U.S. patent number PP16,801 [Application Number 10/873,809] was granted by the patent office on 2006-07-11 for patriot turf bermudagrass.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Board of Regents for Oklahoma State University. Invention is credited to Jeffrey A. Anderson, Michael P. Anderson, Dennis L. Martin, Charles M. Taliaferro.
United States Patent |
PP16,801 |
Taliaferro , et al. |
July 11, 2006 |
Patriot turf bermudagrass
Abstract
`Patriot` is an improved clonal turf bermudagrass cultivar
suitable for many applications including golf course fairways and
tees athletic fields, home and commercial landscape sites, and
parks and playgrounds. It is a tetraploid (2n=4x=36 chromosomes)
interspecific F.sub.1 hybrid from a cross of Cynodon dactylon by C.
transvaalensis characterized by dark blue-green color, vigorous
growth, good winter hardiness, and good turf quality.
Inventors: |
Taliaferro; Charles M.
(Stillwater, OK), Martin; Dennis L. (Stillwater, OK),
Anderson; Jeffrey A. (Stillwater, OK), Anderson; Michael
P. (Stillwater, OK) |
Assignee: |
The Board of Regents for Oklahoma
State University (Stillwater, OK)
|
Family
ID: |
36644318 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/873,809 |
Filed: |
June 22, 2004 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
PLT/389 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01H
5/12 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A01H
5/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;PLT/389 |
Other References
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service, National Bermudagrass Test Final Report 1997-2001, NTEP
No. 02-7. cited by other .
Anderson et al., Longer Exposure Durations Increase Freeze Damage
to Turf Bermudagrasses, 2003, Crop Sci., vol. 43, pp 973-977. cited
by other .
Anonymous, Shanghai Bermudagrass--The True Blue-Green Winter Hardy
Grass for the South, Access Jul. 8, 2003, SuperSod, a division of
Patten Seed Company, published on world wide web at
http://www.pattenseed.com/sod-bgsh.html. cited by other .
Hanna et al., Registration of `Tifton 10` Bermudagrass, 1990, Crop
Sci., vol. 30(6), pp 1355-1356. cited by other .
Landry, Bermudagrass Lawn Management, 1996, Educational Support
Services of the Cooperative Extension Service of The University of
Georgia, Circular 837. cited by other.
|
Primary Examiner: Grunberg; Anne Marie
Assistant Examiner: Para; Annette H
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Fellers, Snider, Blankenship,
Bailey & Tippens, P.C.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A bermudagrass plant substantially as described and illustrated
in the specification herein.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
`Patriot` bermudagrass is a clonally propagated F.sub.1 hybrid
plant from a cross of Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon by C.
transvaalensis. The cultivar will be marketed as Certified class
sod and/or Certified class sprigs.
Background of the Invention:
The maternal parent of `Patriot` was `Tifton 10` bermudagrass,
Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon. The pollen parent of `Patriot` was
a selected plant of Cynodon transvaalensis designated by its field
nursery location identity as 4200 TN 26-8. `Tifton 10` is a
commercial cultivar that differs from most C. dactylon plants in
having 54 chromosomes (hexaploid; 2n=6x=54) compared to the usual
36 chromosomes (tetraploid; 2n=4x=36) and having a darker green
foliage color (Hanna, et al., 1990). The C. transvaalensis pollen
parent has 18 chromosomes (diploid; 2n=2x=18). `Patriot` is a
tetraploid with 2n=4x=36 chromosomes, presumably having inherited
27 chromosomes (3 genomes) from `Tifton 10` and 9 chromosomes (1
genome) from the C. transvaalensis parent.
