U.S. patent number RE39,171 [Application Number 09/848,972] was granted by the patent office on 2006-07-11 for simulated wave water sculpture.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Light Wave, LTD. Invention is credited to Thomas J. Lochtefeld.
United States Patent |
RE39,171 |
Lochtefeld |
July 11, 2006 |
Simulated wave water sculpture
Abstract
A water sculpture is provided having a an upwardly inclined flow
surface. A flowing body of water is caused to flow upon the flow
surface simulating various desired wave shapes. A variety of
aesthetic wave shapes can be created, such as an unbroken wave
face, a white water bore, a spilling breaking wave, or a tunnel
wave. In one embodiment a walk-through water sculpture is provided
such as for an entranceway of a building or the like.
Inventors: |
Lochtefeld; Thomas J. (La
Jolla, CA) |
Assignee: |
Light Wave, LTD (Reno,
NV)
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Family
ID: |
24955715 |
Appl.
No.: |
09/848,972 |
Filed: |
May 4, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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Reissue of: |
08735418 |
Oct 22, 1996 |
05899634 |
May 4, 1999 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
405/79;
239/17 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63C
19/00 (20130101); B05B 17/085 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63B
69/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;405/79,52,21 ;4/491
;472/128,13,82 ;239/17,23,20 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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0298853 |
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Jan 1989 |
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EP |
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9006790 |
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Jun 1990 |
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WO |
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Other References
"The Flow Rider", Independent Professional Survey. BIM
Internatioinal Magazine, vol. 2, #4. cited by examiner .
"These Waves Win Raves", On The Scene, Sports Illustrated. cited by
examiner .
"Surfing Motion . . . Miles From the Ocean," National Geographic
World, Jul. 1994. cited by examiner .
"Flow Rider FunDamentals"--Wave Loch brochure. cited by examiner
.
"A Stationary Oblique Breaking Wave For Laboratory Testing of
Surfboards", H.G. Hornung and P. Killen. Department of Physics,
School of General Studies, Australian National University,
Canberra. May 7, 1976. cited by examiner .
"Model Studies for a Wave Riding Facility," P.D. Killen, University
of Queensland, Aug. 1980. cited by examiner .
"A Facility For Wave Riding Research," P.D. Killen and R.J.
Stalker, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of
Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD. 4067 Australia. Nov./Dec. 1980. cited
by examiner .
"The Wave," Jim Dunn, Jan. 1992. cited by examiner.
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Primary Examiner: Lagman; Frederick L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Knobbe, Martens, Olson & Bear,
LLP
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A water sculpture comprising: a flow surface adjacent a platform
or walkway with at least a portion thereof having a generally
inclined slope; at least one source of water for providing a sheet
flow of water onto said flow surface such that said sheet flow of
water flows upwardly onto said inclined slope and substantially
conforms to said flow surface.Iadd., said sheet flow of water
having a depth of at least about 1 cm.Iaddend.; and said flow
surface having a shape adapted to simulate a desired wave form
wherein at least a portion of said flow of water assumes an
airborne trajectory over said walkway to form a tunnel-like
passageway.
2. The water sculpture of claim 1, wherein said flow surface has a
shape adapted to simulate an undulating unbroken wave.
3. The water sculpture of claim 1, wherein said flow surface has a
shape adapted to simulate a white water bore.
4. The water sculpture of claim 1, wherein said flow surface has a
shape adapted to simulate a spilling wave.
5. The water sculpture of claim 1, wherein said flow surface has a
shape adapted to simulate a tunnel wave.
6. The water sculpture of claim 5, wherein said tunnel wave forms
an awning of a building.
7. The water sculpture of claim 1, wherein said flow surface is
adapted to produce a plurality of simulated wave forms.
8. The water sculpture of claim 1, wherein said flow of water is
supercritical over at least a portion of said flow surface.
.[.9. The water sculpture of claim 1, wherein said flow of water
has a depth of at least about 1 cm..].
10. The water sculpture of claim 1, wherein said inclined slope is
curved.
11. The water sculpture of claim 1, wherein said flow surface has
at least a portion thereof having a generally downwardly inclined
slope.
12. The water sculpture of claim 11, wherein said downwardly
inclined slope and said inclined slope together form a curved
half-pipe.
13. The water sculpture of claim 1, wherein said airborne
trajectory is partially or fully directed by an outer enclosure or
housing formed around said platform or walkway.
14. An apparatus for forming a water sculpture, comprising: a flow
surface with at least a portion thereof having a generally inclined
slope; a platform or walkway adjacent said flow surface; at least
one flow source for providing a sheet flow of water onto said flow
surface such that said sheet flow of water flows upwardly onto said
inclined slope and substantially conforms to the contours thereof
.Iadd.and said flow of water on said flow surface has a
relationship, characterized in terms of the Froude number, in a
range of about 4 to 25.Iaddend.; and said flow surface further
comprising an upwardly rising section sized and configured so as to
induce separation of said sheet flow, whereby at least a portion of
said sheet flow of water assumes an airborne trajectory over said
platform or walkway producing visual, aural and/or aesthetic
appeal.
15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said flow surface is
supported by a concrete structure.
16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said flow surface has an
upward concavity along a longitudinal cross section generally
parallel to the direction of said flow.
17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said flow surface comprises
a longitudinal cross section having an upward concavity
transitioning to an upward convexity.
18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said flow surface comprises
a combination of straight, concave and convex surfaces relative to
the direction of said water flow.
.[.19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said flow of water on
said flow surface has a relationship, characterized in terms of the
Froude number, in a range of about 4 to 25..].
20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said upwardly rising section
comprises a wave forming structure obliquely positioned vertically
and horizontally with respect to the direction of said flow of
water on said flow surface, wherein said flow of water is directed
upon said wave forming structure to create a spilling wave.
21. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of said
flow of water has a velocity less than that needed to ascend over
the top of said inclined slope of said flow surface, whereby a
hydraulic jump is formed.
22. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the kinetic energy of said
flow of water is less than the potential energy of said flow at the
top of said inclined slope of said flow surface.
23. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the top of said inclined
slope of said flow surface forms a ridge line.
24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein a portion of said flow of
water is provided at a higher velocity than another portion of said
flow of water, wherein a cross-stream velocity gradient is formed,
wherein said flow of water moving at said higher velocity flows
over said ridge line, and wherein said flow of water moving at said
lower velocity forms a hydraulic jump below said ridge line.
25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said ridge line has an
increasing elevation from one side of said flow surface to
another.
26. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said inclined slope curls
back past vertical whereby said flow of water on said inclined
slope forms a tunnel wave.
27. A water awning comprising a tunnel wave water sculpture forming
a sheet flow of water having an airborne trajectory over an
adjacent walkway or entranceway to form a tunnel-like
passageway.
28. The water awning of claim 27, wherein said water sculpture
comprises a substantially cylindrical flow surface.
29. The water awning of claim 27, wherein said airborne trajectory
is partially or fully directed by an outer enclosure or housing
formed around said walkway or entranceway.
30. A walk-through water sculpture comprising: a platform or
walkway for allowing pedestrians or vehicles to traverse a
predetermined distance; a flow surface disposed adjacent said
platform or walkway and having at least a portion thereof
comprising a generally inclined slope; at least one flow source for
providing a flow of water onto said flow surface such that said
flow of water flows upwardly onto said inclined slope substantially
conforming to the contours thereof; and said flow surface farther
comprising an upwardly rising section sized and configured so as to
induce separation of said flow of water on said upwardly rising
section and thereby causing at least a portion of said flow of
water to assume an airborne trajectory over said walkway.
