U.S. patent number 9,916,795 [Application Number 15/179,158] was granted by the patent office on 2018-03-13 for optical correction for high uniformity panel lights.
This patent grant is currently assigned to BARCO N.V. The grantee listed for this patent is BARCO N.V.. Invention is credited to Tom Kimpe, Gerrit Verstraete.
United States Patent |
9,916,795 |
Verstraete , et al. |
March 13, 2018 |
Optical correction for high uniformity panel lights
Abstract
A display having a spatial light modulator for dynamically
controlling a luminance of each pixel according to an input signal,
the spatial light modulator having a non uniform spatial
characteristic, the display also having an optical filter having a
spatial pattern to alter the luminance to compensate at least
partially for the non uniform spatial characteristic. An electronic
signal processing element applies some pre compensation
predominantly of higher spatial frequencies for the non uniform
spatial characteristic. Such dynamic and optical compensation can
enable tuning for different optimizations or for compensating for
variations over time. A backlight has an optical source and an
optical filter, the source having a color output which has a non
uniform spatial characteristic, and the optical filter having a
spatial pattern to alter the color to compensate in part at least
for the non uniform spatial characteristic.
Inventors: |
Verstraete; Gerrit (Pittem,
BE), Kimpe; Tom (Ghent, BE) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
BARCO N.V. |
Kortrijk |
N/A |
BE |
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Assignee: |
BARCO N.V (Kortruk,
BE)
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Family
ID: |
34933102 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/179,158 |
Filed: |
June 10, 2016 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20160284285 A1 |
Sep 29, 2016 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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11665987 |
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9384710 |
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PCT/EP2005/011420 |
Oct 25, 2005 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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Oct 25, 2004 [EP] |
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04447236 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G02F
1/133606 (20130101); G09G 3/3413 (20130101); G09G
3/3607 (20130101); G09G 3/342 (20130101); G09G
3/06 (20130101); G02F 1/133609 (20130101); G02F
1/133603 (20130101); G02F 1/133611 (20130101); G09G
5/10 (20130101); G02F 1/133607 (20210101); G09G
2320/0233 (20130101); G09G 2320/0242 (20130101); G09G
2320/0646 (20130101); G09G 2320/0666 (20130101); G09G
2320/0285 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G09G
3/34 (20060101); G09G 3/06 (20060101); G02F
1/1335 (20060101); G09G 5/10 (20060101); G09G
3/36 (20060101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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0571173 |
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1424672 |
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1645798 |
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Apr 2006 |
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63179324 |
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Jul 1988 |
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JP |
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H02-79022 |
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Mar 1990 |
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JP |
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H07-261175 |
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Oct 1995 |
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JP |
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10-082916 |
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Mar 1998 |
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JP |
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H11-353920 |
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Dec 1999 |
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JP |
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2000-206524 |
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Jul 2000 |
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JP |
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2002-169006 |
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2002-244626 |
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2004031023 |
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JP |
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2004-062136 |
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Feb 2004 |
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JP |
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2004-170698 |
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Jun 2004 |
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JP |
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2004-271623 |
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JP |
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2004279465 |
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Oct 2004 |
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JP |
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Other References
Online! Oct. 2003 (Oct. 2003), XP002321963, Retrieved from the
Internet:
URL:http://www.barco.com/barcoview/downloads/10_Arguments_for_I-Guard.pdf-
>, retrieved on Mar. 21, 2005!, Chapters: 3.1 I-Guard detects
and corrects backlight instabilities and 3.2 I-Guard detects and
corrects instabilities of the liquid crystal pixel cells. cited by
applicant .
Jenkins D R et al.: "Digital Imaging Colorimeter for Fast
Measurement of Chromaticity Coordinate and Luminance Uniformity of
Displays", Proceedings of the Spie, Spie, Bellingham, VA, US, vol.
4295, 2001, pp. 176-187, XP002287039, ISSN: 0277-786X. cited by
applicant .
Yourii Martynov et al.: "43.3 High-efficiency Slim LED Backlight
System with Mixing Light Guide", 2003 SID International Symposium
Baltimore, Maryland, vol. XXXIV, May 2003 (May 2003), pp.
1259-1261, XP007008345. cited by applicant .
Examination Report of European Patent Office with regard to
European Patent Application No. 05 806 017.9-1228, dated Jun. 24,
2009. cited by applicant .
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Application No. 07 000 488.2-1228, dated Aug. 27, 2009. cited by
applicant .
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Patent Application 05806017.9, dated Jul. 21, 2010. cited by
applicant .
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regarding Application No. 05 806 017.9. cited by applicant .
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No. 2007-537232 dated Jun. 7, 2011. cited by applicant .
EPO communication in related application No. 07 000 488.2 dated
Aug. 16, 2012. cited by applicant .
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pages). cited by applicant .
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Application 2007-537232, dated Jun. 19, 2012 (4 pages). cited by
applicant .
Taiwanese Office Action for TW 094137260 with official letter dated
Oct. 18, 2012, and English translation thereof. cited by applicant
.
European Office Action dated Mar. 16, 2015, for EP 07000488.2.
cited by applicant .
Matthijs P., "A front screen sensor technology for flat panel
medical displays", White Paper: 10 Arguments for I-Guard, Barco
Kortrijk, BE, Oct. 2003, pp. 1-13. cited by applicant .
