U.S. patent number 9,289,021 [Application Number 14/743,756] was granted by the patent office on 2016-03-22 for shear reduction mechanism.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Brainguard Technologies, Inc.. The grantee listed for this patent is Brainguard Technologies, Inc.. Invention is credited to Robert T. Knight, Avery A. Kwan.
United States Patent |
9,289,021 |
Kwan , et al. |
March 22, 2016 |
Shear reduction mechanism
Abstract
Protective gear such as a helmet includes multiple layers
including an outer ball bearing layer and/or one or more energy and
impact transformer layers. The ball bearing layer exposes multiple
ball bearings on the outer surface of the protective gear to
deflect and diminish shear forces and other rotational forces
imparted onto the outer surface. In many examples, the ball
bearings on the outer surface prevent the transfer of shear and
rotational forces from the surface of a helmet onto a skull. The
energy and impact transformer layers may also include various
structures and materials used to dissipate mechanical energy
applied to an outer layer or outer shell layer.
Inventors: |
Kwan; Avery A. (Berkeley,
CA), Knight; Robert T. (El Cerrito, CA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Brainguard Technologies, Inc. |
El Cerrito |
CA |
US |
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Assignee: |
Brainguard Technologies, Inc.
(El Cerrito, CA)
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Family
ID: |
50483980 |
Appl.
No.: |
14/743,756 |
Filed: |
June 18, 2015 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20150305424 A1 |
Oct 29, 2015 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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13655558 |
Oct 19, 2012 |
9095179 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A42B
3/04 (20130101); A42B 3/125 (20130101); A41D
13/015 (20130101); A42B 3/08 (20130101); A42B
3/063 (20130101); A42B 3/122 (20130101); A42B
3/064 (20130101); A42B 3/10 (20130101); A42B
3/121 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A42B
3/04 (20060101); A42B 3/10 (20060101); A42B
3/12 (20060101); A41D 13/015 (20060101); A42B
3/06 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;2/410,411,412,413,414,425,16,20,909 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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2012045169 |
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Apr 2012 |
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WO |
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2014063113 |
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Apr 2014 |
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WO |
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Other References
"U.S. Appl. No. 13/655,558, Non Final Office Action mailed Jan. 16,
2015", 6 pgs. cited by applicant .
"U.S. Appl. No. 13/655,558, Notice of Allowance mailed Jun. 5,
2015", 5 pgs. cited by applicant .
"Int'l Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/065779, Preliminary Report
on Patentability mailed Apr. 30, 2015", 7 pgs. cited by applicant
.
"Int'l Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/065779, Search Report
& Written Opinion mailed Mar. 18, 2014", 8 pgs. cited by
applicant.
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Primary Examiner: Patel; Tejash
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kwan & Olynick LLP
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A helmet, comprising: an outer shell layer configured to expose
a plurality of ball bearings, wherein the plurality of ball
bearings deflect shear forces directed onto the outer shell layer
of the helmet; an energy and impact transformer layer connected to
the plurality of ball bearings, wherein the energy and impact
transformer layer is configured to absorb compressive forces
directed onto the outer shell layer of the helmet; and a liner
layer associated with the energy and impact transformer layer,
wherein the liner layer is configured to conform to a human
head.
2. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the outer shell layer is
connected to the energy and impact transformer layer though a
middle shell layer.
3. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the liner layer is connected to
the energy and impact transformer layer though an inner shell
layer.
4. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the plurality of ball bearings
are maintained in a ball bearing layer.
5. The helmet of claim 4, wherein the ball bearing layer resides
between the outer shell layer and a middle shell layer.
6. The helmet of claim 4, wherein the ball bearing layer resides
between the outer shell layer and the energy and impact transformer
layer.
7. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the energy and impact transformer
layer is integrated with the liner layer.
8. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the energy and impact transformer
layer is connected to an inner shell layer.
9. The helmet of claim 7, wherein a lining layer is connected to
the inner surface of the inner shell layer.
10. The helmet of claim 9, wherein the lining layer comprises
pre-formed foam.
11. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the energy and impact
transformer layer comprises a magneto-rheological element.
12. The helmet of claim 1, wherein the energy and impact
transformer layer comprises a gel or fluid.
13. Protective gear, comprising: an outer shell layer configured to
expose a plurality of ball bearings, wherein the plurality of ball
bearings deflect shear forces directed onto the outer shell layer
of the protective gear; an energy and impact transformer layer
connected to the plurality of ball bearings, wherein the energy and
impact transformer layer is configured to absorb compressive forces
directed onto the outer shell layer of the protective gear; and a
liner layer associated with the energy and impact transformer
layer, wherein the liner layer is configured to conform to a human
joint.
14. The protective gear of claim 13, wherein the outer shell layer
is connected to the energy and impact transformer layer though a
middle shell layer.
15. The protective gear of claim 13, wherein the liner layer is
connected to the energy and impact transformer layer though an
inner shell layer.
16. The protective gear of claim 13, wherein the plurality of ball
bearings are maintained in a ball bearing layer.
17. The helmet of claim 16, wherein the ball bearing layer resides
between the outer shell layer and a middle shell layer.
18. The protective gear of claim 16, wherein the ball bearing layer
resides between the outer shell layer and the energy and impact
transformer layer.
19. The protective gear of claim 13, wherein the energy and impact
transformer layer is integrated with the liner layer.
