U.S. patent number 9,496,070 [Application Number 13/737,049] was granted by the patent office on 2016-11-15 for multi-layer insulated conductor having improved scrape abrasion resistance.
This patent grant is currently assigned to TYCO ELECTRONICS CORPORATION. The grantee listed for this patent is TYCO ELECTRONICS CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Paul Cabrey, Ashok K. Mehan.
United States Patent |
9,496,070 |
Mehan , et al. |
November 15, 2016 |
Multi-layer insulated conductor having improved scrape abrasion
resistance
Abstract
An insulated conductor and method for making it are disclosed.
The insulated conductor includes an elongate conductor and a
multi-layer insulation system. The multi-layer insulation system
has a first insulating layer including an aromatic thermoplastic
material overlying the elongate conductor and a second insulating
layer including a perfluoropolymer adjacent the first insulating
layer. The first and second insulating layers are each applied to a
thickness such that the multi-layer insulation system exhibits a
scrape abrasion resistance that is significantly greater than sum
of the scrape abrasion resistance of the first and second
insulating layers individually at that thickness.
Inventors: |
Mehan; Ashok K. (Union City,
CA), Cabrey; Paul (San Jose, CA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
TYCO ELECTRONICS CORPORATION |
Berwyn |
PA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
TYCO ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
(Berwyn, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
50001309 |
Appl.
No.: |
13/737,049 |
Filed: |
January 9, 2013 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20140190724 A1 |
Jul 10, 2014 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01B
3/445 (20130101); H01B 3/36 (20130101); H01B
7/0275 (20130101); B32B 27/08 (20130101); H01B
3/427 (20130101); B32B 27/288 (20130101); B32B
27/322 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01B
3/42 (20060101); B32B 27/28 (20060101); B32B
27/32 (20060101); H01B 3/44 (20060101); B32B
27/08 (20060101); H01B 7/02 (20060101); H01B
3/36 (20060101); B05D 5/12 (20060101); H01B
7/00 (20060101); B01J 19/08 (20060101); B29C
47/88 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;174/120SR
;264/211.12,473 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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2471322 |
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Dec 2010 |
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GB |
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9831022 |
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Jul 1998 |
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WO |
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2010 098847 |
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Sep 2010 |
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WO |
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2010 099845 |
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Sep 2010 |
|
WO |
|
Other References
Calmont wire and cable AWG chart included in file wrapper. cited by
examiner .
Macromolecules 1993, 26, 3713-3716 3713 Processible Poly(arylene
ether ketone)s That Can Be Cross-Linked to High-Performance
Networks Kenneth A. Walker, Larry J. Markoski, and Jeffrey S.
Moore. cited by examiner .
International Search Report, International Application No.
PCT/US2014/010304, International Filing Date, Jan. 6, 2014. cited
by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: McAllister; Michael F
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. An insulated conductor comprising: an elongate conductor; and a
multi-layer insulation system having an extruded first insulating
layer comprising an aromatic thermoplastic material overlying the
elongate conductor; and an extruded second insulating layer
comprising a perfluoropolymer in contact with the first insulating
layer, wherein the first and second insulating layers are each of a
wall thickness such that the multi-layer insulation system exhibits
a scrape abrasion resistance that is at least 50% greater than the
sum of the scrape abrasion resistance of the first and second
insulating layers individually at that thickness when the scrape
abrasion resistance is measured in accordance with a predetermined
needle abrasion test.
2. The insulated conductor of claim 1, wherein the first insulating
layer has an average wall thickness in the range of about 0.003
inches to about 0.006 inches.
3. The insulated conductor of claim 1, wherein the second
insulating layer has an average wall thickness in the range of
about 0.002 inches to about 0.009 inches.
4. The insulated conductor of claim 1, wherein the first insulating
layer comprises a polyaryleneetherketone.
5. The insulated conductor of claim 4, wherein the
polyaryleneetherketone is selected from the group consisting of
polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK),
polyetherketone (PEK), polyetherimide (PEI), and blends
thereof.
6. The insulated conductor of claim 1, wherein the first insulating
layer comprises PEEK.