31. The sculpture of claim 30, wherein said flow of water assumes
an airborn trajectory simulating a tunnel wave.
32. The sculpture of claim 30, wherein said airborne trajectory is
partially or fully directed by an outer enclosure or housing formed
around said platform or walkway.
33. A water sculpture, comprising: an inclined flow surface
adjacent a platform or walkway; one or more flow sources for
providing a flow of water onto said flow surface, said flow
conforming substantially to said flow surface; and said flow
surface further comprising a upwardly rising section sized and
configured so as to induce separation of said flow of water on said
upwardly rising section, whereby at least a portion of said flow of
water assumes a trajectory that simulates a naturally occurring
wave form projecting over said adjacent platform or walkway to form
a tunnel-like passageway.
34. The water sculpture of claim 33, wherein said upward rising
section comprises a tunnel wave generator for creating a desired
tunnel wave flow shape.
35. The water sculpture of claim 33, herein at least two separate
and independent flows are provided on said flow surface, each of
said flows creating a desired flow shape or wave shape.
36. The water sculpture of claim 33, wherein the velocity of said
flow is sufficient to cause said flow to ascend upward onto said
flow surface and said upward rising section thereof, wherein by the
force of gravity said flow is caused to return substantially upon
itself in a downward arc to .[.Ax.]. .Iadd.form .Iaddend.a curling
or spilling wave.
37. The water sculpture of claim 33, wherein said flow surface is
contoured and has a concave-up or semi-cylindrical curvatur.
38. The water sculpture of claim 33, herein said flow of water has
a relatively uniform thickness.
39. The water sculpture of claim 33, wherein said trajectory is
partially or fully directed by an outer enclosure or housing formed
around said platform or walkway.
.[.40. A water sculpture comprising: a flow surface with at least a
portion thereof having a generally inclined slope; at least one
source of water for providing a sheet flow of water onto said flow
surface such that said sheet flow of water flows upwardly onto said
inclined slope and substantially conforms to said flow surface;
said flow surface having a shape adapted to simulate a tunnel wave;
and a platform or walkway extending through said tunnel wave
wherein said tunnel wave forms an awning over said platform or
walkway..].
.[.41. A water awning comprising a tunnel wave water sculpture
having a substantially cylindrical flow surface for forming a sheet
flow of water over a walkway or entranceway..].
.Iadd.42. A walk-through water sculpture comprising: a reservoir of
water; a flow surface with at least a portion thereof having a
generally upwardly inclined slope; a platform or walkway adjacent
said flow surface; at least one water injector for providing a flow
of water from said reservoir onto said flow surface along a flow
path such that said flow of water flows upwardly onto said inclined
slope and substantially conforms to said flow surface; said flow
surface having a shape adapted so that said flow of water curls
over said platform or walkway and then flows off of said flow
surface and splashes into said reservoir after a single pass over
said flow surface, simulating a desired wave form. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.43. The water sculpture of claim 42, wherein said water
injector comprises a pump. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.44. The water sculpture of claim 43, wherein said pump
communicates with said reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.45. The water sculpture of claim 44, wherein said flow path
runs from said pump across said flow surface and to said reservoir.
.Iaddend.
.Iadd.46. The water sculpture of claim 44, wherein said platform or
walkway is positioned in or above said reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.47. The water sculpture of claim 42, wherein said flow path
leads from said flow surface to said reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.48. The water sculpture of claim 42, wherein said flow
surface has a generally tubular shape adapted to simulate a tunnel
wave. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.49. The water sculpture of claim 48, wherein said flow
surface comprises a substantially horizontal portion and a
downwardly inclined portion, and said substantially horizontal
portion is disposed above said walkway and said downwardly inclined
portion is disposed adjacent said walkway on a side of said walkway
opposite said upwardly inclined portion. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.50. A water sculpture, comprising: a reservoir for retaining
water; a flow surface with at least a portion thereof having a
generally inclined slope; a platform or walkway adjacent said flow
surface; and at least one pump for providing a flow of water from
said reservoir onto said flow surface; said pump and flow surface
adapted so that said flow of water flows upwardly onto said
inclined slope substantially conforming to said flow surface and
flowing over said platform or walkway and then back into the
reservoir; said flow surface and said reservoir being configured so
that substantially all of said flow of water is directed from said
flow surface to said reservoir after a single pass over the flow
surface. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.51. The water sculpture of claim 50, wherein said platform or
walkway is positioned directly above said reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.52. The water sculpture of claim 50, wherein said reservoir
is adapted to retain water in a substantially static state relative
to said flow of water. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.53. The water sculpture of claim 50, wherein said flow
surface has a shape adapted to simulate a white water bore.
.Iaddend.
.Iadd.54. The water sculpture of claim 50, wherein said flow
surface has a shape adapted to simulate a spilling wave.
.Iaddend.
.Iadd.55. The water sculpture of claim 50, wherein said flow
surface has a shape adapted to simulate a tunnel wave.
.Iaddend.
.Iadd.56. The water sculpture of claim 55, wherein said platform or
walkway extends through said tunnel wave. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.57. The water sculpture of claim 55, wherein said tunnel wave
forms an awning of a building. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.58. The water sculpture of claim 50, wherein said flow of
water is supercritical over at least a portion of said flow
surface. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.59. The water sculpture of claim 50, wherein said flow
surface has at least a portion thereof having a generally
downwardly inclined slope. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.60. The water sculpture of claim 59, wherein said downwardly
inclined slope directs said sheet flow of water into said
reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.61. A method for creating a walk-through water sculpture,
comprising the steps of: providing a flow surface having a
substantially concave inclined portion; providing a walkway or
platform adjacent the flow surface; providing a reservoir of water
generally below the walkway or platform; and directing a flow of
water from the reservoir onto the flow surface so that
substantially the entire flow of water substantially conforms to
the flow surface and curls over the walkway or platform and into
the reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.62. The method of claim 61, additionally comprising the step
of forming the flow of water into a sheet flow. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.63. The method of claim 62, additionally comprising the step
of imparting sufficient kinetic energy to the flow of water so that
the flow of water is supercritical over at least a portion of the
flow surface. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.64. The method of claim 61, wherein the flow surface is
substantially tubular. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.65. The method of claim 61, additionally comprising the step
of providing a pump communicating with the reservoir, said pump
adapted to provide the flow of water. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.66. The method of claim 61, wherein the platform or walkway
is disposed in or above the reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.67. A tunnel wave water sculpture comprising: a reservoir for
retaining water; a platform or walkway disposed above the
reservoir; a flow surface having a generally cylindrical portion
extending generally around the platform or walkway, the flow
surface not forming a complete cylinder; and at least one water
injector for directing a flow of water onto the flow surface at a
location generally adjacent a first side of the walkway in a manner
so that the water flows along the flow surface over the walkway and
flows into the reservoir at a location generally adjacent a second
side of the walkway. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.68. The tunnel wave water sculpture of claim 67, wherein the
platform or walkway is supported by support members extending
upwardly from the reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.69. The tunnel wave water sculpture of claim 67, wherein
water from the water injector flows once across the flow surface
before splashing into the reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.70. The tunnel wave water sculpture of claim 69, wherein
water in the reservoir is directed into the water injector.
.Iaddend.
