U.S. patent number PP33,561 [Application Number 17/006,407] was granted by the patent office on 2021-10-19 for corylus plant named `osu 541.147`.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Arbor Day Foundation, Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska, Oregon State University, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. The grantee listed for this patent is Arbor Day Foundation, Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska, Oregon State University, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Invention is credited to Shawn A. Mehlenbacher, David C. Smith.
United States Patent |
PP33,561 |
Mehlenbacher , et
al. |
October 19, 2021 |
Corylus plant named `OSU 541.147`
Abstract
A new and distinct interspecific hybrid Corylus plant named `OSU
541.147` characterized by a vigorous, upright growth habit, the
production of nuts with round kernels that fall free of the husk at
maturity, and resistance to eastern filbert blight caused by the
fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller.
Inventors: |
Mehlenbacher; Shawn A.
(Corvallis, OR), Smith; David C. (Corvallis, OR) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Oregon State University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska
Arbor Day Foundation |
Corvallis
New Brunswick
Lincoln
Lincoln |
OR
NJ
NE
NE |
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Oregon State University
(Corvallis, OR)
Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey (New Brunswick,
NJ)
Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska (Lincoln,
NE)
Arbor Day Foundation (Lincoln, NE)
|
Appl.
No.: |
17/006,407 |
Filed: |
August 28, 2020 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
PLT/152 |
Current International
Class: |
A01H
5/08 (20180101); A01H 6/00 (20180101) |
Field of
Search: |
;PLT/216,152 |
Other References
Molnar et al. 2010. Survey of Corylus Resistance to Anisogramma
anomala from different geographic locations. HortScience 45(5)
832-836. (Year: 2010). cited by examiner .
Molnar, Thomas J., "Genetic Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in
Hazelnut (Corylus)," Dissertation, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers, The
State University of New Jersey, 2006 (121 pages). cited by
applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: McCormick Ewoldt; Susan
Assistant Examiner: Redden; Karen M
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Klarquist Sparkman, LLP
Government Interests
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
This invention was made with government support under
2016-51181-25412 awarded by USDA-National Institute of Food and
Agriculture, under 58-5358-4-025 awarded by USDA-Agricultural
Research Service, and under 18-13-202 awarded by USDA-Agricultural
Marketing Service. The government has certain rights in the
invention.
Claims
We claim:
1. A new and distinct variety of Corylus plant named `OSU 541.147`
as illustrated and described.
Description
Botanical denomination: (Corylus americana x Corylus avellana) x
Corylus avellana cultivar.
Variety designation: `OSU 541.147`.
PARTIES TO JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT
Oregon State University, Rutgers, the State University of New
Jersey, Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska, and Arbor
Day Foundation executed a Joint Research Agreement on or before the
date subject matter disclosed and claimed by the present
application was made, and such subject matter was made as a result
of activities undertaken within the scope of the Joint Research
Agreement.
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of
hybrid Corylus plant, botanically known as (Corylus americana x
Corylus avellana) x Corylus avellana, and hereinafter referred to
by the name `OSU 541.147`.
The new Corylus plant resulted from a controlled cross of the
female parent `NY 616` (Corylus americana `Rush` x Corylus avellana
`Barcelona`) (unpatented) x male parent Corylus avellana `OSU
226.118` (unpatented) made in February 1990 (FIG. 1). Hybrid seeds
resulting from the cross were harvested in August 1990. They were
provided a period of moist chilling, subsequently germinated, and
the seedlings were grown in the greenhouse during the summer of
1991. From this cross, a total of 125 seedling trees were planted
in a research field in Corvallis, Oreg., in October 1991. `OSU
541.147` was discovered and selected as a single plant within that
progeny of the stated cross-pollination. It was originally assigned
the designation `OSU 541.147`, which indicates the row and tree
location of the original seedling.
The female parent is a tree labeled `NY 616` in row M and tree 1
(M01) in the variety plot in Corvallis, Oreg. It is an unpatented
F.sub.1 Corylus americana x Corylus avellana selection developed in
New York from a cross of Corylus americana `Rush` x C. avellana
`Barcelona` (Slate, 1930). `Rush` is a Corylus americana selection
from southeastern Pennsylvania. `Barcelona` is an old Corylus
avellana cultivar from Spain that is widely distributed in Europe
and was introduced in the U.S. in about 1885 (Mehlenbacher and
Miller, 1989). `Barcelona` is more than 200 years old and is known
under several different names, including `Castanyera` in Tarragona
(Spain), `Grande` in Asturias (Spain), `Grada de Viseu` in
Portugal, and `Fertile de Coutard` in France. The female parent
contributed incompatibility allele S.sub.23 to `OSU 541.147` (Table
1). `Rush` carries a dominant allele for eastern filbert blight
resistance on linkage group 7 (Bhattarai et al., 2017; Coyne et
al., 1998).
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Incompatibility alleles of the NY hybrid
hazelnuts developed in Geneva, New York, and the Corylus avellana
parents. Also shown are the field locations at the USDA National
Clonal Germplasm Repository. `NY 616`, the parent of `OSU 541.147`,
carried S.sub.23. Selection S-alleles Location Listed Parentage
`Buchanan` (unpatented) 12 15 N02.53 `Rush` .times. `Barcelona`
`Reed` (unpatented) 12 15 N14.13 `Rush` .times. `Hall's Giant`
`Potomac` (unpatented) 5 12 N01.53 `Rush` .times. `DuChilly` `NY
104` (unpatented) 14 23 N05.42 `Rush` .times. `DuChilly` `NY 110`
(unpatented) 10 12 N02.42 `Rush` .times. `DuChilly` `NY 200`
(unpatented) 15 23 N02.44 `Rush` .times. `Hall's Giant` `NY 398`
(unpatented) 15 23 N04.22 `Rush` .times. `Red Lambert` `NY 485`
(unpatented) 12 14 N03.28 `Rush` .times. `DuChilly` `NY 529`
(unpatented) 3 12 N04.28 `Rush` .times. `Daviana` `NY 588`
(unpatented) 15 23 N01.30 `Rush` .times. `Red Lambert` `NY 616`
(unpatented) 1 23 N04.47 `Rush` .times. `Barcelona` `NY 1329`
(unpatented) 3 23 N03.24 `Rush` .times. `Cosford` `NY 1408`
(unpatented) 11 23 N02.24 `Rush` .times. `Cosford` `NY 1464`
(unpatented) 11 23 N01.28 `Rush` .times. `Cosford` `NYF-20`
(unpatented) 14 25 N02.22 `NY 157` o.p. `NYF-45` (unpatented) 12 ?
N05.47 `Snyder` .times. `NY 485` `Barcelona` (unpatented) 1 2
possibly was `Gustav's `Cosford` (unpatented) 3 11 Zeller`
`DuChilly` (unpatented) 10 14 syn. `Italian Red` `Hall's Giant`
(unpatented) 5 15 `Red Lambert` unknown (unpatented) `White
Lambert` 5 10 (unpatented) `Gustav's Zeller` 15 20 (unpatented)
`Rush` (unpatented) 12 23 by exam of progeny
The male parent `OSU 226.118` is an unreleased selection.
`OSU 541.147` was asexually reproduced by rooted suckers in 1997
through 2006 in Corvallis, Oreg. The unique features of this new
Corylus are stable and reproduced true-to-type in successive
generations of asexual reproduction.
SUMMARY
The following traits have been observed and are determined to be
the unique characteristics of `OSU 541.147`. These characteristics
in combination distinguish `OSU 541.147` as a distinct cultivar: 1.
Vigorous and upright plant habit. 2. Green to dark-green color of
developing and fully expanded leaves during the spring and summer.
3. High level of resistance to eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused
by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller. The source of
this resistance is from C. americana `Rush` (unpatented; Bhattarai,
et al., 2017), which differs from the single dominant allele
conferred from `Gasaway` (unpatented, Mehlenbacher et al., 1991),
which protects Corylus avellana `McDonald` (U.S. Plant Pat. No.
28,200, Mehlenbacher et al., 2016), `Wepster` (U.S. Plant Pat. No.
27,141, Mehlenbacher et al., 2014), `Dorris` (U.S. Plant Pat. No.
25,022, Mehlenbacher et al., 2014), `Jefferson` (unpatented,
Mehlenbacher et al., 2011a), `Yamhill` (unpatented, Mehlenbacher et
al., 2009), and several other Corylus avellana cultivars and
pollenizers. 4. Expression of incompatibility alleles S.sub.8 and
S.sub.23 in the styles.
Comparisons in several replicated plantings in Corvallis, Oreg.,
Cream Ridge, N.J., and East Brunswick, N.J., show that plants of
`OSU 541.147` differed from plants of the Corylus avellana
cultivars `Barcelona` (unpatented), `Tonda di Giffoni`
(unpatented), `Yamhill`, `Jefferson`, `McDonald`, `Wepster` and
other cultivars and selections of Corylus avellana known to the
Inventors, primarily in their response to EFB present in New
Jersey, a region where the pathogen is native and highly
genetically diverse (Muehlbauer et al., 2019). They also differed
in S-alleles, nut size, kernel percentage (ratio of kernel weight
to nut weight), frequency of defects (blank nuts, moldy kernels,
twin kernels, etc.), time of pollen shed, and length of the husk or
involucre.
For example:
Eastern filbert blight response in New Jersey: In a multi-year
trial in East Brunswick, N.J., `OSU 541.147` showed no eastern
filbert blight compared to the proportion of EFB-diseased wood
across the canopy calculated to be 20.4% for `Yamhill`, 31.2% for
`Jefferson`, 48.6% for `Gasaway`, and 67.0% for `Barcelona`.