7. The insulated conductor of claim 1, wherein the perfluoropolymer
comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of
perfluoroalkoxy polymers (PFA), fluorinated ethylene propylene
polymers (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
perfluoromethylalkoxy polymers (MFA), perfluorinated polyethers
(PFPE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) and blends thereof.
8. The insulated conductor of claim 1, wherein the second
insulating layer comprises PTFE or FEP.
9. The insulated conductor of claim 1, wherein the first insulating
layer comprises PEEK and the second insulating layer comprises PTFE
or FEP.
10. The insulated conductor of claim 9, wherein the first
insulating layer has an average wall thickness of about 0.003
inches and the second insulating layer has an average wall
thickness of about 0.003 inches.
11. The insulated conductor of claim 10, wherein the second
insulating layer overlies the first insulating layer.
12. The insulated conductor of claim 1, wherein the elongate
conductor is a stranded conductor.
13. The insulated conductor claim 1, wherein the elongate conductor
is a braided cable.
14. The insulated conductor of claim 1, wherein the first
insulating layer is annealed.
15. The insulated conductor of claim 1, wherein the predetermined
needle abrasion test employs a needle having a diameter scraped a
length across the insulated conductor under a load at a rate of a
number of strokes per minute.
16. The insulated conductor of claim 15, wherein the needle
diameter is 0.020 inches, the stroke length is 0.394 inches, the
rate is 110 strokes per minute and the load is 1.1 pounds.
17. The insulated conductor of claim 16, wherein the multi-layer
insulation system exhibits a scrape abrasion resistance that is at
least 100% greater than the sum of the scrape abrasion resistance
of the first and second insulating layers individually at that
thickness.
18. An insulated conductor comprising: an elongate conductor; and a
two-layer insulation system having an extruded first insulating
layer comprising PEEK overlying the elongate conductor and having
an average wall thickness of about 0.003 inches; and an extruded
second insulating layer comprising PTFE overlying and in contact
with the first insulating layer and having an average wall
thickness of about 0.003 inches.
19. An insulated conductor comprising: an elongate conductor
comprising a braided cable; and a two-layer insulation system
having an extruded first insulating layer comprising annealed PEEK
overlying the elongate conductor and having an average wall
thickness of about 0.0055 inches; and an extruded second insulating
layer comprising FEP overlying and in contact with the first
insulating layer and having an average wall thickness of about
0.0085 inches.
Description
FIELD
This application is directed to insulated electrical conductors and
more particularly to a multi-layer insulated conductor that results
in improved resistance to scrape abrasion.
BACKGROUND
Electrically insulated wires are often used in environments in
which the physical, mechanical, electrical and thermal properties
of the insulation are put to the test by extreme conditions.
Resistance to failure by mechanical abrasion of the insulation
remains an important performance requirement for primary wires,
particularly in aerospace applications.
However, as these applications drive toward increasingly higher
performance standards, size and weight form a significant part of
overall design requirements of wires and cables used in those
applications. Thus, while increased insulation thicknesses can
provide greater mechanical abrasion resistance, the additional
insulation volume adds weight as well as increases stiffness,
making the wires and cables more difficult to manipulate. However,
decreasing the total insulation thickness to reduce weight and size
are traditionally associated with a decrease in abrasion
resistance.
These and other drawbacks are found in current insulated
conductors.
SUMMARY
Exemplary embodiments are directed to a multi-layer insulated
conductor that combines a high modulus layer with a solid lubricant
layer having low surface energy that unexpectedly and
synergistically exhibits improved scrape abrasion resistance while
retaining a size and weight that allows the conductor to be used in
a broad range of applications, including aerospace
applications.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, an insulated
conductor is disclosed. The insulated conductor includes an
elongate conductor and a multi-layer insulation system having an
extruded first insulating layer comprising an aromatic
thermoplastic material overlying the elongate conductor and an
extruded second insulating layer comprising a perfluoropolymer in
contact with the first insulating layer. The first and second
insulating layers are each of a wall thickness such that the
multi-layer insulation system exhibits a scrape abrasion resistance
that is significantly greater than the sum of the scrape abrasion
resistance of the first and second insulating layers individually
at that thickness.
