U.S. patent number PP28,200 [Application Number 14/544,504] was granted by the patent office on 2017-07-18 for corylus plant named `mcdonald`.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Oregon State University. The grantee listed for this patent is Oregon State University. Invention is credited to Rebecca L. McCluskey, Shawn A. Mehlenbacher, David C. Smith.
United States Patent |
PP28,200 |
Mehlenbacher , et
al. |
July 18, 2017 |
Corylus plant named `McDonald`
Abstract
A new and distinct Corylus plant named `McDonald` characterized
by moderate vigor and upright-spreading plant habit,
yellowish-green developing and fully expanded leaves during the
spring and summer, resistance to eastern filbert blight caused by
the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller, presence of random
amplified polymorphic DNA markers 152-800 and 268-580 in DNA,
expression of incompatibility alleles S.sub.2 and S.sub.15 in the
styles, and DNA fingerprints at 14 of 21 microsatellite marker loci
differ from both parents, `Tonda Pacifica` and `Santiam`, and from
one parent at an additional 5 marker loci.
Inventors: |
Mehlenbacher; Shawn A.
(Corvallis, OR), Smith; David C. (Corvallis, OR),
McCluskey; Rebecca L. (Corvallis, OR) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Oregon State University |
Corvallis |
OR |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Oregon State University
(Corvallis, OR)
|
Appl.
No.: |
14/544,504 |
Filed: |
January 13, 2015 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20160205823 P1 |
Jul 14, 2016 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
PLT/152 |
Current International
Class: |
A01H
5/08 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;PLT/152 |
Other References
Bassil et al, "Additional Microsatellite Markers of the European
Hazelnut," Acta Hortic. 686:105-110, 2005. cited by applicant .
Bassil et al, "Microsatellite Markers in Hazelnut: Isolation,
Characterization, and Cross-species Amplification," J. Amer. Soc.
Hort. Sci., 130(4):543-549, 2005. cited by applicant .
Bassil et al, "Nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers to
assess genetic diversity and evolution in hazelnut species, hybrids
and cultivars," Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 60(2):543-568, 2012.
cited by applicant .
Boccacci et al, "Characterization and evaluation of microsatellite
loci in European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and their
transferability to other Corylus species," Molecular Ecology Notes,
5:934-937, 2005. cited by applicant .
Boccacci et al, "DNA typing and genetic relations among European
hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars using microsatellite
markers," Genome, vol. 49, pp. 598-611, 2006. cited by applicant
.
Gokirmak et al, "Characterization of European hazelnut (Corylus
avellana) cultivars using SSR markers," Genet. Resour. Crop Evol.,
vol. 56(2), pp. 147-172, 2008. cited by applicant .
Gurcan et al, "Genetic diversity in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)
cultivars from Black Sea countries assessed using SSR markers,"
Plant Breeding, 129:422-434, 2010. cited by applicant .
Gurcan et al, "Development, characterization, segregation, and
mapping of microsatellite markers for European hazelnut (Corylus
avellana L.) from enriched genomic libraries and usefulness in
genetic diversity studies," Tree Genetics & Genomes, vol. 6,
pp. 513-531, 2010. cited by applicant .
Gurcan et al, "Transferability of Microsatellite Markers in the
Betulaceae," J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 135(2), pp. 159-173, 2010.
cited by applicant .
Gurcan and Mehlenbacher. "Development of microsatellite marker loci
for European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) from ISSR fragments,"
Molecular Breeding 26:551-559, 2010. cited by applicant .
Mehlenbacher et al., "Inheritance of the Cutleaf Trait in
Hazelnut," HortScience, 30(3):611-612, 1995. cited by applicant
.
Mehlenbacher et al., "`Tonda Pacifica` hazelnut," HortScience
46:505-508, 2011. cited by applicant .
Mehlenbacher et al., "`Santiam` hazelnut," HortScience 42:715-717,
2007. cited by applicant .
Mehlenbacher et al., "RAPD markers linked to eastern filbert blight
resistance in Corylus avellana," Theor. Appl. Genet., 108:651-656,
2004. cited by applicant .
Sathuvalli et al., "Characterization of American hazelnut (Corylus
americana) accessions and Corylus americana.times.Corylus avellana
hybrids using microsatellite markers," Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol.,
59:1055-1075, 2012. cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Bell; Kent L
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Klarquist Sparkman, LLP
Government Interests
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
This invention was made with government support under Specific
Cooperative Agreement No. 58-5358-4542 awarded by the United States
Department of Agriculture. The government has certain rights in the
invention.
Claims
We claim:
1. A new and distinct cultivar of Corylus plant as herein
illustrated and described.
Description
Botanical denomination: Corylus avellana cultivar.
Variety designation: `McDonald`.
BACKGROUND
The present Invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of
Corylus plant, botanically known as Corylus avellana, and
hereinafter referred to by the name `McDonald`.
The new Corylus resulted from a controlled cross of female parent
`Tonda Pacifica` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 22,715) and male parent
`Santiam` (unpatented) made in 1997. Hybrid seeds from the cross
were harvested in August 1997, stratified, and seedlings grown in
the greenhouse during the summer of 1998. From this cross, a total
of 132 seedling trees were planted in the field in Corvallis in
October, 1998. `McDonald` was discovered and selected as a single
plant within the progeny of the stated cross-pollination in a
controlled environment in Corvallis, Oreg., USA. It was originally
assigned the designation OSU 880.027, which indicates the row and
tree location of the original seedling.
`Tonda Pacifica` (OSU 228.084) was released in 2010 (Mehlenbacher
et al., 2011), is from a cross of `Tonda Gentile delle
Langhe`.times.OSU 23.024 (=`Barcelona`.times.`Extra Ghiaghli`).
`Santiam` (Mehlenbacher et al., 2007), released in 2005, carries a
dominant allele for a very high level of resistance to eastern
filbert blight (EFB) from `Gasaway` (unpatented). `Tonda Gentile
delle Langhe` (unpatented), the female parent of `Tonda Pacifica`,
is an important cultivar in Piemonte, northern Italy. `Barcelona`
(unpatented), Oregon's most widely planted hazelnut cultivar, is
known as `Castanyera` where it originated in Catalunya, Spain.
`Extra Ghiaghli` (unpatented), obtained from Greece, is a clone of
the important Turkish cultivar `Tombul`. `Gasaway` (unpatented) is
the source of a single dominant gene for resistance to eastern
filbert blight.
