U.S. patent number 9,304,071 [Application Number 14/620,515] was granted by the patent office on 2016-04-05 for system and method for testing of micro-sized materials.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of the Navy. The grantee listed for this patent is The Government of the United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of the Navy, The Government of the United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of the Navy. Invention is credited to Allen Hagerman Reed, Hang Yin, David C. Young, Guoping Zhang.
United States Patent |
9,304,071 |
Reed , et al. |
April 5, 2016 |
System and method for testing of micro-sized materials
Abstract
Apparatus and methods for testing sediment submerged in liquid
and manufacturing the apparatus.
Inventors: |
Reed; Allen Hagerman (Bay St.
Louis, MS), Zhang; Guoping (Amherst, MA), Yin; Hang
(Baton Rouge, LA), Young; David C. (Long Beach, MS) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
The Government of the United States of America, as represented by
the Secretary of the Navy |
Washington |
DC |
US |
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Assignee: |
The United States of America, as
represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington,
DC)
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Family
ID: |
48869108 |
Appl.
No.: |
14/620,515 |
Filed: |
February 12, 2015 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20150160107 A1 |
Jun 11, 2015 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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13616163 |
Sep 14, 2012 |
8984957 |
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61592276 |
Jan 30, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N
3/08 (20130101); G01N 3/068 (20130101); G01N
33/24 (20130101); Y10T 29/49826 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
G01N
3/00 (20060101); G01N 3/08 (20060101); G01N
3/06 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;73/800,818,862.624 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1020080074625 |
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Aug 2008 |
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KR |
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1020110131570 |
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Dec 2011 |
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KR |
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2005090942 |
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Sep 2005 |
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WO |
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Other References
Radmacher, M. et al, (1995) Imaging Soft Samples with the Atomic
Force Microscope: Gelatin in Water and Propanol, Biophysical
Journal, vol. 69, pp. 264-270. cited by applicant .
Markidou, A., et al (2005) Soft-materials elastic and shear moduli
measurement using piezoelectric cantilevers, Review of Scientific
Instruments 76, 064302. cited by applicant .
Ishiguro, T., et al (2008) the Localization of Phytate in Tofu Curd
Formation and Effects of Phytate on Tofu Texture, Journal of Food
Science vol. 73, No. 2, pp. C67-C71. cited by applicant .
Righetti, R., et al (2004) The Feasibility of using elastography
for imaging the poisson's ratio in porous media, Ultrasound in
Medicine & Biology, vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 215-228. cited by
applicant .
Rae, P.J., Dattelbaum, D.M., (2004) The properties of poly
(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) in compression, Science Direct,
Polymer 45 pp. 7615-7625. cited by applicant .
Samani, A, et al (2007) An inverse problem solution for measuring
the elastic modulus of intact ex vivo breast tissue tumours,
Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 52, pp. 1247-1260. cited by
applicant .
Zin-Sheng Liu, et al (2004) Effect of selective thermal
denaturation of soybean proteins on soymilk viscosity and tofu's
physical properties, Food Research International vol. 37, pp.
815-822. cited by applicant .
Leroux, Pierre (2010) Nanovea, Compression Measurement of Foam with
Microindentation, 6 Morgan, Ste 156, Irvine, CA 92618. cited by
applicant .
Ashby, M., and Cebon, D.(2002) New approaches to Materials
Education, The CES 4 EduPack,course, Cambridge, UK. cited by
applicant .
International Search Report, PCT/US2012/063254, Korean Intellectual
Property Office Mar. 13, 2013. cited by applicant.
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Primary Examiner: Noori; Max
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE
This Application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of
priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120 based on U.S. Non-Provisional
patent application Ser. No. 13/616,163 filed on Sep. 14, 2012,
which is a non-provisional application claiming priority to
Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 61/592,276 filed on Jan.