European Office Action dated Dec. 17, 2015, for EP 07000488.2.
cited by applicant .
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Office Action from Taiwanese Patent Office for Taiwanese Patent
Application 094137260, dated Jun. 29, 2012 (20 pages). cited by
applicant.
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Primary Examiner: Leiby; Christopher E
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Bacon & Thomas, PLLC
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A display, comprising: a backlight and display element
comprising a spatial light modulator, the backlight being arranged
to illuminate the spatial light modulator, the backlight comprising
a plurality of differently colored light sources, and having a
color output of all of the plurality of differently colored light
sources in combination which has a first non-uniform spatial
optical color characteristic and a second non-uniform spatial
optical color characteristic caused by all of said plurality of
differently colored light sources in combination, and the spatial
light modulator having a non-uniform spatial optical luminance
characteristic dependent upon a drive signal of video level, and an
optical correction comprising an optical filter having a
non-uniform spatial pattern arranged to alter the color to
compensate in part at least for the first and second non-uniform
spatial optical color characteristics of the backlight to thereby
produce a spatially more uniform color output, the optical filter
comprising a singular layer having a first plurality of dots and a
second plurality of dots different from the first plurality of
dots, wherein the first plurality of dots vary in spatial density,
and wherein the first plurality of dots have a color to compensate
for the first non-uniform spatial optical color characteristic of
the backlight, and the second plurality of dots are arranged to
compensate for the second non-uniform spatial optical color
characteristic, wherein the first non-uniform spatial optical color
characteristic is different than the second non-uniform spatial
optical color characteristic, and the spatial pattern additionally
being arranged to pre-compensate in part at least for the
non-uniform spatial optical luminance characteristic of the spatial
light modulator, wherein the first and second plurality of dots are
also arranged to compensate for the non-uniform spatial optical
luminance characteristic of the spatial light modulator that is
dependent on the drive signal of the video level.
2. The display of claim 1, wherein the optical filter having the
non-uniform spatial pattern is provided at a place in the backlight
where the color output caused by said plurality of differently
colored light sources varies from point to point on the non-uniform
spatial pattern.
3. The display of claim 2, wherein the backlight is arranged in a
cavity, the cavity having a backwall and a front wall located
opposite the backwall, both the backwall and the front wall being
arranged in planes which are parallel to the plane of the spatial
light modulator, respectively, wherein the plurality of differently
colored light sources is provided in niches in the backwall of the
cavity of the backlight and wherein the front wall is the light
outputting side, the optical filter having the non-uniform spatial
pattern being provided on the backwall of the cavity of the
backlight or at a light outputting side of the backlight.
4. The display of claim 3, wherein the plurality of light sources
are arranged to direct light substantially parallel to the
backwall, the backwall having reflectors to redirect the light out
of the backlight.
5. The backlight of claim 1, wherein the layer of dots is
configured in a way such that a spectral response of the layer of
dots is not flat.
6. The backlight of claim 1, wherein the spatial pattern having the
dots have the first plurality of dots form a first geometric
pattern and the second plurality of dots form a second geometric
pattern.
7. A display comprising: a display element having addressable
pixels and a spatial light modulator for dynamically controlling a
luminance of each pixel according to an input signal, a backlight
being arranged to illuminate the spatial light modulator, the
backlight comprising a plurality of differently colored light
sources, and having a color output which has a first non-uniform
spatial optical color characteristic and a second non-uniform
spatial optical color characteristic caused by said plurality of
differently colored light sources, and the spatial light modulator
having a non-uniform spatial optical luminance characteristic
dependent upon video level of the input signal to the display
element, an optical correction comprising an optical filter having
a non-uniform spatial pattern arranged to alter the color to
compensate in part at least for the first and second non-uniform
spatial optical color characteristics of the backlight to thereby
produce a spatially more uniform color output, the optical filter
comprising a singular layer having a first plurality of dots and a
second plurality of dots different from the first plurality of
dots, wherein the first plurality of dots vary spatial density, and
wherein the first plurality of dots have a color to compensate for
the first non-uniform spatial optical color characteristic of the
backlight, and the second plurality of dots are arranged to
compensate for a second non-uniform spatial optical color
characteristic, wherein the first non-uniform spatial optical color
characteristic is different than the second non-uniform spatial
optical color characteristic, and the spatial pattern additionally
being arranged to pre-compensate in part at least for the
non-uniform spatial optical luminance characteristic of the spatial
light modulator, wherein the first and second plurality of dots are
also arranged to compensate for the non-uniform spatial optical
luminance characteristic of the spatial light modulator that is
dependent on the drive signal of the video level.