The new cultivar was asexually reproduced by rooted suckers
annually for nine years (2004-2005, 2007-2013) in Corvallis, Oreg.
The new cultivar was also asexually propagated by whip grafting in
2005 in Corvallis, Oreg. The unique features of this new Corylus
are stable and reproduced true-to-type in successive generations of
asexual reproduction.
SUMMARY
The following traits have been observed and are determined to be
the unique characteristics of `McDonald`. These characteristics in
combination distinguish `McDonald` as a new and distinct cultivar:
1. Moderate vigor and upright-spreading plant habit. 2.
Yellowish-green developing and fully expanded leaves during the
spring and summer. 3. Resistance to eastern filbert blight caused
by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller. 4. Presence of
random amplified polymorphic DNA markers 152-800 and 268-580 in DNA
of `McDonald` amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. These two
markers are linked to a dominant allele for resistance to eastern
filbert blight from the cultivar `Gasaway` (unpatented). 5.
Expression of incompatibility alleles S.sub.2 and S.sub.15 in the
styles. 6. DNA fingerprints at 14 of 21 microsatellite marker loci
differ from both parents, `Tonda Pacifica` and `Santiam`, and from
one parent at an additional 5 marker loci. Additional DNA
fingerprints of grandparent `Tonda Gentile delle Langhe`, standard
cultivar `Barcelona`, eastern filbert blight resistance source
`Gasaway` and five cultivars released by Oregon State University
hazelnut breeding program are shown in Table 6.
Comparisons in two replicated trials conducted in Corvallis, Oreg.,
plants of the new Corylus differed from plants of the Corylus
avellana cultivar `Barcelona` and other cultivars and selections of
Corylus avellana known to the Inventors primarily in nut size, nut
shape, kernel percentage (ratio of kernel weight to nut weight),
frequency of defects (blank nuts, moldy kernels, twins, etc.), time
of pollen shed, time of nut maturity, length of the husk or
involucre, and plant size. For example: Blank nut frequency:
`McDonald` 2.7% in first trial, 5.1% in second trial, %,
`Barcelona` 7.7% in first trial and 7.1% in second trial; Pollen
shed: `McDonald` sheds pollen with `Dorris`, `Wepster` and
`Yamhill`, slightly later than `Tonda Pacifica`, and slightly
earlier than `Sacajawea`, `Yamhill` and `York`. `McDonald`
descriptor=5; Nut maturity: `McDonald` nuts mature 14 days earlier
than `Barcelona`; and Husk Length: `McDonald` 1.5 times nut length,
same as `Barcelona`, while `Wepster` is 2 times nut length.
`McDonald` is well-suited to the blanched kernel market for use in
chocolate products and baked goods. `McDonald` combines high nut
yield, early nut maturity, small round nuts and kernels, high
kernel percentage, good kernel blanching and excellent flavor. The
tree is moderately vigorous and has a desirable growth habit.
DNA markers and field observations indicate that `McDonald` has a
very high level of resistance to eastern filbert blight (EFB)
caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller. The
resistance is conferred by a dominant allele from `Gasaway`. EFB is
now present throughout the Willamette Valley where 99% of the U.S.
hazelnut crop is grown. Pruning to remove cankers and fungicide
applications are currently used to manage the disease in orchards
of `Barcelona` and other susceptible cultivars. Thus, `McDonald` is
suitable for planting in areas with high disease pressure, as are
previous releases `Santiam` (2005), `Yamhill` (2008, unpatented),
`Jefferson` (2009, unpatented), `Dorris` (2012, U.S. Plant Pat. No.
25,022) and `Wepster` (2013, U.S. Plant Pat. No. 27,141).
`Wepster`, released as a cultivar in 2013, is cross-compatible with
`McDonald` in both directions. Thus `Wepster` and `McDonald` can be
planted together with each serving as a pollinizer for the
other.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying colored photographs illustrate the overall
appearance of the new cultivar, showing the colors as true as it is
reasonably possible to obtain in colored reproductions of this
type. Foliage colors in the photographs may differ slightly from
the color values cited in the detailed botanical description which
accurately describe the colors of the new Corylus.
FIG. 1 shows a tree the new cultivar `McDonald` hazelnut in the 8th
leaf.
FIG. 2 shows a tree of the new cultivar `McDonald` hazelnut in
winter at end of 7th leaf.
FIG. 3 shows a tree of the new cultivar `McDonald` tree in winter
at end of 7th leaf.
FIG. 4 shows August 2013 trees of the new cultivar `McDonald`
(left) and `Jefferson` (right, unpatented), 8th leaf.
FIG. 5 shows trees of the new cultivar `McDonald` (left) and
`Wepster` (right, unpatented), 8th leaf.
FIG. 6 shows nuts, husks and leaves of `McDonald` hazelnut.
FIG. 7 shows nuts and husks of `McDonald` hazelnut.
FIG. 8 shows nuts, raw kernels, and blanched kernels of hazelnuts
`Wepster` (OSU 894.030), `Yamhill`, `McDonald` (OSU 880.027) and
`Barcelona`.
FIG. 9 shows nuts, raw kernels and blanched kernels of hazelnuts
`Yamhill`, `McDonald` (OSU 880.027) and `Barcelona`.
FIG. 10 shows nuts, raw kernels and blanched kernels of hazelnuts
`McDonald` (OSU 880.027) and `Barcelona`.
FIG. 11 is a graph showing maturity of `McDonald` (OSU 880.027) and
`Barcelona` based on percentage of nuts on the ground. Four trees
of each genotype were harvested in 2013 on four dates (September
13, September 20, September 27 and October 4). Percentages of nuts
on the ground based on weight are cumulative.
FIGS. 12A-12B show a phenology chart showing time of female
receptivity (bottom, red) and pollen shed (top, green) of
`McDonald` (OSU 880.027) and other hazelnut cultivars (December
2011-March 2012).
FIGS. 13A-13D show a phenology chart showing bloom stage and pollen
shed of hazelnut cultivars, pollinizers and selections (December
2012-March 2013).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The cultivar `McDonald` has not been observed under all possible
environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with
variations in environment such as temperature and light intensity,
without, however, any variance in genotype. The aforementioned
photographs and following observations and measurements describe
plants grown in Corvallis, Oreg. under commercial practice outdoors
in the field during the fall, winter and spring. Plants used for
the photographs and description were propagated by tie-off layerage
and growing on their own roots, and seven or eight years old. In
the following description, color references are made to The Royal
Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 1966 Edition, except where
general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. The
list of UPOV descriptors are from the Mar. 28, 1979 Hazelnut
guidelines from UPOV. Botanical classification: Corylus avellana
cultivar `McDonald`. Parentage: Female, or seed, parent.--Corylus
avellana cultivar `Tonda Pacifica` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 22,715).