.Iadd.71. A tunnel wave water sculpture comprising: a substantially
arcuate flow surface having an entry portion and an exit portion: a
platform disposed beneath at least a portion of the arcuate flow
surface so that the flow surface entry portion is disposed
generally adjacent a first side of the platform and the flow
surface exit portion is disposed generally adjacent a second side
of the platform; a water receiving basin generally below the
platform; at least one water injector for directing a flow of water
onto the entry portion in a manner so that water flows along the
flow surface over the platform to the exit portion, from which
substantially the entire flow of water exits the flow surface and
flows into the water receiving basin. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.72. The tunnel wave water sculpture of claim 71, wherein
water from the water receiving basin is directed back to the water
injector so as to be again directed over the flow surface.
.Iaddend.
.Iadd.73. The tunnel wave water sculpture of claim 71, wherein the
platform is supported by support members disposed in the water
receiving basin. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.74. An apparatus for forming a tunnel wave through which
people can pass, said apparatus comprising a flow surface, a
platform or walkway and at least one nozzle for directing water
onto the flow surface, the flow surface having a concave curvature
curling past the vertical back onto itself to form a partial
cylinder having a longitudinal axis, the platform or walkway
extending through the partial cylinder and generally parallel to
said axis. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.75. An apparatus as claimed in claim 74, wherein the platform
or walkway has opposing edges, each opposing edge spaced from the
flow surface of said partial cylinder and wherein the partial
cylinder provides a first opening adjacent the platform or walkway
and serving as an inlet for water directed on said flow surface and
a second opening adjacent the platform or walkway and serving as an
outlet for water on said flow surface. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.76. An apparatus as claimed in claim 74, wherein said partial
cylinder comprises an opening disposed adjacent either side of the
platform or walkway and wherein the walkway comprises supports
extending through said opening. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.77. An apparatus as claimed in claim 74, further comprising a
water reservoir below the walkway, so that water can be drawn from
the reservoir and directed through the nozzle(s) onto the flow
surface to flow about the platform or walkway forming a water
tunnel and then be deflected by said surface back to the reservoir.
.Iaddend.
.Iadd.78. A method of forming a water tunnel over a platform or
walkway extending through the tunnel, said method comprising the
steps of: providing a concave flow surface over said platform or
walkway which extends partially around a longitudinal axis of said
platform or walkway; directing water onto the flow surface with
sufficient velocity to cause the water to conform to said flow
surface and form a water tunnel about said platform or walkway by
traveling less than 360 degrees about said axis, before leaving the
flow surface by means of an outlet therefrom. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.79. A method as in claim 78 additionally comprising providing
a reservoir, drawing water from the reservoir, directing the drawn
water onto the flow surface, and returning the water from the flow
surface to the reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.80. A method as in claim 78 additionally comprising forming a
sheet flow of water, and directing the sheet flow of water onto the
flow surface. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.81. A tunnel wave water sculpture comprising: a reservoir for
retaining water; a platform or walkway disposed above the
reservoir; a flow surface having a generally cylindrical portion
extending generally around the platform or walkway, the flow
surface not forming a complete cylinder; and at least one water
injector for directing a flow of water onto the flow surface at a
location generally adjacent a first side of the walkway in a manner
so that the water flows along the flow surface over the walkway and
flows into the reservoir at a location generally adjacent a second
side of the walkway; wherein water from the water injector flows
once across the flow surface before splashing into the reservoir.
.Iaddend.
.Iadd.82. The tunnel wave water sculpture of claim 81, wherein the
reservoir is generally uncovered at its top. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.83. The tunnel wave water sculpture of claim 82, wherein the
walkway or platform is supported by supports extending upward from
the reservoir. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.84. The tunnel wave water sculpture of claim 81, wherein the
flow of water comprises a sheet flow. .Iaddend.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates in general
to the formation of water sculptures, and, more particularly, to a
method and apparatus for providing a flowing body of water on an
inclined surface to produce simulated wave shapes for aesthetic
purposes such as for water fountains, water sculptures and the
like.
2. Description of the Related Art
The concept of using water to create shapes of aesthetic beauty can
broadly be categorized in the field of water sculpture. Examples of
water sculpture can be seen in water fountains, water geysers and
man-made or simulated rivers and waterfalls. These types of
sculptures demonstrate numerous possibilities for creating
different aesthetic water shapes. For instance, in the case of a
man-made river, water can be shaped by being directed over and
around various obstacles such as rocks. Water can also be made to
fall from heights, as in waterfalls and fountains. Certain
fountains may employ streams of water projecting upward or outward
at different velocities, angle and volumes to create unique and
appealing shapes, configurations or patterns.
Despite the many approaches to forming water sculptures, there have
been relatively few attempts to create realistic-looking wave-like
shapes or wave-forms. Of the several attempts that have been made,
most have focused on natural propagating waves, i.e., waves that
simulate conditions naturally found on beaches and elsewhere in the
environment. Natural propagating wave simulation, however, is not
ideal for the formation of water sculptures due to the need for a
deep water source. Because water sculptures typically must operate
in a limited amount of space using only limited amounts of water,
deep water propagation would be inappropriate for many such
sculptures. Further, the use of deep water creates problems of
cost, size and capacity. Specifically, the reproduction of natural
propagating waves in deep water requires expensive water
containment and wave generating equipment.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention overcomes many of the limitations of the
prior art by providing a method and apparatus for producing
natural-looking waves under shallow water conditions. In
particular, a water sculpture is provided that can produce several
types of wave forms occurring in a natural deep-water environment,
but without the costs or space requirements associated with deep
water wave propagation. Examples of such natural wave forms
include: (1) undulating, unbroken waves; (2) breaking waves forming
a white water bore; (3) curling or spilling waves; and (4) tube or
tunnel waves.
The invention generally involves the use of a flow surface over
which a relatively shallow flow or "sheet flow" of water is
injected by a nozzle or other suitable means. The term sheet flow
is a convenient term to describe water flow that follows the
general contours of a flow surface. It should not be construed as
limiting in any way the scope or application of the present
invention. The flow surface is generally inclined, but in other
respects may have a contour that is widely varied. It may also be
tilted or declined if desired. For instance, the surface may be
symmetrical, asymmetrical, planar, convex, concave, canted about
its longitudinal axis, and/or provided with mounds, shapes, forms,
or other contours in order to produce a wave of a particular shape
or aesthetic appeal. Advantageously, by providing a flow of water
over an appropriately formed surface, wave-like shapes simulating
an unbroken wave face, a white water bore, a spilling breaking
wave, a breaking tunnel wave or other desired wave shapes can be
created.
In accordance with one embodiment the present invention provides a
water sculpture comprising a flow surface with at least a portion
thereof having a generally inclined slope. A source of water is
provided for injecting a sheet flow of water onto the flow surface
such that the sheet flow of water flows upwardly onto the inclined
slope and substantially conforms to the contours thereof. The flow
surface is formed such that it causes at least a portion of the
sheet flow of water to separate from the flow surface producing a
simulated wave form.
In accordance with another embodiment the present invention
provides an apparatus for forming a water sculpture, comprising a
flow surface with at least a portion thereof having a generally
inclined slope. A flow source is provided injecting a shallow flow
of water onto the flow surface such that the shallow flow of water
flows upwardly onto the inclined slope and substantially conforms
to the contours thereof. The flow surface further comprises an
upwardly rising section sized and configured so as to induce
separation of the shallow flow of water on said upwardly rising
section, whereby at least a portion of the water flow assumes an
airborne trajectory producing visual, aural and/or aesthetic
appeal.