Pollen shed: `OSU 541.147` generally sheds pollen in East
Brunswick, N.J., a week after `Ratoli` (unpatented, minor cultivar
from Tarragona, Spain), 2-3 days after `Yamhill` and `Santiam`
(unpatented, Mehlenbacher et al., 2007), and 2-3 days prior to
`Jefferson` and `Gasaway`. In Corvallis, Oreg., OSU 541.147 sheds
pollen between `McDonald` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 28,200) and `PollyO`
(U.S. Plant Pat. No. 32,459). `OSU 541.147`=descriptor-5.
Husk Length: `OSU 541.147` is 1.6 times nut length, slightly
shorter than `Barcelona`, while `Wepster` is 2.0 times nut length.
Husks have glandular trichomes.
`OSU 541.147` produces small kernels that are suitable for the
blanched kernel market for use in confections and baked goods. `OSU
541.147` combines resistance to eastern filbert blight (evaluated
against Anisogramma anomala present in New Jersey, Oregon,
Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and
Minnesota [Molnar et al., 2010a]) with round nuts and kernels and
moderately good kernel blanching. The tree is vigorous with an
upright habit that produces a desirable orchard tree when pruned to
a single stem.
Field observations in Corvallis, Oreg., Cream Ridge, N.J., and East
Brunswick, N.J., and results from greenhouse-based inoculations
performed in New Brunswick, N.J., indicate that `OSU 541.147`
expresses resistance to EFB caused by the fungus Anisogramma
anomala. The resistance is conferred by the single dominant allele
from Corylus americana `Rush`, found on hazelnut linkage group 7
(Bhattarai et al., 2017), which is unlike the cultivars currently
grown in Oregon protected by the single dominant `Gasaway`
resistance allele found on linkage group 6 (Mehlenbacher et al.,
2006). EFB is now present throughout the Willamette Valley of
Oregon where 99% of the U.S. hazelnut crop is grown and is endemic
to the eastern U.S. and southern Canada, where it has severely
limited commercial production of European hazelnut. Fungicide
applications and pruning to remove cankers are currently used to
manage the disease in orchards of `Barcelona` and other susceptible
cultivars in the Pacific Northwestern U.S. `OSU 541.147` was
selected in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and subsequently
evaluated in New Jersey and is adapted to the climate in both
regions. `OSU 541.147` is suitable for planting in areas with high
EFB disease pressure. It has shown resistance in the eastern U.S.
where the EFB fungus is native and genetically diverse (Muehlbauer
et al., 2019).
The foregoing and other objects and features of the disclosure will
become more apparent from the following detailed description, which
proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying color photographs illustrate the overall
appearance of the new cultivar, showing the colors as true as it is
reasonably possible to obtain in colored reproductions of this
type. Foliage colors in the photographs may differ slightly from
the color values cited in the detailed botanical description which
accurately describe the colors of the new Corylus.
FIG. 1 shows the pedigree of new cultivar `OSU 541.147`.
FIG. 2 shows a tree of the new cultivar `OSU 541.147` hazelnut in
July of the seventh leaf pruned to a single trunk.
FIG. 3 shows immature nuts and husks of `Yamhill`, `OSU 541.147`
and `Barcelona` in July of the seventh leaf.
FIG. 4 shows mature nuts and husks of `OSU 541.147` growing in New
Jersey.
FIG. 5 shows nuts, raw kernels, and blanched kernels of hazelnuts
`Yamhill`, `OSU 541.147` and `Barcelona`. Top row nuts, rows 2 and
3 raw kernels, rows 4 and 5 blanched kernels.
FIG. 6 shows the time of female receptivity (bottom, red), pollen
shed (top, green), and vegetative budbreak of `OSU 541.147` and
other hazelnut cultivars in Corvallis, Oreg. (December 2018-March
2019).
FIG. 7 shows the time of female receptivity (bottom, red), pollen
shed (top, green), and vegetative budbreak of `OSU 541.147` and
other hazelnut cultivars in East Brunswick, N.J. (December 2017 to
March 2018).
FIG. 8 shows the time of female receptivity (bottom, red), pollen
shed (top, green), and vegetative budbreak of `OSU 541.147` and
other hazelnut cultivars in East Brunswick, N.J. (December 2018 to
March 2019).
SEQUENCE LISTING
The nucleic acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequence
listing are shown using standard letter abbreviations for
nucleotide bases as defined in 37 C.F.R. 1.822. Only one strand of
each nucleic acid sequence is shown, but the complementary strand
is understood as included by any reference to the displayed strand.
In the accompanying sequence listing:
SEQ ID NOS: 1-40 are primer sequences that can be used for genetic
fingerprinting.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The cultivar `OSU 541.147` has not been observed under all possible
environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with
variations in environment such as temperature and light intensity,
without, however, any variance in genotype. The aforementioned
photographs and following observations and measurements describe
plants grown in East Brunswick, N.J., under commercial practice
outdoors in the field during the spring and summer. The plant used
for the photographs and description were from a seven-year-old tree
propagated by tie-off layerage and growing on its own roots. In the
following description, color references are made to The Royal
Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 1966 Edition, except where
otherwise noted and where general terms of ordinary dictionary
significance are used. The list of UPOV descriptors are from the
Mar. 28, 1979 Hazelnut guidelines from UPOV. Botanical
classification: Corylus cultivar `OSU 541.147`. Parentage: Female,
or seed, parent is `NY 616` (Corylus americana x Corylus avellana).
It was selected from a cross of Corylus americana `Rush` x Corylus
avellana `Barcelona` (Slate, 1930). `Rush` is a Corylus americana
selection from southeastern Pennsylvania. `Barcelona` is an old
Corylus avellana cultivar from Spain that is widely distributed in
Europe and was introduced in the U.S. in about 1885 (Mehlenbacher
and Miller, 1989). `Barcelona` is more than 200 years old and is
known under several different names, including `Castanyera` in
Tarragona (Spain), `Grande` in Asturias (Spain), `Grada de Viseu`
in Portugal, and `Fertile de Coutard` in France. `Rush` has been
shown to transmit a dominant allele for resistance to EFB, which
has been mapped to a different linkage group than the allele from
`Gasaway`. The `Rush` allele that protects `OSU 541.147` has been
shown to provide resistance in the presence of multiple populations
of the EFB fungus Anisogramma anomala (Molnar et al., 2010a, 2019;
Bhattarai et al., 2017). Male, or pollen, parent is Corylus
avellana `OSU 226.118` (unpatented breeding selection). `OSU
226.118` is the result of the cross of `Tombul Ghiaghli`
(unpatented, Greek origin) x OSU 42.103 (unpatented). `OSU 42.103`
is the result of a cross of `Montebello` (unpatented) x `Compton`
(unpatented). Incompatibility alleles: `OSU 541.147` has
incompatibility alleles S.sub.8 and S.sub.23. Hazelnuts are a
wind-pollinated, monoecious species that exhibit a sporophytic
self-incompatibility system controlled by a single locus designated
as the S-locus with 33 alleles (Mehlenbacher, 2014). To develop
`OSU 541.147`, branches of `NY 616` were emasculated and covered to
prevent foreign pollen contamination. Controlled pollinations used
a mixture of pollens of three breeding selections whose S-alleles
were known: `OSU 55.129` (S.sub.2, S.sub.4), `OSU 167.002`
(S.sub.3, S.sub.10) and `OSU 226.118` (S.sub.1, S.sub.8).
Fluorescence microscopy identified the male parent of `OSU 541.147`
(S.sub.8, S.sub.23) as `OSU 226.118` because of the common allele
S.sub.8. For comparison, Corylus avellana `Sacajawea` has the
alleles S.sub.1 and S.sub.22. `Tonda di Giffoni` has the alleles
S.sub.2 and S.sub.23, `Tonda Pacifica` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 22,715,
Mehlenbacher et al., 2011b) and `Wepster` have alleles S.sub.1 and
S.sub.2, and `McDonald` has alleles S.sub.2 and S.sub.15. Corylus
americana `Rush` has alleles S.sub.12 and S.sub.23. Propagation
(type rooted suckers): Time to initiate roots.--About 30 days at
20.degree. C. Time to produce a rooted young plant.--About six
months at 22.degree. C. Root description.--Fine to thick; freely
branching; creamy white in color. Propagation (type whip grafting):
Time to budbreak on the scions.--About 14 days at 25.degree. C.
Time to produce a grafted plant.--About six months at 25.degree. C.
Plant description (descriptions are from plants grown in New Jersey
unless otherwise noted): General appearance.--Natural habit is
perennial shrub, but in commercial orchards, is a single trunk
tree. Upright plant habit. See FIG. 2. Growth and branching
habit.--Freely branching; about 15 lateral branches develop per
plant. Pinching, that is, removal of the terminal apices, enhances
branching with lateral branches potentially forming at every node.
Vigor.--Vigorous, upright growth habit. Size.--Plant height is
about 3.6 meters; plants grown in Oregon: plant diameter or spread
is about 3.2 meters (in July, seventh leaf). Trunk at 30 cm above
the soil line.--In a trial planted in Corvallis, Oreg. in 2014,
trunk diameter was 7.90 cm and cross-sectional area was 49 cm.sup.2
in December, 2019. This is slightly smaller than `Jefferson` in the
same trial. Trunk color.--197B. Lateral branch description:
Length.--About 20.4 cm. Ranges from 14.0 cm to 26.0 cm.