`McDonald` is resistant to eastern filbert blight, while `Tonda
Pacifica` is highly susceptible. `McDonald` and `Tonda Pacifica`
have different alleles at 16 of the 21 microsatellite markers loci.
`McDonald` has incompatibility alleles 2 and 15. `Tonda Pacifica`
and `Wepster` have alleles 1 and 2. `McDonald` has a shorter husk
than `Tonda Pacifica` and earlier nut maturity. Male, or pollen,
parent.--Corylus avellana cultivar `Santiam` (unpatented).
Propagation (type rooted suckers): Time to initiate roots.--About
30 days at 20.degree. C. Time to produce a rooted young
plant.--About six months at 22.degree. C. Root description.--Fine
to thick; freely branching; creamy white in color. Propagation
(type whip grafting): Time to budbreak on the scions.--About 14
days at 25.degree. C. Time to produce a grafted plant.--About six
months at 25.degree. C. Plant description: General
appearance.--Natural habit is perennial shrub, but in commercial
orchards, is a single trunk tree. Upright-spreading plant habit.
Growth and branching habit.--Freely branching; about 15 lateral
branches develop per plant. Pinching, that is, removal of the
terminal apices, enhances branching with lateral branches
potentially forming at every node. Vigor.--Moderate vigor growth
habit. Size.--Plant height is about 5 meters; plant diameter or
spread is about 5 meters. Trunk.--At 30 cm above the soil line,
10.52 cm in 2007. Lateral branch description: Length.--About 33.5
cm. Diameter.--About 5 mm. Internode length.--About 3.2 cm.
Texture.--Smooth, glabrous. Strength.--Strong. Color, immature:
139D. Color, mature.--177D. Foliage description:
Arrangement.--Alternate, simple. Length.--About 10.4 cm.
Width.--About 8.7 cm. Shape.--Oblong to ovate. Apex.--Obtuse to
acute. Base.--Cordate. Margin.--Serrate. Texture, upper and lower
surfaces.--Slightly pubescent. Venation pattern.--Pinnate.
Color.--Developing foliage, upper surface 141C, lower surfaces:
139C. Fully expanded foliage, upper surface: Spring and summer,
139B; late summer and fall, 139B. Fully expanded foliage, lower
surface: Spring and summer, 139C; late summer and fall, 139C.
Venation, upper surface: Spring and summer, 139C; late summer and
fall, 139C. Venation, lower surface: Spring and summer, 139D; late
summer and fall, 139D. Leaf but description: Shape.--Globular. Time
of leaf budbreak.--Descriptor=6 (medium to late). `McDonald` leaf
budbreak one week before `Dorris`, `York` and `Wepster`; 4 days
later than `Tonda Pacifica` and `Sacajawea`. Color.--178C. Petiole
description: Length.--About 2.7 cm. Diameter.--About 1.8 mm.
Texture, upper and lower surfaces.--Pubescent. Color, upper
surface.--Spring and summer, 139D; late summer and fall, 139D.
Color, lower surface.--Spring and summer, 139D; late summer and
fall, 139D. Flower description: Male inflorescences are catkins,
color prior to elongation 176D. Catkin length 31.7 mm. Female
inflorescence style color 047B. Time of female
flowering.--Descriptor=5 (medium). Time of female flowering
compared to male flowering.--Protogyny (descriptor=1, earlier).
Involucre constriction.--Absent. Involucre length.--1.5 times
length of nut, descriptor=5. Size of indentation.--Descriptor=7
(strong). Strength of serration of indentation.--Descriptor=7
(strong). Pubescence on husk.--Descriptor=9 (present). Thickness of
callus at base.--Descriptor=5 (medium). Jointing of
bracts.--Descriptor=2 (on one side). Nut description:
Length.--About 18.4 mm. Width.--About 18.9 mm. Depth.--About 17.9
mm. Nut shape.--Round. Nut shape index
[(Width+Depth)/2*Length]=1.00. Nut compression index
(Width/Depth)=1.05. Nut shell color.--164A. Nut weight: About 2.51
grams. Kernel weight.--About 1.29 grams. Kernel percentage (kernel
weight/nut weight).--About 51.5%. Number of fruits per
cluster.--Two to three. Nut shell coloration.--164A. Number of
stripes on shell.--Descriptor=3 (few). Prominence of fruit
apex.--Medium prominent, descriptor=5. Size of fruit pistil scar on
shell.--Very small, descriptor=3. Hairiness of top of fruit.--Weak,
descriptor=3. Curvature of nut basal scar.--Flat. Double
kernels.--Absent. Kernel shape.--Globular. Shape of kernel in
cross-section.--Circular. Lateral groove in kernel.--Absent.
Corkiness of pellicle of kernel.--Rating 2.6 (vs. 3.0 for
`Jefferson`); descriptor=4 (slight to medium corky). Nut yield
(pounds per tree or per acre).--Total 17.11 kg per tree in first
trial, 21.43 kg per tree in second trial. Storability of
fruits.--Excellent, similar to OSU releases and check cultivars.
Disease/pest resistance: Plants of the new Corylus are highly
resistant to eastern filbert blight caused by the fungus
Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Muller, although a few small cankers
may develop under high disease pressure. Plants of the new Corylus
are resistant to bud mites (Phytoptus avellanae Nal.), while plants
of `Tonda Gentile delle Langhe` are highly susceptible, and plants
of `Barcelona` are highly resistant. Temperature tolerance: Plants
of the new Corylus have been observed to tolerate temperatures from
-21 to 38.degree. C. in the field in Corvallis, Oreg.
COMPARATIVE DATA
Tree size, growth habit, yield, and yield efficiency Tree sizes in
the two trials were estimated by measuring trunk diameters 30 cm
above the soil line, at the end of the 7.sup.th growing season
(December 2012 and 2013, respectively). Trunk cross-sectional area
(TCA) was calculated from trunk diameter. Trees of `McDonald` are
moderately vigorous, and their upright-spreading growth habit
should be grower-friendly (easy to manage).
In the first trial (Table 1), TCA of `McDonald` (86.9 cm.sup.2) was
similar to `Jefferson` (unpatented), `Dorris`, and `York` (U.S.