8. A display, comprising: a backlight and display element
comprising a spatial light modulator, the backlight being arranged
to illuminate the spatial light modulator, the backlight comprising
a plurality of differently colored light sources, and having a
color output which has a first non-uniform spatial optical color
characteristic and a second non-uniform spatial color
characteristic caused by said plurality of differently colored
light sources, and the spatial light modulator having a non-uniform
spatial optical luminance characteristic dependent upon a drive
signal of video level to a plurality of pixels of the spatial light
modulator, and an optical correction comprising an optical filter
having a non-uniform spatial pattern arranged to alter the color to
compensate in part at least for the first and second non-uniform
spatial optical color characteristics of the backlight to thereby
produce a spatially more uniform color output, the optical filter
comprising a singular layer having a first plurality of dots and a
second plurality of dots different from the first plurality of
dots, wherein the first plurality of dots vary in spatial density,
and wherein the first plurality of dots have a color to compensate
for the first non-uniform spatial optical color characteristic of
the backlight, and the second plurality of dots are arranged to
compensate for a second non-uniform spatial optical color
characteristic, wherein the first non-uniform spatial optical color
characteristic is different than the second non-uniform spatial
optical color characteristic, and the spatial pattern additionally
being arranged to pre-compensate in part at least for the
non-uniform spatial optical luminance characteristic of the spatial
light modulator, wherein the first and second plurality of dots are
arranged to compensate for the non-uniform spatial optical
luminance characteristic of the spatial light modulator that is
dependent on the drive signal of the video level.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to displays and to panel light sources, e.g.
backlights for displays and to corresponding methods.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
There is a general requirement to provide panel light sources with
a specific colour and preferably a uniform luminescence and colour
over the surface area of the source. A traditional technique is to
use light emitters of different colours, e.g. primary colours or
colour filters, e.g. primary colour filters to set a particular
colour, e.g. white of a certain colour temperature. Various
techniques have been used to provide uniformity of luminescence,
e.g. the use of diffusers.
A number of techniques have been described in the past to achieve
high uniformity display systems. One possibility is to use
electronic pre-correction of the image signal. In the limit this
can be done up to pixel level. It involves altering values in a
frame buffer. This means that for each pixel the pixel data sent to
that pixel is adapted in order to achieve a more uniform image on
the complete display.
However, such electronic correction for non-uniformity introduces
some important problems. A first problem is a significant loss in
contrast ratio of the display. This is because to generate a
uniform image, the highest video level needs to be decreased in
luminance and the lowest video level needs to be increased. For the
lowest video level: because the lowest drive signal is zero (Data
Drive Level DDL=0) it is not possible to decrease the highest
luminance value down to the level of the darkest point in the
display. Therefore the only solution is to increase the luminance
of the darker points up to the level of the highest point. Of
course the contrast ratio is decreased significantly. The same
principle is valid for the highest video level.
A second possible problem is that of excessive reduction in gray
levels at some pixel positions on the display. Since the actual
display pixels are no longer driven between minimum (for instance
0) and maximum value (for instance 1023), the number of gray scales
that can be displayed depends on the position of the pixel. In an
example, pixel 1 is driven between (corrected) values 3 and 1020
and therefore has 1018 gray scale steps. Pixel 2 is driven between
(corrected) values 0 and 900 and therefore has 901 gray scale
steps. This problem can lead to a loss of visibility of some of the
greys, in other words there can be "zero transitions" in the pixel
behaviour. It is no longer possible to map all 1024 gray scales on
the dynamic range of the pixel and therefore some greyscale
transitions (on pixel level) will no longer be visible.
It is also known to provide an optical filter layer having white
dots in a pattern to make the light output of a backlight more
uniform, for use in e.g. an LCD display.
Another issue is uniformity of colour across the display. This is a
particular issue for displays using a plurality of discrete light
source such as LEDs as light sources for backlights as an
alternative for fluorescent lamps. Backlights are the light sources
for transmissive panel displays, e.g. liquid crystal displays. For
example, in display applications, the use of LEDs of 3 or more
different types, each emitting light of another colour, is of
particular interest. The colours are usually primary colours. A
usual choice is to use red, green and blue LEDs since they
correspond with the 3 primary colours that are used in additive
colour mixing and they allow display of many different colours.
A LED typically has one single relatively small peak in its
emission spectrum, and it is therefore possible to manufacture LEDs
emitting light of highly saturated red, green and blue colours. A
wider colour gamut can be obtained from a mix of such highly
saturated R, G, and B LEDs than from a backlight in which
conventional fluorescent lamps having a phosphor mix coating on
their glass wall are used. Such saturated LEDs are available from
e.g. the Lumileds company, both as individual R, B and G LEDs or as
a mix on a module that is basically an array of LEDs of different
colours, placed at a distance of typically 9 mm from each
other.
The use of LEDs of 3 different colours has the extra advantage that
the colour of the resulting mix that exits the backlight, can be
selected to lie on any point within a large gamut area within the
colour triangle, simply by properly adapting the current drive of
the 3 types of LEDs. It is therefore possible to generate white
light of any desired colour temperature, and to change that colour
temperature according to the needs of the display user. This is not
only interesting for colour displays, but even for monochrome LCDs,
that are often used in medical applications. This approach even
enables the display of different colours on a monochrome LCD panel
by sequencing the drive of the R, G and B LEDs in the backlight in
time. However, this is only practical if the response time of the
LCD is fast enough so that the sequencing can be done fast enough
as to prevent annoying flicker on the display.
For all those reasons, a mix of R, G and B LEDs is preferred over
the use of monochrome white LEDs in backlights for displays. White
power LEDs (also available from the Lumileds company) typically
emit a small peak in the blue and are coated with a phosphor that
converts part of the blue photons into a wide spectral band in the
yellow. This spectrum is very badly matched to the typical
transmission characteristics of the colour filters in colour LCDs,
decreasing the efficiency and resulting in a very reduced gamut of
colours that can be displayed.