30, 2012, under 35 USC 119(e), both of which are incorporated by
reference into the present disclosure in their entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A apparatus for characterizing mechanical properties of a
sample, comprising: a container configured with at least one
magnifying port and at least one opening, the container holding a
pre-selected depth of fluid; a sample support rod extending from a
wall of the container, the sample support rod being configured to
hold the sample so that it is submerged in the fluid and positioned
based on a magnifying device situated in the at least one
magnifying port, the sample support rod being further configured
with a mechanical drive forcing the container; and a compression
punch being positioned at one of the at least one the openings, the
compression punch configured with a load cell; wherein the sample
support rod and the sample interact with the compression punch to
generate force and displacement data characterizing the mechanical
properties of the sample, the force and displacement data being
automatically transferred to a load cell computer by the load cell,
the load cell computer automatically translating the force and
displacement data into a force-displacement curve indicative of the
material properties of the sample.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one
opening comprises a port for manipulating the sample.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the magnifying
device comprises a permanently integrated magnifying lens.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the magnifying
device comprises a temporarily integrated magnifying lens.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the magnifying port
comprises a camera attachment.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the magnifying
device comprises a magnifying lens and a camera.
Description
BACKGROUND
The embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to compression or
tension testing of flocculated sediments, an aggregate mixture of
clay minerals and biopolymers, referred to herein alternatively as
"floc" or "sediment". To test a floc, it should remain saturated
and submerged in the formation solution. The floc must be easily
isolated from other flocs for single floc geotechnical compression
tests that can be made relatively rapidly on a large number of
samples. A device to test a floc should have minimal and
quantifiable frictional resistance to motion, minimal and
quantifiable cantilever effect, and minimal, known, or quantifiable
compressional resistance of the manipulator tips. Fine-grained
sediment transport, deposition and consolidation of soft sediments
is determined, in part, by a complex relationship between sediment
makeup and geotechnical properties of clay-aggregates. Compression
tests on soft sediment grains that are comprised of clay and
polymers can help to better understand how contact interactions
could alter the aggregate properties and influence sediment
processes of transport, deposition, and consolidation in estuarine
and nearshore littoral environments. Compression tests can provide
data that can be incorporated into numerical models, which can be
used to predict sediment transport processes. In order to determine
the compressive strength of clay aggregates, a highly sensitive
load cell and mechanism to hold the small specimens (.about.0.5 to
2 mm in diameter) in a controlled vertical plane are needed. Such a
device would require a fluid receptacle within which the specimen
is submerged and resting on a sample plate. The sample plate could
be manipulated upward, via a stepper motor-driven lift that could
push the specimen at a controlled and specified rate into the
"punch" that could be connected to a load cell. The load cell could
transfer the information to a computer that could quantify the
force required to deform the specimen. Such a device could be used
in nano/micro mechanical testing of individual flocs, or other
small particles, in sizes that range from approximately 10 to
approximately 5000 microns. The device could facilitate compression
tests of flocs that are comprised of clay and polymers mixed in
fresh or salt water for which the pH, or other chemistry, varies.
The device could also facilitate imaging the deformation process in
real-time, and could use that capability to correlate the floc
compressive deformation process by generating a graphical
representation of a force-displacement (i.e., compression) curve.
The compression data could then be readily used to address the
influence of contact interactions between flocs and deformation of
those flocs in discrete element models of sediment transport.
What is needed is an environmental cell for nano/micro mechanical
and biomechanical testing to facilitate compression or tension
tests of soft sediment aggregates that include clay and polymers
mixed in fresh and salt water and which are retained in a liquid of
the same salinity, alternatively for testing biological materials
such as, for example, blood cells, virus, and bacteria, and also
gels, foams, rubbers, surface coatings, and food. Currently,
compression tests are not conducted on small aggregates that are
comprised of soft, low-strength, materials. Also, there are no
technologies available that can quantify the Young's modulus of
these grains. Currently, these measurements are not made on soft,
low-strength, materials.