In one presently preferred embodiment, the insulated conductor is
an elongate conductor and a two-layer insulation system having an
extruded first insulating layer comprising PEEK overlying the
elongate conductor and having an average wall thickness of about
0.003 inches and an extruded second insulating layer comprising
PTFE overlying and in contact with the first insulating layer and
having an average wall thickness of about 0.003 inches.
In another presently preferred embodiment, the insulated conductor
is an elongate conductor comprising a braided cable and a two-layer
insulation system having an extruded first insulating layer
comprising annealed PEEK overlying the elongate conductor and
having an average wall thickness of about 0.0055 inches and an
extruded second insulating layer comprising FEP overlying and in
contact with the first insulating layer and having an average wall
thickness of about 0.0085 inches.
An advantage of certain exemplary embodiments of the invention
includes that an insulated conductor is provided that has a
durable, low weight insulation system.
Another advantage of certain exemplary embodiments of the invention
includes that the multi-layer insulated conductor unexpectedly
achieves improved scrape abrasion resistance with the combination
of these layers which is significantly greater than the additive
individual contributions that would be expected from employing
those individual layers in combination.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be
apparent from the following more detailed description of exemplary
embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings
which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the
invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an insulated conductor in
accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention with
partial removal of the insulating layers.
FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the insulated
conductor of FIG. 1 along line 2-2.
FIG. 3 illustrates a side view of an insulated conductor in
accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention with
partial removal of the insulating layers in which the conductor is
a braided cable.
Where like parts appear in more than one drawing, it has been
attempted to use like reference numerals for clarity.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Turning to FIG. 1, exemplary embodiments of the invention are
directed to an insulated conductor 10 that includes an elongate
conductor 12 and an insulating system having a first insulating
layer 14 and a second insulating layer 16. Although described
primarily herein with respect to primary wires in which the
elongate conductor 12 is a single or multi-stranded conductor, it
will be appreciated that the insulated conductor 10 can also be a
braided cable or other bundle of wires. In embodiments in which the
elongate conductor 12 is a cable, the wires making up the cable may
or may not already be insulated and/or shielded and, if insulated,
each of the individual wires may independently employ a
conventional insulation or an insulating system in accordance with
exemplary embodiments. In the case of a cable, the first and second
insulating layers 14, 16 thus coat the entire braided bundle of
wires to form the insulated conductor 10, as seen in FIG. 3.
The elongate conductor 12 may be a wire of any suitable gauge and
may be solid or stranded (i.e., made up of many smaller wires
twisted together). FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the
insulated conductor shown in FIG. 1 in which the elongate conductor
12 is a stranded conductor, which is preferred for applications in
aircraft or other settings in which the conductor will be subject
to vibration. The conductor 12 is generally copper or another
metal, such as copper alloy or aluminum. If pure copper is used, it
may be coated with tin, silver, nickel or other metal to reduce
oxidation and improve solderability. Stranded conductors may be of
the unilay, concentric or other type. The conductor preferably has
a diameter in the range from between about 0.204 inches (about 5.18
mm) to about 0.016 inches (about 0.40 mm) for solid conductors, or
a diameter in the range from between about 0.232 inches (about 5.89
mm) to about 0.019 inches (about 0.48 mm) for stranded conductors,
which correspond to standard dimensions for 4 AWG to 26 AWG wires.
Conductors of 4 AWG, 6 AWG, 8 AWG, 10 AWG, 12 AWG, 14 AWG, 16 AWG,
18 AWG, 20 AWG, 22 AWG, 24 AWG, and/or 26 AWG are typical.
The first insulating layer 14 overlies and is adjacent the elongate
conductor 12. The first insulating layer 14 is comprised of an
extruded aromatic thermoplastic material. The first insulating
layer 14 may be applied by any suitable extrusion technique, such
as tube extrusion, for example. As will be appreciated, tube
extrusion refers to a technique in which the material being
extruded is contacted to the surface to which it is being applied
outside the extruder die, while pressure extrusion refers to a
technique in which the material being extruded is contacted to the
surface to which it is being applied while it is still within the
extruder die.