20. The protective gear of claim 13, wherein the energy and impact
transformer layer is connected to an inner shell layer.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120 to U.S.
application Ser. No. 13/655,558, entitled SHEAR REDUCTION
MECHANISM, filed Oct. 19, 2012, all of which is incorporated herein
by reference for all purposes.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure relates to ball bearing shear force
reduction protection mechanisms.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
Protective gear such as sports and safety helmets are designed to
reduce direct impact forces that can mechanically damage an area of
contact. Protective gear will typically include padding and a
protective shell to reduce the risk of physical head injury. Liners
are provided beneath a hardened exterior shell to reduce violent
deceleration of the head in a smooth uniform manner and in an
extremely short distance, as liner thickness is typically limited
based on helmet size considerations.
Protective gear is reasonably effective in preventing injury.
Nonetheless, the effectiveness of protective gear remains limited.
Consequently, various mechanisms are provided to improve the
ability of protective gear to protect against shear forces and
other mechanical forces.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The disclosure may best be understood by reference to the following
description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings,
which illustrate particular embodiments.
FIG. 1 illustrates types of forces on axonal fibers.
FIG. 2 illustrates one example of a piece of protective gear.
FIG. 3 illustrates one example of a container device system.
FIG. 4 illustrates another example of a container device
system.
FIG. 5A illustrates one example of a multiple shell system.
FIG. 5B illustrates one example of a multiple shell system having a
ball bearing layer.
FIG. 6A illustrates one example of a multiple shell helmet.
FIG. 6B illustrates one example of a multiple shell helmet having a
ball bearing layer.
DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
Reference will now be made in detail to some specific examples of
the invention including the best modes contemplated by the
inventors for carrying out the invention. Examples of these
specific embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
While the invention is described in conjunction with these specific
embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit
the invention to the described embodiments. On the contrary, it is
intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as
may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as
defined by the appended claims.
For example, the techniques of the present invention will be
described in the context of helmets. However, it should be noted
that the techniques of the present invention apply to a wide
variety of different pieces of protective gear. In the following
description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to
provide a thorough understanding of the present invention.
Particular example embodiments of the present invention may be
implemented without some or all of these specific details. In other
instances, well known process operations have not been described in
detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present
invention.
Various techniques and mechanisms of the present invention will
sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, it
should be noted that some embodiments include multiple iterations
of a technique or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless
noted otherwise. For example, a protective device may use a single
strap in a variety of contexts. However, it will be appreciated
that a system can use multiple straps while remaining within the
scope of the present invention unless otherwise noted. Furthermore,
the techniques and mechanisms of the present invention will
sometimes describe a connection between two entities. It should be
noted that a connection between two entities does not necessarily
mean a direct, unimpeded connection, as a variety of other entities
may reside between the two entities. For example, different layers
may be connected using a variety of materials. Consequently, a
connection does not necessarily mean a direct, unimpeded connection
unless otherwise noted.
Overview
Protective gear such as a helmet includes multiple layers including
an outer ball bearing layer and/or one or more energy and impact
transformer layers. The ball bearing layer exposes multiple ball
bearings on the outer surface of the protective gear to deflect and
diminish shear forces and other rotational forces imparted onto the
outer surface. In many examples, the ball bearings on the outer
surface prevent the transfer of shear and rotational forces from
the surface of a helmet onto a skull. The energy and impact
transformer layers may also include various structures and
materials used to dissipate mechanical energy applied to an outer
layer or outer shell layer.
Example Embodiments
Protective gear such as knee pads, shoulder pads, and helmets are
typically designed to prevent direct impact injuries or trauma. For
example, many pieces of protective gear reduce full impact forces
that can structurally damage an area of contact such as the skull
or knee. Major emphasis is placed on reducing the likelihood of
cracking or breaking of bone. However, the larger issue is
preventing the tissue and neurological damage caused by rotational
forces, shear forces, oscillations, and tension/compression
forces.
For head injuries, the major issue is neurological damage caused by
oscillations of the brain in the cranial vault resulting in
coup-contracoup injuries manifested as direct contusions to the
central nervous system (CNS), shear injuries exacerbated by
rotational, tension, compression, and/or shear forces resulting in
demyelination and tearing of axonal fibers; and subdural or
epidural hematomas. Because of the emphasis in reducing the
likelihood of cracking or breaking bone, many pieces of protective
gear do not sufficiently dampen, transform, dissipate, and/or
distribute the rotational, tension, compression, and/or shear
forces, but rather focus on absorbing the direct impact forces over
a small area, potentially exacerbating the secondary forces on the
CNS. Initial mechanical damage results in a secondary cascade of
tissue and cellular damage due to increased glutamate release or
other trauma induced molecular cascades.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has immense personal, societal and
economic impact. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention
documented 1.4 million cases of TBI in the USA in 2007. This number
was based on patients with a loss of consciousness from a TBI
resulting in an Emergency Room visit. With increasing public
awareness of TBI this number increased to 1.7 million cases in
2010. Of these cases there were 52,000 deaths and 275,000
hospitalizations, with the remaining 1.35 million cases released
from the ER. Of these 1.35 million discharged cases at least
150,000 people will have significant residual cognitive and
behavioral problems at 1-year post discharge from the ER. Notably,
the CDC believes these numbers under represent the problem since
many patients do not seek medical evaluation for brief loss of
consciousness due to a TBI. These USA numbers are similar to those
observed in other developed countries and are likely higher in
third-world countries with poorer vehicle and head impact
protection. To put the problem in a clearer perspective, the World
Health Organization (WHO) anticipates that TBI will become a
leading cause of death and disability in the world by the year
2020.
The CDC numbers do not include head injuries from military actions.
