretching the film,
in a tenter frame, wherein the film is stretched 3.5 to 7 times its
original width in the transverse direction.
After biaxial stretching is complete, the film can optionally be
heat-set in heating chamber 17, cooled to room temperature in
cooling chamber 18 and wound on wind-up roll 19 for use.
The following Examples further illustrate this invention wherein
all parts, percentages and ratios are based on weight unless
otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLES 1 and 2
1. A 98/2 weight percent ethylene/octene polymer having a density
of 0.956 g./cc. corresponding to a crystallinity of about 71%, is
melt-blended with about 35 weight percent, based on the blend, of
Englehard ASP-400 calcined kaolin clay having an average particle
size of about 5.5 microns. The blend has an elongation of about
1050% up to about 2400% at a temperature between the line-drawing
temperature of 121.degree.C. and the melting temperature of about
131.degree.C. of the polymer. The melt blend is extruded through a
12-inch die having a 50 mil die opening at 238.degree.C. melt
temperature and electrostatically pinned to a casting drum .[.whose
temperature is controlled at 89.degree.C. and.]. .Iadd.having a
.Iaddend.tangential velocity .[.is.]. .Iadd.of .Iaddend.4.5
ft./min. The 40- to 45-mil cast sheet leaves the quench drum at a
temperature of 124.degree.C., is reheated .[.to
128.degree.-129.degree.C..]. by a heated slow nip (tangential
velocity = 4.5 ft./min.) whose temperature is held at 127.degree.C.
The cast sheet is then MD stretched 4.5 times between the slow nip
and cooled idler rolls in a distance of less than 1/2-inch. The
stretching force is provided by a nip moving 4.5 times the speed of
the slow nip. The film is cooled to room temperature and then TD
stretched 5.5 times in a tenter frame at 8 ft./min. using a
pre-heat temperature of 130.degree.C., stretch temperature of
128.degree.C., and a heat-set temperature of 129.degree.C. The film
is cooled to room temperature and tested. Properties of this film
are given in Table I.
2. A polypropylene having a density of about .910 and a
crystallinity of about 71% at room temperature is melt blended with
about 35 weight percent, .Iadd.based on the blend, of
.Iaddend.Englehard ASP-400 calcined kaolin clay. The blend has an
elongation of at least 2000% or greater between the polymer
line-drawing temperature of 140.degree.C. and the polymer-melting
temperature of 168.degree.C. The melt blend is extruded through a
12-inch die having a 50-mil die opening at 226.degree.C. melt
temperature and electrostatically pinned to a casting drum whose
temperature is 89.degree.C. and tangential velocity 4.5 ft./min.
The 40- to 45-mil cast sheet leaves the quench roll at
131.degree.C., is reheated to 146.degree.-147.degree.C. by a heated
slow roll (tangential velocity is 4.5 ft./min.) whose temperature
is held at 158.degree.C. The cast sheet is then MD stretched 4.5
times between a slow nip and cooled idler rolls in a distance of
less than one-half inch. The stretching force is provided by a nip
moving 4.5 times the speed of the slow nip. The film is cooled to
room temperature and then TD stretched 5.5 times in a tenter frame
using a pre-heat temperature of 156.degree.C., stretch temperature
of 150.degree.C. and a heat-set temperature of 153.degree.C. The
film is then cooled and tested. Properties of this film are given
in Table I.
TABLE I ______________________________________ Filled-Stretched
Film Properties Example 1 Example 2
______________________________________ Thickness, mils 4.3 3.6
Modulus, Kpsi (MD/TD) 126/152 115/193 Elongation, % (MD/TD) 30/26
52/16 Tensile Strength, Kpsi (MD/TD) 4.9/4.6 3.8/8.1 Tear
Initiation, g/mil (MD/TD) 88/110 158/125 Tear Propagation, g/mil
(MD/TD) 2.8/3.9 4.6/3.1 Opacity, % 94 87 Density, g/cc 0.468 0.510
Voids, % 61 56 Mullen Burst, lbs./3.0 mil 40 40 O.sub.2
Permeability, cc/100 in..sup.2 / 1.5 .times. 10.sup.6 2.9 .times.