The cross between `Tifton 10` and C. transvaalensis "4200 TN 26-8"
was made in 1992. Seeds from this cross and crosses between other
parent plants were germinated in late winter 1993 and the seedlings
individually planted in greenhouse pots. The potted plants were
transplanted to a field screening nursery in spring 1993 as spaced
(3 meter centers) plants. `Patriot` was first vegetatively
propagated in late 1994. The vegatative propagation occurred in a
greenhouse on the Agronomy Farm, Oklahoma State University and was
selected in late 1994 for advancement to more comprehensive testing
including testing in replicated experiments through time and space
to measure adaptation and performance characteristics. At the time
of its first selection in 1994 it was identified as "OKC 18-4" and
evaluated under this designation. `Patriot` has been clonally
propagated through many generations since 1994 without any
indication of genetic change. Advanced generation clonal plants
appear identical to the original plant in morphological phenotype
and in genetic characteristics that have been measured.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`Patriot` bermudagrass produces a high quality turf suitable for
most turf applications including golf course fairways and tees,
home lawns, commercial lawns, playgrounds, parks, and athletic
fields. `Patriot` produces a dense, dark-green turf of high visual
quality. It has medium-fine texture, grows vigorously, and has good
cold hardiness. These characteristics make it especially useful in
climatic regions representing zones of transition between cool- and
warm-season turfgrass species. `Patriot` is an F.sub.1 hybrid of
the cross `Tifton 10` by C. transvaalensis "4200 TN 26-8". It has
2n=4x=36 chromosomes having inherited 27 chromosomes (3 genomes)
from `Tifton 10` and 9 chromosomes (1 genome) from C.
transvaalensis. `Patriot` is highly sterile and is propagated
asexually by sprigs and sod. `Patriot` can be distinguished from
other turf bermudagrass cultivars by morphological and/or genetic
characteristics outlined herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a photograph of five-week old growth of `Tifton 10`
(left), `Patriot` (center), and C. transvaalensis "4200 TN 26-8"
(right). The intermediate size and texture of `Patriot` relative to
the parents are illustrated.
FIG. 2 illustrates stolons of `Tifton 10` (bottom), `Patriot`
(second from bottom), `U-3` (third from bottom), and `Quicksand`
(top). Stolons were taken from five-week old growth of potted
plants in the greenhouse. The relative length and diameter of
internodes is illustrated as are the relative length and width of
leaves.
FIG. 3 illustrates laterally growing stolons of `Patriot` during
stand establishment. The photograph was taken in early October
showing the response of `Patriot` to cool temperatures in
production of anthocyanin pigmentation.
FIG. 4 illustrates leaf tips of `Patriot` (left), `Tifton 10`
(second from left), C. transvaalensis "4200 TN 26-8" (third from
left), and `U-3` (right). Leaf tips of `Patriot` and `Tifton 10`
leaf tips tend to be more oval and less pointed than typically
found in bermudagrass.
FIG. 5 illustrates a typical inflorescence of `Patriot` with four
racemes typically varying in length from 2.5 to 3.5 cm.
FIG. 6 are photographs of `Patriot`, `Tifway`, and `Tifgreen` mowed
twice weekly at 19 mm (3.4 inch) height. A) `Patriot` and Tifway,
B) `Patriot` and Tifgreen, and C) close-up of `Patriot`.
FIG. 7 are photographs of field plots of `Patriot` (A & C) and
`Tifsport` (B & D) at Stillwater, Okla. on Apr. 5, 2002 and
Apr. 12, 2002, demonstrating the typically earlier growth (green
up) of `Patriot` relative to Tifsport.
FIG. 8 illustrates the DNA profile of `Patriot` and 12 other clonal
turf bermudagrass cultivars using DAF (DNA amplification
fingerprinting) primer 9111 (sequence GAAACGCC). The numbers on the
Y axis indicate numbers of base pairs of nucelotides. The arrow
points to a prominent band at the 220 bp region that is unique to
`Patriot` among these cultivars.
DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
`Patriot` experimental name "OKC 18-4") is a distinct cultivar of
Cynodon from the interspecific cross of C. dactylon Pers. cv.
`Tifton 10` and C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy cv. `4200 TN 26-8`. It
was developed and vegetatively propagated by the Oklahoma
Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, Okla. Identifying
morphological characteristics of `Patriot` are its dark green
color, strong anthocyanin pigmentation of stolon internodes during
periods of cool temperatures, and high shoot density. It is
intermediate to its parents in plant size and texture as
illustrated in FIG. 1. `Patriot` has finer texture than `Tifton
10`, `U-3`, and `Quickstand` as illustrated in FIG. 2 by the
relative diameter and length of stolons and stolon internodes.