The material selected for the first insulating layer 14, which may
in some cases be the inner or core layer, is an aromatic
thermoplastic material selected to have a very high tensile modulus
(as measured according to ASTM D638) both at room temperature and
at elevated temperature. More particularly, the first insulating
layer may be a polyaryleneetherketone or blend containing one or
more compounds from that polyketone family; exemplary such
materials include polyetheretherketone (PEEK),
polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), and polyetherketone (PEK),
polyetherimide (PEI), and blends thereof. Preferably, the first
insulating layer 14 includes PEEK. In some embodiments, the
aromatic material used for the first insulating layer 14 may be
annealed.
The second insulating layer 16 is in contact with the first
insulating layer 14. Like the first insulating layer 14, the second
insulating layer 16 is also extruded to provide a substantially
uniform thickness along its length, which results in a smooth outer
surface. Like the first insulating layer 14, the second insulating
layer 16 may be applied by tube or pressure extruding techniques.
The second insulating layer 16 comprises a material having a low
surface energy, such as a perfluoropolymer, including
perfluoroalkoxy polymers (PFA), fluorinated ethylene propylene
polymers (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
perfluoromethylalkoxy polymers (MFA), perfluorinated polyethers
(PFPE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) and blends thereof. In
a preferred embodiment, the perfluoropolymer of the second
insulating layer is PTFE or FEP.
It will further be appreciated that the results can also be
achieved if the perfluoropolymer is applied as the first insulating
layer 14 and the aromatic thermoplastic is applied as the second
insulating layer 16 (i.e., overlying the first insulating layer
14).
It has been determined that an insulation system that is the
combination of a layer of an aromatic polymer having a high
modulus, such as PEEK, and a thin layer of a perfluoropolymer, such
as PTFE, applied in any order, provides a surprising and unexpected
increase in scrape abrasion resistance that is much greater than
the additive effects the two layers would be expected to provide
individually at the same total thickness. In some cases, the
multi-layer insulation system in accordance with exemplary
embodiments exhibits a scrape abrasion resistance that is more than
50% greater than the sum of the scrape abrasion resistance of the
first and second insulating layers individually at that thickness,
and in certain cases, more than 100% greater, with some embodiments
exhibit one to two orders of magnitude increases.
By "scrape abrasion resistance" is meant the resistance to erosion
of the insulative coating when its outer surface is repeatedly
scraped or rubbed, which is customarily measured by a needle
abrasion test in which a needle having a predetermined diameter is
scraped a predetermined length across the insulated conductor under
a predetermined load at a rate of a predetermined number of strokes
per minute. Any customary needle abrasion test used in accordance
with industry standards may be employed, the most widely accepted
being European Standard EN 3475, Part 503.
May be measured by a any customary needle scrape. Without wishing
to be bound by theory, it is believed that the perfluoropolymer
provides a hydrodynamic lubrication if a minimum thickness of the
aromatic polymer has been applied. This leads to the ability to
form primary wires, cables and other forms of insulated conductors
with outer jackets that have superior abrasion resistance while
maintaining thin walls and light weights.
That is, while abrasion resistance could also be improved by
providing a coating of a single thick layer of the high modulus
material, the wire would become too stiff. Exemplary embodiments
achieve excellent abrasion resistance by providing a two layer
system while minimizing the thickness of the high modulus layer and
maintain flexibility in the wire, cable or other conductor
employing that system, provided a certain minimum thickness for the
high modulus layer is still met.
In addition to the polymeric constituents of the first and second
insulating layers, each of the layers may include any conventional
constituents for wire insulation such as anti-oxidants, UV
stabilizers, pigments or other coloring or opacifying agents,
and/or flame retardants.
The thicknesses of the insulating layers 14, 16 to achieve the
synergistic effects in scrape abrasion seen in exemplary
embodiments (as measured by European Standard EN 3475, Part
503--"Needle Abrasion Test"--incorporated by reference in its
entirety and described subsequently in more detail), and in
particular the minimum average wall thickness of the first
insulating layer 14 (i.e. the high modulus layer), will vary
depending upon a variety of factors, including the thickness of the
elongate conductor 12 to which they are applied. For example, in
embodiments employing a 20 AWG single stranded wire or a 12 AWG
multi-stranded wire, the high modulus layer has an average wall
thickness of at least about 0.003 inches (about 0.076 mm) and the
perfluoropolymer layer has an average wall thickness of less than
about 0.004 inches (about 0.102 mm), typically in the range from
about 0.002 inches (about 0.050 mm) to about 0.004 inches (about
0.100 mm).