Traumatic brain injury is widely cited as the "signature injury" of
Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The nature
of warfare conducted in Iraq and Afghanistan is different from that
of previous wars and advances in protective gear including helmets
as well as improved medical response times allow soldiers to
survive events such as head wounds and blast exposures that
previously would have proven fatal. The introduction of the Kevlar
helmet has drastically reduced field deaths from bullet and
shrapnel wounds to the head. However, this increase in survival is
paralleled by a dramatic increase in residual brain injury from
compression and rotational forces to the brain in TBI survivors.
Similar to that observed in the civilian population the residual
effects of military deployment related TBI are neurobehavioral
symptoms such as cognitive deficits and emotional and somatic
complaints. The statistics provided by the military cite an
incidence of 6.2% of head injuries in combat zone veterans. One
might expect these numbers to hold in other countries.
In addition to the incidence of TBI in civilians from falls and
vehicular accidents or military personnel in combat there is
increasing awareness that sports-related repetitive forces applied
to the head with or without true loss of consciousness can have
dire long-term consequences. It has been known since the 1920's
that boxing is associated with devastating long-term issues
including "dementia pugilistica" and Parkinson-like symptoms (i.e.
Mohammed Ali). We now know that this repetitive force on the brain
dysfunction extends to many other sports. Football leads the way in
concussions with loss of consciousness and post-traumatic memory
loss (63% of all concussions in all sports), wrestling comes in
second at 10% and soccer has risen to 6% of all sports related
TBIs. In the USA 63,000 high school students suffer a TBI per year
and many of these students have persistent long-term cognitive and
behavioral issues. This disturbing pattern extends to professional
sports where impact forces to the body and head are even higher due
to the progressive increase in weight and speed of professional
athletes. Football has dominated the national discourse in the area
but serious and progressive long-term neurological issues are also
seen in hockey and soccer players and in any sport with the
likelihood of a TBI. Repetitive head injuries result in progressive
neurological deterioration with neuropathological findings
mimicking Alzheimer's disease. This syndrome with characteristic
post-mortem neuropathological findings on increases in Tau proteins
and amyloid plaques is referred to as Chronic Traumatic
Encephalopathy (CTE).
The human brain is a relatively delicate organ weighing about 3
pounds and having a consistency a little denser than gelatin and
close to that of the liver. From an evolutionary perspective, the
brain and the protective skull were not designed to withstand
significant external forces. Because of this poor impact resistance
design, external forces transmitted through the skull to the brain
that is composed of over 100 billion cells and up to a trillion
connecting fibers results in major neurological problems. These
injuries include contusions that directly destroy brain cells and
tear the critical connecting fibers necessary to transmit
information between brain cells.
Contusion injuries are simply bleeding into the substance of the
brain due to direct contact between the brain and the bony ridges
of the inside of the skull. Unfortunately, the brain cannot
tolerate blood products and the presence of blood kicks off a
biological cascade that further damages the brain. Contusions are
due to the brain oscillating inside the skull when an external
force is applied. These oscillations can include up to three cycles
back and forth in the cranial vault and are referred to as
coup-contra coup injuries. The coup part of the process is the
point of contact of the brain with the skull and the contra-coup is
the next point of contact when the brain oscillates and strikes the
opposite part of the inside of the skull.
The inside of the skull has a series of sharp bony ridges in the
front of the skull and when the brain is banged against these
ridges it is mechanically torn resulting in a contusion. These
contusion injuries are typically in the front of the brain damaging
key regions involved in cognitive and emotional control.
Shear injuries involve tearing of axonal fibers. The brain and its
axonal fibers are extremely sensitive to rotational forces. Boxers
can withstand hundreds of punches directly in the face but a single
round-house punch or upper cut where the force comes in from the
side or bottom of the jaw will cause acute rotation of the skull
and brain and typically a knock-out. If the rotational forces are
severe enough, the result is tearing of axons.
FIG. 1 below shows how different forces affect axons. Compression
101 and tension 103 can remove the protective coating on an axon
referred to as a myelin sheath. The myelin can be viewed as the
rubber coating on a wire. If the internal wire of the axon is not
cut the myelin can re-grow and re-coat the "wire" which can resume
axonal function and brain communication. If rotational forces are
significant, shear forces 105 tear the axon. This elevates the
problem since the ends of cut axons do not re-attach. This results
in a permanent neurological deficit and is referred to as diffuse
axonal injury (DAI), a major cause of long-term neurological
disability after TBI.
Some more modern pieces of protective gear have been introduced
with the awareness that significant injuries besides
musculoskeletal or flesh injuries in a variety of activities
require new protective gear designs.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,076,811 issued to Puchalski describes a helmet with
an impact absorbing crumple or shear zone. "The shell consists of
three (or more) discrete panels that are physically and firmly
coupled together providing rigid protection under most
circumstances, but upon impact the panels move relative to one
another, but not relative to the user's head, thereby permitting
impact forces to be dissipated and/or redirected away from the
cranium and brain within. Upon impact to the helmet, there are
sequential stages of movement of the panels relative to each other,
these movements initially being recoverable, but with sufficient
vector forces the helmet undergoes structural changes in a
pre-determined fashion, so that the recoverable and permanent
movements cumulatively provide a protective `crumple zone` or
`shear zone`."
U.S. Pat. No. 5,815,846 issued to Calonge describes "An impact
resistant helmet assembly having a first material layer coupled to
a second material layer so as to define a gas chamber therebetween
which contains a quantity that provides impact dampening upon an
impact force being applied to the helmet assembly. The helmet
assembly further includes a containment layer disposed over the
second material layer and structured to define a fluid chamber in
which a quantity of fluid is disposed. The fluid includes a
generally viscous gel structured to provide some resistance against
disbursement from an impacted region of the fluid chamber to
non-impacted regions of the fluid chamber, thereby further enhance
the impact distribution and dampening of the impact force provided
by the helmet assembly."