SUMMARY
This system and method of the present embodiment can enable testing
of similar specimens in aqueous environments, such as food
materials, cosmetics, chemicals, etc. The apparatus and methods of
the present embodiment can provide for nano/micro mechanical
testing of micro-sized materials submerged in liquid, facilitating
specimen preparation and installation, and can provide hydrated
materials. The apparatus can include cell walls with optical
magnifying lenses so that the micro-sized specimens can be viewed
without the aid of a microscope. For example, compression or
tension tests of soft sediment aggregates and biological materials
can be performed. The apparatus may have no frictional resistance
between the parts that move to compress the flocs. The water bath
can be maintained at a specific elevation and, because the water
level or "the buoyant force" can be sensed by the load cell on, for
example, but not limited to, an AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES.RTM. T150 Nano
UTM. The UTM, or other similar device, includes, but is not limited
to including, a frame that holds a load cell, a base plate, and a
stepper motor that can move the base plate towards the load cell,
and a computer that can transfer data from the load cell to a
storage medium, reproducible and discernible results can be
achieved. The 10.times. magnifiers can locate flocs and position
them between the "compression punch" and "sample holder". The clear
imaging window can enable photography and movies of the floc during
the compression test. A single floc or other material can be
submerged in fluids of varied ionic strength and pH. At least two
10.times., for example, viewing windows can be positioned at
preselected angles to facilitate sample loading and alignment of
small particles. The apparatus can enable real-time movies of
compression tests to be captured. The apparatus can enable testing
of compression in aqueous systems with, for example, but not
limited to, an AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES.RTM. NanoUniversal Loading
Frame and similar devices from other companies. The apparatus can
be used to determine the fate and survivability of river-borne
aggregates in estuarine and littoral zone waters. Further, the
device can be used to quantify Young's moduli of small granular
materials. The data produced by the device can be used to make
predictions of grain interactions associated with sediment
transport, specifically sediment transport of fine-grained sediment
aggregates. The data may also be used to address the strength of
similarly sized composite materials with low strength, such as
beads, elastomers, food products, and cosmetics.
An environmental cell can be manufactured for nano/micro mechanical
testing of micro-sized materials submerged in liquid, facilitating
specimen preparation and installation, and providing hydrated
materials. For example, compression or tension tests of soft
sediment aggregates and biological materials can be performed. The
apparatus can determine the compressive strength, elastic moduli or
Young's moduli, of soft, sediment aggregates comprised of clay or
clay and biopolymers. The apparatus can further collect data on
clay aggregates as well as food material (for example, but not
limited to, tofu and gelatin) which has similar compressive
strength.
The environmental cell can be coupled to a load cell (for example,
but not limited to, Agilent UTM-150 with 50 nN force resolution).
The load cell can be contained in a frame, inverted in the present
embodiment, and can have a stepper motor. The environmental cell
can be placed on a stage that is connected to the stepper motor,
the stage also being connected to the environmental cell, the
environmental cell containing the fluid and the sediment aggregate.
The sediment aggregate is then positioned to contact the punch pin
that is connected to the load cell, so that as the load cell is
moved upward at a computer controlled rate (the strain rate), the
load cell can detect the force of the sediment aggregate during
displacement of the environmental cell. During this time period, a
video camera collects images of the sediment aggregate, stills that
can be used to produce a video. The displacement of the
environmental cell is time-synched with the force determination and
then this information is plotted as a force curve (force vs.
displacement) in real-time on the load cell computer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the present
embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a CAD-drawing of the apparatus of the present
embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a virtual photographic representation of the apparatus of
the present embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a photographic representation of the apparatus of the
present embodiment as it would be coupled to the load cell device
and positioned with respect to the image capture system;
FIG. 5 is a photographic representation of the apparatus of the
present embodiment as it would be coupled to the load cell device
and positioned with respect to the image capture system with
indication that the compression test data and the images are
transferred to different computers;
FIG. 6 is a photographic representation of the flocs under
compression during various phases of the displacement during the
compression test;
FIG. 7 is a graphical depiction of compressive strength of
clay/organic matter mix that relates the images of FIG. 6 to
locations on the graph;
FIG. 8A is a flowchart of the method for assembling the apparatus
of the present embodiment;
FIG. 8B is a flowchart of the method of collecting compression data
using the apparatus of the present embodiment; and
FIG. 8C is a flowchart of the method of testing sediment data using
the apparatus of the present embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The problems set forth above as well as further and other problems
are solved by the present teachings. These solutions and other
advantages are achieved by the various embodiments of the teachings
described herein below.