In another embodiment employing 8 AWG, the minimum average wall
thickness of the high modulus layer is about 0.004 inches (about
0.102 mm) to achieve synergistic effects, while the
perfluoropolymer layer may have an average wall thickness of less
than about 0.004 inches (about 0.102 mm), typically in the range
from about 0.002 inches (about 0.050 mm) to about 0.004 inches
(about 0.100 mm).
In embodiments employing a braided cable, the minimum average wall
thickness of the high modulus layer is about 0.0055 inches (about
0.140 mm) to achieve synergistic effects, while the
perfluoropolymer layer may have an average wall thickness of less
than about 0.010 inches (about 0.25 mm), and in one embodiment is
about 0.0085 inches (about 0.216 mm). Those skilled in the design
of wire and cables will appreciate the need for an increase in
overall wall thickness of the jacket with larger cable diameters to
minimize "wrinkling" issues with very thin layers that may be in
greater than the minimum thickness to achieve the scrape abrasion
performance described herein.
EXAMPLES
The invention is further described with respect to the following
examples, which are presented by way of illustration and not of
limitation.
Example 1
A 20 AWG concentrically stranded conductor having an outer diameter
of 0.0371 inches of soft annealed copper was tin plated. PEEK,
obtained as PEEK 450G from Victrex Corporation, was dried at
160.degree. C. in an air circulating oven for 24 hours immediately
prior to extrusion. The PEEK was tube extruded over the conductor
using an extruder barrel length to inside diameter (L/D) ratio of
24:1 to an average thickness of 0.003 inches.
A layer of PTFE (Moldflon MF100005 from ElringKlinger) was then
extruded over the PEEK to a thickness of 0.003 inches, followed by
annealing at 170.degree. C. for one hour.
Example 2
A second insulated conductor was constructed in an identical manner
as Example 1 and having the same overall wall thickness, except
that the PEEK was extruded to a thickness of 0.002 inches and the
PTFE was extruded to a thickness of 0.004 inches.
Comparative Example 1
A first comparative example was otherwise constructed in an
identical manner to Example 1, except that no second insulating
layer was applied, resulting in a conductor having only the 0.003
inch layer of PEEK.
Comparative Example 2
A second comparative example was otherwise constructed in an
identical manner to Example 2, except that no second insulating
layer was applied, resulting in a conductor having only the 0.002
inches layer of PEEK.
Comparative Example 3
A third comparative example was formed in a similar manner using
the same base conductor in the other examples, except that the
entire insulative coating was a 0.0066 inch thick layer of
PTFE.
All of the examples were then tested in accordance with the scrape
abrasion test as described in European Standard EN 3475, Part 503
("Needle Abrasion Test"), which is hereby incorporated by reference
in its entirety. Briefly, in this test, a metallic round needle
having a diameter of 20 mils is scraped repeatedly over the upper
surface of the coated wire. The longitudinal axis of the needle and
the specimen are kept at right angles to each other. A weight
affixed to a jig above the needle controls the weight normal to the
surface of the insulation. The weight is a load of 500 grams (about
4.9 Newtons or about 1.1 pounds) applied to the head holding the
needle. A motor-driven, reciprocating cam mechanism and counter is
used to move a sample back and forth for delivering abrading
strokes in a direction parallel to the axis of the specimen. The
length of the stroke is 0.394 inches (10 mm) and the frequency of
the stroke is 110 strokes (55 stroking cycles) per minute.