`Patriot` is a stoloniferous sward-forming perennial with slender
underground rhizomes; surface stolons are slender attaining a
maximum diameter of approximately 1 mm, and a maximum internode
length of approximately 6 cm. During establishment under good
growing conditions stolons may attain a length of approximately 70
cm (FIG. 3). Shoot numbers emanating from nodes of stoloniferous
runners range from 2 to 5 and average 3.0. Culms are slender
varying in height on unmowed swards from about 10 to 25 cm. Culm
density is high producing a dense sward (sod). Culm leaves are
flat, glabrous on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces, and slightly
serrate on the edges. Culm leaves emanating from the last visible
node below the apex of shoots vary in width at their base from 2 to
4 mm and range in length from about 25 to 38 mm. The leaf tips
resemble the Tifton 10 parent and are more rounded that is typical
for Cynodon plants (FIG. 4) The ligule is a membranous rim about
0.2 mm long with very short hairs on the edge except at the outer
edges where a tuft of much longer hairs grow. Leaf sheaths are
glabrous. Inflorescence is a single whorl of 2 to 5, usually 3 or
4, racemes averaging 33 mm in length (FIG. 5). Racemes contain on
average 25 spikelets spaced 2 mm apart and 2 mm in length. The
lower and upper glumes are approximately 1/2 and 3/4 the length of
the spikelet.
`Patriot` was evaluated under the experimental name `OKC 18-4` in
the National Turf Evaluation Program (NTEP) bermudagrass test
conducted at 21 locations from 1997 through 2001. This
multi-environment testing provided the most definitive data on the
performance characteristics of `Patriot` relative to other major
commercial clonal turf bermudagrass cultivars. The trademarked
cultivar `Shanghai` in this test is indicated by descriptions
published by the Patton Seed Co. (2003) and Landry (2003) to be the
same as `Tifton-10`.
`Patriot` produces a high quality turf surface as indicated by
visual ratings of turf quality (Table 1, FIG. 6). Under management
schedule "A" 1/2 to 3/4 in. mowing height), the mean turf quality
rating of `Patriot` (6.1) was less than that of Tifway (6.4) and
Tifsport (6.5), equal to that of CN 2-9, and greater than all other
cultivars, including `Shanghai`. Under management schedule "B" 3/4
to 1 inch mowing height), the mean turf quality rating of `Patriot`
(6.6) was significantly higher than those of all cultivars except
`Midlawn`.
`Patriot` is relatively stable in turfgrass quality performance
across environments (Table 2). It was lowest of all clonal
varieties in sum-of-ranks across locations and finished in the top
25% of all entries in 65% of the locations.
`Patriot` has not shown high susceptibility to the major disease or
insect pests of turf bermudagrass in the northern half of
geographic region of bermudagrass use in the U.S. where it is
expected to primarily be used. Spring dead spot disease caused by
Ophiosphaerella herpotricha is the most serious disease of turf
bermudagrass in the upper south of the U.S. `Patriot` was evaluated
for response to spring dead spot disease in a controlled test at
Stillwater, Okla. during 2000 through 2002. Replicated plots were
inoculated in September 1997 with Ophiosphaerella herpotricha.
Measurements of the size of necrotic patches indicated `Patriot` to
have good tolerance to the disease (Table 10), much higher than
very susceptible cultivars such as Tifway. `Patriot` has exhibited
very little leaf disease indicating it to be highly resistant to
such disease caused by Bipolaris cynodontis and other dematiaceous
fungal pathogens. `Patriot` has good resistance to the bermudagrass
stunt mite, Aceria neocynodonis, as indicated by minimal
infestation when grown in field nurseries with other bermudagrasses
that exhibited severe infestation. `Patriot` has not been evaluated
for response to fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, black
cutworm, Agriotis ipsilon, or sod webworm, Herpetogramma
phaeopteralis, all pests of bermudagrass. However, no sigificant
injury was observed due to these pests during the time `Patriot`
was under evaluation.
Mean genetic color ratings of `Patriot` were the same as those of
Shanghai and CN 2-9 and greater than all other clonal cultivars
(Table 3). `Patriot` has nearly the same dark blue-green color of
Tifton-10 (FIG. 1).