U.S. Pat. No. 5,956,777 issued to Popovich describes "A helmet for
protecting a head by laterally displacing impact forces, said
helmet comprising: a rigid inner shell formed as a single unit; a
resilient spacing layer disposed outside of and in contact with
said inner shell; and an articulated shell having a plurality of
discrete rigid segments disposed outside of and in contact with
said resilient spacing layer and a plurality of resilient members
which couple adjacent ones of said rigid segments to one
another."
U.S. Pat. No. 6,434,755 issued to Halstead describes a football
helmet with liner sections of different thicknesses and densities.
The thicker, softer sections would handle less intense impacts,
crushing down until the thinner, harder sections take over to
prevent bottoming out.
Still other ideas relate to using springs instead of crushable
materials to manage the energy of an impact. Springs are typically
associated with rebound, and energy stored by the spring is
returned to the head. This may help in some instances, but can
still cause significant neurological injury. Avoiding energy return
to the head is a reason that non-rebounding materials are typically
used.
Some of the protective gear mechanisms are not sufficiently
biomechanically aware and are not sufficiently customized for
particular areas of protection. These protective gear mechanisms
also are not sufficiently active at the right time scales to avoid
damage. For example, in many instances, materials like gels may
only start to convert significant energy into heat after
significant energy has been transferred to the brain. Similarly,
structural deformation mechanisms may only break and absorb energy
after a significant amount of energy has been transferred to the
brain.
Current mechanisms are useful for particular circumstances but are
limited in their ability to protect against numerous types of
neurological damage. Consequently, an improved smart biomechanics
aware and energy conscious protective gear mechanism is provided to
protect against mechanical damage as well as neurological
damage.
According to various embodiments, protective gear such as a helmet
includes an outer layer or outer shell layer that exposes ball
bearings on the outer surface. Each ball bearing may reside on a
bed of numerous smaller ball bearings that all deflection of shear
and rotational forces directed onto the outer surface. According to
various embodiments, islands of ball bearings are housed in
chambers to allow multi-dimensional rotation. In some examples, a
single ball bearing may rotate on tens or hundreds of support ball
bearings. Each ball bearing may be constructed using stainless
steel, carbon steel, resins, polymers, nylon, ceramics, composites,
etc. A bearing support chamber may be hardened and embedded in the
outer shell layer.
In some other examples, ball bearings may be housed on tracks to
allow for directed rotation. According to various embodiments, the
outer shell and the ball bearing layer 561 may be a single layer of
ball bearing housings. In some examples, a ball bearing may be
referred to as a ball transfer and the ball bearing layer 561 may
be referred to as a ball transfer layer 561. The outer shell 551
exposes ball bearings that can provide a smooth, multi-directional
rolling surface. Shear and rotational forces imparted onto the
outer shell may be deflected, redirected, and/or diminished to
prevent transfer of the shear and rotational forces onto the
skull.
The outer shell layer or outer ball bearing layer may also be used
to contain an energy and impact transformer beneath the outer shell
layer. The design of this element could be a part of the smart
energy conscious biomechanics aware design for protection. The
energy and impact transformer includes a mechanism for the
dissipation, transformation, absorption, redirection or
force/energy at the right time scales (in some cases as small as a
few milliseconds or hundreds of microseconds).
In particular embodiments, the container mechanism provides
structure to allow use of an energy and impact transformer. The
container mechanism may be two or three shells holding one or more
layers of energy and impact transformer materials. That is, a
multiple shell structure may have energy and impact transformer
materials between adjacent shell layers. The shells may be designed
to prevent direct penetration from any intruding or impeding
object. In some examples, the outer shell may be associated with
mechanisms for impact distribution, energy transformation, force
dampening, and shear deflection and transformation. In some
examples, the container mechanism can be constructed of materials
such as polycarbonate, fiberglass, Kevlar, metal, alloys,
combinations of materials, etc.
According to various embodiments, the energy and impact transformer
provides a mechanism for the dissipation, transformation,
absorption, and redirection of force and energy at the appropriate
time scales. The energy and impact transformer may include a
variety of elements. In some examples, a mechanical transformer
element connects multiple shells associated with a container
mechanism with mechanical structures or fluids that help transform
the impact or shear forces on an outer shell into more benign
forces or energy instead of transferring the impact or shear forces
onto an inner shell.
In some examples, a mechanical transformer layer is provided
between each pair of adjacent shells. The mechanical transform may
use a shear truss-like structure connecting an outer shell and an
inner shell that dampens any force or impact. In some examples,
shear truss structure layers connect an outer shell to a middle
shell and the middle shell to an inner shell. According to various
embodiments, the middle shell or center shell may slide relative to
the inner shell and reduce the movement and/or impact imparted on
an outer shell. In particular embodiments, the outer shell may
slide up to several centimeters relative to the middle shell. In
particular embodiments, the material used for connecting the middle
shell to the outer shell or the inner shell could be a material
that absorbs/dissipates mechanical energy as thermal energy or
transformational energy. The space between the outer shell, the
middle shell, and the inner shell can be filled with
absorptive/dissipative material such as fluids and gels.
According to various embodiments, the energy and impact transformer
may also include an electro-rheological element. Different shells
may be separated by an electro-rheological element with electric
field dependent viscosity. The element may essentially stay solid
most of the time. When there is stress/strain on an outer shell,
the electric field is activated so that the viscosity changes
depending on the level of stress/strain. Shear forces on an inner
shell are reduced to minimize impact transmission.
