U.S. patent number PP10,412 [Application Number 08/630,181] was granted by the patent office on 1998-05-26 for raspberry plant named `caroline`.
Invention is credited to Joseph A. Fiola, Brian A. Smith, Herbert D. Stiles, Harry Jan Swartz.
United States Patent |
PP10,412 |
Swartz , et al. |
May 26, 1998 |
Raspberry plant named `Caroline`
Abstract
This invention relates to a new and distinct fall bearing red
raspberry cultivar named `Caroline` which is capable of producing a
large amount of larger, more flavorful and more cohesive fruit on
primocanes 1-3 weeks earlier than standard cultivars. The cultivar
is characterized by its moderate to high suckering ability, its
conic, smooth and symmetrical fruit. Additionally, its thorn
characteristics and its upright canes with fall fruit appearing on
the upper half of the cane.
Inventors: |
Swartz; Harry Jan (Laurel,
MD), Fiola; Joseph A. (Whiting, NJ), Stiles; Herbert
D. (Blackstone, VA), Smith; Brian A. (River Falls,
WI) |
Appl.
No.: |
08/630,181 |
Filed: |
April 10, 1996 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
PLT/204 |
Current International
Class: |
A01H 005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;Plt/46.2 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Feyrer; James R.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Marks; Marian P. Pratt; Sana A.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A new and distinct fall bearing red raspberry plant known as
`Caroline` as described herein, illustrated and identified by the
characteristics set forth above.
Description
ORIGIN OF THE NEW CULTIVAR
The new cultivar of fall bearing red raspberry originated from a
controlled cross at the University of Maryland Greenhouses in
College Park, Md. The cross, "CR", was `GEO-1`.times.`Heritage` and
was made in winter of 1989. `GEO-1` was a seedling from the cross
`Autumn Bliss`.times.`Glen Moy`. This year was designated "J", as
part of the University of Maryland at College Park; Rutgers
University of New Brunswick, N.J; Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and
Education Center at Blackstone; and the University of Wisconsin at
River Falls cooperative breeding program. The clone was the first
of the progeny selected in 1991 at the Rutgers site near Cream
Ridge, N.J. and was therefore designated "-f1". Thus the complete
breeding designation was "JCR-f1".
The new cultivar has been reproduced asexually by tissue culture
techniques at Nourseberry Farm, 41 River Road, South Deerfield,
Massachusettes 01373, and tested in evaluation fields first by the
cooperating breeders, and then by licensed evaluators. Through the
several thousand plants produced by tissue culture and standard
asexually reproduced plants from root suckers, no off-type
phenotype plants have been noted.
The seedling clone "JCF-f1" has been designated cultivar `Caroline`
upon agreement of all cooperators and representatives.
SUMMARY OF THE NEW CULTIVAR
This application relates to a new and distinct everbearing red
raspberry culivar, botanically known as Rubus ideaus L.. The
following characteristics are outstanding:
1. Production of large quantities of fruit on floricanes 1 to 3
weeks earlier than the standard cultivars currently in widespread
use.
2. In warmer climates, fruit is larger, more flavorful and more
cohesive (does not crumble) than currently used fall bearing
cultivars.
The following characteristics are distinguishing and can be useful
for cultivar identification.
1. Plants are moderately suckering, upright, producing around to
75% as many canes as `Heritage`, one of its parents.
2. Fruit is conic, smooth and symmetrical, with a slightly greater
length to width ratio than `Heritage`.
4. Fruit has an even collar.
5. Plants are distinguishable from `Heritage` by thorn and leaf
shape and coloration.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS
The accompanying photographs show typical characteristics of the
new variety:
FIG. 1 shows a fruiting cluster of JCR-f1, showing the exposure of
the fruit;
FIG. 2 shows the harvested fruit of JCF-f1; and
FIG. 3 shows the prickles of JCR-f1.
The FIG. 4 depicts the DNA fingerprints of JCR-f1, `Heritage`,
`Ruby`--another `Heritage` cross-- and several other raspberry
cultivars.
DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW CULTIVAR
The following is a detailed description of the new cultivar,
including fruit production, together with the cultivar's
morphological characteristics. The characteristics of the cultivar
are compared to the standard used in the area: `Heritage`. This
description is based on information provided by cooperating
scientists from plants grown in fields at Queenstown, Md., Cream
Ridge, N.J., Blackstone, Va. and River Falls, Wis. Rock Hall, Pa.,
and from plants grow in the greenhouse at College Park.
Fruit Production
JCR-f1 has been tested in a replicated planting in Queenstown, Md.,
Rock Hall, Pa. and Cream Ridge, N.J.. The following data were taken
in each location in the summers of 1994 and 1995. Early yield is
fruit picked before Sep. 1, 1994.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Comparison of fresh
fruit characteristics of Heritage and JCR-f1 JCR-f1 Heritage
______________________________________ Yield in thousands of
lbs/acre NJ, 1994 7.1 4.9 NJ, 1995 7.8 8.1 MD, 1994 6.2 7.3 PA,
1995 3.0 1.4 Fruit Weight in grams/fruit NJ, 1994 2.0 1.7 NJ, 1995
1.9 1.7 MD, 1994 1.8 1.4 PA, 1995 2.5-1.9 1.9-1.4 Early Yield
(thousand lbs/acre) NJ 1.6 0.1 MD 4.6 3.1 Fruit Width (cm) 1.86 1.4
Fruit Length (cm) 1.75 1.55 Cavity diameter (cm) 0.76 0.77 Seed
weight (mg) 1.40 1.16 ______________________________________
In 1994, 30% of the `Heritage` produced in Maryland showed
infection by late yellow rust, whereas only 3% of JCR-f1 showed
infection by rust.
