U.S. patent number 9,283,273 [Application Number 13/619,576] was granted by the patent office on 2016-03-15 for protein formulation.
This patent grant is currently assigned to GENENTECH, INC.. The grantee listed for this patent is James Andya, Jeffrey L. Cleland, Chung C. Hsu, Xanthe M. Lam, David E. Overcashier, Steven J. Shire, Sylvia Sau-Yan Wu, Janet Yu-Feng Yang. Invention is credited to James Andya, Jeffrey L. Cleland, Chung C. Hsu, Xanthe M. Lam, David E. Overcashier, Steven J. Shire, Sylvia Sau-Yan Wu, Janet Yu-Feng Yang.
United States Patent |
9,283,273 |
Andya , et al. |
March 15, 2016 |
Protein formulation
Abstract
A stable lyophilized protein formulation is described which can
be reconstituted with a suitable diluent to generate a high protein
concentration reconstituted formulation which is suitable for
subcutaneous administration. For example, anti-IgE and anti-HER2
antibody formulations have been prepared by lyophilizing these
antibodies in the presence of a lyoprotectant. The lyophilized
mixture thus formed is reconstituted to a high protein
concentration without apparent loss of stability of the
protein.
Inventors: |
Andya; James (Millbrae, CA),
Cleland; Jeffrey L. (San Carlos, CA), Hsu; Chung C. (Los
Altos Hills, CA), Lam; Xanthe M. (South San Francisco,
CA), Overcashier; David E. (Montara, CA), Shire; Steven
J. (Emerald Hills, CA), Yang; Janet Yu-Feng (San Mateo,
CA), Wu; Sylvia Sau-Yan (San Francisco, CA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Andya; James
Cleland; Jeffrey L.
Hsu; Chung C.
Lam; Xanthe M.
Overcashier; David E.
Shire; Steven J.
Yang; Janet Yu-Feng
Wu; Sylvia Sau-Yan |
Millbrae
San Carlos
Los Altos Hills
South San Francisco
Montara
Emerald Hills
San Mateo
San Francisco |
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA |
US
US
US
US
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
GENENTECH, INC. (South San
Francisco, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
29218120 |
Appl.
No.: |
13/619,576 |
Filed: |
September 14, 2012 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20130224185 A1 |
Aug 29, 2013 |
|
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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13156113 |
Jun 8, 2011 |
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12698347 |
Feb 2, 2010 |
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11441994 |
May 26, 2006 |
7682609 |
|
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09273230 |
Mar 18, 1999 |
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08615369 |
Mar 14, 1996 |
6267958 |
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60029182 |
Jul 27, 1995 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P
35/00 (20180101); A61P 43/00 (20180101); A61P
37/02 (20180101); A61K 39/39591 (20130101); C07K
16/4291 (20130101); A61K 38/16 (20130101); Y10S
435/81 (20130101); A61K 2039/505 (20130101); C07K
2317/24 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61K
39/395 (20060101); A61K 38/16 (20060101); C07K
16/42 (20060101); A61K 39/00 (20060101) |
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|
Primary Examiner: Halvorson; Mark
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Marschang; Diane Dreger; Ginger R.
Arnold & Porter LLP
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/156,113 filed Jun. 8, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 12/698,347 filed Feb. 2, 2010, which is
a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/441,994 filed
May 26, 2006, (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,682,609), which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/273,230 filed
Mar. 18, 1999, (now abandoned) which is a divisional application of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/615,369 filed Mar. 14, 1996
(now U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,958 B1), which claims priority under 35
U.S.C. Section 119(e) and the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 60/029,182, filed Jul. 27, 1995, the entire
disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their
entireties.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A stable lyophilized pharmaceutical formulation comprising a
lyophilized mixture of a lyoprotectant and a monoclonal anti-HER2
antibody, wherein the lyoprotectant is trehalose or sucrose and the
molar ratio of lyoprotectant: antibody is 200-600 mole
lyoprotectant: 1 mole antibody.
2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the monoclonal anti-HER2
antibody is huMab4D5-8.