10.sup.4 24 hrs./atmosphere Clark Stiffness (MD/TD) 30/26 27/43
Number of surface ruptures/ 32 40 sq. mm
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
A polymer-filler composition is prepared in the same manner as
described in Example 1 and melt-pressed into a 50-mil-thick sheet
on a Watson-Stillman press. The 50-mil-thick film is stretched in
the first direction .[.5.5.]. .Iadd.4.5 .Iaddend.times its original
forming dimension at a rate of 42,000% per minute at
128.degree.-129.degree.C. About 1.25 seconds thereafter the film is
stretched in a perpendicular direction to the first direction of
stretch about 5.5 times the original forming dimensions at a rate
of 54,000% per minute at a temperature of
128.degree.-129.degree.C.
During stretching, the sample is restrained so that necking is not
permitted. The final film is cooled, tested and exhibits the
following properties:
opacity -- 89%
density -- 0.648 g./cc.
voids -- 46.5%
thickness -- 3.85 mils
modulus of elasticity
142 Kpsi (in 4.5 .times. stretch direction)
192 Kpsi (in 5.5 .times. stretch direction) elongation at break --
(in 4.5 .times. stretch direction) 57% at 22.degree.C. -- (in 5.5
.times. stretch direction) 25% tear propagation -- 4.5 g. (in 4.5
.times. stretch direction) strength -- 6.4 g. (in 5.5 .times.
stretch direction) oxygen permeability -- 1200 cc./100 sq.in./24
hrs./ atmosphere/mil number of surface -- 12 per square millimeter
ruptures
EXAMPLE 4
A polymer of ethylene/decene having a density of 0.963 g./cc. with
a corresponding crystallinity of about 75% is melt-blended with 35
weight percent.Iadd., based on the blend, of .Iaddend.Englehard
ASP-400 uncalcined kaolin clay having an average particle size of
5.5 microns. The line-drawing temperature of the polymer is about
123.degree.C., the melting point of the polymer is about
133.degree.C. and the polymer-filled blend has an elongation of at
least about 3,000% at a temperature between
125.degree.-127.degree.C.
The polymer-filled blend is melt-pressed into a 50-mil-thick sheet
on a Watson-Stillman press. The film is then sequentially stretched
about 4.5 times and 5.5 times in mutually perpendicular directions
at a temperature of about 128.degree.-130.degree.C. The film is
thereafter cooled and tested exhibiting the following properties:
opacity = 98%; density = 0.44 grams per cc.; thickness = 6.7 mils;
modulus of elasticity = 112 Kpsi (in 4.5 .times. stretch
direction), 198 Kpsi (in 5.5 .times. stretch direction); elongation
at break at 22.degree.C. = 58% (in 4.5 .times. stretch direction),
17% (in 5.5 .times. stretch direction); tensile strength = 5 Kpsi
(in 4.5 .times. stretch direction), 10.5 Kpsi (in 5.5 .times.
stretch direction); oxygen permeability = 2.01 .times. 10.sup.5
cc./100 sq.in./24 hrs./atmosphere/mil; number of surface ruptures =
about 30/sq.mm.; and percent voids = 63%.
EXAMPLE 5
An ethylene/octene polymer as described in Example 1 is
melt-blended with 50 weight percent.Iadd., based on the blend, of
.Iaddend.calcined Englehard ASP-400 kaolin clay having an average
particle size of 5.5 microns. The blend has an elongation of at
least 1000% between the line-drawing temperature of the polymer and
the melting point of the polymer. The melt-blend is extruded
through a die having an opening of about 50 mils onto a quench drum
having a surface temperature of about 80.degree.C. The film is
thereafter simultaneously stretched 4.75 times and 6 times its
original forming dimensions in mutually perpendicular directions at
a temperature of about 128.degree.C. The film is cooled to room
temperature and tested. The test results show the following
properties: opacity = 90.5%; film thickness = 2.5 mils; density =
0.488 g./cc.; percent voids = 64.6%; elongation at break = 10.3%
(in 4.75 .times. stretch direction), 10.6% (in 6 .times. stretch
direction); oxygen permeability = 2.22 .times. 10.sup.6 cc./100
sq.in./24 hrs./atmosphere/mil; number of surface ruptures =
15/sq.mm.; Mullen burst strength = 32 pounds/2.5 mil; Clark
stiffness = 13 (in 4.75 .times. stretch direction), 3 (in 6 .times.
stretch direction).