One practical problem in realising a backlight with LEDs of
different types of colours is that all colours have to be mixed
very well first before the resulting mix can be coupled out of the
backlight and sent to the display panel.
If the mixing is not done well in space, the colour of the
resulting white mix will not be uniform over the active area of the
display, and since the human eye is very sensitive to even small
variations of the colour coordinates on a white field, this will be
noticed soon by the display user. The colour mixing problem cannot
easily be solved by simple means when power LEDs are used, as is
the case in most backlights, because they are relatively far apart
from each other to make it possible to dissipate and sink the
produced heat. (e.g. 9 mm in LED array modules from Lumileds). The
problem of mixing the colours in space doesn't disappear if colour
sequencing in time is used.
In the current state of the art, the colour mixing problem in
backlights is partly solved by assuring that all light rays coming
from LED sources have traveled a minimum distance through some
mixing medium before they can be coupled out of the backlight. In
backlights of the edge-lit type, this can be done in several ways.
It is possible to use 2 light guides, each illuminated on one edge,
instead of one single guide illuminated on 2 opposite edges. In
each of both light guides, the outcoupling means (e.g. white
painted dots on the back surface) then only start near the middle
of the active area, so that the light rays have to travel at least
through 1/3 of the length of the guide, where they are confined to
stay in the guide by total internal reflection, before they have
any chance to hit an outcoupling feature that permits some of the
light to be coupled out. There should be some overlap between the
outcoupling means of both light guides in the middle of the active
area so that the entire display area is illuminated. There are
several disadvantages in this approach: the thickness and weight of
the backlight almost doubles and the cost increases; unless the
white balance of the light mix of the LEDs is perfectly equal for
both LED arrays illuminating each separate light guide, a
discontinuity in colour will be perceived in the middle of the
screen. It's also difficult to achieve luminance continuity in the
middle of the screen for all viewing angles: if the current of both
LED arrays is adjusted to achieve luminance uniformity for on-axis
view (perpendicular to the screen), there is no guarantee that the
luminance will be uniform in the middle at large viewing angles,
because of structure is not symmetrical: one light guide is further
away from the panel than the other, creating parallax and its
emitted light must first travel through the other guide before it
hits the diffuser. This topology has been proposed by the Lumiled
company in some demonstrators.
It is known from US patent application 2004179028 to provide a
colour mura correcting method, in which a colour mura film is added
to an image display device, the complementary colour of the colour
mura of the display image is generated in the colour mura
correcting film, and thereby the colour mura of the display device
is made inconspicuous. Mura is caused by systematic deviations in a
display component such as a photomask and can be visible as
stripes. Mura compromises the image quality of the finished
display. Usually the deviations causing the mura are very small,
below a few hundred nanometers. Deviations of that size spread over
a large area can be difficult to detect by measuring.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the invention is to provide improved displays and
especially panel light sources, e.g. backlights for displays and to
corresponding methods. An advantage of the present invention is to
provide good colour uniformity on one hand, and small thickness and
low weight and cost on the other hand.
According to a first aspect, the invention provides:
A display comprising addressable pixels and having a spatial light
modulator for dynamically controlling a luminance of each pixel
according to an input signal, the spatial light modulator having a
non-uniform optical spatial characteristic, the display also having
an optical filter and having a spatial pattern to alter the
luminance and/or colour to compensate at least partially for the
non-uniform spatial optical characteristic and having an electronic
signal processing element arranged to apply some pre-compensation
for the non-uniform optical spatial characteristic to the input
signal.
The alteration of the luminance and/or colour is preferably to
provide a more uniform light output across the display element as
well as a more uniform colour.
An advantage of the optical filter is that the uniformity can be
improved with reduced loss of any or all of contrast, grey levels,
luminance and colour uniformity, compared to only electronic
compensation. The materials used for the optical filter can be
adsorbing, reflecting or emitting. Dichroic and bichromophoric
materials are particularly preferred.
The combination of dynamic and fixed compensation can enable some
flexibility in the overall compensation, for tuning for different
optimizations or for compensating for variations over time. The
spatial light modulator can be any type of device including a
reflective (e.g. DMD) a transmissive (e.g. LCD) or an emissive
(e.g. LED) display or any combination thereof. In particular the
display can be a fixed format display.
Another such additional feature is the pre-compensation being
predominantly of higher spatial frequencies than spatial
frequencies of the correcting spatial pattern.
Another such additional feature is the spatial light modulator
comprising a transmissive or reflective device and the display
comprising a light source.
Another such additional feature is the light source having a second
non-uniform spatial characteristic, and the optical filter being
arranged to compensate at least partially for the second non
uniform spatial characteristic.
Another such additional feature is the spatial light modulator
comprising a pixel addressable light emitting device.
Another such additional feature is the optical filter comprising a
layer having dots, e.g. printed dots, applied to alter the
transmissive characteristics of the filter. The dots vary in size
and/or spatial density across the display element.
Another such additional feature is the optical filter comprising a
layer having lines applied to alter the transmissive
characteristics of the filter. The lines vary in thickness and/or
spatial density across the display element. The line pattern may be
built from dots.
Another such additional feature is the optical filter comprising a
dynamically alterable spatial pattern. This can enable the
compensation to be altered dynamically.
Another such additional feature is the optical filter being
arranged between the back light and the transmissive layer.
Another such additional feature is the optical filter being
arranged downstream of the spatial light modulator.