3. The formulation of claim 1 or 2 comprising the anti-HER2
antibody in a pre-lyophilized amount of 20-30 mg/mL, sucrose or
trehalose in a pre-lyophilized amount of 40-80 mM, a buffer and a
surfactant, wherein the buffer is histidine or succinate
buffer.
4. The formulation of claim 1 or 2, wherein the lyoprotectant is
trehalose.
5. The formulation of claim 3, wherein the lyoprotectant is
trehalose.
6. The formulation of claim 4, wherein the molar ratio of
trehalose:antibody is 360:1.
7. The formulation of claim 5, wherein the molar ratio of
trehalose:antibody is 360:1.
8. The formulation of claim 5, wherein the surfactant is
polysorbate 20.
9. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the surfactant is
polysorbate 20.
10. The formulation of claim 8, which is lyophilized and stable at
40.degree. C. for at least 1 month.
11. The formulation of claim 9, which is lyophilized and stable at
40.degree. C. for at least 1 month.
12. The formulation of claim 3, which is reconstituted with a
diluent such that the anti-HER2 antibody concentration in the
reconstituted formulation is 10-30mg/mL, wherein the reconstituted
formulation is stable at 2-8.degree. C. for at least 30 days.
13. The formulation of claim 5, which is reconstituted with a
diluent such that the anti-HER2 antibody concentration in the
reconstituted formulation is 10-30 mg/mL, wherein the reconstituted
formulation is stable at 2-8.degree. C. for at least 30days.
14. The formulation of claim 9, which is reconstituted with a
diluent such that the anti-HER2 antibody concentration in the
reconstituted formulation is 10-30 mg/mL, wherein the reconstituted
formulation is stable at 2-8.degree. C. for at least 30days.
15. The formulation of claim 13, wherein the diluent is sterile
water or bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI).
16. The formulation of claim 14, wherein the diluent is sterile
water or bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI).
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention is directed to a lyophilized protein formulation. In
particular, it relates to a stable lyophilized protein formulation
which can be reconstituted with a diluent to generate a stable
reconstituted formulation suitable for subcutaneous
administration.
2. Description of Related Disclosures
In the past ten years, advances in biotechnology have made it
possible to produce a variety of proteins for pharmaceutical
applications using recombinant DNA techniques. Because proteins are
larger and more complex than traditional organic and inorganic
drugs (i.e. possessing multiple functional groups in addition to
complex three-dimensional structures), the formulation of such
proteins poses special problems. For a protein to remain
biologically active, a formulation must preserve intact the
conformational integrity of at least a core sequence of the
protein's amino acids while at the same time protecting the
protein's multiple functional groups from degradation. Degradation
pathways for proteins can involve chemical instability (i.e. any
process which involves modification of the protein by bond
formation or cleavage resulting in a new chemical entity) or
physical instability (i.e. changes in the higher order structure of
the protein). Chemical instability can result from deamidation,
racemization, hydrolysis, oxidation, beta elimination or disulfide
exchange. Physical instability can result from denaturation,
aggregation, precipitation or adsorption, for example. The three
most common protein degradation pathways are protein aggregation,
deamidation and oxidation. Cleland et al. Critical Reviews in
Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 10(4): 307-377 (1993).
Freeze-drying is a commonly employed technique for preserving
proteins which serves to remove water from the protein preparation
of interest. Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is a process by
which the material to be dried is first frozen and then the ice or
frozen solvent is removed by sublimation in a vacuum environment.