In accordance with another embodiment the present invention
provides a water awning for a building or the like comprising a
tunnel wave water sculpture forming a sheet flow of water which
assumes a trajectory over a walkway or entranceway.
In accordance with another embodiment the present invention
provides a walkthrough water sculpture comprising a platform or
walkway for allowing pedestrians or vehicles to traverse a
predetermined distance and a flow surface disposed adjacent to the
walkway and having a generally inclined slope. A flow source is
provided for injecting a sheet flow of water onto the flow surface
such that the sheet flow of water flows upwardly onto the inclined
slope and substantially conforms to the contours thereof. The flow
surface further comprises an upwardly rising section sized and
configured so as to induce separation of the sheet flow on the
upwardly rising section, whereby at least a portion of the sheet
flow of water assumes an airborne trajectory over the walkway.
In accordance with another embodiment the present invention
provides a water sculpture, comprising a contoured inclined flow
surface and one or more flow sources for providing a flow of water
onto the inclined flow surface, such that the flow substantially
conforms to the contours of the flow surface. The flow surface
further comprises an upwardly rising section sized and configured
so as to induce separation of the flow of water on the upwardly
rising section, whereby at least a portion of the flow of water
assumes a path or trajectory that simulates a naturally occurring
wave form.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention
will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art having
reference to the drawings and detailed description that follows,
the invention not being limited to any particular preferred
embodiment(s) described.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A and 1B are perspective views of two types of sheet flow
water sculptures having features in accordance with the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of the sheet flow water
sculpture of FIG. 1A, illustrating a supercritical sheet flow of
water thereon;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the sheet flow water sculpture of
FIG. 1A, illustrating a critical sheet flow of water thereon
forming a white water bore;
FIG. 4A is a perspective view of the sheet flow water sculpture of
FIG. 1A, illustrating a spilling wave formed by a cross-stream
velocity gradient;
FIG. 4B is a perspective view of a modified sheet flow water
sculpture, illustrating a spilling wave formed by a cross-stream
pressure gradient;
FIG. 5 is a front elevational cross-section view of a tunnel wave
water sculpture having features in accordance with the present
invention;
FIG. 6A is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a
tunnel wave water sculpture having features in accordance with the
present invention;
FIG. 6B is a topographical plan view of the tunnel wave water
sculpture of FIG. 6A;
FIG. 6C is a schematic plan view of the tunnel wave water sculpture
of FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrating streamline trajectories of water
flow upon the flow surface;
FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C are schematic perspective views of the tunnel
wave water sculpture of FIGS. 6A-C, illustrating three possible
modes of operation;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a half-pipe water sculpture having
features in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic perspective view of an alternative embodiment
of a half-pipe water sculpture having features in accordance with
the present invention;
FIG. 10A is a perspective view of a tunnel wave awning water
sculpture having features in accordance with the present
invention;
FIG. 10B is a front elevational cross-section view of the tunnel
wave awning water sculpture of FIG. 10A;
FIG. 10C is a schematic plan view of the tunnel wave awning water
sculpture of FIGS. 10A-B, illustrating streamline trajectories of
water flow upon the flow surface;
FIGS. 11A and 11B are perspective and front elevational
cross-section views, respectively, of an alternative embodiment of
a tunnel wave awning water sculpture having features in accordance
with the present invention;
FIGS. 12A and 12B are perspective and front elevational
cross-section views, respectively, of a second alternative
embodiment of a tunnel wave awning water sculpture having features
in accordance with the present invention; and
FIGS. 13A-C are time-sequenced perspective views of a dynamic water
sculpture having features in accordance with present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
My U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,280 first disclosed the concept of simulated
surfing wave forms in a shallow or "sheet flow" water environment.
One purpose of creating these wave shapes was to reproduce desired
conditions in which surfers and other ride participants could
wave-ride on simulated waves and thereby perform exciting new
water-skimming maneuvers over a sustained period of time. My U.S.
Pat. No. 5,401,117 further expanded this concept by providing a
method and apparatus for containerless sheet flow which produced
improved wave shapes for performing surfing maneuvers.
The present invention further improves and expands on this
fundamental concept of producing simulated wave shapes by forming
new and unique water sculptures having visual, aural and/or
aesthetic appeal. This adaptation leads to some unique
applications, such as an awning for an entranceway to a building,
or an indoor breaking wave water sculpture to complement a surfing
or beach theme. The overall result is the creation of a wide
variety of desirable wave-shapes that can be used generally in
water fountains and other applications intended for visual, aural
or aesthetic appeal.
Definitions
To better understand the preferred construction and operation of
the invention as described herein, a few special terms are defined
below. However, it should be pointed out that these explanations
are intended to supplement the ordinary meaning of such terms, and
are not intended to be limiting in any way.
A stationary wave is a progressive wave that is travelling against
the flow of water and has a phase speed that exactly matches the
speed of the current, thus, allowing the wave to appear
stationary.
The equilibrium zone is that portion of an upward inclined flow
surface upon which an actual or hypothetical object may be
maintained in equilibrium on an upward flowing body of water.
Consequently, the upslope flow of momentum as communicated to the
object through hydrodynamic drag is balanced by the downslope
component of gravity associated with the weight of the object.
The supra-equidyne area is that portion of a flow surface
contiguous with but downstream of the equilibrium zone wherein the
slope of the incline is sufficiently steep to allow an object to
overcome the drag force associated with the upwardly sheeting water
flow and slide downwardly thereupon.
The sub-equidyne area is that portion of a flow surface contiguous
with but upstream of the equilibrium zone wherein the slope of the
incline is either insufficiently steep, flat or declined such that
the drag force associated with the water flow causes an object to
move in the direction of flow and ultimately back up the incline in
opposition to the downslope component of gravity.
Of course, those persons skilled in the art will recognize that the
terms equilibrium, supra-equidyne and sub-equidyne, as used herein,
are relative terms and may vary depending upon the size, shape,
weight and drag coefficient of the actual or hypothetical object
placed in the flowing body of water. Nevertheless, they are useful
and convenient terms for describing the general characteristics of
various flow supporting surfaces as disclosed herein.
The Froude number is a mathematical expression that describes the
ratio of the velocity of the flow to the phase speed of the longest
possible waves that can exist in a given depth without being
destroyed by breaking. The Froude number equals the flow velocity
divided by the square root of the product of the acceleration of
gravity and the depth of the water. The Froude number squared is a
ratio between the kinetic energy of the flow and its potential
energy, i.e., the Froude number squared equals the flow speed
squared divided by the product of the acceleration of gravity and
the water depth. In formula notation, the Froude number may be
represented by the following mathematical expression: ##EQU00001##
where: v=flow velocity in ft/sec g=acceleration due to gravity in
ft/sec.sup.2 d=depth of the sheet water flow in ft.
Critical flow occurs when the flow's kinetic energy and
gravitational potential energy are equal. Critical flow has the
characteristic physical feature of a breaking phenomenon or a
hydraulic jump resulting from a local convergence of energy.
Because of the unstable nature of wave breaking, critical flow is
difficult to maintain in an absolutely stationary state in a moving
stream of water given that the speed of the wave must match the
velocity of the stream to remain stationary. This is a delicate
balancing act. There is a match for these exact conditions at only
one point for one particular flow speed and depth. Critical flows
have a Froude number equal to one.