Another such additional feature is the Non-uniform optical spatial
characteristic comprising any of contrast ratio, luminance, and
colour point.
This aspect also provides a display comprising addressable pixels
and having a spatial light modulator for dynamically controlling a
luminance of each pixel according to an input signal, the spatial
light modulator having a non-uniform spatial optical
characteristic, the display also having an optical filter in the
same optical path as the element and having a spatial pattern to
alter the luminance, colour or luminance and colour to compensate
at least partially for the non-uniform spatial optical
characteristic.
A second aspect provides a light source for use with a transmissive
or reflective pixel addressable spatial light modulator, e.g. the
light source can be panel light such as a backlight for a display,
the light source having a colour output which has a non-uniform
spatial optical characteristic, and the optical filter having a
spatial pattern to alter the colour to compensate in part at least
for the non uniform spatial optical characteristic.
The alteration of the colour is preferably to provide a more
uniform colour across the panel light. This can enable the panel
light, e.g. the backlight, to be made more uniform more
efficiently, or can enable a less uniform light source to be used
for example. It can enable less colour mixing to be needed and
therefore simplify or reduce the thickness of some types of panel
light, e.g. backlight. The known colour mura correction corrects
for display colour modulator mura, but leaves any backlight
uncorrected.
An additional feature for a dependent claim is the optical source
comprising discrete colour light sources, e.g. LEDs, OLEDs.
Another such additional feature is the optical filter having two or
more coloured areas, e.g. yellow, cyan and/or purple areas. These
are most efficient for absorbing and modifying the common red green
and blue optical sources.
Another such additional feature is the pattern being arranged to
compensate for the non-uniformity of colour and/or
luminescence.
Another such additional feature is the optical filter comprising a
layer having printed dots.
Another such feature is the spatial pattern having multiple layers.
This can enable the compensation to be carried out in stages, to
allow for more diffusion and fewer artifacts.
Another such feature is the pattern additionally being arranged to
pre compensate for a spatial non-uniformity of a spatial light
modulator. This can provide better uniformity of the overall
display.
Another such feature is the backlight having a backwall, the light
source being arranged to direct light substantially parallel to the
backwall, the backwall having reflectors to redirect the light out
of the backlight, the optical filter being located on the backwall.
This can enable the backlight to be kept thin, and keeps the filter
away from the modulator, so as to reduce artifacts.
A third aspect provides a method of configuring a display having
addressable pixels and an optical filter for compensating for
non-uniformity of luminance or colour of a display element for
dynamically controlling a luminance and/or colour of one or more
pixels, comprising the steps of measuring an output for different
pixels without the filter, determining a pattern for the filter
according to the measurements, determining an amount of electronic
pre-compensation, making the filter and configuring the electronic
pre-compensation for the display.
This can enable compensation for effects of manufacturing
variations. This can enable manufacturing tolerances to be reduced
and so reduce costs or increase yields.
An additional feature is the further step of measuring an output
for different pixels with the filter, determining a pattern for a
further filter according to the measurements, making the further
filter and adding the further filter to the display.
This can be regarded as an iterative method, more suitable for
cases where the compensation is hard to calculate, for example
where the effect of reflections is hard to model accurately.
Any of the additional features can be combined together and
combined with any of the aspects. Other advantages will be apparent
to those skilled in the art, especially over other prior art.
Numerous variations and modifications can be made without departing
from the claims of the present invention. Therefore, it should be
clearly understood that the form of the present invention is
illustrative only and is not intended to limit the scope of the
present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
How the present invention may be put into effect will now be
described by way of example with reference to the appended
drawings, in which:
FIGS. 1-3 show embodiments of the invention in schematic form,
FIGS. 4-8 show characteristics or patterns for use in the
embodiments,
FIGS. 9 and 10 show backlight arrangements to which embodiments can
be applied, and
FIG. 11 shows a plan view of a pattern of an optical filter and an
array of colour LEDs
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention will be described with respect to particular
embodiments and with reference to certain drawings but the
invention is not limited thereto but only by the claims. The
drawings described are only schematic and are non-limiting. In the
drawings, the size of some of the elements may be exaggerated and
not drawn on scale for illustrative purposes. Where the term
"comprising" is used in the present description and claims, it does
not exclude other elements or steps.
FIGS. 1-3, schematic views of embodiments of the invention:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a display having
a light source 30, coupled to a spatial light modulator 10 and an
optical filter having a compensating spatial pattern 20. The
spatial light modulator can be a reflective (e.g. DMD), a
transmissive (e.g. LCD) or an emissive modulator (e.g. LED or OLED
display). The spatial light modulator and optionally the light
source as well, have a non uniform spatial optical characteristic,
such as luminance, colour or contrast ratio for example. The
spatial pattern of the filter is arranged to alter the luminance to
compensate at least partially for the non-uniform spatial light
output characteristic of the display element. Pre-compensation is
provided by a signal processing part 40, (digital or analog as
appropriate) to carry out some compensation of the input signal for
the non-uniform spatial light output characteristic of the display
element. This can be implemented using conventional signal
processing hardware, following established principles which need
not be described in more detail here. The electronic compensation
can employ a frame buffer for example, and can be used for the
higher spatial frequencies, leaving the lower spatial frequencies
to be compensated by the optical filter. The spatial light
modulator can be any type of device including a reflective or
transmissive device or a light emitting device, or any combination.