Note that the high degree of filler loading, i.e., 50 weight
percent, results in a relatively high degree of voiding, i.e.,
64.6%, and a relatively high oxygen permeability, i.e., 2.22
.times. 10.sup.6 cc./100 sq.in./24 hrs./atmosphere/mil.
EXAMPLE 6
Polyethylene having a density of 0.968 g./cc. with a corresponding
crystallinity of 78% is melt-blended with 35 weight percent.Iadd.,
based on the blend, .Iaddend.of an Englehard ASP-400 clay filler
having an average particle size of 5.5 microns. The polymer-filled
blend has an elongation of at least 1000% between the line-drawing
temperature and the melting point of the polymer. A 50-mil-thick
film is made on a Watson-Stillman press, cooled to room temperature
and sequentially stretched. The film is first streched 4.5 times
its original forming direction at a temperature of about
128.degree.C.; cooled to room temperature and stretched 5.5 times
its original forming dimension in a mutually perpendicular
direction at a temperature of about 128.degree.C. The film is
cooled to room temperature, tested and exhibits the following
properties: opacity = 95.5%; thickness = 3.2 mils; density = 0.62
g./cc.; voids = 47%; modulus of elasticity = 109 Kpsi (in 4.5
.times. stretch direction), 223 Kpsi (in 5.5 .times. stretch
direction), elongation at break at 22.degree.C. = 44% (in 4.5
.times. stretch direction), 20% (in 5.5 .times. stretch direction);
tensile strength = 4.8 Kpsi (in 4.5 .times. stretch direction),
11.5 Kpsi (in 5.5 .times. stretch direction); oxygen permeability =
1.12 .times. 10.sup.6 cc./100 sq.in./24 hrs./atmosphere/mil; number
of surface ruptures = 35/sq. mm.
EXAMPLE 7
The polymer of ethylene/octene as described in Example 1 is
melt-blended with 35 weight percent.Iadd., based on the blend, of
.Iaddend.Englehard AF-951 calcined clay having an average particle
size of about 0.5 microns. The melt-blend is extruded through a die
having an opening of about 50 mils onto a quench drum having an
outer surface temperature of about 78.degree.C. With the film at an
initial stretch temperature of 126.degree.C., it is stretched 4.3
times its original forming dimensions in the machine direction
cooled to room temperature followed by stretching 5.5 times its
original forming dimension in the transverse direction at a
temperature of about 129.degree.C. The film was then cooled to room
temperature, tested and exhibited the following properties: film
thickness = 3.7 mils; modulus of elasticity = 123 Kpsi (MD), 138
Kpsi (TD); elongation at break at 22.degree.C. = 41% (MD), 12%
(TD); tensile strength = 3.5 Kpsi (MD), 3.9 Kpsi (TD); Mullen burst
= 24 lbs./3.7 mils; tear propagation strength = 2.2 g./mil (MD),
3.7 g./mil (TD); opacity = 93%; density = 0.486 g./cc.; voids =
60%; Clark Stiffness = 30 (MD), 35 (TD); oxygen permeability 2.26
.times. 10.sup.7 cc./100 sq.in./24 hrs./atmosphere/mil; number of
surface ruptures = 6/sq.mm.
Note that the relatively low temperature during the first direction
of stretch and the cooling between the first and second stretching
steps result in a relatively high degree of voiding, i.e., 60%,
with a relatively high oxygen permeability, i.e., 2.26 .times.
10.sup.7 cc./100 sq.in./24 hrs./atmosphere/mil.
* * * * *