Six runs for each wire were conducted with the average number of
cycles to failure reported in Table 1 below.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Sample Description Average Cycles to Failure
Insulation Weight (g) Ex. 1 7983 0.600 Ex. 2 113 0.631 Comp. Ex. 1
2148 0.191 Comp. Ex. 2 11 0.129 Comp. Ex. 3 219 0.793
Example 1 reflects that a 1:1 ratio of PEEK to PTFE resulted in a
significant increase in the number of cycles over PEEK alone
(Comparative Example 1) which was half the thickness. That
represents a gain of 4759 cycles that comes only from the addition
of the outer layer of PTFE; however, one would expect the outer
layer of PTFE to result in an additive effect of no more than 200
cycles, as Comparative Example 3 reflects that the conductor coated
entirely of PTFE to a 6.6 mil outer wall thickness results in a
total cycles-to-failure of slightly more than 200 cycles.
The observed increase of over a 370% increase in the number of
cycles is synergistic and unexpected compared to the additive
effects that would be expected from the independent elements alone
as Comparative Examples 1 and 3 reflect.
Example 2 reflects that a minimum thickness of PEEK is need to
achieve the synergistic result, although it still exhibited a
significant increase over Comparative Example 2, which was PEEK
alone at the same 0.002 inch thickness.
To determine the minimum thickness, the experiment was repeated in
which the PEEK wall thickness was increased incrementally from
0.002 inches to 0.003 inches, while maintaining the same thickness
in the outer, PTFE layer, the results of which are shown in Table 2
and reflect that to gain a particularly significant number of
cycles to failure, the PEEK wall thickness should be at least 0.003
inches.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Average Cycles to Failure Average Cycles to
Failure Wall Thickness Without Outer Lubricating With Outer
Lubricating of PEEK layer Layer Layer 0.0020 in. 11 113 0.0025 in.
64 503 0.0030 in. 1721 7983
Example 3
12 AWG conductors were constructed from 37 strands of 28 AWG nickel
plated copper, then coated with 0.003 inches of PEEK followed by
0.003 inches PTFE (as Moldflon 10010). Both annealed and unannealed
samples were created and subjected to the needle abrasion test
discussed above. Comparative Examples were also created by
evaluating wires from which the outer PTFE jacket was removed,
leaving only the 0.003 inch layer of PEEK. The results are
reflected in Table 3.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Insulation System on 12 AWG stranded
conductor Average Cycles to Failure 0.003 in. PEEK/0.003 in. PTFE
8535 (unannealed PEEK) 0.003 in. PEEK 1972 (unannealed PEEK) 0.003
in. PEEK/0.003 in. PTFE 69379 (annealed PEEK) 0.003 in. PEEK 2243
(annealed PEEK) 0.006 in. PTFE 1323
In this example, the exemplary insulating system containing the
annealed PEEK exhibited more than an order of magnitude increase,
while even the exemplary system containing unannealed PEEK
exhibited significantly higher and unexpected results, as the
additive effects of the individual contributions of the PTFE and
PEEK are dwarfed by the effects seen in combination.
Example 4
In another example, 8 AWG nickel plated copper conductors were
provided. The conductors were coated with increasing increments of
0.003 inches of PEEK up to 0.004 inches of PEEK, followed in each
case by 0.004 inches PTFE (as Moldflon). Both annealed and
unannealed samples were created and subjected to the needle
abrasion test discussed above, except that a heavier load of 816 g
was employed. The results are shown in Tables 4a and 4b, which
reflects a minimum thickness of 0.004 inches for the heavier wire
and under the heavier scrape abrasion condition for each of the
annealed and unannealed samples.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4a with unannealed PEEK Average Cycles to
Failure Average Cycles to Failure Wall Thickness Without Outer
Lubricating With Outer Lubricating of PEEK layer Layer Layer 0.0030
in. 11 336 0.0035 in. 120 831 0.0040 in. 2207 5153
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4b with annealed PEEK Average Cycles to
Failure Average Cycles to Failure Wall Thickness Without Outer
Lubricating With Outer Lubricating of PEEK layer Layer Layer 0.0030
in. 14 351 0.0035 in. 137 1026 0.0040 in. 1139 5867
Example 5
Another example was performed using an 8 AWG conductor, in which a
tin plated copper conductor was provided, with the insulation
system identified next to results shown below in Table 5 in which
the exemplary embodiments were formed using unannealed PEEK and
PTFE (as Moldflon). In this example, an even heavier load (1223 g)