Subcritical flow can be generally described as a slower moving
water flow. Specifically, subcritical flows have a Froude number
that is less than 1, and the kinetic energy of the flow is less
than its gravitational potential energy. If a stationary wave is in
subcritical flow, then it will be a non-breaking stationary
wave.
Supercritical flow can be generally described as faster moving
water flow. Specifically, supercritical flows have a Froude number
greater than 1, and, thus, the kinetic energy of the flow is
greater than its gravitational potential energy. No stationary
waves are involved. The reason for the lack of stationary waves is
that neither breaking nor non-breaking waves can keep up with the
flow speed because the maximum possible speed for any wave is the
square root of the product of the acceleration of gravity times the
water depth. Consequently, any waves which might form are quickly
swept downstream.
The hydraulic jump is the point of wave-breaking of the fastest
waves that can exist at a given depth of water. The hydraulic jump
itself is actually the break point of that wave, resulting from a
local convergence of energy. Any waves occurring upstream of the
hydraulic jump in the supercritical area are unable to keep up with
the flow. Consequently they bleed downstream until they meet the
area where the hydraulic jump occurs. At that point, the flow is
thicker and the waves can travel faster. Concurrently, the
downstream waves that can travel faster move upstream and meet at
the hydraulic jump. The convergence of waves at this flux point
leads to wave breaking. In terms of energy, the hydraulic jump is
an energy transition point where energy of the flow abruptly
changes from kinetic to potential. A hydraulic jump occurs when the
Froude number is 1.
White water breaking occurs due to wave breaking at the leading
edge of the hydraulic jump where the flow transitions from critical
to subcritical. In the sheet flow environment, remnant turbulence
and air bubbles from wave breaking are merely swept downstream
through the subcritical area, and dissipate within a short distance
downstream of the hydraulic jump.
A bore is a progressive hydraulic jump which can appear stationary
in a current when the bore speed is equal and opposite to the
current.
Separation is the point where the sheet flow breaks away from the
flow surface. Flow separation results from differential losses of
kinetic energy through the depth of the sheet flow. As the sheet
flow proceeds up the incline it begins to decelerate, trading
kinetic energy for gravitational potential energy. The portion of
the sheet flow that is directly adjacent to the walls of the
incline (the boundary layer) also suffers additional kinetic energy
loss to wall friction. These additional friction losses cause the
boundary layer to run out of kinetic energy and come to rest in a
state of zero wall friction while the outer portion of the sheet
flow still has residual kinetic energy left. At this point the
outer portion of the sheet flow breaks away from the wall of the
incline (separation) and continues on a ballistic trajectory with
its remaining energy forming either a spill down or curl over back
upon the upcoming flow. The separating streamline is the path taken
by the outer portion of the sheet flow which does not come to rest
under the influence of frictional effects, but breaks away from the
wall surface at the point of separation.
Flow partitioning is the lateral division of flows having different
hydraulic states. A dividing streamline is the streamline defining
the position of flow partitioning on the surface along which flows
divide laterally between supercritical and critical hydraulic
states.
Conforming flow occurs where the angle of incidence of the entire
depth range of a body of water is (at a particular point relative
to the inclined flow forming surface over which it flows)
predominantly tangential to the flow surface. Consequently,
conforming flow upon a flow surface will conform to gradual changes
in inclination, e.g., curves, without causing the flow to separate.
As a consequence of flow conformity, the downstream termination of
an inclined surface will always physically direct and point a
conforming flow in a direction aligned with the downstream
termination surface. The change in direction of a conforming flow
can exceed 180 degrees in some cases.
The following detailed disclosure and drawings set forth several
particularly preferred embodiments of certain water sculptures
having features and advantages in accordance with the preset
invention. For convenience throughout the various examples, like
numbers are used to refer to like elements. However, the use of the
same or similar numbers in different figures should not in any way
be interpreted as requiring identity of structure or function.
Also, while water is the preferred flow medium those skilled in the
art will readily appreciate that a wide variety of other suitable
liquids may also be used, including without limitation colored
liquids, liquid mixtures, and various beverages, such as champagne
and the like.
Example 1
Basic Sheet Flow
FIG. 1A shows one embodiment of a simple water sculpture 10a having
features of the present invention. Sectional lines as revealed in
FIG. 1A are solely for the purpose of indicating the
three-dimensional shape in general, and are not illustrative of a
specific frame, plan, or profile sections. Rather, it should be
noted that a wide variety of dimensions and configurations for the
water sculpture 10a are compatible with the principles and
teachings of the present invention. Therefore, these principles and
teachings should not be construed to be limited to any particular
configuration illustrated in the drawings or described herein.
The water sculpture 10a generally comprises a subsurface structural
support 12 and a flow surface 14a, defined by upstream edge 16,
downstream edge 18, and side edges 20a and 20b. The flow surface
14a is preferably smooth and can be a skin placed over the
sub-surface structural support 12, or the structures can be
integrated together, provided that the flow surface is sufficiently
smooth. The flow surface 14a can be fabricated of any of several
well known materials, e.g., plastic; foam; formed metal; stretched
or reinforced tension fabric; treated wood; fiberglass; tile; fluid
filled plastic or fabric bladders; or any other suitable materials
having a sufficiently smooth outer surface and which will withstand
the surface loads involved. Sub-surface structural support 12 can
be sand/gravel/rock; truss and beam; thin shell concrete; compacted
fill; tension pole; or any other suitable materials for firmly
grounding and structurally supporting the flow surface 14a in a
manner so as to receive flowing water thereon.
FIG. 1B shows an alternate embodiment of a water sculpture 10b
having features in accordance with the present invention. In this
case, the flow surface 14b has a generally concave curvature
transitioning into a convex curvature defining a ridge line 18, as
shown. Shaping of the flow surface 14b helps to determine the shape
of the water flowing on the surface, as the water generally closely
conforms to the contours of the flow surface 14b due to the nature
of shallow water flow. Of course, many other shapes and
configurations of the flow surface 14b may also be used such as a
variety of straight, concave and convex curvatures, as will be
explained below.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating sheet flow on the flow
surface 14a of FIG. 1A. The flow surface 14a is generally inclined
upwards. A flow source 22 (e.g., pump, fast moving stream or
elevated dam/reservoir or nozzle) forms a supercritical flow of
water 24 in a predominantly singular flow direction 26 (as
indicated by arrows) over flow surface 14a to form an inclined
flowing body of water. There is no minimum or maximum depth for
supercritical flow 24, although shallow flows are preferred, with a
practical minimum of approximately 1/2 cm. The depth of water will
range preferably from about 1/2 to 40 centimeters. The preferred
relation of flow depth to flow speed can be expressed in terms of a
preferred Froude number. A practical regime of Froude numbers for
water flow over surface 14a is from about 2 to about 75, with the
preferred range being between about 4 and 25. Flows with Froude
numbers less than 2 are prone to contamination from pulsating
motions known as "roll waves" which are actually vortices rather
than waves.
The flow surface 14a as shown and described in connection with
FIGS. 1 and 2 can be used to simulate a variety of wave forms, such
as a stationary, unbroken wave. Maintenance of this "unbroken" wave
requires that the kinetic energy of supercritical flow 24 always
exceed the potential energy downstream of the edge or ridge line
18.