Plant Pat. No. 24,972). Trees were larger than `Yamhill`
(unpatented) but smaller than `Wepster`. Total nut yield per tree
was 17.11 kg, which is slightly less than `Jefferson`, `Yamhill`
and `Wepster` and about the same as `Dorris` and `Sacajawea`
(unpatented). Nut yield efficiency of `McDonald` (0.198
kg/cm.sup.2) was similar to `Sacajawea` and `Wepster`, and lower
than `Jefferson` and `Yamhill`.
In the second trial (Table 1), trees of `McDonald` were similar in
size to `Jefferson`. In adjacent rows planted at the same time to
EFB-susceptible selections, TCAs for `Barcelona`, `Lewis` and
`Clark` were 138.6, 77.6 and 63.7 cm.sup.2, respectively. The TCA
of `McDonald` is 63% of `Barcelona`. In previous trials, tree size
of `Jefferson` and `Lewis` has been about 70% of `Barcelona`.
Growers have been pleased with this level of vigor. Total nut yield
per tree was 21.43 kg for `McDonald` vs. 22.99 kg for `Jefferson`,
16.88 kg for the pollinizer `Felix` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 24,973),
and 17.68 kg for `Santiam`. Nut yield efficiency for `McDonald`7
(0.245 kg/cm.sup.2), which adjusts for differences in tree size,
was similar to `Santiam` (0.267 kg/cm.sup.2), lower than
`Jefferson` (0.299 kg/cm.sup.2) and higher than `Felix` (0.133
kg/cm.sup.2).
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Nut yield, trunk cross-sectional area, and
yield efficiency of `McDonald` and other hazelnut cultivars and
selections in two trials No. Yield per tree (kg) Cultivar trees
Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 First trial (2006 planting) OSU 833.082
7 0.71 2.60 2.25 5.95 OSU 879.031 7 0.31 1.42 2.13 5.17 `McDonald`
7 0.29 1.13 2.44 6.54 OSU 881.078 7 0.23 1.08 2.08 5.08 Dorris 7
0.42 2.84 3.30 6.51 Jefferson 7 0.41 3.55 3.35 6.97 Sacajawea 7
0.26 1.92 2.51 6.52 Santiam 7 0.29 1.76 3.73 7.25 Wepster 7 0.24
1.56 2.56 6.62 Yamhill 7 0.78 2.79 3.88 7.34 York 7 0.41 1.52 2.48
6.13 LSD.sub.0.05 0.17 0.55 0.75 0.89 Second trial (2007 planting)
`McDonald` 4 0.15 1.10 4.85 7.38 Felix 4 0.06 1.04 2.91 7.93
Jefferson 4 0.55 1.97 5.63 4.60 Santiam 4 0.20 1.11 4.09 5.46
LSD.sub.0.05 0.21 0.43 0.54 2.04 No. Yield per tree (kg) TCA.sup.z
YE.sup.y Cultivar trees Year 7 Total (cm.sup.2) (kg cm.sup.-2)
First trial (2006 planting) OSU 833.082 7 2.46 13.97 68.1 0.205 OSU
879.031 7 6.54 15.58 87.2 0.179 `McDonald` 7 6.71 17.11 86.9 0.198
OSU 881.078 7 6.67 15.15 112.4 0.135 Dorris 7 5.70 18.78 84.0 0.225
Jefferson 7 5.79 20.07 85.4 0.235 Sacajawea 7 6.76 17.97 93.7 0.196
Santiam 7 6.34 19.36 79.2 0.244 Wepster 7 8.68 19.67 99.2 0.198
Yamhill 7 4.94 19.73 78.5 0.249 York 7 4.42 14.97 85.6 0.175
LSD.sub.0.05 1.26 2.62 10.4 0.027 Second trial (2007 planting)
`McDonald` 4 7.95 21.43 87.55 0.245 Felix 4 4.95 16.88 128.43 0.133
Jefferson 4 10.25 22.99 77.52 0.299 Santiam 4 6.83 17.68 66.81
0.267 LSD.sub.0.05 1.18 2.45 13.48 0.029 .sup.zTrunk
cross-sectional area calculated from trunk diameters measured in
late fall at the end of the seventh season. .sup.yYield efficiency
= Total nut yield/TCA.
A high percentage of the nuts and kernels of `McDonald` in both
trials were marketable (Table 2). Very few moldy kernels were
observed in `McDonald`, in striking contrast to `Santiam`.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Frequency of good nuts, and of nut and
kernel defects in `McDonald; and other hazelnut cultivars and
selections in trials planted in 2006 and 2007 Frequency (%).sup.z
Selection Good Blanks Brown stain Moldy First trial (n = 7) OSU
879.031 92.7 3.7 0.4 1.0 `McDonald` 88.0 2.7 0.0 1.0 OSU 881.078
84.7 8.9 0.0 2.1 OSU 833.082 87.0 4.4 0.0 4.0 Dorris 80.7 7.5 0.2
4.2 Jefferson 84.2 3.8 0.1 4.4 Sacajawea 87.8 3.1 0.0 3.4 Wepster
86.7 7.6 0.2 1.1 Yamhill 91.3 2.3 0.1 2.2 York 83.7 8.7 0.3 1.7
Santiam 76.2 3.0 0.0 7.9 LSD.sub.0.05 5.6 3.6 0.9 2.2 Second trial
(n = 4) `McDonald` 83.5 5.1 0.1 2.1 Felix 88.9 4.2 0.2 2.1
Jefferson 80.1 4.3 0.3 5.7 Santiam 68.8 2.8 0.1 17.3 LSD.sub.0.05
3.5 2.5 0.3 2.3 Frequency (%).sup.z Selection Shrivel Poor fill
Twins Black tips First trial (n = 7) OSU 879.031 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.3
`McDonald` 7.5 0.5 0.0 0.3 OSU 881.078 2.8 1.1 0.1 0.3 OSU 833.082
2.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 Dorris 4.3 1.9 0.1 1.2 Jefferson 2.8 3.8 0.5 0.5
Sacajawea 3.1 1.2 0.1 1.3 Wepster 2.7 1.4 0.1 0.3 Yamhill 2.5 1.6
0.0 0.1 York 2.8 1.2 0.0 1.6 Santiam 9.4 2.3 0.2 0.9 LSD.sub.0.05
2.7 2.3 0.5 0.9 Second trial (n = 4) `McDonald` 4.5 4.5 0.1 0.3
Felix 0.4 2.9 0.3 1.1 Jefferson 0.4 8.9 0.6 0.6 Santiam 1.8 9.6 0.1
0.1 LSD.sub.0.05 1.0 2.5 0.4 0.5 .sup.zMeans of years 4-7. LSD =
least significant difference.