In particular embodiments, the energy and impact transformer also
includes a magneto-rheological element. Various shells may be
separated by magneto rheological elements with magnetic field
dependent viscosity. The element may essentially stay solid most of
the time. When there is stress/strain on an outer shell, the
magnetic field is activated so that the viscosity changes depending
on the level of stress/strain. Shear forces on an inner shell are
reduced to minimize impact transmission.
Electro-rheological and magneto-rheological elements may include
smart fluids with properties that change in the presence of
electric field or a magnetic field. Some smart fluids undergo
changes in viscosity when a magnetic field is applied. For example,
a smart fluid may change from a liquid to a gel when magnets line
up to create a magnetic field. Smart fluids may react within
milliseconds to reduce impact and shear forces between shells.
In other examples, foam and memory foam type elements may be
included to absorb and distribute forces. In some examples, foam
and memory foam type elements may reside beneath the inner shell. A
magnetic suspension element may be used to actively or passively
reduce external forces. An inner core and an outer core may be
separated by magnets that resist each other, e.g. N-poles opposing
each other. The inner and outer cores naturally would want to move
apart, but are pulled together by elastic materials. When an outer
shell is impact and the magnets are pushed closer, forces between
the magnets increase through the air gap.
According to various embodiments, a concentric geodesic dome
element includes a series of inner shells, each of which is a truss
based geodesic dome, but connected to the outer geodesic through
structural or fluidic mechanisms. This allows each geodesic
structure to fully distribute its own shock load and transmit it in
a uniform manner to the dome underneath. The sequence of geodesic
structures and the separation by fluid provides uniform force
distribution and/or dissipation that protects the inner most shell
from these impacts.
In particular embodiments, a fluid/accordion element would separate
an inner shell and an outer shell using an accordion with fluid/gel
in between. This would allow shock from the outer core to be
transmitted and distributed through the enclosed fluid uniformly
while the accordion compresses to accommodate strain. A compressed
fluid/piston/spring element could include piston/cylinder like
elements with a compressed fluid in between that absorbs the impact
energy while increasing the resistance to the applied force. The
design could include additional mechanical elements like a spring
to absorb/dissipate the energy.
In still other examples, a fiber element involves using a rippled
outer shell with texture like that of a coconut. The outer shell
may contain dense coconut fiber like elements that separate the
inner core from the outer core. The shock can be absorbed by the
outer core and the fibrous filling. Other elements may also be
included in an inner core structure. In some examples, a thick
stretchable gel filled bag wrapped around the inner shell could
expand and contract in different areas to instantaneously transfer
and distribute forces. The combination of the elasticity of a bag
and the viscosity of the gel could provide for cushioning to
absorb/dissipate external forces.
According to various embodiments, a container device includes
multiple shells such as an outer shell, a middle shell, and an
inner shell. The shells may be separated by energy and impact
transformer mechanisms. In some examples, the shells and the energy
and impact transformer mechanisms can be integrated or a shell can
also operate as an energy and impact transformer.
FIG. 2 illustrates one example of a particular piece of protective
gear. Helmet 201 includes a shell layer 211 and a lining layer 213.
The shell layer 211 includes attachment points 215 for a visor,
chin bar, face guard, face cage, or face protection mechanism
generally. In some examples, the shell layer 211 includes ridges
217 and/or air holes for breathability. The shell layer 211 may be
constructed using plastics, resins, metal, composites, etc. In some
instances, the shell layer 211 may be reinforced using fibers such
as aramids. The shell layer 211 helps to distribute mechanical
energy and prevent penetration. The shell layer 211 is typically
made using lighter weight materials to prevent the helmet itself
from causing injury.
According to various embodiments, a chin strap 221 is connected to
the helmet to secure helmet positioning. The shell layer 211 is
also sometimes referred to as a container or a casing. In many
examples, the shell layer 211 covers a lining layer 213. The lining
layer 213 may include lining materials, foam, and/or padding to
absorb mechanical energy and enhance fit. A lining layer 213 may be
connected to the shell layer 211 using a variety of attachment
mechanisms such as glue or Velcro. According to various
embodiments, the lining layer 213 is pre-molded to allow for
enhanced fit and protection. According to various embodiments, the
lining layer may vary, e.g. from 4 mm to 40 mm in thickness,
depending on the type of activity a helmet is designed for. In some
examples, custom foam may be injected into a fitted helmet to allow
for personalized fit. In other examples, differently sized shell
layers and lining layers may be provided for various activities and
head sizes.
The shell layer 211 and lining layer 213 protect the skull nicely
and have resulted in a dramatic reduction in skull fractures and
bleeding between the skull and the brain (subdural and epidural
hematomas). Military helmets use Kevlar to decrease penetrating
injuries from bullets, shrapnel etc. Unfortunately, these
approaches are not well designed to decrease direct forces and
resultant coup-contra coup injuries that result in both contusions
and compression-tension axon injuries. Furthermore, many helmets do
not protect against rotational forces that are a core cause of a
shear injury and resultant long-term neurological disability in
civilian and military personnel. Although the introduction of
Kevlar in military helmets has decreased mortality from penetrating
head injuries, the survivors are often left with debilitating
neurological deficits due to contusions and diffuse axonal
injury.
FIG. 3 illustrates one example of a container device system.