Example 2
Simulated White Water Bore
FIG. 3 illustrates a water sculpture 10 with a flow profile that
simulates a stationary white water bore. When the velocity (i.e.,
kinetic energy) of an upwardly inclined supercritical sheet flow
24, moving in direction 26, is less than the gravitational
potential energy downstream of the upper edge or ridge line 18,
then sheet flow 24 will form a hydraulic jump 28 prior to reaching
downstream ridge line 18. Accordingly, white water 30 will roll
downward and to the side as run-off water 32, and, an effect
similar to a stationary white water bore will form on the flow
surface 14a. Maintenance of this hydraulic state requires that the
kinetic energy of supercritical flow 24 always be less than the
potential energy at the downstream edge or ridge line 18. The
relative position of the hydraulic jump 28 will be determined by
the velocity of the supercritical flow 24. The higher the velocity,
the higher the position of the hydraulic jump 28 upon flow surface
14a.
Example 3
Simulated Spilling Wave
A simulated spilling wave with a smooth unbroken shoulder may be
created on a flow surface by two general methods: (1) a
cross-stream velocity gradient and (2) a cross-stream pressure
gradient. The use of either method depends upon overall objectives
and constraints of the flow surface structure and available flow
characteristics. A cross-stream velocity gradient is the preferred
method when the structure of the flow surface is limited to a
symmetrical configuration such as flow surface 14a shown in FIG.
4A. A cross-stream pressure gradient is the preferred method when
the initial supercritical flow 24 moving up the flow surface has
constant velocity such as shown in FIG. 4B.
FIG. 4A depicts one preferred method for producing a simulated
spilling wave with a smooth unbroken shoulder. This wave is created
by introducing a cross-stream velocity gradient to a supercritical
flow of water that moves in direction 26 up the flow surface 14a
with a level ridge line 18. The "spilling breaker" effect results
from the initial supercritical flow 24a and 24b issuing from
respective flow sources 22a and 22b at two distinct velocities and
manifesting two subsequent coexisting hydraulic states, i.e., a
higher velocity supercritical flow 24a over the top of ridge line
18 (associated with flow source 22a) and an adjacent lower velocity
supercritical flow 24b (associated with flow source 22b). The white
water 30 that results from this cross-stream velocity gradient is
formed by a hydralic jump 28 located below the ridge line 18. Flow
surface 14a allows spilling white water 30 to ventilate off the
side 20 of the flow surface 14a as run-off water 32, thus avoiding
supercritical flow submersion.
The cross-stream velocity gradients as described above were created
by placing multiple flow sources of differing kinetic energy side
by side and simultaneously projecting them upslope as shown in FIG.
4A. An alternative way of creating cross-stream velocity gradients
employs the use of a single source of water with a specially
configured nozzle or plenum. For instance, nozzles with
asymmetrical apertures can be used to produce the same effect.
As noted above, a second general approach to simulating a spilling
wave with a smooth unbroken shoulder is to generate a cross-stream
pressure gradient. Such cross-stream pressure gradients can be
generated, for example, by sills, depressions, injected water, etc.
The preferred technique, in order to avoid penetrations or
discontinuity on flow surface 14c, is through increased hydrostatic
pressure. In this regard, FIG. 4B shows a water sculpture 10c
having a flow surface 14c that is asymmetrically extended (as
indicated by dashed lines) to form a downstream ridge line 18 of
increasing elevation. Thus, with a proper angle and length of flow
surface 14c two subsequent coexisting hydraulic states will result,
i.e., the supercritical flow 24a that flows over shortened side 18a
of downstream ridge line 18 will clear and sustain its
supercritical character, while flow 24b has insufficient kinetic
energy to clear extended side 18b of downstream ridge line 18 and
will subsequently suffer a hydraulic jump 28 and exhibit white
water 30 at a lower elevation on flow surface 14c of water
sculpture 10c. The same effect can be achieved and/or enhanced by
causing the extended side 18b to be sloped at a greater angle of
inclination than the flow surface 14c. Thus, in that case, not only
is the extended side 18b longer than the shorter side 18a, it is
also at a higher elevation. Water sculpture 10c allows spilling
white water 30 to ventilate off the side 20 as run-off water 32,
again avoiding supercritical flow submersion.
Example 4
Simulated Tunnel Wave
One of the most desirable and aesthetically pleasing wave shapes is
the tunnel wave. In order to simulate a tunnel wave, a portion of
the flow surface is shaped so as to form a generally concave
curvature. FIGS. 5 and 6 show two different embodiments of a flow
surface particularly adapted to create a tunnel wave. FIG. 5 shows
a flow surface with horizontal curvature only (ie. curvature only
about a horizontal axis). FIG. 6 shows a flow surface with both
horizontal and vertical curvature. These curvatures can be, but do
not have to be, circular. Rather, they can be complex, changing
curves, such as, an ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, or spiral, as
desired.
In FIG. 5, the flow surface 14d exceeds the vertical at transition
point 34 and curls back onto itself. The velocity head of the
supercritical flow 24 is significantly higher than the highest
vertical point of downstream edge or ridge line 18. Supercritical
flow 24 moves in a conforming flow upward over the flow surface 14d
to form an inclined body of water in the shape of a tunnel wave 36.
The slope of flow surface 14d gradually increases from zero to
about negative ten degrees in the figure shown. However, the flow
surface can also be made to curl substantially beyond the ninety
degree transition point 34, such that the flow surface itself forms
a substantial portion of a cylinder. Such an embodiment is shown in
FIGS. 11 and 12, which will be further described later.
FIG. 6 shows a second embodiment of a tunnel wave water sculpture
10e. In addition to producing the desired tunnel wave, the water
sculpture 10e can also produce unbroken waves and spilling waves,
thereby producing an overall effect of a combination of waves. FIG.
6A shows a basic preferred shape for a flow surface 14e for
allowing a supercritically separating flow to form a tube or tunnel
that opens onto an unbroken shoulder. A unique characteristic of
this basic shape is its ability to enable the separating stream
tunnel to form over a wide range of flow velocities and thicknesses
and over a flow surface that is not necessarily required to curve
past vertical. The basic shape shown in the perspective view of
FIG. 6B generally includes a shoulder region 38, an elbow region
40, a pit region 42 and a tail region 44 which, as subsequently
described, cooperate to form the tunnel wave as shown.
Referring now to the topographic contour shown in FIG. 6B,
preferred elevations and flow regions are identified. Shoulder
region 38 is similar in configuration to previously described flow
surface shapes for unbroken wave faces (FIGS. 1 and 2). In
transitioning to elbow region 40 flow surface 14e begins bending or
sweeping in smooth curvilinear fashion in a downstream direction.
Concurrent with this downstream sweep, flow surface 14e begins to
increase in steepness with downstream ridge line 18 simultaneously
increasing in elevation. At its maximum angle of sweep, elbow
region 40 transitions to a pit region 42 whereupon flow surface 14e
continues to increase to its maximum steepness and concavity and
ridge line 18 increases to its maximum elevation. Swale 46 serves
to ventilate subcritical spilling white water during start-up, as
well as the white water that appears when the lip of the tunnel
reconnects. Swale 46 is formed by a smooth sculpted depression in
sub-equidyne area 48 of the tail region 44.
FIG. 6C illustrates streamline characteristics of water flow from a
suitable flow source 22 (e.g., pump, fast moving stream or elevated
dam/reservoir) providing a supercritical sheet flow of water 24 in
an initial flow direction 26. The hydraulic characteristics of the
flow and its synergistic interaction with the flow surface 14e is
best described by reference to each respective sub-region.