was used for the needle scrape test, which reflects significant
synergistic gains, even at higher loads which might be expected to
show less difference between the samples.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 3 Insulation System Average Cycles to Failure
0.00425 in. PEEK/0.00675 in. PTFE 284 0.006 in. PEEK/0.005 in. PTFE
1258 0.00425 in. PEEK 13 0.0006 in. PEEK 377 0.00675 in. PTFE 1
Example 6
In another example, an 8 AWG twisted cable conductor was provided,
again tested in the same manner as previously described but using a
load of 1223 g. In this example, the order of the first and second
insulating layers was reversed, with the lubricating layer applied
underneath the high modulus PEEK layer (this time employing 4000G
from Victrex). In this example, both PTFE (as Moldflon MF10010) and
FEP (as Teflon FEP-100) were used as perfluoropolymer lubricating
layers. Both annealed and unannealed samples were evaluated, with
annealing carried out at 180.degree. C. for 1 hour. Results are
shown in Table 6.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 Insulation System on 8 AWG TC conductor
Average Cycles to Failure 0.00425 in. PTFE/0.00425 in. 744 PEEK
(unannealed PEEK) 0.00675 in. PTFE/0.00425 in. 7523 PEEK
(unannealed PEEK) 0.00675 in. FEP/0.00425 in. 15137 PEEK
(unannealed PEEK) 0.00425 in. PTFE/0.00425 in. 2234 PEEK (annealed
PEEK) 0.00675 in. PTFE/0.00425 in. 13808 PEEK (annealed PEEK)
0.00675 in. FEP/0.00425 in. 13683 PEEK (annealed PEEK) 0.00425 in.
PTFE 0.5 0.00675 in. PTFE 1.3 0.00675 in. FEP 3 0.00425 in. PEEK 13
(unannealed)
Example 7
In this example, an 8 AWG twisted conductor containing 37 wrapped
bundles was formed, each bundle containing 7 strands of 32 AWG
nickel-plated copper. An insulating system in accordance with
exemplary embodiments of 0.004 inches PEEK overlaid by 0.004 inches
PTFE (as Moldflon 10010) was applied to samples in both annealed
and non-annealed embodiments. The conductor was subjected to the
needle scrape test as described above, this time using a 816 gram
load. For comparison, conductors separately coated only with PEEK
or only with PTFE were also examined. The results are shown in
Table 7.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 7 Insulation System on 8 AWG TC conductor
Average Cycles to Failure 0.0040 in. PEEK/0.004 in. PTFE 5153
(unannealed PEEK) 0.0040 in. PEEK/0.004 in. PTFE 5867 (annealed
PEEK) 0.0040 in. PEEK (unannealed) 2207 0.0040 in. PEEK (annealed)
1139 0.004 in. PTFE 26
As with other inventive insulating systems exemplified herein, the
insulating system of this example again showed a synergistic,
unexpected improvement in scrape abrasion resistance that far
exceeds what would have been expected from the additive effects of
either of the components employed alone. Further, the results are
seen in both annealed and unannealed samples, although the
improvement in the annealed samples reflects a larger total
gain.
Example 8
In this example, the insulating system was used as a jacket for a
braided cable in which a braided cable was overlain by PEEK,
followed by FEP (Teflon FEP-1000J). As in several of the other
examples, the PEEK was evaluated in both annealed and unannealed
form, along with single system jackets of PEEK and FEP individually
for comparison. The needle scrape test was conducted using a 1224
gram load. The results of this example are reflected in Table
8.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 8 Insulation System on Braided Conductor
Average Cycles to Failure 0.0055 in. PEEK/0.0085 in. FEP 33943
(unannealed PEEK) 0.0055 in. PEEK/0.0085 in. FEP 131751 (annealed
PEEK) 0.0055 in. PEEK (unannealed) 10512 0.0055 in. PEEK (annealed)
7980 0.014 in. FEP 1403
In this example, the use of the inventive insulating system
reflected an extraordinary gain in scrape abrasion performance,
particularly when annealed PEEK was used, with an increase of over
two orders of magnitude.
While the foregoing specification illustrates and describes
exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in
the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be
substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope
of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to
adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the
invention without departing from the essential scope thereof.
Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the
particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for
carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include
all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended
claims.
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