Percent kernel (the ratio of kernel weight to nut weight) for
`McDonald` (52%) is higher than `Barcelona` (typically 43%) and
`Jefferson` (45%) (Table 3). Yields of kernels per acre would be
high for `McDonald`. Although `McDonald` is not the
highest-yielding selection, its yields have been consistently good
and the nuts consistently well-filled. In contrast, `Yamhill` trees
occasionally set very heavy nut crops, and the nuts can be so
poorly filled that the kernels are not marketable.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Nut and kernel weight, kernel percentage,
and ratings for fiber, blanching and bud mite susceptibility for
`McDonald`and other hazelnut cultivars and selections in two
trials. Nut Kernel Kernel Blanch- Bud Selection wt (g).sup.z wt (g)
percentage Fiber.sup.y ing.sup.x mite.sup.w First trial (n = 7) OSU
879.031 2.34 1.15 49.0 -- 5.2 -- McDonald` 2.39 1.21 50.7 -- 3.8 --
OSU 881.078 2.37 0.97 41.0 -- 4.5 -- OSU 833.082 2.72 1.12 41.3 --
2.6 -- Dorris 3.24 1.32 40.8 -- 2.9 -- Jefferson 3.53 1.51 42.8 --
4.8 -- Sacajawea 2.52 1.29 51.2 -- 2.8 -- Santiam 2.09 1.03 49.5 --
5.1 -- Wepster 2.23 0.98 43.9 -- 3.1 -- Yamhill 2.18 1.01 46.4 --
5.0 -- York 2.59 1.12 43.4 -- 4.8 -- LSD.sub.0.05 0.23 0.13 3.0 --
0.7 -- Second trial (n = 4) `McDonald` 2.62 1.37 52.3 2.6 3.3 1.8
Felix 2.71 1.37 50.8 3.0 2.2 2.0 Jefferson 3.76 1.67 44.5 3.0 4.3
1.2 Santiam 2.28 1.15 50.6 3.0 4.2 2.2 LSD.sub.0.05 0.22 0.04 1.0
0.1 0.4 0.2 .sup.zMeans for nuts and kernels are over four years.
.sup.yAmount of fiber on the pellicle was rated in the second trial
from 1 (none) to 4 (much). .sup.xBlanching was rated from 1
(complete pellicle removal) to 7 (no pellicle removal).
.sup.wSusceptibility to bud mite (primarily Phytoptus avellanae
Nal.) was rated on four trees of each selection in the second trial
on a scale of 1 (no blasted buds) to 5 (many blasted buds). Shown
are mean ratings for 5 years (2009-2013). LSD = least significant
difference.
Nut maturity date. The nuts of `McDonald` are borne in clusters of
2-3 in husks about 50% longer than the nuts. The husks are slit
down the side, and flare open as they dry at maturity. About 95% of
the nuts fall free of the husk at maturity (range 85-100%). The
other 5% of the nuts would come out of the husks as they moved
through the harvester. When mature, the shells are light tan in
color. Harvest date is estimated to be 14 days before `Barcelona`,
allowing it to be harvested before the start of the rainy season
(Table 4 and FIG. 11).
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Harvest notes for four hazelnut genotypes
harvested by hand for three years in the second trial. Year
Selection Date Down.sup.z Free.sup.y 2010 `McDonald` Sep. 28 88 99
Felix Oct. 12 87 77 Jefferson Oct. 12 86 78 Santiam Sep. 28 89 97
2011 `McDonald` Oct. 27 96 93 Felix Oct. 27 96 81 Jefferson Oct. 27
88 64 Santiam Sep. 30 81 94 2012 `McDonald` Oct. 4 97 98 Felix Oct.
18 85 84 Jefferson Oct. 18 81 89 Santiam Oct. 5 97 91
.sup.zEstimated percentage of nuts on the ground as opposed to in
the tree. .sup.yOf the nuts on the ground, estimated percentage
free of the husk.
Nuts in the first trial were annually raked and fed through a Mave
harvester. Nuts in the second trial were hand-harvested and notes
recorded at the time of harvest (Table 4). Notes included the date,
the percentage of nuts on the ground (as opposed to in the tree),
and the percentage of the nuts on the ground that were free of the
husk (as opposed to inside the husk). We harvest more than 2000
trees by hand every fall, visiting a block once every 7 to 10 days,
and harvesting a tree if >70% of the nuts are on the ground.
Thus the percentages are estimates. The harvest dates and
percentage down indicate that maturity of `McDonald` is about 14
days earlier than `Barcelona` (Table 4). To more precisely estimate
nut maturity, the four trees of `McDonald` in the second trial and
four trees of `Barcelona` in adjacent rows were harvested by hand
at weekly intervals in the final year of the trial (2013). The
maturity curves from the 2013 harvest (FIG. 11) show that nuts of
`McDonald` drop at least 14 days sooner than those of `Barcelona`.
Most orchards planted since 2009 have been of `Jefferson`, which
matures about three days after `Barcelona`. Plantings of `McDonald`
and `Wepster` would allow harvest to begin two weeks earlier.
Nut and kernel characteristics: `McDonald` can be used in the
blanched kernel market as a companion for `Wepster` and an
alternative to `Yamhill`, `Lewis`, `Clark` and `Sacajawea`.
`McDonald`, like `Wepster` and `Yamhill`, has a very high level of
EFB resistance, while `Lewis`, `Clark` and `Sacajawea` have lower
level of quantitative resistance. The nut shape is round with a
slight point, which lends itself well to sizing and cracking. The
shells are thin and easy to crack, and most kernels remain whole
when the shell is broken. The kernel size of `McDonald` is small,
similar to `Clark`, and larger than `Wepster`. Raw kernels are
attractive and have a light brown pellicle with a moderate amount
of attached fiber (rating =2.6) on a scale of 1 (no fiber) to 4
(much fiber). Pellicle removal is rated on a scale of 1 (complete
pellicle removal) to 7 (no pellicle removal), with ratings <4.0
being desired. Most of the pellicle on `McDonald` kernels is
removed from the kernels with dry heat in the blanching process
(ratings=3.8 and 3.3 in the first and second trials, respectively)
which is better than `Yamhill` (rating=5.0). Kernel texture, flavor
and aroma are excellent, and desirable for use in baked goods and
chocolate products.