Diameter.--About 4.3 mm. Ranges from 3.0 mm to 5.0 mm. Internode
length (at base).--About 0.75 cm. Internode length (at tip).--About
3.6 cm. Ranges from 2.5 cm to 5.0 cm. Texture.--Smooth, pubescent.
Strength.--Strong. Color, immature.--143C. Color, mature.--146B.
Color of previous seasons branches.--199C. Foliage description:
Arrangement.--Alternate, simple. Length.--About 9.6 cm. Ranges from
7.5 cm to 11.5 cm. Width.--About 7.1 cm. Ranges from 6.0 cm to 9.0
cm. Shape.--Oblong to ovate. Apex.--Obtuse to acute.
Base.--Cordate. Margin.--Serrate. Texture, upper and lower
surfaces.--Slightly pubescent. Venation pattern.--Pinnate.
Color.--Developing foliage -- upper surface 144A, lower surfaces,
144B. Fully expanded foliage -- upper surface: spring and summer,
137B; late summer and fall, 137B. Fully expanded foliage, lower
surface: spring and summer, 137D; late summer and fall, 137D.
Venation, upper surface: spring and summer, 145A; late summer and
fall, 145A. Venation, lower surface.--Spring and summer, 145A; late
summer and fall, 145A. Leaf bud description: Shape.--Globular. Time
of leaf budbreak.--Medium, Descriptor-5. `OSU 541.147` budbreak is
about 8 days before `Jefferson`, four days after `Yamhill`, and
concurrent with `Santiam`. Color of leaf buds.--145B. Leaf bud
shape (winter).--Ovoid, Descriptor-2. Leaf bud color
(winter).--Reddish green, Descriptor-2. Petiole description:
Length.--About 9.3 mm. Ranges from 8.0 cm to 15.0 mm.
Diameter.--About 1.8 mm. Ranges from 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm. Texture,
upper and lower surfaces.--Pubescent. Color of petiole.--143C.
Flower description: Male inflorescences.--Catkins Color prior to
elongation.--176D. Catkin length.--31.7 mm. Female inflorescence
style color.--047B. Time of female flowering.--Medium (January 20
to February 10), Descriptor-5. Time of female flowering compared to
male flowering.--Protogyny, Descriptor-1. Involucre
constriction.--The involucre is not constricted, Descriptor-1.
Involucre length.--1.6 times length of nut, Descriptor-7. Size of
husk indentation.--Medium, Descriptor-7 (similar to `Negret`),
about 50% of husk length. Strength of serration of
indentation.--Medium, Descriptor-5. Thickness of callus at
base.--Thick, Descriptor-7, (similar to `Barcelona`) or about 2 mm.
Pubescence on husk.--Present, Descriptor-9. Density of hairiness of
involucre.--Strong, Descriptor-7. Jointing of bracts.--On one side,
Descriptor-2. Nut description: Length.--Average 17.4 mm.
Width.--Average 17.5 mm. Depth.--Average 14.7 mm. Nut
shape.--Globular, Descriptor-2. See FIG. 5. Nut shape
index.--(Width+Depth)/2*Length=0.92. Nut compression
index.--(Width/Depth)=1.19. Nut weight.--2.62 g (in Corvallis,
Oreg.). Kernel weight.--1.16 g (in Corvallis, Oreg.). Kernel
percentage (kernel weight/nut weight).--44.1% (in Corvallis,
Oreg.). Number of fruits per cluster.--Three to four. See FIGS. 3
and 4. Nutshell coloration.--165A. Number of stripes on
shell.--Medium (about 20), Descriptor-5. Shape of fruit
apex.--Flat, Descriptor-1. Prominence of fruit apex.--Slightly
prominent, Descriptor-3. Size of fruit pistil scar on
shell.--Medium, Descriptor-5. Hairiness of top of fruit.--Medium,
Descriptor-5. Curvature of nut basal scar.--Flat, Descriptor-3
(small) and similar to `Negret`. The raised part of the shell has
dimensions 3.3.times.1.4 mm. Size of basal scar.--Descriptor-5.
Average measurements 14.3.times.13.4 mm. Double kernels.--Absent.
Kernel shape.--Globular, Descriptor-2. Shape of kernel in
cross-section.--Circular, Descriptor-2. Lateral groove in
kernel.--Present. Corkiness of pellicle of kernel.--Slightly corky,
Descriptor-3. Color of the fiber on the kernel.--165A (Royal
Horticultural Society Colour Chart Fifth Edition, 2007). Color of
the pellicle under the fiber.--165B (Royal Horticultural Society
Colour Chart Fifth Edition, 2007). Disease/pest resistance: Plants
of `OSU 541.147` are resistant to EFB caused by the fungus
Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller. Plants have not been
challenged against all populations of Anisogramma anomala present
in North America (Muehlbauer et al., 2019); however, `OSU 541.147`
has been challenged in field trials and/or greenhouse inoculations
with populations from Oregon, New Jersey, Minnesota, Michigan,
Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania, and no signs or symptoms
of EFB have been observed (Capik and Molnar, 2012; Molnar et al.,
2010a). Resistance is derived from its grandparent `Rush`. `OSU
541.147` has been trialed in New Jersey since 2002 under high
disease pressure with no signs or symptoms of EFB observed (Capik
and Molnar, 2012; Molnar et al., 2010a, 2019). In Oregon, all trees
of `OSU 541.147` have remained free of EFB. Fungicide applications
are not expected to be needed to control EFB. Susceptibility to
bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina has
not been quantified, but no trees in the trials in Oregon and New
Jersey were affected. Susceptibility to bud mite (Phytoptus
avellanae Nal.) was rated in trials in Corvallis, Oreg., in
mid-December on a scale of 1 (no blasted buds) to 5 (many blasted
buds). The average rating for `OSU 541.147` was 3.5, indicating
moderate susceptibility comparable to `Clark` and `Gamma` (Table
2). With this rating, chemical control of mites will occasionally
be needed. Buds blasted by bud mites have not been observed on `OSU
541.147` in New Jersey.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Performance of 17 genotypes in a replicated
trial planted in Corvallis in Spring, 2014. Four trees per
selection in a randomized complete block design. Sel Yield
(kg/tree) No Selection 2017 2018 2019 Total 1 `OSU 541.147` 0.37
2.87 4.58 8.00 2 `1250.057` 1.58 2.70 3.70 7.98 3 `1252.068` 0.75
3.46 3.93 8.15 4 `1253.064` 0.77 2.40 2.24 5.41 5 `1292.065` 1.33
2.99 4.83 9.14 6 `1300.073` 1.96 3.33 4.51 9.80 7 `1304.039` 1.78
2.94 3.62 8.35 8 `1307.003` 1.23 3.30 5.06 9.58 9 `1307.055` 1.35
3.93 4.06 9.34 10 `1308.087` 1.15 3.70 4.81 9.65 11 `1310.022` 0.64
2.34 2.16 5.14 12 `1339.074` 1.17 3.89 4.55 9.60 13 `1340.018` 1.25
4.94 4.53 10.71 14 `1341.037` 1.06 2.08 4.72 7.85 15 `Jefferson`
2.39 4.77 4.60 11.75 16 `McDonald` 0.78 3.90 5.86 10.53 17
`Wepster` 2.16 4.59 5.33 12.08 LSD (0.05) 0.57 0.95 1.14 1.81 Sel
Trunk Trunk No Selection diameter TCA Yield efficiency Bud mite
rating 1 `OSU 541.147` 7.89 49.03 0.164 3.50 2 `1250.057` 8.39
55.29 0.143 1.70 3 `1252.068` 8.42 55.74 0.146 1.80 4 `1253.064`
6.76 35.97 0.151 1.40 5 `1292.065` 7.79 47.80 0.192 3.10 6
`1300.073` 9.24 67.11 0.146 1.00 7 `1304.039` 6.82 36.56 0.229 1.10
8 `1307.003` 8.90 62.34 0.152 1.10 9 `1307.055` 7.71 46.73 0.200
3.10 10 `1308.087` 9.20 66.61 0.144 2.30 11 `1310.022` 7.97 49.99
0.104 1.00 12 `1339.074` 9.04 64.61 0.149 1.10 13 `1340.018` 9.48
70.74 0.151 1.10 14 `1341.037` 11.26 99.64 0.079 2.80 15
`Jefferson` 8.19 52.90 0.222 1.30 16 `McDonald` 9.74 60.07 0.177
2.10 17 `Wepster` 8.63 58.84 0.210 1.60 LSD (0.05) 0.65 8.78 0.033
1.14 Yield per tree in each year of evaluation and total of 3
years. There were very few nuts in 2016 and they were not
harvested. Trunk diameter in cm, 30 cm above the soil line,
calculated from circumference. TCA = Trunk cross-sectional area in
cm.sup.2, calculated from circumference 30 cm above the soil line.
Yield efficiency is the ratio of total yield per tree divided by
trunk cross-sectional area (units kg/cm.sup.2). Bud mite
susceptibility rated in mid-December on a scale of 1 (no blasted
buds) to 5 (many blasted buds).
Temperature tolerance: `OSU 541.147` was selected in Corvallis,
Oreg., and further evaluated in Cream Ridge, N.J. and East
Brunswick, N.J., and is targeted for production in USDA Plant
Hardiness Zones 6a to 7b. Plants of the new Corylus avellana have
been observed to tolerate temperatures from -21 to 38.degree.
C.