The optical filter can of course be transmissive, reflective,
adaptive, active or passive, fluorescent and so on.
For some types of display, the light modulation function is
effectively carried out by the optical source, (for instance: a LED
backlight with hundreds of small LEDs with pitch of a few mm). In
this case, the digital pre compensation can be applied to the
optical source.
FIG. 2 shows another embodiment based on FIG. 1, and similar
reference numerals have been used where appropriate. In this case
the filter is after or downstream of the spatial light modulator.
In this figure there is also shown a means 50 for measuring the
output and determining what compensation to apply in terms of the
spatial pattern and the amount of electronic pre-compensation.
FIG. 3 shows another embodiment, corresponding to the embodiment of
FIG. 2 but in this case there is no electronic pre-compensation.
The spatial light modulator 310 has luminance spatial
non-uniformity, and the optical filter 320 is arranged to provide a
compensating luminance spatial pattern. Optionally the filter can
also compensate for non uniformities in the optical source. The
filter can be located ahead of the spatial light modulator.
Display Contrast Ratio
By splitting up the luminance uniformity correction into an optical
correction and an electronic correction it is possible to greatly
improve the contrast while still keeping uniformity high. An
additional feature is splitting the correction into a high
frequency and a low frequency part. The low frequency correction
can be implemented by means of a modified backlight system or by
means of optical elements placed in the optical stack (such as
foils). The high frequency correction can be implemented
electronically at the display device. Typically the low-frequency
correction can be large, e.g. up to 20%-30% peak to peak luminance
correction, for instance close to the borders of the display. FIG.
4 shows an example of a non-uniform spatial characteristic before
correction, looking at one dimension, e.g. an x-axis. Embodiments
of the present invention make use of a filter whose optical
characteristics vary spatially so as to compensate for
non-uniformities of the panel light and/or display. Any method of
making such a filter is included within the scope of the present
invention, e.g. photographic film, paint layers, a dot pattern.
As an example, FIG. 5 shows a filter pattern having a concentration
of dots in the middle to allow less light through, to compensate
for this non-uniformity. FIG. 6 shows a more uniform spatial
characteristic after partial compensation. This leaves plus or
minus 5% luminance differences, which implies a corresponding 5%
contrast loss, if compensated by conventional electronic means.
These large corrections are a major reason for the high-contrast
loss when all correction is done electronically. If the optical
design of the backlight system is changed so that intentionally the
output is not-uniform but contains the inverse non-uniformities of
the complete display system, then there is no more need to correct
for these large luminance differences electronically. Then only the
high frequency part can be corrected electronically and this will
typically be only a few percent instead of 20%-30%. Hence, the
contrast loss will be reduced to only a few percent.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, changing the
backlight in case of an LED backlight is done by changing a
dot-pattern that couples out the light so that the spatial
distribution of the light that is coupled out is chosen to
implement the low frequency uniformity correction. The dot pattern
can have a diffusing effect. Another possibility is to keep the
existing backlight design and use a foil to optically pre-correct
the light going to the display. In case of an LCD this foil can be
placed between the backlight and the LCD panel, e.g. best before
any BEF (Brightness Enhancement Foil) layers. In any case, the
result is that only minor corrections are required electronically,
therefore there is a smaller reduction in contrast ratio for a
given uniformity.
Note that one complication is that the appropriate uniformity
corrections can depend on the video level. In one embodiment of the
present invention an optimization or trade-off is made of the dot
pattern based on uniformity characteristics of lowest and highest
video levels.
The materials for use in making the optical filter can be
adsorbing, reflecting or emitting (fluorescent). Particularly
preferred are dichroic or bichromophoric materials. Dichroic
materials reflect certain wavelengths and transmit others. The
reflected light can reenter the backlight, can be reflected by a
back mirror and can be reused in other parts of the display.
Bichromophoric materials absorb light at first wavelengths and emit
at other wavelengths (fluorescent). Such materials are described in
"Energy transfer in macromolecules", N. L. Vekshin, SPIE, 1997.
This conversion is very efficient and hence there is little energy
loss. For example, for dot patterns: reflective and/or transmissive
and/or emitting dots can be used. Any reduction of light is not too
great a problem, e.g. in medical displays, because by just making
the backlight brighter the light is gained back. The contrast is a
larger problem. Coloured dots can e.g. be applied on many surfaces
by a silk screen printing process, ink jet printing, xerographic
printing, decal or any other form of transfer printing, etc. The
embodiments of the invention are not restricted to the use of
pigments but includes coloured dies. In addition other methods of
making coloured filters are included in accordance with the present
invention, e.g. making coloured filters from photographic film.
Note that the low-frequency correction part is mostly very alike
within a specific product type. This means that the same
low-frequency correction foil for instance is designed for a
complete production run or for all displays of one type. Despite
manufacturing variations the foil is used for all devices and the
displays still have a high-contrast ratio and a high uniformity.
For really high performance in a case of an LED backlight custom
dot patterns, e.g. dedicated printing on a foil, is used for each
display. This can result in contrast ratio of over 1000:1 with
uniformity >95%.