In two trials, `McDonald` produced fewer nut and kernel defects
(and more good kernels) than `Barcelona` in adjacent rows. The nut
and kernel data were similar in the two trials. The frequency of
moldy kernels in `McDonald` in the two trials was very low
(1.0-2.1%) in contrast to `Jefferson` (4.4-5.7%) and especially
`Santiam` (7.89-17.3%). Kernel mold is a problem in `Lewis` and
`Santiam`, particularly when weather is cool and wet in spring and
early summer. The frequency of poorly filled nuts is low compared
to other selections, even though `McDonald` crops consistently
well.
Incompatibility and pollinizers. The trees set a moderate to high
amount of catkins that shed copious amounts of pollen in early
mid-season, with `Wepster`, `York` and `Yamhill`. Pollen has been
collected and used in several controlled pollinations, and both
quantity and viability appear to be very good. `McDonald` has
incompatibility alleles S.sub.2 and S.sub.15 as determined by
fluorescence microscopy. Both alleles are expressed in the females,
but only S.sub.15 is expressed in the pollen because of dominance.
By convention, alleles expressed in the pollen are underlined.
Time of pollen shed and female receptivity were recorded weekly
from early December 2011 to late March 2013 (FIGS. 12A-12B). Female
inflorescences of `McDonald` emerged in early mid-season and were
fully receptive in mid-January. `Wepster` (S.sub.1 S.sub.2) is
recommended as a companion cultivar, as `Wepster` and `McDonald`
are cross-compatible in both directions. At least one additional
pollinizer that sheds compatible pollen in midseason and
late-midseason is recommended. Suitable pollinizers include `York`
(S.sub.2 S.sub.21) and `Gamma` (S.sub.2 S.sub.10). `Yamhill`
(S.sub.8 S.sub.26) is also a suitable pollinizer and is an
attractive option as "temporary trees" in double-density plantings.
Pollen of `Jefferson` (S.sub.1 S.sub.3) is compatible on females of
OSU 880.027, but the time of pollen shed is later than ideal.
Pollen of `Dorris` (S.sub.1 S.sub.12), `Sacajawea` (S.sub.1
S.sub.22) and `Barcelona` (S.sub.1 S.sub.2) is also compatible on
females of OSU 880.027. Pollen of `Tonda di Giffoni` (S.sub.2
S.sub.23) is incompatible because it expresses S.sub.2. Pollen of
`Delta` (S.sub.1 S.sub.15), `Felix` (S.sub.15 S.sub.21) and `Theta`
(S.sub.5 S.sub.15) is incompatible because of the shared allele
S.sub.15. Inclusion of `Wepster` as a companion cultivar in the
orchard results in no loss in total nut yield. Alternative orchard
designs include plantings of different cross-compatible cultivars
in adjacent rows. Flowering times will continue to be observed, and
pollinizer recommendations adjusted accordingly. Pollinizers with a
high level of EFB resistance would eliminate the need for fungicide
control in the entire orchard.
Pests and diseases. Based on DNA marker data, `McDonald`, like
`Wepster` and `Yamhill`, has a very high level of resistance to EFB
conferred by a dominant allele from `Gasaway`, so fungicide
applications are not needed. RAPD markers 152-800 and 268-580 that
flank the resistance allele in `Gasaway` are present in `McDonald`,
and these markers are transmitted to its seedlings. Additional RAPD
markers linked to resistance are also present. Trees of `McDonald`
have not yet been challenged with the EFB pathogen in glasshouse or
structure inoculations. No cankers have been observed on the 11
trees of `McDonald` in the yield trials, while several cankers have
been noted on adjacent trees of susceptible genotypes.
Susceptibility to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris
pv. corylina has not been quantified, but no trees in the two
trials were affected.
Susceptibility to big bud mite (primarily Phytoptus avellanae Nal.)
was rated in the second trial (Table 3) after leaf fall once per
year for five years (December 2009-2013). The scale was from 1 (no
blasted buds) to 5 (many blasted buds). The average ratings
indicate adequate resistance for `McDonald` (1.8), `Jefferson`
(1.2), `Felix` (2.0) and `Santiam` (2.2). Blasted buds are very
rare on `McDonald`, so chemical applications should not be
necessary to control bud mite.
Propagation: Layers of `McDonald` are moderately vigorous and root
well, but have lower vigor and caliper than those of `Jefferson`
and `Barcelona`.
DNA Fingerprinting: Primers used are shown in Table 5, and results
shown in Table 6.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Primers and annealing temperatures for the
21 microsatellite marker loci used to fingerprint `McDonald` and
other hazelnut cultivars. Primers 5'-3' (Forward Locus Repeat motif
Size above, Reverse below) T.sub.s n He Ho PIC r LG Reference Locus
A614 (TC).sub.17(CA).sub.10NNN(CA).sub.6 125- Hex- 60 14 0.85 0.85
0.84 0.- 00 6 Gurcan et al. A999614 156 TGGCAGAGCTTTGTC 2010a AGCTT
(SEQ ID NO: 1) R- GCAGTGGAGGATTGC TGACT (SEQ ID NO: 2) A616
(AC).sub.11 136- Fam- 60 13 0.85 0.85 0.83 0.00 8 Gurcan et al.