Plant Characteristics
JCR-f1 produces a moderate to high number of upright root suckers.
During the growing season, canes are green with large areas of red.
The erect canes will branch occasionally and are moderately
vigorous depending on location. Thorns are numerous (20-50 per node
on vigorous canes, more on non-vigorous canes), thinner than
`Heritage`, 1-4 mm in length and dark brown (see FIG. 3). Leaves
are of Royal Horticultural Society (R.H.S.) color chart number
137A, large and commonly trifoliate, pentafoliolate on vigorous
primocanes. Young leaf color is slightly darker than that of young
`Heritage` leaves, and without the red coloration often observed on
expanding `Heritage` leaves. Serration is similar to other
`Heritage` types. Fall fruit is borne on the top half to one third
of the primocane or, in the lower half of the cane early in the
summer floricane season. Fruit trusses are cymose clusters. Flowers
are perfect and indistinguishable from other raspberry cultivars.
Fruit are red, firm, symmetrical, readily separated from the torus,
truncated conic, and more cohesive than fruit of `Heritage`. Fruit
has R.H.S. color chart number 45A, is sweet to tart in flavor, more
reminiscent of `Glen Moy` than `Heritage`. The plant is field
tolerant to several diseases including: mildew, anthracnose, and
verticillium wilt. JCR-f1 leaves will develop late season rust,
however, its fruit is less susceptible than fruit of `Heritage` to
rust.
Plant attitude at maturity is upright to slightly arching,
requiring support with a full crop. Plants should be trellised on a
simple 2 foot horizontal wire "containment" trellis typical of fall
bearers. Pruning and training is typical for a fall bearing
cultivar, i.e. February to March mowing to 4-6 inches in height.
Bark is green through the season, turning brown in fall and
exfoliating thereafter. Flowers are indistinguishable from other
raspberry cultivars. Plants are self pollinating. Internode length
is highly dependent on light and time of year; in the shade,
lengths can exceed 2 inches, while in the late fall and in full
sun, lengths are often less than one half inch. Cane density is
high, requiring mowing or tilling to reduce the size of the row.
This results in a dense leaf canopy. Fruit are easily removed from
the plant. The fruit are only moderately firm in warm weather. No
mechanical harvesting tests have been performed.
Leaflets range from 3-8 inches from base of petiole to apex of
terminal leaflet blade. Primocane leaflet length is 8-22 cm.
Terminal leaflet blade is 13.8 cm in length by 10.6 cm in width.
Petiole length is 7.8 cm. Petiole diameter is 3.6 mm.
The measured weight of fruit in New Jersey in 1994 varied through
the season and was measured from yields in August at 2.4
grams/berry, decreasing in size through the season reaching a size
of 1.5 grams/berry in October, with an average weight of 1.8
grams/berry for the season. The measured weight of fruit in
Maryland in 1994 varied through the season and was measured from
yields in July at 2.2 grams/berry, decreasing in size through the
season reaching a minimum in size of 1.5 grams/berry in mid-August,
and increasing in weight to 1.9 grams/berry by mid-September. The
average weight of fruit for the season was 1.9 grams/berry.
Nucleic Acid Fingerprinting
The unique DNA fingerprint of JCR-f1 was produced by random
amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Leaf DNA's were isolated
using a modified CTAB(hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide)
procedure (Rowland and Nguyen, 1993, Biotechniques 14: 735-736)
without the final PEG precipitation step.
Amplification reactions were performed in volumes of 25 .mu.l using
a procedure described in Levi et. al., 1993, HortScience 28:
1188-1190). The reagents and conditions included 50 mM Tris HCL-pH
9.0, 20 mM NaCl, 4 mM MgCl.sub.2, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% Gelatin,
0.2 .mu.M primer (Promega 80-34), 200 .mu.M of each dNTPs, 0.028
units/.mu.l of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega Corporation, Madison,
Wis.) and 1 mg/ml of template DNA. The oligonucleotide primer was
synthesized by Promega Inc., Madison, Wis.
DNA was amplified in a MJ programmable thermal control (Model
PTC-100, MJ Research, Watertown, Mass.) programmed for 51 cycles of
40 sec at 94.degree. C., 70 sec at 48.degree. C., and 2 min at
72.degree. C. Amplification products were analyzed by
electrophoresis at 90 constant voltages in 1.4% Sigma agarose gels
with 0.5.times.TBE buffer. DNA bands were detected under UV light
after staining with ethidium bromide and visualized by producing a
negative image on a computer. Comparison of bands with a 123 base
pair ladder indicate the presence of JCR-f1 bands at 600, 840, 980,
1150, 1250, and 1730 bp; `Ruby` bands at 550, 600, 980, 1150, and
1730 bp; and `Heritage` bands at 600, 840, 980, and 1150 bp.in
primer 80-34. The existence of bands unique to JCR-f1 under the
conditions of this test is proof of fundamental genetic differences
between JCR-f1 and `Ruby` and `Heritage`, the only other high
yielding, fall bearing, red-fruited cultivar in the eastern
U.S.
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