Uncontrolled Reduction in Bit Depth
Splitting up the correction in an optical and an electronic part
will also reduce the reduction in bit depth. But an extra solution
is to use different dithering schemes depending on the actual
minimum and maximum drive level of the pixels. For instance: if a
first pixel is driven between DDL 64 and DDL 192 and a second pixel
driven between DDL 0 and DDL 255 then it is possible to halve the
steps of the first pixel so that it also has 256 steps.
Colour Displays
Embodiments of the present invention are particularly useful for
colour displays. The problem of contrast ratio is even more
difficult, e.g. to keep the peak white colour temperature correct,
it will be necessary to reduce the Red/Green and Blue drive signals
to the worst situation of the three when using electronic
uniformity correction. Indeed, because of the uniformity correction
on the three-colour planes the according contrast loss and
reduction of colour gamut will be higher. Also the requirement for
very accurate colour reproduction will require very precise colour
steps. In this embodiment of the present invention a coloured dot
pattern is used to perform an optical pre-correction, e.g. in the
three colour planes, to avoid the contrast loss in the electronic
uniformity correction. Note that this principle can also be used to
obtain colour coordinate uniformity without requiring luminance
uniformity. The same advantages are valid: higher contrast ratio,
control over bit depth.
FIG. 7 shows an example of a display having a non-uniform spatial
characteristic of colour. One corner is more green than other
areas, the other three corners are darker. FIG. 8 shows an example
of an optical filter with a spatial pattern to compensate. An area
of purple dots is provided to compensate for the green area in one
corner. At other corners there are fewer white dots so that more
light gets through to compensate for the darker corners.
Applications
Embodiments of the present invention can also be used for optical
correction without the electronic correction. One example is in the
production of a light panel for general use. In this case the
uniformity will have improved but not to the level of for instance
<5% non-uniformity. It is possible to measure and calculate the
optimal optical pre-correction pattern for each display system
individually or use the same correction pattern for a group, e.g.
batch or type, of displays or even use the same correction pattern
for all displays having a specific backlight type or LCD panel.
Notably, uniformity depends on video level, and so should be tested
at a realistic level such as a level between peak white or peak
black. The pattern can include a combination of white and coloured
dots as needed. Colour and luminance intensity differences are
defined in terms of Just Noticeable Differences, JND's. The pattern
can be designed to optimize uniformity of JND (luminance and/or
colour) or contrast ratio instead of colour and or luminance, as
desired to suit the application.
Another feature is to adapt a panel light such as a backlight. This
panel light can use a plurality of discrete light sources, e.g.
LEDs, these discrete light sources including light sources of at
least two colours, and coloured dots, or the panel light can use
individual LEDs, OLEDs, EL, and so on. The backlight or the display
can be optimized for constant colour temperature colour panels,
e.g. for medical applications. A colour palette (large gamut) can
be provided. A foil can be used to adapt GSDF instead of (colour)
uniformity. A foil can be arranged to provide a constant contrast
or eliminate any visible colour non-uniformity or luminance
non-uniformity over the display area.
FIGS. 9,10 Backlight Colour Uniformity
The embodiments of backlights, described above are concerned with
improving colour uniformity by compensating small remaining colour
differences. They help enable a better compromise with slimness of
the backlight (i.e. low depth or thickness) to realise a bright
backlight with excellent colour uniformity in a slim hybrid
backlight. To compensate for relatively small remaining colour
non-uniformities in backlights including all the two or more
colour, e.g. R-G-B LED backlight topologies described above, an
optical filter in the form of a specially tailored pattern of
coloured dots or lines is provided. It can be provided on at least
one surface of one of the optical elements in the backlight, or on
an extra film at some place in the backlight, of which the colour
varies from point to point on the film.
The coloured dots or the coloured film can either reflect or
transmit or, if the dots are fluorescent, emit most of the incident
light, but the spectral response is not flat: the pattern has a
coloured appearance, not a white, grey or black appearance. One
easy way to obtain this effect is to use coloured painted dots or
to use a colour film, both absorbing some part of the spectrum and
reflecting or transmitting or emitting the remaining part of the
visual spectrum. Coloured dots can e.g. be applied on many surfaces
by a silk screen printing process, ink jet printing, xerographic
printing, decal or any other form of transfer printing, etc. The
embodiments of the invention are not restricted to the use of
pigments but includes coloured dyes. The coloured appearance can be
achieved by absorbing part of the incident light or by transmitting
some part of the spectrum, while reflecting the other part, without
significant absorption in the visual spectrum. As indicated above,
fluorescent dies can also be used which emit light in one
wavelength and absorb it in another.
In addition other methods of making coloured filters are included
in accordance with embodiments of the invention, e.g. making
coloured filters from photographic film. When R, G and B LEDs are
used, the compensation for colour non-uniformities can be done most
efficiently with yellow, cyan and purple filters. For example
yellow, cyan and purple dots, i.e. absorbing, transmitting or
emitting dots, are applied on one of the optical elements for
simplicity. Such colours absorbs or reflect at least one of the
primary colours blue, red or green preferentially. For example,
yellow dots are applied at places that look blue, cyan dots at
places that look too red, and purple dots at place that look rather
green.
In the current state of the art of high efficient high power LEDs,
the ratio between red, green and blue LEDs in the backlight is
typically 1R:2G:1B. Because half of the LEDs are green, the
uniformity coming from the green LEDs will only be better than the
uniformity coming just from the red or coming just from the blue
LEDs, since the red and blue LEDs are placed further apart on
average. As a consequence, colour non-uniformities will typically
have a reddish or bluish appearance and not a greenish appearance.