A616 162 CACTCATACCGCAAA 2010a CTCCA (SEQ ID NO: 3) R-
ATGGCTTTTGCTTCGT TTTG (SEQ ID NO: 4) A640 (CT).sub.15(CA).sub.13
354- F- 67 11 0.80 0.73 0.77 0.04 10 Gurcan et al. A640 378
TGCCTCTGCAGTTAG 2010a TCATCAAATGTAGG (SEQ ID NO: 5) Fam-
CGCCATATAATTGGG ATGCTTGTTG (SEQ ID NO: 6) B619 (TC).sub.21 146-
Fam- 60 14 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.00 3 Gurcan et al. B619 180
AGTCGGCTCCCCTTT 2010a TCTC (SEQ ID NO: 7) R- GCGATCTGACCTCAT TTTTG
(SEQ ID NO: 8) B634 (AG).sub.15 218- Hex- 60 9 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.00
4 Gurcan et al. B634 238 CCTGCATCCAGGACT 2010a CATTA (SEQ ID NO: 9)
R- GTGCAGAGGTTGCAC TCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 10) B671
(AG).sub.6NN(GA).sub.17 221- Hex- 60 13 0.86 0.88 0.84 -0.01 9
Gurcan et al. B671 249 TTGCCAGTGCATACT 2010a CTGATG (SEQ ID NO: 11)
R- ACCAGCTCTGGGCTT AACAC (SEQ ID NO: 12) B709 (GA).sub.21 219- Ned-
60 8 0.74 0.76 0.70 0.01 5 Gurcan et al. B709 233 CCAAGCACGAATGAA
2010a CTCAA (SEQ ID NO: 13) R- GCGGGTTCTCGTTGT ACACT (SEQ ID NO:
14) B733 (TC).sub.15 161- Ned- 60 8 0.68 0.68 0.63 0.00 7.2 Gurcan
et al. B733 183 CACCCTCTTCACCAC 2010a CTCAT (SEQ ID NO: 15) R-
CATCCCCTGTTGGAG TTTTC (SEQ ID NO: 16) B741 (GT).sub.5(GA).sub.12
176- Fam- 60 10 0.77 0.78 0.74 0.00 5 Gurcan et al. B741 194
GTTCACAGGCTGTTG 2010a GGTTT (SEQ ID NO: 17) R- CGTGTTGCTCATGTG
TTGTG (SEQ ID NO: 18) B749 (TC).sub.12 200- Hex- 60 6 0.60 0.64
0.51 -0.03 1 Gurcan et al. B749 210 GGCTGACAACACAGC 2010a AGAAA
(SEQ ID NO: 19) R- TCGGCTAGGGTTAGG GTTTT (SEQ ID NO: 20) B767
(TC).sub.15(AT).sub.7 198- Fam- 60 16 0.87 0.80 0.86 0.04 8 Gurcan
et al. B767 238 CCACCAACTGTTTCA 2010a CACCA (SEQ ID NO: 21) R-
GCGAAATGGAGCTCT TGAAC (SEQ ID NO: 22) B774 (AG).sub.15 195- Ned- 60
8 0.80 0.80 0.77 0.01 5 Gurcan et al. B774 213 GTTTTGCGAGCTCAT
2010a TGTCA (SEQ ID NO: 23) R- TGTGTGTGGTCTGTA GGCACT (SEQ ID NO:
24) B795 (TC).sub.8Ns(CT).sub.7Ns(CT).sub.10N 296- Fam- 60 12 0.76
0.74 0.74 0- .01 9 Gurcan et al. B795 s(TC).sub.5 332
GACCCACAAACAATA 2010a ACCTATCTC (SEQ ID NO: 25) R- TGGGCATCATCCAGG
TCTA (SEQ ID NO: 26) C115 (TAA).sub.5(GAA).sub.12 167- Fam- 60 14
0.80 0.80 0.77 0.00 4 Bassil et al. C115 226 ATTTTCCGCAGATAA 2005b,
TACAGG (SEQ ID NO: Gokirmak et 27) al. 2009 GTTTCCAGATCTGCC
TCCATATAAT (SEQ ID NO: 28) KG807 (TAAA)AA(TAAA).sub.2A 226-
AAGCAAGAAAGGGA 54 4 0.67 0.78 0.60 -0.07 - 11 Gurcan and KG807
(TAAA).sub.2 248 TGGT (SEQ ID NO: 29) Mehlenbacher 2010 FAM-
CTTACAGATAAATGG CTCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 30) KG809 (AGG).sub.6 333- Hex-
55 5 0.66 0.64 0.60 0.01 4 Gurcan and KG809 345 AGGCATCAGTTCATC
Mehlenbacher CAA (SEQ ID NO: 31) 2010 F- GGAAGGTGAGAGAA ATCAAGT
(SEQ ID NO: 32) KG811 (GA).sub.17 240- Ned- 58 12 0.83 0.82 0.81
0.01 2 Gurcan and KG811 278 AAGGCGGCACTCGCT Mehlenbacher CAC(SEQ ID
NO: 33) 2010 F- GAACAACTGAAGAC AGCAAAG (SEQ ID NO: 34) KG827
(CT).sub.13AA(CA).sub.7 264- Fam- 67 9 0.78 0.84 0.75 -0.04 9
Gurcan and KG827 282 AGAACTCCGACTAAT Mehlenbacher AATCCTAACCCTTGC
2010 (SEQ ID NO: 35) GAGGGAGCAAGTCA AAGTTGAGAAGAAA (SEQ ID NO: 36)
KG830 (CT).sub.14GTATT(CA).sub.8 279- Ned- 67 9 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.00
9 Gurc- an and KG830 311 TGGAGGAAGTTTTGA Mehlenbacher
ATGGTAGTAGAGGA 2010 (SEQ ID NO: 37) AAAGCAACTCATAGC TGAAGTCCAATCA
(SEQ ID NO: 38) Soman- (AAT).sub.5 193- Hex- 54 3 0.60 0.98 0.51
-0.27 NA unpublished Soma- n-G G 200 TGGCGTTGCAACATA TTCTC (SEQ ID
NO: 39) (=856- R- MS1- GCCATCTTTAGAAAG 13) TTCGATACAG (SEQ ID NO:
40) Primers fluorescent tags are FAM, HEX and NED Ta annealing
temperature (.degree. C.) n number of alleles He expected
heterozygosity Ho observed heterozygosity PIC polymorphism
information content r estimated null allele frequency LG linkage
group; NA = not yet assigned Reference for development and
characterization
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Allele sizes in `McDonald` and eight other
hazelnut cultivars at 21 microsatellite loci. `Tonda `Tonda Gentile
Locus `McDonald` Pacifica` `Santiam` delle Langhe` A614 135/158
135/150 132/158 125/135 A616 150/160 150/160 150/152 150/152 A640
362/368 368/374 355/362 355/368 B619 158/172 166/172 158/166
150/166 B634 222/228 228/228 222/236 228/228 B657 211/219 211/229
219/227 219/227 B671 229/237 229/239 225/237 239/243 B709 229/229
229/235 229/229 229/229 B733 173/175 173/175 175/181 173/175 B741
178/188 178/186 186/188 176/184 B749 207/209 207/209 209/209
207/209 B767 200/214 200/218 212/214 214/218 B774 203/213 203/207
209/213 203/211 B795 317/333 315/333 317/333 315/333 C115 174/197
174/183 194/197 174/174 KG807 252/252 228/252 242/252 238/252 KG809
339/339 339/342 339/342 339/342 KG811 245/267 245/257 257/267
257/267 KG827 272/284 270/284 272/272 268/278 KG830 291/295 291/295
291/295 291/295 Soman-G 196/200 196/200 196/200 196/200 Locus
`Barcelona` `Wepster` `Yamhill` `Dorris` A614 125/132 135/158
132/158 132/158 A616 144/152 152/160 150/150 150/152 A640 355/374
368/374 355/368 372/374 B619 158/172 166/172 158/172 158/166 B634
228/228 228/228 236/236 228/228 B657 219/223 227/229 219/229
211/227 B671 225/229 239/249 225/243 229/249 B709 227/235 229/235
229/229 229/229 B733 173/175 173/175 181/185 173/181 B741 178/186
178/186 178/186 178/186 B749 209/209 207/209 209/209 207/207 B767
214/240 200/242 214/238 214/218 B774 203/207 203/207 203/211
203/207 B795 333/333 333/333 333/333 333/333 C115 174/194 183/194
197/216 194/216 KG807 238/252 252/252 230/252 242/252 KG809 339/339
342/342 348/348 339/348 KG811 261/267 257/257 251/261 257/267 KG827
282/284 270/282 268/282 272/284 KG830 291/295 295/305 291/295
295/297 Soman-G 196/200 196/200 196/200 196/200 Locus `York`
`Felix` `Gasaway` A614 124/158 138/143 143/158 A616 144/152 150/152
150/150 A640 363/374 368/372 362/368 B619 158/166 158/166 172/176
B634 228/236 228/236 222/234 B657 221/223 219/227 225/229 B671
243/249 229/237 237/249 B709 229/233 229/233 229/229 B733 173/181
175/181 175/175 B741 178/186 186/186 186/188 B749 209/209 207/207
207/209 B767 236/238 214/214 214/214 B774 203/209 203/213 203/209
B795 333/333 321/333 317/319 C115 197/197 197/216 216/219 KG807
242/252 238/242 242/252 KG809 339/348 339/348 339/348 KG811 257/257