In shoulder region 38, the sole source of outside pressure is due
to gravity. The uniform rate of surface incline results in flow 24
taking a predominantly two dimensional straight trajectory up flow
surface 14e and over downstream ridge line 18 as indicated by a
streamline 50a.
In the elbow region 40, a backwards or downstream sweep in the
inclined portion of surface 14e creates a low pressure area towards
the backswept side. As flow 24 rises in elevation upon elbow region
40, flow 24 begins to turn toward the area of lower pressure as
indicated by the solid streamline 50b. Now flow 24 is no longer
following a two dimensional streamline. Rather, the streamline path
50b moves in three dimensions due to the cross-stream pressure
gradient. The trajectory of flow 24 as indicated by the solid
streamline 50b is spirally shaped. If hypothetically extended
(indicated by continued dashed line), the last half of this spiral
would be directed downslope and conforming to the backswept side of
the flow surface 14e.
In pit region 42, the flow 24 again rises in elevation and then
turns toward the area of lower pressure as indicated by solid
streamline 50c. The trajectory of flow 50c is parabolically
inclined and, if hypothetically extended (indicated by continued
dashed line), would separate from flow surface 14e and would arc
downward until reconnecting in the pit area 44. The swale 46 formed
in area 48 combined with an increasing steepness of flow surface
14e results in a parabolic trajectory that moves up straighter and
more vertically, as illustrated by streamline 50c. This leads to
flow separation resulting in the desired stationary tunnel opening
to an unbroken shoulder. As supercritical flow 24 separates from
flow surface 14e, its new direction of flow, as indicated by the
dashed portion of streamline 50c, is generally transverse to the
original direction of flow 26. When streamline 50c reattaches to
the flow 26, white water 30 appears and forms a tail race 52 as
guided by tail region 44.
A prerequisite to tunnel wave formation is that supercritical flow
24 must have at least sufficient velocity to clear downstream ridge
line 18 on shoulder area 38.
Further increases in the velocity of supercritical flow 24 will
result in an increase in tunnel diameter, i.e., an increase in
apparent wave size.
At least three characteristics of the flow surface influence the
overall appearance of the tunnel wave and each of them interacts
with the other: (1) its shape; (2) its attitude or horizontal angle
with respect to the direction of water flow; and (3) its
inclination or vertical angle with respect to the direction of
water flow.
The flow surface of the tunnel wave water sculpture 10e of FIGS.
6A-6B preferably has a shape having concave curvature both
vertically and horizontally as indicated. The shape of the vertical
curvature can be a simple arc or circle or, more preferably, an arc
of a more complex changing curve such as an ellipse, parabola,
helix, or spiral. If a changing curve is selected, it preferably
changes from the opening curve at the leading edge through a
transition point to a closing curve at the trailing edge such that
the ascending water encounters a decreasing radius as it ascends up
the flow surface. At a transition point the flow surface begins to
curve past the vertical to about negative 10 to 30 degrees. The
shape of the horizontal curvature can be a simple arc or circle,
or, more preferably, a portion of a more complex changing curve
such as an ellipse, parabola, helix, or spiral.
The horizontal attitude of the flow surface with respect to the
direction of water flow can vary within certain limits so as to
facilitate the formation of the tunnel wave. Since the front
surface of the concave curvature has varying degrees along its
horizontal axis for purposes of orientation an extension of
upstream edge is used to indicate varying horizontal attitudes of
the front face therefrom. Accordingly, upstream edge varies from
substantially perpendicular to the direction of water flow to a
preferred angle of approximately 35-45 degrees, as shown.
Two additional factors are particularly important with respect to
the inclination: (1) the change in angle of incline relative to the
depth of water is preferably sufficiently gradual to avoid
separation or deflection of streamlines; and (2) the angle of
release (the line tangent to the front face of the downstream edge
when compared to the vertical) is preferably beyond vertical as
shown (although this is not necessary). Amounts of incline beyond
vertical may vary, as desired; however, a preferred amount is about
10 degrees.
FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C illustrate yet another unique feature of a flow
surface l4e as configured in FIG. 6. In this embodiment, the wave
shape can be formed by way of a progressive increase of the
velocity of the water flow so as to cause transformation of
supercritical water flow 24 that originates from a water source
(not shown) in direction 26 to a stationary white water bore along
the entire upper ridge of the flow surface (as illustrated in FIG.
7a); to a stationary spilling wave with an unbroken shoulder (as
illustrated in FIG. 7b); to a stationary tunnel wave with unbroken
shoulder (as illustrated in FIG. 7c). If desired, this progressive
water sculpture may be formed using a suitable flow surface to
create a dynamic "flow transformation process" culminating in the
formation of a tunnel wave.
Example 5
Half-Pipe Flow Configurations
To this point, the sheet flow upon the flow surface has been
described as issuing at either an upward incline or horizontally.
However, water flowing upon downhill ramps may also have advantages
in connection with simulated wave formation. When the source for
such flow is from a pump or darn/reservoir with associated
aperture, e.g., nozzle, there is significant likelihood that
oblique waves (i.e., non-coherent streamlines) will form at an
angle to the flow as a result of boundary layer disturbances
associated with the aperture enclosure. Oblique waves may grow and
lead to choking of an entire flow. The use of downhill ramps can
help solve or mitigate this problem by encouraging smooth sheeting
flow. Further, downhill ramps add new possibilities for the
creation of water scultures with enhanced visual, aural or
aesthetic appeal.
FIG. 8 shows a water sculpture 10f having an angular extension of
inclined flow surface l4f creating a downhill ramp 62 upon which
flow source 22 initially issues supercritical flow 24. This
extension or downhill ramp 62 can also be characterized as an
extension of the sub-equidyne area of the flow surface l4f and
creates a downhill ramp 62 of sufficient decline to inhibit oblique
wave formation (i.e., oblique waves are swept downstream). The
declined ramp 62 then transitions to an extended intermediate area
48 before ascending up the inclined ramp and over the downstream
edge or ridge line 18.
The various sections of the flow surface 14f of FIG. 8 need not be
so well-defined. Rather, the surfaces can be gradually curved so as
to form a continuous curving surface between the upstream edge 16
and the downstream edge 18. In a particularly preferred
configuration, these surfaces can form a half-pipe flow surface
14g, as shown in FIG. 9. The half-pipe water sculpture 10g consists
of a source pool 66 that supplies a flow of water that turns to a
supercritical flow of water 24 shortly after overflowing the
upstream edge 16. The water then flows in a direction 26 across the
half pipe and over the downstream ridge or edge 18, and into a
receiving pool 68. Numerous other configurations involving downhill
ramps, horizontal surfaces and inclined surfaces are also possible
by varying the curvature and choice of the flow surface 14g.
Example 6
Tunnel Wave Awning
The ability to create stable simulated waves as described above
leads to several additional unique possibilities in the field of
water sculpture. One particularly exciting possibility is the
ability to reproduce the experience of actually being inside a
tunnel wave. The sight, sound and sensation of walking through a
tunnel wave is a thrilling experience and has heretofore only been
available to relatively few people in the world capable of surfing
in a naturally occurring tunnel wave or tube. Advantageously, the
subject invention allows this prized experience to be enjoyed by
virtually anyone who can walk or otherwise traverse down a walkway.
The particular examples discussed herein should not be construed as
limiting the present invention in any way. Rather, these teachings
apply generally to any application which can take advantage of the
aesthetic appeal of simulated wave shapes.