Referring now to FIG. 1, apparatus 100, viewed from top view 130
and side view 140, can include, but is not limited to including,
base plate 101 made from, for example, DELRIN.RTM., imaging window
plate 103 made from, for example, acrylic, side plates made from,
for example, acrylic, magnifying window magnifying lens 107 made
of, for example, but not limited to, glass, sample holder 109 made
from, for example, stainless steel, O-rings 113 made from, for
example, butyl nitrile rubber, and compression punch 111 made from,
for example, stainless steel. Fluid bath 115 can hold enough
supernatant fluid to maintain the constant chemistry of the
hydrated materials during the test. Apparatus 100 can provide a
means to hold, locate, and maintain properties of aggregate during
compression tests of soft materials in an aqueous environment, and
can automatically compute a force-displacement curve. This can
enable tests of compressive strength while enabling the operator to
view the placement of the floc and deformation of the floc through
magnified lenses 107 and to capture images of the deformation
process with a microscope through picture imaging window 103. The
determination of the elastic moduli, among other material
properties, can be computed based on the force-displacement curve
and the particle size information.
Apparatus 100 can allow fluid to be maintained with the sample,
which can be emplaced on a surface mounting rod, also referred to
herein as sample support rod, 109 and viewed through 10.times.
magnifying windows 103, which can render apparatus 100 suitable for
viewing micrometer-sized objects. The sample material can then be
compressed under a controlled load and viewed with a microscope at
high resolution/magnification so as to capture information on
strain and deformation. Apparatus 100 can be coupled with, for
example, but not limited to, a device to perform nanomechanical
testing, for example, AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES.RTM. UTM T150, which can
be used to measure compressive strength and therefore extend the
capabilities from simple tensile strength tests.
Referring now to FIG. 2, environmental cell 102 of apparatus 100
(FIG. 1) can include blank side plates 137 and lens side plates 135
made of, for example, but not limited to, acrylic, that are
connected to each other, for example, but not limited to, by gluing
using, for example, but not limited to, acrylic solvent. Lens side
plates 135 can be made of, for example, but not limited to, acrylic
which can measure, but is not limited to measuring, approximately
two inches in height, approximately 2.46 inches in width, and
approximately 0.23 inches in width. Lens side plates 135 can
include magnifying lens 107, for example, but not limited to,
10.times. magnifying lenses, made out of, for example, but not
limited to, glass, which can be fixed in place, for example glued,
using, for example, but not limited to, 3M.RTM. 5200 adhesive
sealant. Lens side plates 135 can also include lens recesses 139.
can also include base plate 101 such as, for example, but not
limited to, a DELRIN.RTM. plate glued to blank side plates 137 and
lens side plates 135 using, for example, but not limited to,
3M.RTM. 5200 adhesive sealant. can also include for example, but
not limited to, No. 2006 O-rings 113, and sample support rod 109
made from, for example, but not limited to, 316 stainless steel.
The configuration and sizes of blank side plates 137 and lens side
plates 135 can be different from the depicted embodiment.
Referring now to FIG. 3, environmental cell 102 is shown in use
including fluid bath 115. Lens side plates 135, 10.times.
magnifying windows 107, DELRIN.RTM. base plate 101, and sample
support rod 109 are also shown.
Referring now to FIG. 4, embodiment 104 of environmental cell 102
(FIG. 1) is shown from two points of view. Embodiment 104 can
include video camera 201 that is attached to microscope 215 and
load cell device 203 in an inverted position, compression punch
111, flags 206 to maintain load cell in parked position, load cell
207, clay floc 209, stage manipulators 211, magnifying view windows
213 to facilitate sample loading, orienting, and aligning with
respect to compression punch 111, by reorienting micromanipulator
stage 217 with stage manipulators 211 to move environmental cell
102 that is connected to stage mount 219, and belt-drive 221 that
can migrate stepper motor plate 212 and micromanipulator stage 217
upwards. During this process, as belt-drive 221 moves stepper motor
plate 212, micromanipulator stage 217, and environmental cell 102
upwards, pre-aligned floc 209 can interact with compression punch
111 and load cell 203 to transfer force and displacement data to a
load cell computer (not shown). Simultaneously, video camera 201
can capture imagery of the floc 209 deformation and can transport
the images to an image processing computer (not shown).