An excipient may be included in pre-lyophilized formulations to
enhance stability during the freeze-drying process and/or to
improve stability of the lyophilized product upon storage. Pikal,
M. Biopharm. 3(9)26-30 (1990) and Arakawa et al. Pharm. Res.
8(3):285-291 (1991). It is an object of the present invention to
provide a lyophilized protein formulation which is stable upon
storage and delivery. It is a further object to provide a stable
reconstituted protein formulation which is suitable for
subcutaneous administration. In certain embodiments, it is an
object to provide a multi-use formulation which is stable for at
least the time over which it will be administered to a patient.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention is based on the discovery that a stable lyophilized
protein formulation can be prepared using a lyoprotectant
(preferably a sugar such as sucrose or trehalose), which
lyophilized formulation can be reconstituted to generate a stable
reconstituted formulation having a protein concentration which is
significantly higher (e.g. from about 2-40 times higher, preferably
3-10 times higher and most preferably 3-6 times higher) than the
protein concentration in the pre-lyophilized formulation. In
particular, while the protein concentration in the pre-lyophilized
formulation may be 5 mg/mL or less, the protein concentration in
the reconstituted formulation is generally 50 mg/mL or more. Such
high protein concentrations in the reconstituted formulation are
considered to be particularly useful where the formulation is
intended for subcutaneous administration. Despite the very high
protein concentration in the reconstituted formulation, it has been
found that the reconstituted formulation is stable (i.e. fails to
display significant or unacceptable levels of chemical or physical
instability of the protein) at 2-8.degree. C. for at least about 30
days. In certain embodiments, the reconstituted formulation is
isotonic. In spite of the use of lower concentrations of the
lyoprotectant to achieve such isotonic formulations upon
reconstitution, it was discovered herein that the protein in the
lyophilized formulation essentially retains its physical and
chemical stability and integrity upon lyophilization and
storage.
When reconstituted with a diluent comprising a preservative (such
as bacteriostatic water for injection, BWFI), the reconstituted
formulation may be used as a multi-use formulation. Such a
formulation is useful, for example, where the patient requires
frequent subcutaneous administrations of the protein to treat a
chronic medical condition. The advantage of a multi-use formulation
is that it facilitates ease of use for the patient, reduces waste
by allowing complete use of vial contents, and results in a
significant cost savings for the manufacturer since several doses
are packaged in a single vial (lower filling and shipping
costs).
Based on the observations described herein, in one aspect the
invention provides a stable isotonic reconstituted formulation
comprising a protein in an amount of at least about 50 mg/mL and a
diluent, which reconstituted formulation has been prepared from a
lyophilized mixture of a protein and a lyoprotectant, wherein the
protein concentration in the reconstituted formulation is about
2-40 times greater than the protein concentration in the mixture
before lyophilization.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a stable
reconstituted formulation comprising an antibody in an amount of at
least about 50 mg/mL and a diluent, which reconstituted formulation
has been prepared from a lyophilized mixture of an antibody and a
lyoprotectant, wherein the antibody concentration in the
reconstituted formulation is about 2-40 times greater than the
antibody concentration in the mixture before lyophilization.
The ratio of lyoprotectant:protein in the lyophilized formulation
of the preceding paragraphs depends, for example, on both the
protein and lyoprotectant of choice, as well as the desired protein
concentration and isotonicity of the reconstituted formulation. In
the case of a full length antibody (as the protein) and trehalose
or sucrose (as the lyoprotectant) for generating a high protein
concentration isotonic reconstituted formulation, the ratio may,
for example, be about 100-1500 mole trehalose or sucrose:1 mole
antibody.
Generally, the pre-lyophilized formulation of the protein and
lyoprotectant will further include a buffer which provides the
formulation at a suitable pH, depending on the protein in the
formulation. For this purpose, it has been found to be desirable to
use a histidine buffer in that, as demonstrated below, this appears
to have lyoprotective properties.
The formulation may further include a surfactant (e.g. a
polysorbate) in that it has been observed herein that this can
reduce aggregation of the reconstituted protein and/or reduce the
formation of particulates in the reconstituted formulation. The
surfactant can be added to the pre-lyophilized formulation, the
lyophilized formulation and/or the reconstituted formulation (but
preferably the pre-lyophilized formulation) as desired.
The invention further provides a method for preparing a stable
isotonic reconstituted formulation comprising reconstituting a
lyophilized mixture of a protein and a lyoprotectant in a diluent
such that the protein concentration in the reconstituted
formulation is at least 50 mg/mL, wherein the protein concentration
in the reconstituted formulation is about 2-40 times greater than
the protein concentration in the mixture before lyophilization.