According to various embodiments, protective gear includes multiple
container devices 301 and 303. In particular embodiments, the
multiple container devices are loosely interconnected shells
holding an energy and impact transformer 305. The multiple
container devices may be multiple plastic and/or resin shells. In
some examples, the containers devices 301 and 303 may be connected
only through the energy and impact transformer 305. In other
examples, the container devices 301 and 303 may be loosely
connected in a manner supplementing the connection by the energy
and impact transformer 305.
According to various embodiments, the energy and impact transformer
305 may use a shear truss-like structure connecting the container
301 and container 303 to dampen any force or impact. In some
examples, the energy and impact transformer 305 allows the
container 301 to move or slide with respect to container 303. In
some examples, up to several centimeters of relative movement is
allowed by the energy and impact transformer 305.
In particular embodiments, the energy and impact transformer 305
could be a material that absorbs/dissipates mechanical energy as
thermal energy or transformational energy and may include
electro-rheological, magneto-rheological, foam, fluid, and/or gel
materials.
FIG. 4 illustrates another example of a container device system.
Container 401 encloses energy and impact transformer 403. In some
examples, multiple containers or multiple shells may not be
necessary. The container may be constructed using plastic and/or
resin. And may expand or contract with the application of force.
The energy and impact transformer 403 may similarly expand or
contract with the application of force. The energy and impact
transformer 403 may receive and convert energy from physical
impacts on a container 401.
FIG. 5A illustrates one example of a multiple shell system. An
outer shell 501, a middle shell 503, and an inner shell 505 may
hold energy and impact transformative layers 511 and 513 between
them. Energy and impact transformer layer 511 residing between
shells 501 and 503 may allow shell 501 to move and/or slide with
respect to middle shell 503. By allowing sliding movements that
convert potential head rotational forces into heat or
transformation energy, shear forces can be significantly
reduced.
Similarly, middle shell 503 can move and slide with respect to
inner shell 505. In some examples, the amount of movement and/or
sliding depends on the viscosity of fluid in the energy and impact
transformer layers 511 and 513. The viscosity may change depending
on electric field or voltage applied. In some other examples, the
amount of movement and/or sliding depends on the materials and
structures of materials in the energy and impact transformer layers
511 and 513.
According to various embodiments, when a force is applied to an
outer shell 501, energy is transferred to an inner shell 505
through a suspended middle shell 503. The middle shell 503 shears
relative to the top shell 501 and inner shell 505. In particular
embodiments, the energy and impact transformer layers 511 and 513
may include thin elastomeric trusses between the shells in a comb
structure. The energy and impact transformer layers 511 and 513 may
also include energy dampening/absorbing fluids or devices.
According to various embodiments, a number of different physical
structures can be used to form energy and impact transformer layers
511 and 513. In some examples, energy and impact transformer layer
511 includes a layer of upward or downward facing three dimensional
conical structures separating outer shell 501 and middle shell 503.
Energy and impact transformer layer 513 includes a layer of upward
or downward facing conical structures separating middle shell 503
and inner shell 505. The conical structures in energy and impact
transformer layer 511 and the conical structures in energy and
impact transformer layer 513 may or may not be aligned. In some
examples, the conical structures in layer 511 are misaligned with
the conical structures in layer 513 to allow for improved shear
force reduction.
In some examples, conical structures are designed to have a
particular elastic range where the conical structures will return
to the same structure after force applied is removed. The conical
structures may also be designed to have a particular plastic range
where the conical structure will permanently deform if sufficient
rotational or shear force is applied. The deformation itself may
dissipate energy but would necessitate replacement or repair of the
protective gear.
Conical structures are effective in reducing shear, rotational, and
impact forces applied to an outer shell 501. Conical structures
reduce shear and rotational forces applied from a variety of
different directions. According to various embodiments, conical
structures in energy and impact transformer layers 511 are directed
outwards with bases situated on middle shell 503 and inner shell
505 respectively. In some examples, structures in the energy and
impact transformer layer may be variations of conical structures,
including three dimensional pyramid structures and three
dimensional parabolic structures. In still other examples, the
structures may be cylinders.
FIG. 5B illustrates one example of a multiple shell system having a
ball bearing layer. An outer shell 551, a middle shell 553, and an
inner shell 555 may hold ball bearing layer 561 and energy and
impact transformer layer 563 between them respectively. According
to various embodiments, the outer shell 551 includes multiple
perforations to expose ball bearings housed in ball bearing layer
561. In particular embodiments, each ball bearing is individually
housed on a layer of smaller bearings to allow multi-dimensional
rotation. According to various embodiments, islands of ball
bearings are housed in chambers to allow multi-dimensional
rotation. In some examples, a single ball bearing may rotate on
tens or hundreds of support ball bearings. Each ball bearing may be
constructed using stainless steel, carbon steel, resins, polymers,
nylon, ceramics, composites, etc. A bearing support chamber may be
hardened and embedded in ball bearing layer 561. In some examples,
prefabricated ball transfers can be included in the ball bearing
layer.
In some other examples, ball bearings may be housed on tracks to
allow for directed rotation. According to various embodiments, the
outer shell 551 and the ball bearing layer 561 may be a single
layer of ball bearing housings. In some examples, a ball bearing
may be referred to as a ball transfer and the ball bearing layer
561 may be referred to as a ball transfer layer 561. The outer
shell 551 exposes ball bearings that can provide a smooth,
multi-directional rolling surface. Shear and rotational forces
imparted onto the outer shell may be deflected, redirected, and/or
diminished to prevent transfer of the shear and rotational forces
onto the skull. In particular embodiments, the energy and impact
transformer layer 563 may be the lining itself and no inner shell
layer 555 is used. The lining itself may be constructed using foam
and/or padding to absorb mechanical energy and enhance fit. A
lining layer may be connected to the inner surface of the outer
shell layer 551 using a variety of attachment mechanisms such as
glue or Velcro. According to various embodiments, the lining layer
is pre-molded to allow for enhanced fit and protection.