Referring now to FIG. 5, video camera 201 having connecting cables
245, connecting video camera to image processing computer (not
shown) is shown with respect to the load cell device 203, for
example, but not limited to, AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES.RTM. UTM150, and
principal components of load cell 207, compression punch 111,
environmental cell 102, micromanipulator stage 217, stage
manipulators 211, stepper motor plate 212, and belt-drive 221 that
can migrate micromanipulator stage 217 and environmental cell 102
upwards. Load cell 203 can collect data that are transferred to the
data processing load cell computer (not shown); video camera 201
can transfer data to an image processing computer (not shown).
Referring now primarily to FIG. 6, compression/deformation of floc
209 is shown in a series of images ((a)-(h)) that capture the
vertical migration of environmental cell 102 (FIG. 3) as sample
support rod 109 (FIG. 3) drives floc 209 into compression punch
111. These images correspond to FIG. 7, the graph of load versus
compression. During this process, floc 209 is submerged in the
supernatant fluid within the environmental cell 102, which can
migrate upward to push floc 209 (and sample support rod 109)
through supernatant fluid 115 and, eventually, into contact with
floc 209 to the end of the test where environmental cell 102 (FIG.
3) and sample support rod 109 (FIG. 3) can reverse migration to
unload floc 209, which remains deformed (image (h) in FIG. 6).
Referring now to FIG. 7, graph 281 of load versus compression is
shown for the compression of gray-green aggregate made of clay,
e.g. illite, and organic matter, e.g. guar, mixed in salt-water of
neutral pH. The graph shows the load in mN and compressive
displacement of the load cell. Letters displayed along curve 283
correspond to images (a)-(h) in FIG. 6.
Referring now primarily to FIG. 8A, method 150 for assembling
environmental cell 102 (FIG. 2) can include, but is not limited to
including, the steps of preparing two magnifying walls 135, imaging
window 103, and side wall 137, machining 151 compression punch 111
(FIG. 1), cutting 153 sample support rod 109 (FIG. 1) to radial and
length dimensions and cutting threads inside sample support rod 109
(FIG. 1) and o-ring grooves 113 (FIG. 1) outside, cutting 155 a
magnifying window, to mount magnifying lens 107 (FIG. 1), and
recesses in magnifying walls 135 (FIG. 3), cutting 157 base plate
101 (FIG. 1) and drilling a hole in base plate 101 (FIG. 1) to
accommodate sample support rod 109 (FIG. 1), gluing 159 base plate
101 (FIG. 1) to each of imaging window 103 (FIG. 3), magnifying
walls 135 (FIG. 3), and side wall 137 (FIG. 3) to form a water bath
area, attaching 161 o-rings 113 (FIG. 1) to the sample support rod
109 (FIG. 1), attaching 163 sample support rod 109 (FIG. 1) to a
threaded attachment on a stage manipulator.
Referring now to FIG. 8B, method 250 for collecting compression
data on a floc 209 (FIG. 1) can include, but is not limited to
including, the steps of attaching 251 threads of sample support rod
109 (FIG. 1) to a threaded rod on a sample stage, sample support
rod 109 (FIG. 1) being positioned within environmental cell 102
(FIG. 2), filling 253 environmental cell 102 (FIG. 2) with a
preselected volume of saturating fluid, installing 255 samples
flocs 209 (FIG. 1) to be evaluated on sample support rod 109 (FIG.
1), if in manual mode, freeing 257 compression punch/load cell 111
(FIG. 1) for movement from its flagged position, if in
computer-controlled mode, migrating 259 the environmental cell
towards compression punch 111 (FIG. 1), aligning 261 compression
punch 111 (FIG. 1) with sample floc 209 (FIG. 1) to be evaluated by
rotating knobs on the sample stage using magnifying lens 107 (FIG.