Colour compensation can then be successfully realised by using only
two colours in the filter, e.g. yellow and cyan filters.
The advantages of these embodiments are notable in the embodiments
of FIGS. 9 and 10, using e.g. R, G, B LED backlights, because they
show not only improved colour uniformity, but also reduced
thickness of the backlight. With these embodiments, it is possible
to design a thinner backlight that would otherwise feature
unacceptable colour non-uniformity.
Embodiments of the coloured filter can be in the form of e.g.
painted dots on one of the sides of a transparent plate, e.g. made
of clear plastic such as PMMA (Poly(methyl methacrylate)), that is
laid on top of a cavity illuminated by e.g. side-emitting discrete
light sources, e.g. LEDs. Preferably the filter is applied on the
side facing the LEDs because light-blockers just above the LED
lenses are also applied on that side. These light blockers could in
principle also be made from highly reflecting paint. However, the
filter, e.g. the painted dots, can also be applied on the highly
reflecting film on the bottom of the backlight cavity, through
which the LEDs are popping. They can be applied on the diffuser on
top of the cavity, but the risk for optical artifacts is greater
because the dots are much closer to the display in that case,
unless the pattern structure is very fine. A combination of a
dotted structure on more than one surface is of course also
possible.
In the embodiment of FIG. 10, a backlight and spatial light
modulator in the form of an LCD is shown. The backlight has a light
source in the form of an array of LEDs. Each LED is located in an
LED niche in a backwall of a cavity of the backlight. Most light is
emitted parallel to the backwall, then reflected out of the cavity
by conical light diffusers on the backwall and by white diffuse
reflecting film on the backwall. Specular reflectors can be
provided on the sides of the cavity. Usually it is desirable to
make the cavity as thin as possible. From the cavity, light passes
through a diffuser plate having shallow surface imprints (pyramid
shapes), then through a number of BEF layers to the LCD. Light
blockers can be provided to prevent light from the LEDs passing out
of the cavity directly without a reflection to diffuse it. The LEDs
of the backlight are mounted on MCPCB, on top of thermally
conducting gap filler, on top of a heat sink. On the other side of
the heatsink is mounted LED driver circuitry. Of course other
arrangements are possible.
The optical filter can be arranged at various parts of the
backlight. A coloured filter, e.g. coloured dots can preferably be
applied on the white diffuse reflecting film, but they can also be
applied on one of the other surfaces of the cavity which guide the
light. It is possible but typically less practical to put the
filter on the surface having the specially structured surface
pattern. The filter, e.g. dots can be applied on the diffuser plate
on top of the light guide, but the chance for optical artifacts
will be larger the closer the tailored structure with the filter,
e.g. coloured dots is to the LCD panel. It is also possible to
include an extra film that is mostly transparent but slightly
coloured and therefore slightly absorbing some part of the visual
spectrum dependent on the location on the film. Such film could
e.g. be placed between the light guide and the diffuser plate.
In other embodiments, the compensation means contribute less to
making the backlight thinner, but they can help enable the mixing
zone to be made shorter and/or to significantly improve the colour
non-uniformities that are still visible in at least one of the
edges of the active area in most displays with R-G-B LED
backlights.
In embodiments having edge lighting of the cavity, the mixing zone
can be almost half of the length of the display and there is not so
much need for compensation means. The artifacts are of a different
kind. The better the initial colour uniformity of the backlight is,
the lower the density of the coloured compensation means can be,
and therefore the lower the total amount of absorbed light will be
and the higher the overall optical efficiency will be.
Optical simulation or trial and error can be used to determine the
optimal pattern of the coloured features of the filter to
compensate for the colour non-uniformities. In the trial and error
process, the number of iterations can be reduced by logical
reasoning, as illustrated in FIG. 11 which shows a top view of the
embodiment of FIG. 10.
In the diagonal LED configuration of FIG. 11, in the embodiment of
FIG. 10, suppose that the z colour coordinate (CIE1931 colour
coordinate system) is 0.05 higher on average over an imaginary line
drawn over a row of blue LEDs than over the rest of the screen, and
that the x colour coordinate above the red LEDs is 0.03 higher than
over the average of the rest of the screen in the original
configuration without yellow or cyan compensation filter, e.g.
coloured dots. Further suppose that with the filter, e.g. coloured
dots, as in FIG. 11, the z coordinate above the blue LEDs is still
0.025 higher than the average over the screen, while the x
coordinate above the red LEDs is no higher anymore than over the
average of the screen, then it is logical to double the density of
the yellow filter, e.g. yellow dots and to keep the density of the
cyan filter, e.g. cyan dots in the next run.
Embodiments of the present invention may be applied advantageously
in backlights of all kinds, including panel lights for viewing
photographic film or other purposes. For example, the present
invention can be applied to backlights not relying on LEDs as light
sources. The use of coloured filters, e.g. coloured paints of
different colours, to compensate for remaining colour
non-uniformities in backlights, is not restricted to LED backlights
alone, but can e.g. also be used in backlights in which OLEDs or
other discrete light sources are used, e.g. when fluorescent lamps
of 2 or 3 different colours are used as light sources. Embodiments
of the present invention may be applied advantageously in panel
lights for general lighting use.
* * * * *
References