COMPARATIVE DATA
Disease resistance: `OSU 541.147` differs from existing Corylus
avellana cultivars based on its source and type of resistance to
eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala.
Commercial cultivars previously widely grown in Oregon including
`Barcelona` (unpatented), `Ennis` (unpatented), `Daviana`
(unpatented), `Butler` (unpatented), etc. are highly susceptible to
EFB and cannot be grown in the eastern U.S. without copious
applications of chemical fungicides and heavy pruning to remove
infected wood. Tree death can occur in the eastern U.S. within five
years of exposure to the fungus. The more recently developed
cultivars `Santiam` , `Yamhill`, `Jefferson`, `Dorris`, `Wepster`,
and `McDonald` and their associated pollenizers are protected from
EFB by a single resistance gene conferred from Corylus avellana
`Gasaway`. This gene provides a high level of resistance in Oregon
and Washington where the diversity of the fungus is limited
(Muehlbauer et al., 2019), but does not provide a similar level of
protection from disease in the eastern U.S. where the pathogen is
endemic and genetically diverse (Capik and Molnar, 2012; Molnar et
al., 2010b; Muehlbauer et al., 2018). `OSU 541.147` does not carry
the single `Gasaway` resistance allele. It carries the Corylus
americana `Rush` allele, which is a different gene on a different
chromosome than `Gasaway` (Bhattarai, et al., 2017). The allele
from `Rush` has been found to be very effective against the
populations of Anisogramma anomala present in New Jersey and other
locations (Molnar et al., 2010a, 2019).
In a multi-year trial in East Brunswick, N.J., completed in winter
2018 and spanning more than 8 years of exposure to EFB, the average
proportion of diseased wood (total length of EFB-diseased stems per
tree divided by total length of shoot growth) for `OSU 541.147` was
0.0% (no EFB) compared to 20.4% for `Yamhill` (unpatented,
Mehlenbacher et al 2009), 31.2% for `Jefferson` (unpatented,
Mehlenbacher et al. 2011a), and 48.6% for `Gasaway` (unpatented).
Previous studies in New Jersey showed the proportion of diseased
wood of `Barcelona` to be 67.0%, `Tonda di Giffoni` 39%, and
`Sacajawea` 21% (Capik and Molnar, 2012).
Differences were also observed in the number of cankers and average
canker length for `OSU 541.147` in comparison to `Yamhill`,
`Jefferson`, and `Gasaway` in the study completed in 2018. `OSU
541.147` expressed no cankers. In contrast, `Gasaway` exhibited an
average of 93.0 cankers per tree with an average length of 130.8
cm, `Jefferson` exhibited an average of 36.9 cankers per tree with
an average length of 72.3 cm, and `Yamhill` exhibited an average of
40.5 cankers per tree with an average length of 37.9 cm. As
reported in Capik and Molnar (2012), and as a further point of
comparison in regard to EFB response, `Barcelona` exhibited an
average of 20.4 cankers per tree with an average length of 61.9 cm,
`Tonda di Giffoni` exhibited an average of 39.0 cankers per tree
with an average length of 24.5 cm, and `Sacajawea` exhibited an
average of 7.7 cankers per tree with an average length of 21.5 cm
(Capik and Molnar, 2012).
Nut and kernel characteristics. `OSU 541.147` hazelnut is targeted
for the blanched kernel market and specifically for nut production
in the eastern United States in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 6a to 7b
where most existing cultivars of Corylus avellana cannot be grown
due to the impacts of EFB.
As shown in FIG. 5, the nut shape is round to somewhat oblong.
Kernels are round. The average single nut weight for `OSU 541.147`
over three years (2017-19) is 2.62 g, average single kernel weight
is 1.16 g, with an average kernel percentage of 44.1% (FIG. 4,
Table 3). Nut weight in the same trial was 3.77 g for `Jefferson`,
2.67 g for `McDonald` and 2.49 g for `Wepster`. Kernel weights in
the same trial were 1.70 g for `Jefferson`, 1.39 g for `McDonald`
and 1.17 g for `Wepster`. Kernel percentage in the same trial was
45.2% for `Jefferson`, 52.3% for `McDonald` and 47.0% for
`Wepster`. `OSU 541.147` nuts and kernels are significantly smaller
than those of `Barcelona` and `Jefferson`, and intermediate between
`McDonald` and `Wepster`. In a previous trial (Mehlenbacher et al.,
2008), `Barcelona` had an average nut weight of 3.85 g, average
single kernel weight of 1.66 g, and an average kernel percentage of
43.1%.
In the trial planted in 2014 in Corvallis, Oreg., `Barcelona` had
an average single nut weight of 3.77 g, an average single kernel
weight of 1.70, and an average kernel percentage of 45.2%. The
trees produced a few nuts in 2016, but were not harvested. Nuts
were harvested for three years (2017-19), dried, weighed and
evaluated. Total nut weight per tree (2017-19) was 8.0 kg for OSU
541.147, which is less than for the checks `Jefferson`, `McDonald`
and `Wepster` (Table 2). Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) was 49.03
cm.sup.2, or slightly smaller than `Jefferson`. Yield efficiency,
the ratio of total yield to TCA, was a respectable 0.164
kg/cm.sup.2 and similar to `McDonald` (0.177 kg/cm.sup.2). Trees
have an upright growth habit, and vigor similar to C. avellana
selections in the Corvallis trials.
Raw kernels of `OSU 541.147` have a medium brown pellicle with a
large amount of attached fiber (average rating was 4.0 on a scale
of 1 [no fiber] to 4 [much fiber]; Table 3). Pellicle removal after
roasting at 150.degree. C. for 15 min and rubbing is rated on a
scale of 1 (complete pellicle removal) to 7 (no pellicle removal).
Slightly less than half of the pellicle on `OSU 541.147` kernels is
generally removed after roasting with an average rating of 4.5
(Table 3), a value similar to `Barcelona` (4.2 out of 7.0 as
described in Mehlenbacher et al., 2008) and `Yamhill` (4.1 out of
7.0 as described in Mehlenbacher et al. 2011a). In the trial
planted in 2014, pellicle removal after roasting was better for
`McDonald` (3.7 out of 7) and `Wepster` (3.0 out of 7) (Table
3).
The average percentage of good kernels (kernels free of defects)
was calculated for `OSU 541.147` in the trial planted in 2014 and
found to be 85.3% (Table 3). There was on average 9.3% blank nuts,
0.3% moldy kernels, 2.4% nuts with shriveled kernels, and 2.5%
poorly filled. The percentage of good kernels for `OSU 541.147` was
considerably higher than that reported for `Barcelona` in multiple
reports from Oregon (60.9% good kernels reported in Mehlenbacher et
al. [2008] and 69.4% in Mehlenbacher et al. [2013]). The average
percentage of good kernels for `OSU 541.147` grown in New Jersey is
slightly lower than the range reported in Oregon for `Yamhill`,
`Jefferson`, `Dorris`, and `McDonald`, however the percentage of
moldy nuts was generally higher for these cultivars. The incidence
of twin kernels and moldy kernels with black tips is less than 0.1%
in both OR and NJ.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Performance of 17 genotypes in a replicated
trial planted in Corvallis in Spring, 2014. Four trees per
selection in a randomized complete block design. Sel 10-nut
10-kernel Percent No Selection weight weight kernel Fiber Blanching
1 `OSU 26.2 11.6 44.1 4.0 4.5 541.147` 2 `1250.057` 36.9 16.4 44.5
3.4 4.2 3 `1252.068` 25.7 12.4 48.3 2.6 2.8 4 `1253.064` 28.4 13.0
45.9 1.9 3.0 5 `1292.065` 28.2 13.1 46.6 3.5 4.3 6 `1300.073` 25.2
12.9 51.1 2.6 4.2 7 `1304.039` 27.5 12.4 45.1 2.2 3.0 8 `1307.003`
23.7 11.9 50.2 1.0 3.0 9 `1307.055` 25.7 12.9 50.4 2.2 4.8 10
`1308.087` 30.2 13.3 44.1 2.9 4.9 11 `1310.022` 28.8 14.0 48.7 3.5
4.9 12 `1339.074` 30.5 14.6 47.9 2.0 5.8 13 `1340.018` 27.9 13.9
49.7 3.1 3.3 14 `1341.037` 30.4 13.5 44.3 2.3 2.1 15 `Jefferson`
37.7 17.0 45.2 2.8 4.1 16 `McDonald` 26.7 13.9 52.3 2.6 3.7 17
`Wepster` 24.9 11.7 47.0 2.9 3.0 LSD (0.05) 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 Sel
Frequency (%) No Selection GD BL BS MO SF PF TW BT 1 `OSU 85.3 9.3
0.3 0.3 2.4 2.5 0.1 0.0 541.147` 2 `1250.057` 85.4 4.8 0.3 2.0 1.1
6.0 0.5 0.1 3 `1252.068` 83.7 5.9 1.5 2.1 0.8 4.3 0.5 1.6 4
`1253.064` 84.4 6.6 1.8 3.4 1.8 3.3 0.6 1.0 5 `1292.065` 83.1 9.8
0.1 1.8 0.3 4.9 0.3 0.2 6 `1300.073` 83.6 3.5 1.8 3.5 1.6 3.9 0.2
2.3 7 `1304.039` 84.5 4.8 0.8 2.5 1.4 5.4 0.3 0.5 8 `1307.003` 86.5
7.9 0.3 2.2 1.5 2.1 0.0 0.3 9 `1307.055` 73.6 8.2 0.2 2.6 1.1 13.0
1.3 0.7 10 `1308.087` 76.7 6.8 0.0 1.8 5.5 5.7 0.1 0.3 11
`1310.022` 86.9 3.4 0.1 0.5 0.5 1.7 6.0 1.9 12 `1339.074` 81.7 4.9
0.7 1.4 1.2 10.3 0.3 0.2 13 `1340.018` 73.0 4.8 0.3 2.1 3.4 16.3
0.1 0.2 14 `1341.037` 88.2 2.6 1.0 2.6 1.8 3.1 0.5 0.5 15
`Jefferson` 76.5 3.8 2.0 2.2 1.3 13.8 0.6 1.0 16 `McDonald` 86.0
3.8 0.5 2.3 4.0 3.3 0.1 0.0 17 `Wepster` 80.3 7.6 0.2 1.3 0.7 8.7
0.0 1.4 LSD (0.05) 3.0 1.9 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.7 0.6 0.8 Weight of ten
well-filled nuts, and ten kernels in grams. Percent kernel =
(kernel weight/nut weight)`100, based on well-filled nuts. Fiber on
the kernel pellicle is rated from 1 (none) to 4 (heavy fiber).