In other examples, an energy and impact transformer layer 563
resides between middle shell 553 and inner shell 555 to allow
middle shell 553 to absorb impact forces. In some examples, the
energy and impact transformer layer 563 allows the middle shell 553
to move and/or slide with respect to inner shell 551. By allowing
sliding movements that convert potential head rotational forces
into heat or transformation energy, shear forces can be further
reduced.
In some examples, the amount of movement and/or sliding depends on
the viscosity of fluid, gel, foam, etc., in the energy and impact
transformer layer 563. The viscosity may change depending on
electric field or voltage applied. In some other examples, the
amount of movement and/or sliding depends on the materials and
structures of materials in the energy and impact transformer layer
563.
According to various embodiments, when a force is applied to an
outer shell 551, shear forces may be reduced by both ball bearing
layer 561 and energy and impact transformer layer 563. In
particular embodiments, the energy and impact transformer layer 563
may include thin elastomeric trusses between the shells in a comb
structure. The energy and impact transformer layer 563 may include
energy dampening/absorbing fluids or devices.
According to various embodiments, a number of different physical
structures can be used to form energy and impact transformer layer
563. In some examples, energy and impact transformer layer 563
includes a layer of upward or downward facing conical structures
separating middle shell 513 and inner shell 515.
It should be noted that a variety of layers may be included or
excluded in a number of different embodiments. For example, some
types of protective gear may include only a lining layer connected
to a ball bearing layer. Other examples may include a ball bearing
layer, multiple shells, multiple energy and impact transformer
layers, and a separate lining layer. Some types of protective gear
may combine energy and impact transformer layers, lining layers,
and a ball bearing layer into a single ball bearing structure. For
example, a larger ball bearing may reside on a bed of smaller ball
bearings that reside in a housing also containing gel or fluid. A
number of different structures are possible.
FIG. 6A illustrates one example of a multiple shell helmet.
According to various embodiments, helmet 601 includes an outer
shell layer 603, an outer energy and impact transformer 605, a
middle shell layer 607, an inner energy and impact transformer 609,
and an inner shell layer 611. The helmet 601 may also include a
lining layer within the inner shell layer 611. In particular
embodiments, the inner shell layer 611 includes attachment points
615 for a chin strap for securing helmet 601. In particular
embodiments, the outer shell layer 603 includes attachment points
for a visor, chin bar, face guard, face cage, and/or face
protection mechanism 615 generally. In some examples, the inner
shell layer 611, middle shell layer 607, and outer shell layer 603
includes ridges 617 and/or air holes for breathability. The outer
shell layer 603, middle shell layer 607, and inner shell layer 611
may be constructed using plastics, resins, metal, composites, etc.
In some instances, the outer shell layer 603, middle shell layer
607, and inner shell layer 611 may be reinforced using fibers such
as aramids. The energy and impact transformer layers 605 and 609
can help distribute mechanical energy and shear forces so that less
energy is imparted on the head.
According to various embodiments, a chin strap 621 is connected to
the inner shell layer 611 to secure helmet positioning. The various
shell layers are also sometimes referred to as containers or
casings. In many examples, the inner shell layer 611 covers a
lining layer (not shown). The lining layer may include lining
materials, foam, and/or padding to absorb mechanical energy and
enhance fit. A lining layer may be connected to the inner shell
layer 611 using a variety of attachment mechanisms such as glue or
Velcro. According to various embodiments, the lining layer is
pre-molded to allow for enhanced fit and protection. According to
various embodiments, the lining layer may vary, e.g. from 4 mm to
40 mm in thickness, depending on the type of activity a helmet is
designed for. In some examples, custom foam may be injected into a
fitted helmet to allow for personalized fit. In other examples,
differently sized shell layers and lining layers may be provided
for various activities and head sizes.
The middle shell layer 607 may only be indirectly connected to the
inner shell layer 611 through energy and impact transformer 609. In
particular embodiments, the middle shell layer 607 floats above
inner shell layer 611. In other examples, the middle shell layer
607 may be loosely connected to the inner shell layer 611. In the
same manner, outer shell layer 603 floats above middle shell layer
607 and may only be connected to the middle shell layer through
energy and impact transformer 605. In other examples, the outer
shell layer 603 may be loosely and flexibly connected to middle
shell layer 607 and inner shell layer 611. The shell layers 603,
607, and 611 provide protection against penetrating forces while
energy and impact transformer layers 605 and 609 provide protection
against compression forces, shear forces, rotational forces, etc.
According to various embodiments, energy and impact transformer
layer 605 allows the outer shell 603 to move relative to the middle
shell 607 and the energy and impact transformer layer 609 allows
the outer shell 603 and the middle shell 607 to move relative to
the inner shell 611. Compression, shear, rotation, impact, and/or
other forces are absorbed, deflected, dissipated, etc., by the
various layers.
According to various embodiments, the skull and brain are not only
provided with protection against skull fractures, penetrating
injuries, subdural and epidural hematomas, but also provided with
some measure of protection against direct forces and resultant
coup-contra coup injuries that result in both contusions and
compression-tension axon injuries. The skull is also protected
against rotational forces that are a core cause of a shear injury
and resultant long-term neurological disability in civilian and
military personnel.