251/267 257/261 KG827 268/272 272/284 272/282 KG830 295/295 293/303
291/305 Soman-G 196/200 196/200 196/196 `McDonald` fingerprint same
as both parents: 2 `McDonald` fingerprint same as one parent: 5
`McDonald` fingerprint different from both parents: 14
REFERENCES
Bassil N. V., Botta R., Mehlenbacher S. A. 2005a. Microsatellite
markers in hazelnut: Isolation, characterization and cross-species
amplification. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130:543-549. Bassil N. V.,
Botta R., Mehlenbacher S. A. 2005b. Additional microsatellite
markers of the European hazelnut. Acta Hort. 686:105-110. Bassil
N., Boccacci P., Botta R., Postman J. and Mehlenbacher S. A. 2012.
Nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers to assess genetic
diversity and evolution in hazelnut species, hybrids and cultivars.
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution (on-line) DOI 10.1007/s
10722-012-9857-z Boccacci P., Akkak A., Bassil N. V., Mehlenbacher
S. A., Botta R. 2005. Characterization and evaluation of
microsatellite loci in European hazelnut (C. avellana) and their
transferability to other Corylus species. Molec. Ecol. Notes
5:934-937. Boccacci P., Akkak, A. and Botta, R. 2006. DNA typing
and genetic relations among European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.)
cultivars using microsatellite markers. Genome 49:598-611. Gokirmak
T., Mehlenbacher S. A., Bassil N. V. 2009. Characterization of
European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivars using SSR markers.
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56:147-172. Gurcan, K. and S.
A. Mehlenbacher. 2010. Transferability of microsatellite markers in
the Betulaceae. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 135:159-173. Gurcan, K.
and S. A. Mehlenbacher. 2010. Development of microsatellite marker
loci for European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) from ISSR
fragments. Molecular Breeding 26:551-559. (available on-line as DOI
10.1007/s11032-010-9464-7) Gurcan, K., S. A. Mehlenbacher and V.
Erdogan. 2010a. Genetic diversity in hazelnut cultivars from Black
Sea countries assessed using SSR markers. Plant Breeding
129:422-434. (available on-line doi :10. 1111/j. 1439-0523. 2009.
01753. x). Gurcan, K., S. A. Mehlenbacher, R. Botta and P.
Boccacci. 2010b. Development, characterization, segregation, and
mapping of microsatellite markers for European hazelnut (Corylus
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`Santiam` hazelnut. HortScience 42:715-717. Sathuvalli, V. R. and
S. A. Mehlenbacher. 2012. Characterization of American hazelnut
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SEQUENCE LISTINGS
1
40120DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 1tggcagagct
ttgtcagctt 20220DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
2gcagtggagg attgctgact 20320DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 3cactcatacc gcaaactcca 20420DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 4atggcttttg cttcgttttg
20529DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 5tgcctctgca
gttagtcatc aaatgtagg 29625DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 6cgccatataa ttgggatgct tgttg 25719DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 7agtcggctcc ccttttctc
19820DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 8gcgatctgac
ctcatttttg 20920DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
9cctgcatcca ggactcatta 201020DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 10gtgcagaggt tgcactcaaa 201121DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 11ttgccagtgc atactctgat g
211220DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 12accagctctg
ggcttaacac 201320DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
13ccaagcacga atgaactcaa 201420DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 14gcgggttctc gttgtacact 201520DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 15caccctcttc accacctcat
201620DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 16catcccctgt
tggagttttc 201720DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
17gttcacaggc tgttgggttt 201820DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 18cgtgttgctc atgtgttgtg 201920DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 19ggctgacaac acagcagaaa
202020DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 20tcggctaggg
ttagggtttt 202120DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
21ccaccaactg tttcacacca 202220DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 22gcgaaatgga gctcttgaac 202320DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 23gttttgcgag ctcattgtca
202421DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 24tgtgtgtggt
ctgtaggcac t 212524DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
25gacccacaaa caataaccta tctc 242619DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 26tgggcatcat ccaggtcta 192721DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 27attttccgca gataatacag g
212825DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 28gtttccagat
ctgcctccat ataat 252918DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 29aagcaagaaa gggatggt 183021DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 30cttacagata aatggctcaa a
213118DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 31aggcatcagt
tcatccaa 183221DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
32ggaaggtgag agaaatcaag t 213318DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 33aaggcggcac tcgctcac 183421DNAArtificial
SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 34gaacaactga agacagcaaa g
213530DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 35agaactccga
ctaataatcc taacccttgc 303628DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 36gagggagcaa gtcaaagttg agaagaaa
283729DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 37tggaggaagt
tttgaatggt agtagagga 293828DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 38aaagcaactc atagctgaag tccaatca
283920DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 39tggcgttgca
acatattctc 204025DNAArtificial SequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
40gccatcttta gaaagttcga tacag 25
* * * * *