Blanching (pellicle removal) is rated from 1 (complete pellicle
removal) to 7 (no pellicle removal) after roasting at 275.degree.
F. for 15-20 minutes and rubbing. Frequency of good nuts and 7
types of defects is from two 50-nut samples per tree, averaged over
four trees and three years of observation. GD = good kernels, BL =
blanks, BS = brown stain, MO = moldy kernels, SH = shriveled
kernels, PF = poorly filled nuts, TW = twins, and BT = kernels with
black tips.
Nut maturity date. The nuts of `OSU 541.147` are typically borne in
clusters of 3-4 in husks about 60% longer than the nuts. The husks
open as they dry at maturity. About 85% of the nuts fall free of
the husk at maturity (range 75-90%). The other 15% of the nuts come
out of the husks as they move through the harvester. When mature,
the shells are medium brown in color (165A). Harvest date on
average is a few days later than `Jefferson` when grown in East
Brunswick, N.J., and Corvallis, Oreg. (Table 4).
Incompatibility and pollinizers. The trees set a moderate to high
number of catkins that shed pollen in early season 2-3 days after
to `Yamhill`. Pollen has been collected and germinated on agar
medium and both quantity and viability appear to be good. `OSU
541.147` has incompatibility alleles S.sub.8 and S.sub.23 as
determined by fluorescence microscopy. Both alleles are expressed
in the female flowers but only S.sub.8 is expressed in the pollen
due to dominance. By convention, alleles expressed in the pollen
are underlined.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Harvest dates (2018 and 2019) in the
replicated trial planted in Corvallis in 2014, and estimated
percentage of nuts on the ground (vs. in the tree) on that date.
Also shown for the nuts on the ground is an estimated percentage of
nuts free of the husk. 2018 Harvest 2019 Harvest % % % % Selection
Date down free Selection Date down free `05U541.147` 10/5 76 80
`541.147` 10/7 82 88 `1252.068` 10/4 98 98 `1252.068` 10/3 93 91
`1341.037` 9/28 93 98 `1341.037` 9/23 99 97 `Barcelona` 10/8 97 96
`Barcelona` 10/8 99 94 `Jefferson` 10/5 90 83 `Jefferson` 10/7 94
84 `McDonald` 9/20 92 97 `McDonald` 9/23 99 97 `Wepster` 10/5 99 96
`Wepster` 9/23 96 76
In Corvallis, Oreg., time of pollen shed and female receptivity
were recorded weekly from early December 2018 to late March 2019
(FIG. 6). Climatic conditions vary each year and impact dates of
bloom but not usually the order of progression of bloom among
cultivars. In 2019, pollen shed (time of male flowering) of `OSU
541.147` began on January 25 and ended on February 25, with peak
pollen shed on February 10; those dates are between those for
`Wepster` and `PollyO`. The females reached the red dot stage on
January 15 and remained receptive until February 15. Female
receptivity spans a shorter time within the receptivity time of
females of `Wepster` and `PollyO`. In East Brunswick, N.J., time of
pollen shed and female receptivity were recorded weekly from early
December 2017 to late March 2018 (FIG. 7) and from early December
2018 to late March 2019 (FIG. 8). Pollen shed of `OSU 541.147` was
about one week later than `Jefferson` and ten days later than
`Yamhill`. Time of female receptivity overlapped the second half of
`Yamhill` and the first half of `Jefferson`. Females emerge in
early season and are generally fully receptive around mid-February
in New Jersey. Pollinizer cultivars that shed compatible pollen in
midseason and late midseason are recommended, with hybrid hazelnut
seedlings (Corylus americana x C. avellana) planted as pollenizers
in eastern and northern regions where cold temperatures and
fluctuating climatic conditions can affect pollen production of C.
avellana. In New Jersey, date of leaf budbreak of `OSU 541.147` was
four days later than `Yamhill` and seven days earlier than
`Jefferson`. In Oregon, date of leaf budbreak of `OSU 541.147` was
with `PollyO`, one day before `McDonald` and four days before
`Wepster`.
Propagation. Layers of `OSU 541.147` are vigorous and root well,
similar to standard cultivars of Corylus avellana.
Additional comparative descriptors. Tables 5 and 6 provide
additional descriptors distinguishing `OSU 541.147` from various
hazelnut varieties.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Additional comparative descriptors
distinguishing `OSU 541.147` from various hazelnut varieties,
including measurements and RHS colors (R.H.S. Colour chart, 1966
edition. Royal Horticultural Society (Great Britain). British
Colour Council, London). `OSU Character Unit 541.147` `PollyO`
`McDonald` Lateral branch length cm 20.4 45.6 33.5 (terminal shoot)
Lateral branch diameter mm 4.3 4.4 5.0 (terminal shoot) Internode
length cm 3.6 3.4 3.2 (above base) Branch texture smooth, smooth.
smooth, glabrous glabrous glabrous Branch strength strong strong
strong Branch color, immature RHS 143C 139D 139D Branch color,
mature RHS 146B 177D 177D Leaf length cm 9.6 13.3 10.4 Leaf width
cm 7.1 11.8 8.7 Leaf shape oblong to oblong to oblong to ovate
ovate ovate Leaf apex obtuse to obtuse to obtuse to acute acute
acute Leaf base cordate cordate cordate Leaf margin serrate senate
serrate Leaf texture slightly slightly slightly pubescent pubescent
pubescent Leaf venation pattern pinnate pinnate pinnate Leaf color
developing RHS 144 A 141C 141C leaf upper Leaf color developing RHS
144B 139C 139C leaf lower Leaf color fully expanded leaf RHS 137B
146 A 139B upper, Spr Sum Leaf color fully expanded leaf RHS 137B
146 A 139B upper, ea Fall Leaf color fully expanded leaf RHS 137D
146B 139C lower, Spr Sum Leaf color fully expanded leaf RHS 137D
146B 139C lower, ea Fall Leaf veins, upper. RHS 145 A 146 A 139C
Spring Summer Leaf veins, upper, ea Fall RHS 145 A 146 A 139C Leaf
veins, lower. RHS 145 A 146D 139D Spring Summer Leaf veins, lower,
ea Fall RHS 145 A 146D 139D Petiole length mm 9.3 16.3 27 Petiole
diameter mm 1.8 1.6 1.8 Petiole texture, upper & pubescent
pubescent pubescent lower surfaces Petiole color, upper. RHS 143C
146C 139D Spring Summer Petiole color, upper, ea Fall RHS 143C 146C
139D Petiole color, lower, RHS 143C 146D 139D Spring Summer Petiole
color, lower, ea Fall RHS 143C 146D 139D Catkin color prior RHS ND
138B 176D to elongation Female flower style color RHS 047B 047B
047B Nut length mm 19.9 19.5 18.4 Nut width mm 18.8 19.8 18.9 Nut
depth mm 15.6 17.2 17.9 Nut shape round round round Nut shape index
[(W + D)/2L] ratio 0.86 0.95 1.00 Nut compression index (W/D) ratio
1.21 1.15 1.05 Nut shell color RHS 165A 164 A 164 A Nut weight g
2.62 2.88 2.51 Kernel weight g 1.16 1.38 1.29 Kernel percentage
(KW/NW) % 44.1 47.9 51.5 Character Unit `Wepster` `Felix` `York`
Lateral branch length cm 40 43 38 (terminal shoot) Lateral branch
diameter mm 5.4 6.0 6.0 (terminal shoot) Internode length cm 3.1
2.8 3.2 (above base) Branch texture smooth, smooth, smooth,
glabrous glabrous glabrous Branch strength strong strong strong
Branch color, immature RHS 139D 152B 152B Branch color, mature RHS
177C 152B 199A? Leaf length cm 12.1 11 11 Leaf width cm 10.9 10 10
Leaf shape oblong to oblong to oblong to ovate ovate ovate Leaf
apex obtuse to obtuse to obtuse to acute acute acute Leaf base
cordate cordate cordate Leaf margin serrate senate serrate Leaf
texture slightly slightly slightly pubescent pubescent pubescent
Leaf venation pattern pinnate pinnate pinnate Leaf color developing
RHS 141C 144 A 146B leaf upper Leaf color developing RHS 139C 145 A
146C leaf lower Leaf color fully expanded leaf RHS 141B 143 A 146 A
upper, Spr Sum Leaf color fully expanded leaf RHS 141A 143 A 146 A
upper, ea Fall Leaf color fully expanded leaf RHS 139C 139C 146C
lower, Spr Sum Leaf color fully expanded leaf RHS 139C 139C 146C
lower, ea Fall Leaf veins, upper. RHS 139C 139C 146A Spring Summer
Leaf veins, upper, ea Fall RHS 139C 139C 146 A Leaf veins, lower.