`Patriot` bermudagrass fertilized monthly during the growing season
with nitrogen at rates of 1.0 to 1.5 Lbs. N/1000 ft.sup.2 has the
following color scale ratings using Munsell.RTM. Color Charts
(Munsell Color, GretabMacbeth, LLC, 617 Little Britain Road, New
Windsor, N.Y. 12553) for Plant Tissues. 1. `Patriot` produces
leaves of dark green color [7.5 GY (4/4 to 4/6)]. 2. `Patriot`
produces leaf sheaths that vary in color from green [7.5 GY.
(6/60to 6/8)] to dark purple [10RP (2/4 to 3/4)]. The purple
anthocyanin pigmentation varies with age of the sheaths and with
environmental conditions, being more pronounced in older tissues
and when the plant is subjected to cool termperatures. However,
anthocyanin pigmentation is usually present in leaf sheaths of
`Patriot` throughout the growing season, with the presence and
intensity the pigmentation tending to be greater in leaf sheaths
emanating from stolons compared to leaf sheaths of upright shoots.
Pigmentation usually first develops at the base of the sheath and
may ultimately occur throughout the sheath. 3. `Patriot` produces
internodes that vary in color from light green [10Y (5/4 to 6/4)]
to dark purple [(10RP (2/4 to 3/4)]. As in the case of leaf
sheaths, anthocyanin pigmentation in internodes varies with age of
tissue and environmental conditions in internodes as in leaves.
Pigmentation tends to be more pronounced in older tissues and when
plants are subjected to cool conditions. The presence and intensity
of pigmentation tends to be greater in internodes emanating from
stolons compared to upright shoots. 4. `Patriot` bears
inflorescences of light green color [2GY (6/6 to 6/8)]. At maturity
the inflorescences are straw colored [2.5YG (6/4/ to 7/4)].
Mean leaf texture of `Patriot` was rated equal to Midlawn and CN
2-9, finer than Shanghai, and coarser than other clonal cultivars
(Table 4). `Patriot` has distinctly finer leaf texture than
Tifton-10 (FIG. 1).
Mean stand density (Table 5) and mean percent living ground cover
(Table 6) of `Patriot` as indicated by ratings are greatest during
summer months and on a par with other clonal cultivars throughout
the growing season.
`Patriot` has good winter hardiness relative to other turf
bermudagrass cultivars as indicated by winter injury ratings at
Wichita, Kans. (Table 7) and laboratory measure of response to low
freezing temperatures (Table 8). Its good low temperature tolerance
reduces risk of winter injury relative to less winter hardy
cultivars when grown in colder climatic regions where bermudagrass
is used. The earlier growth of `Patriot` relative to `TifSport` at
Stillwater, Okla. (36.06.degree. N. Latitude; 9797.03 w. Longitude)
is illustrated in FIG. 7.
`Patriot` has vigorous growth relative to other clonal cultivars as
indicated by its spread during establishment at Fayetteville, Ark.,
Griffin, Ga., Lexington, Ky. and Starkville, Miss. (Table 9). The
rate of spread during establishment of `Patriot` and its growth
potential are similar to Tifton 10 (Shanghai) although it has
smaller plant size (texture). Ratings of seedhead abundance
relative to other clonal cultivars may be found in Table 9a.
`Patriot` can be distinguished from other cultivars by DNA
profiling. FIG. 8 shows a DAF (DNA Amplification Fingerprinting)
profile using DAF primer 9111. The arrow points to a band at the
220 base pair region that is unique to `Patriot` among the included
cultivars. Other band differences also exist between `Patriot` and
the other cultivars in this profile.