FIG. 10A shows a tunnel wave water sculpture 10h forming an
entranceway or awning for a building. A giant tunnel wave 36a is
formed at the entrance area 70 of a building 72, as shown. A
walkway 74 is surrounded by a pool of water 80 and extends through
the tunnel wave 36a in order to allow a person 76a to walk through
the tunnel wave 36a to enter or exit the building 72. The tunnel
wave thereby forms a unique water "awning" for the building. Other
wave shapes may also be formed adjacent other portions of the
walkway 74, as desired. For instance, to the left of person 76b
another tunnel wave 36b is formed that does not extend over the
walkway 74. Several other wave shapes could also be formed to
surround the walkway and/or the building, thereby enhancing the
aesthetic appeal of the overall structure. The water sculpture 10h
may be appropriately contoured in accordance with any variety of
flow surfaces described above to form a variety of desired wave
shapes, such as non-broken waves, white water bores, spilling
waves, tunnel waves and/or combination waves. If desired, an
optional waterfall 75 or other water effect may be provided between
the interface of the tunnel wave and the building 72 in order to
mask undesirable dry or exposed areas and/or to create dramatic
whitewater effects, expanding or enhancing the visual, aural or
aesthetic appeal of the water sculpture 10h and the associated
building 72.
FIG. 10B shows the tunnel wave awning water sculpture of FIG. 10A
in cross-section taken along section lines 10B--10B. One or more
flow sources 22 are located underneath the walkway 74 submerged
within the pool of water 80. The water from the flow sources 22a-i
flows through a nozzle 23 onto an inclined flow surface 14g that is
contoured and shaped as shown. The flow surface may or may not
curve past vertical at this point, depending the desired effect and
the upstream contour of the flow surface 14h. Water forming the
tunnel wave 36a flows over the walkway, as shown, and returns to
the pool of water 80 where flow source 22 is located. Therefore,
water recycling is advantageously employed. If desired, an optional
shield 77 may be provided inside the free falling tunnel wave 36a
and extending outward from the building entranceway 70 to protect
persons 76a,b on the walkway 74 from getting wet.
Theoretically, no pool or water reservoir is required for the water
sculpture since a flow from a suitable flow source is all that is
required. However, where water recycling is preferred, low channel
walls can be constructed to retain the flowing water with a lower
collection pool recycling pump and appropriate conduit connected
back to the upstream flow source. The area of channel containment
need only be large enough to form the tunnel wave since most of the
returning water of the tunnel wave will remain more or less
stationary within the containment structure. Thus, such a structure
can be constructed even in a limited amount of space.
FIG. 10C shows a schematic plan view of the tunnel wave awning
water sculpture of FIGS. 10A-B, illustrating a preferred flow
profile of flow supporting surface 14h. As shown, a plurality of
serially arranged flow sources 22a-i provide a sheet flow of water
over the flow supporting surface 14h as indicated by streamlines
26a-i. The initial flow of water from the flow sources 22a-i need
not be completely horizontal to the ground nor perpendicular to
flow surface 14h. Rather, the angle of incidence with the flow
surface 14h may vary in several directions, as desired, in order to
create waves of various shapes and sizes. The angle of incidence of
the sheet flow 26a-i in the horizontal plane preferable ranges from
about -45 degrees to about +45 degrees with respect to normal, as
shown.
In the particular embodiment shown, two tunnel waves 36a, 36b are
formed, the main tunnel wave being formed by the streamlines
26e-26i and the secondary tunnel wave being formed by the
streamlines 26a-c. Starting from the lowermost flow source 22a,
water under pressure is forced out of a nozzle or other flow
forming aperture onto the flow supporting surface 14h. The flow
supporting surface 14h is angled and inclined such that the
streamline 26a rises up the incline and is then bent back upon
itself forming a free falling tunnel wave 36b, as shown. Flow
sources 22b-22d inject corresponding water flows 26b-26d, which
impact generally at the apex or "V" section of the flow supporting
surface 14h. The velocity of the water flow at this point is
preferably sufficient to overcome the potential energy at the
uppermost ridge 18 of the flow surface at that point. Referring to
FIG. 10A, it can be seen that the ridge line 18 of the flow surface
14h at the "V" point is relatively low so that the water easily
flows over the flow surface 14g at that point.
Beginning with flow sources 22e, a flow 26e is projected upward
onto the flow surface 14h and is directed upward and to the right,
such that the flow separates forming a dramatic tunnel wave 36a, as
illustrated in FIG. 10A. The remaining streamlines 26f-26i also
follow the same general path progressively flowing upward along the
flow supporting surface 14h and being directed across the walkway,
as shown, to form a tunnel wave 36a. The radius of vertical
curvature (ie. curvature about a vertical axis) of the flow
supporting surface 14h preferably decreases or gets tighter
progressively toward the downstream end of the flow surface 14h.
This allows each of the streamlines 26e-26i to assume a generally
converging funnel-type tunnel wave shape so as to provide a unique
and inviting appearance. Alternatively, a constant horizontal or
vertical curvature may also be employed or changing curvatures may
be used, as desired, to form any number of desired symmetric or
asymmetric wave shapes.
FIGS. 11A and 11B show an alternative embodiment of a tunnel wave
awning water sculpture 10i similar to that shown and described
above in connection with FIGS. 10A-C. In this embodiment, however,
the flow surface 14i has a simple horizontal concave curvature,
curling past vertical back onto itself to form a partial cylinder.
This embodiment may be particularly desirable in applications in
which a highly uniform tunnel wave 36 is desired or where space
constraints might otherwise prohibit the use of a more complex
curving flow supporting surface such as shown in FIGS. 10A-C.
FIGS. 12A and 12B show a further alternative embodiment of a tunnel
wave awning water sculpture 10j wherein the flow supporting surface
14j extends substantially completely around the walkway 74 in order
to form an enclosed cylindrical tunnel wave 36. This embodiment is
referred to as an "enclosed tunnel wave awning" because conforming
water flow is caused to flow nearly 360.degree. around the
cylindrical flow supporting surface 14j. To achieve this effect,
the velocity of the water flow should be at least sufficient to
maintain conforming water flow along the inner surface of the flow
supporting surface 14i.
Example 7
Dynamic Water Sculpture
Another desirable option for a water sculpture is to provide a
dynamic component or effect such as a moving water swath 58, as
shown in the time-sequenced depictions in FIGS. 15A-C. Moving water
swath 58 has a sideways component or direction of travel (as
indicated by arrow 60), in addition to the previously described
direction of flow 26. Sideways component of motion 60 preferably
moves at the rate of 1 to 5 meters per second. A moving aperture 56
can be formed from either a moving nozzle, moving weir, or
sequentially opening an array of apertures (not shown). A variety
of simulated wave forms can be readily acccomplished by modifying
the surface inclination of flow surface 14k and/or the direction
and velocity of water flow as previously described so as to form,
for example, a simulated moving tunnel wave. The moving water swath
58 can also be caused to flow on any one of a number of other flow
supporting surfaces, such as (by way of example only) those shown
and described in connection with FIGS. 10-12, above.
It should be understood that the preferred embodiments and examples
shown and described herein are merely exemplary applications of a
wave-shaped water sculpture having desirable features of the
present invention. The scope of the present invention should not be
construed as limited to any specific embodiment described herein.
Rather, the invention may be embodied in a wide variety of other
forms without departing from the spirit or essential
characteristics as disclosed herein. Accordingly, it is intended
that the scope of the present invention should be determined only
by reference to the claims that follow.
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