RHS 139D 139D 148D Spring Summer Leaf veins, lower, ea Fall RHS
139D 139D 148D Petiole length mm 27 27 27 Petiole diameter mm 1.8
1.8 1.8 Petiole texture, upper & pubescent pubescent pubescent
lower surfaces Petiole color, upper. RHS 139D 139D 139D Spring
Summer Petiole color, upper, ea Fall RHS 139D 139D 139D Petiole
color, lower, RHS 139D 139D 139D Spring Summer Petiole color,
lower, ea Fall RHS 139D 139D 139D Catkin color prior RHS 176C 194C
shade, 194C to elongation 176D sun Female flower style color RHS
047B 047B 047B Nut length mm 18.3 18.7 18.0 Nut width mm 19.0 18.9
19.7 Nut depth mm 16.6 16.7 17.0 Nut shape round round round Nut
shape index [(W + D)/2L] ratio 0.97 0.95 1.02 Nut compression index
(W/D) ratio 1.15 1.13 1.16 Nut shell color RHS 164 A 167 A 164 A
Nut weight g 2.39 2.65 2.73 Kernel weight g 1.11 1.32 1.23 Kernel
percentage (KW/NW) % 43.9 50.1 46.3 `Bur- `Tonda gundy Character
Unit `Dorris` Pacifica` Lace` Lateral branch length cm 51 15 51
(terminal shoot) Lateral branch diameter mm 3.8 5.0 3.8 (terminal
shoot) Internode length cm 3.3 1.3 3.3 (above base) Branch texture
smooth, smooth, smooth, glabrous glabrous glabrous Branch strength
strong strong strong Branch color, immature RHS 152B 178 A 177D
Branch color, mature RHS 152B 137 A 177C Leaf length cm 11 12 10.7
Leaf width cm 10 10 7.8 Leaf shape oblong to oblong to oblong to
ovate ovate ovate Leaf apex obtuse to obtuse to obtuse to acute
acute acute Leaf base cordate cordate cordate Leaf margin serrate
serrate serrate Leaf texture slightly slightly slightly pubescent
pubescent pubescent Leaf venation pattern pinnate pinnate pinnate
Leaf color developing RHS 144 A 187 A 187 A leaf upper Leaf color
developing RHS 145 A 187 A 183 A leaf lower Leaf color fully
expanded leaf RHS 143 A 183B 191A upper, Spr Sum Leaf color fully
expanded leaf RHS 143 A 137 A 191B upper, ea Fall Leaf color fully
expanded leaf RHS 139C 178 A 191B lower, Spr Sum Leaf color fully
expanded leaf RHS 139C 137 A 139B lower, ea Fall Leaf veins, upper.
RHS 139C 183B 191A Spring Summer Leaf veins, upper, ea Fall RHS
139C 137 A 139C Leaf veins, lower. RHS 139D 178 A 182B Spring
Summer Leaf veins, lower, ea Fall RHS 139D 138B 182D Petiole length
mm 27 10 27 Petiole diameter mm 1.8 2.5 1.8 Petiole texture, upper
& pubescent pubescent pubescent lower surfaces Petiole color,
upper. RHS 139D 183B 191A Spring Summer Petiole color, upper, ea
Fall RHS 139D 137 A 139C Petiole color, lower, RHS 139D 178 A 191A
Spring Summer Petiole color, lower, ea Fall RHS 139D 138B 139C
Catkin color prior RHS 194C shade, 176B 177 A to elongation 176D
sun Female flower style color RHS 048B 183B 183B Nut length mm 19.1
19.0 15.8 Nut width mm 20.7 18.0 15.6 Nut depth mm 18.2 16.5 12.9
Nut shape round round round Nut shape index [(W + D)/2L] ratio 1.02
0.91 0.85 Nut compression index (W/D) ratio 1.14 1.09 1.21 Nut
shell color RHS 164B 164 A 166C Nut weight g 3.35 2.24 1.72 Kernel
weight g 1.40 1.06 0.76 Kernel percentage (KW/NW) % 43 47 44
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 International Union for the Protection of
New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) descriptors distinguishing `OSU
541.147` from various hazelnut varieties. Character `OSU `Burgundy
No. (UPOV Descriptor) 541.147` `PollyO` Lace` `Dorris` 1 Plant
vigor 5 7 5 4 2 Plant habit 1 5 5 7 3 Plant shoot density 5 5 5 5 4
Plant suckering 5 4 5 4 5 Shoot thickness 5 7 5 7 6 Shoot hairiness
7 3 3 5 7 Shoot lenticels 7 5 3 3 8 Leaf bud shape (winter) Ovoid;
2 2 1 3 9 Leaf bud color (winter) Reddish 143C,1 3 2 green; 2 10
Time of leaf budburst 6 6 6 6 11 Catkin length (mm) 20.1 20.1; 3 2
8 (winter) mm; 3 12 Catkin color (winter) 138B; 1 138B.1 2 2 13
Stigma color 2 047B.1 3 2 14 Time of pollen shed 6 7 6 5 15 Time of
female flowering 6 6 8 6 16 Dichogamy 2 2 3 2 (female vs. male) 17
Leaf blade shape 2 3 2 3 18 Leaf blade size 9.6 .times. 13.3
.times. 11.4 .times. 7 7.1; 3 11.8;5 7.4; 1 19 Leaf blade hairiness
3 3 3 lower side 20 Petiole length 9.3 5 7 5 mm; 3 21 Petiole
hairiness 7 3 3 5 22 Husk constriction 1 1 1 1 23 Husk length rcl.
to nut 6 6 3 4 length 24 Husk indentation 7 5 5 7 25 Husk serration
of 5 5 3 5 indentations 26 Husk thickness of 7 7 3 7 callus at base
27 Husk hairiness 9 9 1 9 (present, absent) 28 Husk hair density 8
3 3 3 29 Husk joining of bracts 1 1 1 2 30 Nuts per cluster 4 4 2 3
31 Nut size 3 4 2 5 32 Nut shape 3 1 3 1 33 Nut shape in
cross-section 2 2 1 2 34 Nut shell color 3 2 3 2 35 Nut number of
stripes 7 3 5 3 on shell 36 Nut shape of top 1 1 4 4 37 Nut apex
prominence 7 3 3 3 38 Nut size of pistil scar 3 3 3 3 39 Nut
hairiness of top 3 4 5 4 40 Nut size of basal scar 5 3 3 5 41 Nut
curvature 3 2 3 2 of basal scar 42 Double kernels 1 1 1 1
(frequency) 43 Kernel size 3 5 2 6 44 Kernel shape 1 1 2 1 43
Kernel cross-section 2 2 1 2 46 Kernel shape of top 2 2 2 2 47
Kernel shape of base 3 3 2 3 48 Kernel lateral groove 1 1 1 1 49
Kernel fiber on skin 9 5 5 3 50 Kernel size of cavity 5 5 3 7 51
Nut ripening time 7 4 5 6 52 Nut adherence of 1 1 1 1 husk after
drop 53 Nut percent kernel 3 6 3 3 54 Time of leaf fall 3 3 3 3
(November) Character `Wep- No. (UPOV Descriptor) `York` `Felix`
ster` `McDonald` 1 Plant vigor 5 8 7 5 2 Plant habit 5 3 5 5 3
Plant shoot density 5 5 5 5 4 Plant suckering 4 5 3 6 5 Shoot
thickness 7 7 5 5 6 Shoot hairiness 3 3 5 3 7 Shoot lenticels 5 3 8
Leaf bud shape (winter) 3 2 9 Leaf bud color (winter) 1 2 10 Time
of leaf budburst 6 6 6 6 11 Catkin length (mm) 7 7 5 6 (winter) 12
Catkin color (winter) 2 2 1 1 13 Stigma color 1 1 1 1 14 Time of
pollen shed 6 7 6 5 15 Time of female flowering 5 5 5 4 16
Dichogamy 2 1 1 1 (female vs. male) 17 Leaf blade shape 3 3 3 2 18
Leaf blade size 3 2 3 3 19 Leaf blade hairiness 3 3 3 3 lower side
20 Petiole length 5 5 5 5 21 Petiole hairiness 5 5 5 5 22 Husk
constriction 1 3 1 1 23 Husk length rel. to 4 5 7 5 nut length 24
Husk indentation 7 5 7 7 25 Husk serration of 5 7 7 7 indentations
26 Husk thickness of 5 7 5 3 callus at base 27 Husk hairiness 9 9 9
9 (present, absent) 28 Husk hair density 3 3 3 3 29 Husk joining of
bracts 2 2 2 2 30 Nuts per cluster 2 3 3 3 31 Nut size 4 4 3 4 32
Nut shape 1 1 1 1 33 Nut shape in cross-section 2 2 2 2 34 Nut
shell color 2 3 2 2 35 Nut number of stripes 5 7 5 5 on shell 36
Nut shape of top 3 1 1 3 37 Nut apex prominence 3 5 3 5 38 Nut size
of pistil scar 3 3 3 3 39 Nut hairiness of top 3 4 3 4 40 Nut size
of basal scar 3 3 3 3 41 Nut curvature of basal scar 2 2 2 2 42
Double kernels (frequency) 1 I 1 1 43 Kernel size 5 5 3 5 44 Kernel
shape 1 1 1 1 43 Kernel cross-section 2 2 2 2 46 Kernel shape of
top 2 2 3 1 47 Kernel shape of base 3 3 3 3 48 Kernel lateral
groove 1 1 1 1 49 Kernel fiber on skin 5 6 5 5 50 Kernel size of
cavity 5 7 5 7 51 Nut ripening time 5 6 5 4 52 Nut adherence of
husk 1 3 1 1 after drop 53 Nut percent kernel 4 5 4 6 54 Time of
leaf fall 4 7 4 4 (November)
Microsatellite Marker Analysis: Twenty microsatellite (simple
sequence repeat) markers were used. PCR products were multiplexed
post-PCR and sized using capillary electrophoresis (Table 6, and
see for example Bassil et al., Acta Horticulturae 686:105-110,
2005; Gokirmak et al., Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
56:147-172, 2009; Gurcan and Mehlenbacher. Molecular Breeding
26:551-559, 2010; Gurcan et al.. Tree Genetics and Genomes
6:513-531, 2010).