The nuceotide sequence of DAF primer 9111 is `GAAACGCC` (SEQ ID NO:
1). DAF primer 9111 was obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies,
Inc., 1710 Commercial Park, Coralville, Iowa 52241.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Mean turfgrass quality ratings.sup.1 of
`Patriot` and eight other cultivars in the 1997 National Turf
Evaluation Program bermudagrass test..sup.2 Maintenance
Schedule.sup.3 Cultivar "A" "B" Cardinal 5.4 5.7 CN2-9 6.1 5.8
Midlawn 5.8 6.5 Mini-Verde 5.6 5.1 Patriot 6.1 6.6 Shanghai 5.6 6.1
Tifsport 6.5 6.1 Tifway 6.4 6.2 Tifgreen 6.1 6.3 5% LSD 0.2 0.2 CV
(%) 15.8 14.2 .sup.1Based on a visual rating scale of 1 to 9 with 1
being poorest and 9 representing ideal turf. .sup.2Means over years
1997 through 2001. .sup.3Schedule "A": mowing height = 1/2 to 3/4
inch, 3/4 to 1 Lb. N/100 ft.sup.2/growing month, irrigation to
prevent visual drought stress, mowed 3 to 5 times/month. Schedule
"B": mowing height = 3/4 to 1 inch, 1/2 to 3/4 Lb. N/1000
ft.sup.2/growing month, irrigation to prevent dormancy, mowed 1 to
2 times/week. Schedule "A" conducted at nine locations; # Schedule
"B" conducted at 11 locations.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Summary of turfgrass quality ratings for
`Patriot` and eight other cultivars in the 1997 National Turfgrass
Evaluation Program bermudagrass test. Statistics for all locations
All locations Sum of Cultivar Mean.sup.1 Rank.sup.2 Ranks.sup.3
Rank.sup.4 Clonal Cultivars Cardinal 5.5 13 327 15 CN 2-9 5.9 9 213
10 Midlawn 6.1 7 156 7 Mini-Verde 5.4 14 312 13 Patriot 6.3 4 112 2
Shanghai 5.9 10 190 9 Tifgreen 6.2 6 136 6 Tifsport 6.4 2 125 4
Tifway 6.3 3 126 5 Seeded Cultivars Arizona Common 4.6 28 539 28
Blackjack 5.2 17 343 18 Blue-Muda 5.0 24 433 25 J-540 5.2 18 353 19
Jackpot 4.9 26 470 27 Majestic 5.2 19 340 17 Mirage 5.0 25 425 24
Numex-Sahara 4.9 27 469 26 Princess 6.3 5 121 3 Pyramid 5.0 23 416
23 Riviera 6.5 1 91 1 Savannah 5.3 15 317 14 ShangriLa 5.1 21 409
22 Southern Star 5.3 16 335 16 Sundevil II 5.1 22 394 21 SWI-11 5.8
11 234 12 Sydney 5.2 20 385 20 Transcontinental 5.7 12 215 11
Statistics for all locations Maximum Highest Lowest in Top
Rank.sup.5 Rank.sup.6 25%.sup.7 Clonal Cultivars Cardinal 1 28 20
CN 2-9 2 25 25 Midlawn 1 27 60 Mini-Verde 5 28 30 Patriot 1 11 65
Shanghai 3 16 30 Tifgreen 1 22 70 Tifsport 1 20 60 Tifway 1 23 75
Seeded Cultivars Arizona Common 23 28 0 Blackjack 4 27 5 Blue-Muda
5 26 5 J-540 12 24 0 Jackpot 16 28 0 Majestic 13 26 0 Mirage 7 28 5
Numex-Sahara 16 27 0 Princess 1 12 60 Pyramid 9 27 0 Riviera 1 12
80 Savannah 12 23 0 ShangriLa 10 27 0 Southern Star 11 28 0
Sundevil II 13 28 0 SWI-11 2 20 25 Sydney 6 28 5 Transcontinental 3
21 20 .sup.1Mean--An average of all the turfgrass quality ratings
from all locations. .sup.2Rank--Ranking of the mean of all quality
ratings. .sup.3Sum of ranks--a sum of all the rankings from the
various locations. .sup.4Rank--The ranking of the sum of ranks.
.sup.5Highest rank--The highest ranking achieved by that entry at
any one location. .sup.6Lowest rank--The lowest ranking achieved by
that entry at any one location. .sup.7Maximum in top 25%--The
percentage of locations where that entry finished in the top 25% of
all entries.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Mean genetic color ratings of `Patriot` and
eight other bermudagrass cultivars in the 1997 National Turf
Evaluation Program bermudagrass test..sup.1 Cultivar Rating.sup.2
Cardinal 4.7 CN 2-9 7.2 Midlawn 6.5 Mini-Verde 6.7 Patriot 7.4
Shanghi 7.5 Tifgreen 6.2 Tifsport 7.0 Tifway 7.1 5% LSD 0.2 CV (%)
14.4 .sup.1Means over 21 locations and 5 years (1997-2001).