In some examples, the energy and impact transformer layers 605 and
609 may include passive, semi-active, and active dampers. According
to various embodiments, the outer shell 603, middle shell 607, and
the inner shell 611 may vary in weight and strength. In some
examples, the outer shell 603 has significantly more weight,
strength, and structural integrity than the middle shell 607 and
the inner shell 611. The outer shell 603 may be used to prevent
penetrating forces, and consequently may be constructed using
higher strength materials that may be more expensive or
heavier.
FIG. 6B illustrates one example of a multiple shell helmet having a
ball bearing layer. According to various embodiments, helmet 651
includes an outer shell layer 653 that exposes ball bearings 677
from ball bearing layer 655, a middle shell layer 657, an energy
and impact transformer 659, and an inner shell layer 661. The
helmet 651 may also include a lining layer within the inner shell
layer 661.
In particular embodiments, the inner shell layer 661 includes
attachment points 665 for a chin strap for securing helmet 651. In
particular embodiments, the outer shell layer 653 includes
attachment points for a visor, chin bar, face guard, face cage,
and/or face protection mechanism 665 generally. The outer shell
layer 653 also exposes ball bearings 677 from ball bearing layer
655. Each ball bearing or ball transfer may reside on a bed of
smaller ball bearings, may reside on a track, or reside on a
reduced friction surface. In some examples, each ball bearing may
reside in its own separate housing. The top of each housing may
expose a ball bearing 677 on the outer shell 653 while the bottom
of each housing may be secured to a middle shell layer 657. In some
examples, middle shell layer 657 is not used and the bottom of each
housing may be secured onto an energy and transformer layer
659.
According to various embodiments, ball bearing layer 655 may
include numerous ball bearing housings, ball bearing tracks, etc.
The ball bearing layer 655 deflects and diminishes shear forces
directed onto the outer shell layer 653. Ball bearings may vary in
size from millimeters to centimeters depending on application. In
some examples, each ball bearing from ball bearing layer 655
exposed through outer shell 653 rests on individual supports
bearings. A ball bearing housing or ball bearing support cup may be
hardened and plated and individual ball bearings may be plated
carbon steel, nylon, stainless steel, ceramic, etc.
In some examples, the inner shell layer 661, middle shell layer
657, and outer shell layer 653 include ridges 667 and/or air holes
for breathability. The outer shell layer 653, middle shell layer
657, and inner shell layer 661 may be constructed using plastics,
resins, metal, composites, etc. In some instances, the outer shell
layer 653, middle shell layer 657, and inner shell layer 661 may be
reinforced using fibers such as aramids. The energy and impact
transformer layer 659 can help distribute mechanical energy and
shear forces so that less energy is imparted on the head.
According to various embodiments, a chin strap 621 is connected to
the inner shell layer 661 to secure helmet positioning. The various
shell layers are also sometimes referred to as containers or
casings. In many examples, the inner shell layer 661 covers a
lining layer (not shown). The lining layer may include lining
materials, foam, and/or padding to absorb mechanical energy and
enhance fit. A lining layer may be connected to the inner shell
layer 661 using a variety of attachment mechanisms such as glue or
Velcro. According to various embodiments, the lining layer is
pre-molded to allow for enhanced fit and protection. According to
various embodiments, the lining layer may vary, e.g. from 4 mm to
40 mm in thickness, depending on the type of activity a helmet is
designed for. In some examples, custom foam may be injected into a
fitted helmet to allow for personalized fit. In other examples,
differently sized shell layers and lining layers may be provided
for various activities and head sizes.
The middle shell layer 657 may only be indirectly connected to the
inner shell layer 661 through energy and impact transformer 659. In
particular embodiments, the middle shell layer 657 floats above
inner shell layer 661. In other examples, the middle shell layer
657 may be loosely connected to the inner shell layer 661. In the
same manner, outer shell layer 653 floats above middle shell layer
657 and may only be connected to the middle shell layer through
energy and impact transformer 655. In other examples, the outer
shell layer 653 may be loosely and flexibly connected to middle
shell layer 657 and inner shell layer 661. The shell layers 653,
657, and 661 provide protection against penetrating forces, the
ball bearing layer 655 protects against shear and rotational
forces, while energy and impact transformer layer 659 provides
protection against compression forces, and/or shear and rotational
forces, etc. Compression, shear, rotation, impact, and/or other
forces are absorbed, deflected, dissipated, etc., by the various
layers.
According to various embodiments, the skull and brain are not only
provided with protection against skull fractures, penetrating
injuries, subdural and epidural hematomas, but also provided with
some measure of protection against direct forces and resultant
coup-contra coup injuries that result in both contusions and
compression-tension axon injuries. The skull is also protected
against rotational forces that are a core cause of a shear injury
and resultant long-term neurological disability in civilian and
military personnel.
In some examples, the energy and impact transformer layer 659 may
include passive, semi-active, and active dampers. According to
various embodiments, the outer shell 653, middle shell 657, and the
inner shell 661 may vary in weight and strength. In some examples,
the outer shell 653 has significantly more weight, strength, and
structural integrity than the middle shell 657 and the inner shell
661. The outer shell 653 may be used to prevent penetrating forces,
and consequently may be constructed using higher strength materials
that may be more expensive or heavier.
Although particular embodiments are described, it should be noted
that in some examples, the helmet 651 may include only an outer
shell layer 653 that exposes ball bearings and a single lining
layer and/or a single energy and impact transformer layer.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail
for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that
certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope
of the appended claims. Therefore, the present embodiments are to
be considered as illustrative and not restrictive and the invention
is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be
modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended
claims.
* * * * *