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Primers and annealing temperatures for the
microsatellite marker loci used for fingerprinting hazelnut
cultivars. Primers (5'-3') Lo- Repeat Allele (SEQ ID (SEQ ID Tm Lo-
Refer- Set cus Motif sizes NO:) NO:) (.degree. C.) n He Ho PIC r LG
cus ence 3 A613 (TC).sub.132 149- Ned- R- 60 14 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.00
11R A613 Gurcan (CA).sub.1 177 CACACGCCT CCCCTTTCA et al.,
TGTCACTCT CATGTTTGC 2010 TT (1) TT( 2) 2 A614 (TC).sub.17 125- Hex-
R- 60 14 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.00 6S, A614 Gurcan (CA).sub.10 156
TGGCAGAGC GCAGTGGAG 6R et al., NNN(CA).sub.6 TTTGTCAGC GATTGCTGA
2010 TT (3) CT (4) 3 A616 (AC).sub.11 136- Fam- R- 60 13 0.85 0.85
0.83 0.00 8R A616 Gurcan 162 CACTCATAC ATGGCTTTT et al., CGCAAACTC
GCTTCGTTT 2010 CA (5) TG (6) 1 A640 (CT).sub.153 354- F- Fam- 67 11
0.80 0.73 0.77 0.04 10R A640 Gurcan (CA).sub.1 378 TGCCTCTGC
CGCCATATA et al., AGTTAGTCA ATTGGGATG 2010 TCAAATGTA CTTGTTG GG (7)
(8) 3 B617 (GA).sub.15 280- Fam- R- 60 9 0.80 0.78 0.78 0.01 8S,
B617 Gurcan 298 TCCGTGTTG TGTTTTTGG 8R et al., AGTATGGAC TGGAGCGAT
2010 GA (9) G (10) 2 B619 (TC).sub.21 146- Fam- R- 60 14 0.88 0.88
0.87 0.00 3S, B619 Gurcan 180 AGTCGGCTC GCGATCTGA 3R et al.,
CCCTTTTCT CCTCATTTT 2010 C(11) TG (12) 4 B634 (AG).sub.15 218- Hex-
R- 60 9 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.00 4R B634 Gurcan 238 CCTGCATCC GTGCAGAGG
et al., AGGACTCAT TTGCACTCA 2010 TA (13) AA (14) 4 B657 (AG).sub.15
210- Ned- R- 60 8 0.84 0.98 0.82 -0.08 11S, B657 Gurcan 228
GAGAGTGCG AGCCTCACC 11R et al., TCTTCCTCT TCCAACGAA 2010 GG (15) C
(16) 3 B671 (AG).sub.6NN 221- Hex- R- 60 13 0.86 0.88 0.84 -0.01
9S, B671 Gurca- n (GA).sub.17 249 TTGCCAGTG ACCAGCTCT 9R et al.,
CATACTCTG GGGCTTAAC 2010 ATG (17) AC (18) 2 B709 (GA).sub.21 219-
Ned- R- 60 8 0.74 0.76 0.70 -0.01 5S, B709 Gurcan 233 CCAAGCACG
GCGGGTTCT 5R et al., AATGAACTC CGTTGTACA 2010 AA (19) CT (20) 1
B733 (TC).sub.15 161- Ned- R- 60 8 0.68 0.68 0.63 0.00 7S, B733
Gurcan 183 CACCCTCTT CATCCCCTG 2R et al., CACCACCTC TTGGAGTTT 2010
AT (21) TC (22) 2 B749 (TC).sub.12 200- Hex- R- 60 6 0.60 0.64 0.51
-0.03 1R B749 Gurcan 210 GGCTGACAA TCGGCTAGG et al., CACAGCAGA
TGTAGGGTT 2010 AA (23) TT (24) 4 B751 (GA).sub.15 141- Fam- R- 60 7
0.80 0.78 0.77 0.01 7S, B751 Gurcan 153 AGCTGGTTC AAACTCAAA 2R et
al., TTCGACATT TAAAACCCC 2010 CC (25) TGCTC(26) 1 B774 (AG).sub.15
195- Ned- R- 60 8 0.80 0.80 0.77 0.00 5S, B774 Gurcan 213 GTTTTGCGA
TGTGTGTGG 5R et al., GCTCATTGT TCTGTAGGC 2010 CA (27) ACT (28) 3
C115 (TAA).sub.5 167- Fam- R- 60 10 0.84 0.90 0.82 0.035 4S, C115
Bassil- (GAA).sub.12 225 CATTTTCCG GTTTCCAGA 4R et al., CAGATAATA
TCTGCCTCC 2005b; CAGG (29) ATATAAT Gokirmak (30) et al., 2009 3
KG807 (TAAA)AA 226- F- Fam- 54 4 0.67 0.78 0.60 -0.07 11 KG807
Gurcan (TAAA).sub.2A 248 AAGCAAGAA CTTACAGAT and (TAAA).sub.2
AGGGATGGT AAATGGCTC Mehlen- (31) AAA (32) bacher, 2010 1 KG809
(AGG).sub.6 333- F- Hex- 55 5 0.66 0.64 0.60 0.01 4 KG809 Gurcan
345 GGAAGGTGA AGGCATCAG and GAGAAATCA TTCATCCAA Mehlen- AGT (33)
(34) bacher, 2010 2 KG811 (GA).sub.17 240- F- Ned- 58 12 0.83 0.82
0.81 0.01 2 KG811 Gurcan 278 GAACAACTG AAGGCGGCA and AAGACAGCA
CTCGCTCAC Mehlen- AAG (35) (36) bacher, 2010 4 KG827 (CT).sub.13AA
264- Fam- R- 67 9 0.78 0.84 0.75 -0.04 9 KG827 Gurca- n (CA).sub.7
282 AGAACTCCG GAGGGAGCA and ACTAATAAT AGTCAAAGT Mehlen- CCTAACCCT
TGAGAAGAA bacher, TGC (37) A( 38) 2010 2 KG830 (CT).sub.14 279-
Ned- R- 67 9 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.00 9 KG830 Gurcan GTATT 311 TGGAGGAAG
AAAGCAACT and (CA).sub.8 TTTTGAATG CATAGCTGA Mehlen- GTAGTAGAG
AGTCCAATC bacher, GA (39) (40)A 2010 Set = Multiplex set, with
samples mixed after PCR but before submission for sizing by
capillary electrophoresis; Allele size = range of sizes; Primers,
forward (F, listed first) and reverse (R, second) (Hex and Fam are
dyes); Tm = Annealing temperature; n = Number of alleles; He =
expected heterozygosity; Ho = observed heterozygosity; PIC =
Polymorphism information content; r = frequency of null alleles; LG
= linkage group (S is susceptible female parent `OSU 252.146`; R is
resistant parent `OSU 414.062`); Reference is the journal article
where additional details were published.