.sup.2Based on a visual rating scale with 1 being light green and 9
being dark green.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Mean leaf texture ratings of `Patriot` and
eight other bermudagrass cultivars in the 1997 National Turf
Evaluation Program bermudagrass test..sup.1 Cultivar Rating.sup.2
Cardinal 8.2 CN 2-9 6.9 Midlawn 6.9 Mini-Verde 8.2 Patriot 6.7
Shanghai 5.1 Tifgreen 7.7 Tifsport 7.2 Tifway 7.3 5% LSD 0.2 CV (%)
14.4 .sup.1Means over 20 locations and 5 years (1997-2001).
.sup.2An estimate of leaf width based on a visual rating scale with
1 equaling coarse and 9 equaling fine.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Mean stand density ratings of `Patriot` and
eight other bermudagrass cultivars in the 1997 National Turf
Evaluation Program bermudagrass test..sup.1 Stand density
rating.sup.2 Cultivar Spring Summer Fall Cardinal 7.6 7.3 7.4 CN
2-9 6.5 7.1 7.0 Midlawn 7.1 7.1 7.1 Mini-Verde 6.9 8.1 7.8 Patriot
6.7 7.5 7.2 Shanghai 6.2 6.8 6.4 Tifgreen 7.3 7.6 7.5 Tifsport 7.2
7.6 7.6 Tifway 7.3 7.7 7.6 5% LSD 0.4 0.3 0.3 CV (%) 18.1 12.3 13.8
.sup.1Means over 9 locations and 5 years (1997-2001). .sup.2An
estimate of living plants or tillers per unit area based on a
visual rating scale with 9 equaling maximum density.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Mean percent living ground cover ratings of
`Patriot` and eight other bermudagrass cultivars in the 1997
National Turf Evaluation Program bermudagrass test..sup.1 Ground
cover rating.sup.1 Cultivar Spring.sup.2 Summer.sup.3 Fall.sup.4
Cardinal 87.0 89.9 86.7 CN 2-9 70.1 88.3 91.6 Midlawn 85.9 90.8
88.2 Mini-Verde 59.3 78.8 87.7 Patriot 84.0 90.7 90.0 Shanghai 77.8
87.3 87.6 Tifgreen 78.7 91.4 91.0 Tifsport 71.4 89.5 93.9 Tifway
76.8 91.4 93.7 5% LSD 5.5 3.8 4.0 CV (%) 24.8 14.0 12.1
.sup.1Percent living ground cover based on surface area covered by
the originally planted species. .sup.2Means over 14 locations and 5
years. .sup.3Means over 9 locations and 5 years. .sup.4Means over 8
locations and 5 years.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Mean winter injury ratings of `Patriot` and
eight other bermudagrass cultivars in the 1997 National Turf
Evaluation Program bermudagrass test at Wichita, KS in 2001.
Cultivar Rating Cardinal 5.0 CN 2-9 2.3 Midlawn 5.7 Mini-Verde 3.0
Patriot 6.7 Shanghai 5.3 Tifgreen 4.0 Tifsport 3.7 Tifway 2.7 5%
LSD 2.3 CV (%) 32.7 .sup.1Injury due to low winter temperatures
based on a rating scale with 1 indicating severe injury and 9
indicating no injury.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Freeze tolerance of `Patriot` and six other
turf bermudagrass cultivars. T.sub.mid values represent the
midpoints of survival-temperature response curves.sup.1. T.sub.mid
Cultivar .degree. C. Princess -6.9a.sup..dagger. Tifway -7.9b
Tifsport -7.9b Riviera -8.3bc U-3 -8.9cd Patriot -9.7de Midlawn
-10.3e .sup.1Jeffrey A. Anderson et al. 2003. Longer exposure
durations increase freeze damage to turf bermudagrass. Crop Sci.