1) associated with environmental cell 102 (FIG. 1) to assist
viewing the alignment, and executing 263 a rate/load dependent
computer compression test.
Referring primarily to FIG. 8C, method 350 (FIG. 8C) for testing
sediment can include, but is not limited to including, the step of
inserting 351 (FIG. 8C) compression punch 111 (FIG. 4) into load
cell 207 (FIG. 4), while load cell 207 (FIG. 4) is in the a parked
position, for example, when flags 206 (FIG. 4) are inserted into
load cell 207 (FIG. 4). Method 350 (FIG. 8C) for testing sediment
can further include the steps of attaching 353 (FIG. 8C)
environmental cell 102 (FIG. 4) to stage mount 219 (FIG. 4) resting
atop micromanipulator stage 217 (FIG. 4) that is attached to
stepper motor plate 212 (FIG. 4), loading 355 (FIG. 8C)
environmental cell 102 (FIG. 4) with the water from which the
sediment is obtained, positioning 357 (FIG. 8C) the sediment on
base plate 101 (FIG. 1), and positioning 359 (FIG. 8C) the sediment
below compression punch 111 (FIG. 4) by adjusting stepper motor
plate. Method 350 (FIG. 8C) can still further include the steps of
moving 361 (FIG. 8C) the stepper motor plate towards compression
punch 111 (FIG. 44), computing 363 (FIG. 8C) a strain rate based on
step 361 (FIG. 8C), measuring 365 (FIG. 8C) the sediment resistance
of the sediment based on the strain rate and the stepper motor
plate displacement, and recording 367 (FIG. 8C) the sediment
resistance and the stepper motor plate displacement on a
computer-readable medium. Method 350 (FIG. 8C) can optionally
include the steps of collecting images of the sediment during the
step of moving 361 (FIG. 8C) the stepper motor plate towards
compression punch 111 (FIG. 4), and computing any of the
compression strength, the Young's modulus, and the elastic modulus
of the sediment aggregate based on the sediment resistance and the
images. Method 350 (FIG. 8C) can further optionally include the
steps of adjusting the stepper motor plate by micromanipulators,
and collecting the images through lens side plate 135 (FIG. 3) of
environmental cell 102 (FIG. 4). Method 350 (FIG. 8C) can still
further optionally include the steps of obtaining the sediment from
any of a river, a laboratory, and an ocean bottom, and positioning
the sediment on base plate 101 (FIG. 4) using a pipette. Method 350
(FIG. 8C) can even further optionally include the steps of
situating magnifying lenses 107 (FIG. 4) at 90.degree. angles to
each other, aligning the magnifying lenses until the sediment is in
line with compression pin 111 (FIG. 4), and verifying the alignment
based on the images.
Referring again primarily to FIGS. 8A and 8B, methods 150 (FIG. 8A)
and 250 (FIG. 8B) can be, in whole or in part, implemented
electronically. Signals representing actions taken by elements of
apparatus 100 (FIG. 1) and other disclosed embodiments can travel
over at least one live communications network (connected by
communication cables 247 (FIG. 5)). Control and data information
can be electronically executed and stored on at least one
computer-readable medium accessible by cables 247 (FIG. 5).
Apparatus 100 (FIG. 1) can be implemented to communicate with at
least one computer node in at least one live communications
network. Common forms of at least one computer-readable medium can
include, for example, but not be limited to, a floppy disk, a
flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic
medium, a compact disk read only memory or any other optical
medium, punched cards, paper tape, or any other physical medium
with patterns of holes, a random access memory, a programmable read
only memory, and erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), a
Flash EPROM, or any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other
medium from which a computer can read. Further, the at least one
computer readable medium can contain graphs in any form including,
but not limited to, Graphic Interchange Format (GIF), Joint
Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics (PNG),
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), and Tagged Image File Format
(TIFF).
Although the present teachings have been described with respect to
various embodiments, it should be realized these teachings are also
capable of a wide variety of further and other embodiments.
* * * * *