Table 8 shows allele sizes at 20 microsatellite markers for `OSU
541.147`, its female parent `NY 616`, and 13 additional cultivars
and selections. `Rush`, `Barcelona`, `Montebello` and `Tombul
Ghiaghli` are in the pedigree of `OSU 541.147`. Cultivars `OSU
541.147`, `NY 110`, `NY 616`, `Rush`, `Barcelona` , `Montebello`,
and `Tombul Ghiaghli` were fingerprinted in 2020. The other
cultivars were fingerprinted in 2018 for `PollyO` (U.S. Plant
Patent Publication No. US-2020-0008334-P1). `OSU 541.147` is easily
distinguished from all others shown in Table 8. `OSU 541.147`
shares an allele with its mother `NY 616` at all SSR loci.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Allele sizes at 20 microsatellite markers
`OSU `NY `Monte- `Tombul Marker 541.147` 616` `Rush` `Barcelona`
bello` Ghiaghli` A613 161/161 161/163 153/163 153/161 151/153
153/169 A614 124/150 124/132 124/133 124/132 124/132 132/150 A616
144/150 144/150 140/150 144/152 152/160 152/160 A640 356/374
356/356 356/356 354/374 362/374 354/374 B617 289/289 281/289
281/285 285/289 285/293 293/295 B619 158/170 158/172 158/168
158/172 160/166 166/170 B634 228/228 228/240 230/240 228/228
232/236 228/232 B657 222/222 214/222 214/214 218/222 218/226
210/214 B671 225/249 225/231 231/231 225/229 225/243 229/249 B709
229/235 229/235 229/229 227/235 229/235 223/229 B733 173/175
173/175 175/175 173/175 175/185 173/175 B749 216/216 208/216
206/208 216/216 216/216 216/216 B751 148/150 144/150 150/150
144/154 154/154 148/154 B774 205/217 205/213 205/205 209/213
209/213 201/217 C115 182/215 174/215 215/215 174/194 174/197
174/182 KG807 252/252 242/252 238/242 238/252 238/242 230/253 KG809
339/342 339/339 339/339 339/339 339/348 339/342 KG811 263/267
263/267 255/263 261/267 251/267 245/267 KG827 278/282 270/282
270/272 282/284 282/282 278/284 KG830 291/295 291/307 307/307
291/295 291/295 289/295 Marker `NY 110` `Daviana` `Mortarella`
`Negret` `Casina` A613 153/163 167/179 151/153 153/159 151/153 A614
124/132 148/150 132/135 132/132 124/139 A616 140/150 150/152
150/158 152/160 144/152 A640 356/374 354/354 354/374 354/368
354/372 B617 285/293 289/295 293/295 285/291 285/295 B619 168/168
168/178 158/172 166/170 150/158 B634 232/240 228/236 228/236
228/234 228/232 B657 214/218 218/226 218/224 218/222 216/218 B671
229/231 239/249 225/243 229/237 229/249 B709 229/229 229/229
221/229 223/227 227/233 B733 163/175 173/181 175/175 167/175
175/175 B749 208/216 216/216 214/216 216/216 214/216 B751 144/150
144/152 144/154 152/154 152/154 B774 205/209 213/215 209/220
209/215 209/215 C115 174/215 174/194 182/215 182/215 174/197 KG807
242/242 238/252 230/234 238/252 238/252 KG809 339/339 339/342
342/342 339/342 339/339 KG811 255/263 255/261 261/267 259/267
251/267 KG827 272/284 272/272 282/282 272/284 272/284 KG830 295/295
289/295 291/307 295/303 295/303 `Tonda Marker `Polly0` `McDonald`
`Wepster` `Yamhill` Pacifica` A613 153/167 153/169 159/167 153/163
159/169 A614 124/158 135/158 135/158 132/158 135/150 A616 144/152
150/160 152/160 150/150 150/160 A640 354/354 362/368 368/374
354/368 368/374 B617 285/295 293/295 293/295 289/295 293/295 B619
158/166 158/172 166/172 158/172 166/172 B634 228/236 222/228
228/228 236/236 228/228 B657 218/218 210/218 226/226 218/228
210/226 B671 229/249 229/237 239/249 225/243 229/239 B709 223/227
229/229 229/235 229/229 229/235 B733 175/181 173/175 173/175
181/185 173/175 B749 216/216 214/216 214/216 216/216 214/216 B751
144/154 144/144 144/144 152/152 144/154 B774 209/209 209/220
209/213 209/217 209/213 C115 194/215 174/197 182/194 197/215
174/182 KG807 238/252 252/252 252/252 230/252 228/252 KG809 342/342
339/339 342/342 348/348 339/342 KG811 261/267 245/267 257/257
251/261 245/257 KG827 272/284 272/284 270/282 282/282 270/284 KG830
291/295 291/295 295/305 291/295 291/295
REFERENCES
Bhattarai, G., S. A. Mehlenbacher, and D. C. Smith. 2017. Eastern
filbert blight disease resistance from Corylus americana `Rush` and
selection `Yoder #5` maps to linkage group 7. Tree Genet. Genomes
13:45. DOI 10.1007/s11295-017-1129-9 Capik, J. M. and T. J. Molnar.
2012. Assessment of host (Corylus sp.) resistance to eastern
filbert blight in New Jersey. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 137:157-172.
Capik, J. M. and T. J. Molnar. 2014. Flowering phenology of eastern
filbert blight-resistant accessions in New Jersey. HortTechnology
24:196-208. Coyne, C. J., S. A. Mehlenbacher, and D. C. Smith.
1998. Sources of resistance to eastern filbert blight. J. Amer.
Soc. Hort. Sci. 124:253-257. Manzo, P. and G. Tamponi. 1982.
Monografia di cultivar di nocciuolo. Istituto Sperimentale per la
Frutticoltura, Roma. Mehlenbacher, S. A. 2014. Geographic
distribution of incompatibility alleles in cultivars and selections
of European hazelnut. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 139:191-212.
Mehlenbacher, S. A., M. M. Thompson, and H. R. Cameron. 1991a.
Occurrence and inheritance of resistance to eastern filbert blight
in `Gasaway` hazelnut. HortScience 26:410-411. Mehlenbacher, S. A.,
R. N. Brown, E. R. Nouhra, T. Gokirmak, N. V. Bassil, and T. L.
Kubisiak. 2006. A genetic linkage map for hazelnut (Corylus
avellana L.) based on RAPD and SSR markers. Genome 49:122-133.
Mehlenbacher S. A. and A. N. Miller. 1989. `Barcelona` hazelnut.
Fruit Var. J. 43:90-95. Mehlenbacher, S. A., A. N. Azarenko, D. C.
Smith, and R. McCluskey. 2007. `Santiam` hazelnut. HortScience
42:715-717. Mehlenbacher, S. A., D. C. Smith, and R. L. McCluskey.
2008. `Sacajawea` hazelnut. HortScience 43:255 257. Mehlenbacher,
S. A., D. C. Smith, and R. L. McCluskey. 2009. `Yamhill` hazelnut.
HortScience 44:845-847. Mehlenbacher, S. A., D. C. Smith, and R. L.
McCluskey. 2011a. `Jefferson` hazelnut. HortScience 46:662-664.
Mehlenbacher, S. A., D. C. Smith, R. L. McCluskey and M. M.
Thompson. 2011b. `Tonda Pacifica` hazelnut. HortScience 46:505-508.
Mehlenbacher, S. A., D. C. Smith, and R. L. McCluskey. 2013.
`Dorris` hazelnut. HortScience 48:796-799. Mehlenbacher, S. A., D.
C. Smith, and R. L. McCluskey. 2014. `Wepster` hazelnut.
HortScience 49:346-349. Mehlenbacher, S. A., D. C. Smith, and R. L.
McCluskey. 2016. `McDonald` hazelnut. HortScience 51:757-760.
Molnar, T. J., J. C. Goffreda, and C. R. Funk. 2010a. Survey of
Corylus resistance to Anisogramma anomala from different geographic
regions. HortScience 45:832-836. Molnar, T. J., J. M. Capik, S.
Zhao, and N. Zhang. 2010b. First report of eastern filbert blight
on Corylus avellana `Gasaway` and `VR20-11` caused by Anisogramma
anomala in New Jersey. Plant Dis. 10:1265. Molnar, T. J., S. A.
Mehlenbacher, P. Engel, and J. M. Capik. 2019. Multiple sources of
eastern filbert blight resistance provide breeding utility in New
Jersey. J. Amer. Pomological Soc. 73: 178-192. Muehlbauer, M. F.,
J. Tobia, J. A. Honig, N. Zhang, B. I. Hillman, K. Morey Gold, and
T. J. Molnar. 2019. Population differentiation within Anisogramma
anomala in North America. Phytopathology 109:1074-1082.
https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-06-18-0209-R. Slate, G. L. 1952.
Filbert varieties. Annu. Rep. Northern Nut Growers Assoc.
43:53-62.
SEQUENCE LISTINGS
1
40120DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 1cacacgcctt gtcactcttt
20220DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 2cccctttcac atgtttgctt
20320DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 3tggcagagct ttgtcagctt
20420DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 4gcagtggagg attgctgact
20520DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 5cactcatacc gcaaactcca
20620DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 6atggcttttg cttcgttttg
20729DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 7tgcctctgca gttagtcatc aaatgtagg
29825DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 8cgccatataa ttgggatgct tgttg
25920DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 9tccgtgttga gtatggacga
201019DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 10tgtttttggt ggagcgatg
191119DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 11agtcggctcc ccttttctc
191220DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 12gcgatctgac ctcatttttg
201320DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 13cctgcatcca ggactcatta
201420DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 14gtgcagaggt tgcactcaaa
201520DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 15gagagtgcgt cttcctctgg
201619DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 16agcctcacct ccaacgaac
191721DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 17ttgccagtgc atactctgat g
211820DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 18accagctctg ggcttaacac
201920DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 19ccaagcacga atgaactcaa
202020DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 20gcgggttctc gttgtacact
202120DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 21caccctcttc accacctcat
202220DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 22catcccctgt tggagttttc
202320DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 23ggctgacaac acagcagaaa
202420DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 24tcggctaggg ttagggtttt
202523DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 25aaactcaaat aaaacccctg ctc
232623DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 26aaactcaaat aaaacccctg ctc
232720DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 27gttttgcgag ctcattgtca
202821DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 28tgtgtgtggt ctgtaggcac t
212922DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 29cattttccgc agataataca gg
223025DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 30gtttccagat ctgcctccat ataat
253118DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 31aagcaagaaa gggatggt
183221DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 32cttacagata aatggctcaa a
213321DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 33ggaaggtgag agaaatcaag t
213418DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 34aggcatcagt tcatccaa
183521DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 35gaacaactga agacagcaaa g
213618DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 36aaggcggcac tcgctcac
183730DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 37agaactccga ctaataatcc
taacccttgc 303828DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 38gagggagcaa
gtcaaagttg agaagaaa 283929DNAArtificial SequencePrimer 39tggaggaagt
tttgaatggt agtagagga 294027DNAArtificial SequencePrimer
40aaagcaactc atagctgaag tccaatc 27
* * * * *
References