43:973-977. .sup..dagger.Means of four repetitions are separated by
Duncan's New Multiple Range Test at P,0.05.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Mean establishment measurements or ratings
of Patriot and eight other bermudagrass cultivars in the 1997
National Turf Evaluation Program bermudagrass test..sup.1 1997
Measurements by date or weeks after planting. Lexington,
Fayetteville, AR Griffin, GA KY Cultivar September 2 Wks 4 Wks 6
Wks 3 Wks Cardinal 88.3 28.3 68.3 91.0 51.3 CN 2-9 60.0 26.7 58.3
81.7 33.3 Midlawn 86.7 26.7 60.0 81.7 46.0 Mini-Verde 53.3 26.7
58.3 71.7 36.7 Patriot 93.0 33.3 70.0 97.7 56.0 Shanghai 95.0 38.3
71.7 95.0 50.3 Tifgreen 90.0 28.3 66.7 90.0 48.3 Tifsport 63.3 18.3
53.3 71.7 34.3 Tifway 71.7 26.7 58.3 76.7 29.3 5% LSD 15.7 11.0
10.1 10.0 11.5 CV (%) 12.4 19.4 8.7 7.1 16.6 Lexington, KY
Starkville, MS Cultivar 5 Wks 13 Wks 4 Wks 6 Wks Cardinal 94.0 99.0
58.3 93.0 CN 2-9 77.7 99.0 50.0 81.7 Midlawn 93.3 99.0 58.3 93.0
Mini-Verde 80.0 98.3 41.7 81.7 Patriot 95.3 99.0 71.7 96.0 Shanghai
96.3 99.0 76.7 94.7 Tifgreen 92.3 99.0 66.7 96.3 Tifsport 68.3 97.3
53.3 83.3 Tifway 75.0 98.7 45.0 78.3 5% LSD 9.4 1.2 12.0 10.8 CV
(%) 6.8 0.7 12.9 6.8
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 9a Mean seedhead ratings of `Patriot` and
eight other bermudagrass cultivars in the 1997 National Turf
Evaluation Program bermudagrass test..sup.1 Cultivar Riverside, CA,
1999 Stillwater, OK, 1999 Cardinal 8.0 4.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 CN 2-9 8.7
8.0 8.7 7.7 9.0 Midlawn 8.7 5.3 9.0 8.0 9.0 Mini-Verde 9.0 8.7 9.0
9.0 9.0 Patriot 9.0 7.7 9.0 8.0 8.3 Shanghai 9.0 7.3 8.7 8.0 9.0
Tifgreen 9.0 6.0 8.3 7.3 9.0 Tifsport 8.7 7.3 8.7 8.0 9.0 Tifway
8.3 8.0 8.7 8.0 9.0 5% LSD 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.3 CV (%) 4.8 9.0 4.4
3.1 2.1 .sup.1Ratings of seedhead abundance on a scale of 1 to 9
with 9 indicating none.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 10 Mean spring dead spot necrotic patch area
(cm.sup.2) of bermudagrass cultivars in the 1997 National Turf
Evaluation Program Bermudagrass Trial.sup.1 at Stillwater, OK.
Plots were inoculated with a blend of Ophiosphaerella herpotricha
isolates KS107, KS112 and KS188 in September 1997. Entry 2000 2001
2002 Arizona Common 622 1791 2221 Cardinal 25 28 76 CN-2-9 383 931
1904 Continental 806 2124 3178 Blackjack 751 1372 2035 Blue Muda
806 1835 2377 GN-1 1367 1722 1410 Jackpot 682 1805 2293 J-540 876
2333 2180 Majestic 1081 2531 3096 Midlawn 20 45 99 Mini-Verde 1195
3677 4902 Mirage 747 1626 1923 OKC 19-9 68 133 429 Patriot (OKC
18-4) 377 754 766 Princess 77 1947 3727 3312 Pyramid 1093 2417 2886
Riviera (OKS 95-1) 795 1116 1595 Sahara 618 1734 2416 Savannah 717
1731 2186 Shanghai 779 1207 1277 Shangri La 742 1760 2476 Southern
Star 809 1753 2263 Sundevil II 637 1555 2289 SW1-11 537 2184 2589
Sydney 834 1257 2642 Tifgreen 486 1118 2125 Tifsport 473 927 996
Tifway 469 1133 2754 Yukon (OKS 91-11) 167 345 678 LSD (0.05) 698
1096 678 .sup.1Yukon and GN-1 were included at the Stillwater, OK,
NTEP Bermudagrass Test Site as local standards.
SEQUENCE LISTINGS
1
118DNAArtificialoligonucleotide primer 1gaaacgcc 8
* * * * *
References