In yet a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for
preparing a formulation comprising the steps of: (a) lyophilizing a
mixture of a protein and a lyoprotectant; and (b) reconstituting
the lyophilized mixture of step (a) in a diluent such that the
reconstituted formulation is isotonic and stable and has a protein
concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL. For example, the protein
concentration in the reconstituted formulation may be from about 80
mg/mL to about 300 mg/mL. Generally, the protein concentration in
the reconstituted formulation is about 2-40 times greater than the
protein concentration in the mixture before lyophilization.
An article of manufacture is also provided herein which comprises:
(a) a container which holds a lyophilized mixture of a protein and
a lyoprotectant; and (b) instructions for reconstituting the
lyophilized mixture with a diluent to a protein concentration in
the reconstituted formulation of at least about 50 mg/mL. The
article of manufacture may further comprise a second container
which holds a diluent (e.g. bacteriostatic water for injection
(BWFI) comprising an aromatic alcohol).
The invention further provides a method for treating a mammal
comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a
reconstituted formulation disclosed herein to a mammal, wherein the
mammal has a disorder requiring treatment with the protein in the
formulation. For example, the formulation may be administered
subcutaneously.
One useful anti-HER2 antibody pre-lyophilized formulation as
discovered in the experiments detailed below was found to comprise
anti-HER2 in amount from about 5-40 mg/mL (e.g. 20-30 mg/mL) and
sucrose or trehalose in an amount from about 10-100 mM (e.g. 40-80
mM), a buffer (e.g. histidine, pH 6 or succinate, pH 5) and a
surfactant (e.g. a polysorbate). The lyophilized formulation was
found to be stable at 40.degree. C. for at least 3 months and
stable at 30.degree. C. for at least 6 months. This anti-HER2
formulation can be reconstituted with a diluent to generate a
formulation suitable for intravenous administration comprising
anti-HER2 in an amount from about 10-30 mg/mL which is stable at
2-8.degree. C. for at least about 30 days. Where higher
concentrations of the anti-HER2 antibody are desired (for example
where subcutaneous delivery of the antibody is the intended mode of
administration to the patient), the lyophilized formulation may be
reconstituted to yield a stable reconstituted formulation having a
protein concentration of 50 mg/mL or more.
One desirable anti-IgE antibody pre-lyophilized formulation
discovered herein has anti-IgE in amount from about 5-40 mg/mL
(e.g. 20-30 mg/mL) and sucrose or trehalose in an amount from about
60-300 mM (e.g. 80-170 mM), a buffer (preferably histidine, pH 6)
and a surfactant (such as a polysorbate). The lyophilized anti-IgE
formulation is stable at 30.degree. C. for at least 1 year. This
formulation can be reconstituted to yield a formulation comprising
anti-IgE in an amount from about 15-45 mg/mL (e.g. 15-25 mg/mL)
suitable for intravenous administration which is stable at
2-8.degree. C. for at least 1 year. Alternatively, where higher
concentrations of anti-IgE in the formulation are desired, the
lyophilized formulation can be reconstituted in order to generate a
stable formulation having an anti-IgE concentration of .gtoreq.50
mg/mL.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the effect of reconstitution volume on the stability
of lyophilized rhuMAb HER2. The lyophilized formulation was
prepared from a pre-lyophilization formulation comprising 25 mg/mL
protein, 60 mM trehalose, 5 mM sodium succinate, pH 5.0, and 0.01%
Tween 20.TM.. The lyophilized cake was incubated at 40.degree. C.
and then reconstituted with 4.0 (.smallcircle.) or 20.0 mL
(.circle-solid.) of BWFI. The fraction of intact protein in the
reconstituted formulation was measured by native size exclusion
chromatography and defined as the peak area of the native protein
relative to the total peak area including aggregates.
FIG. 2 illustrates the effect of trehalose concentration on the
stability of lyophilized rhuMAb HER2. The protein was lyophilized
at 25 mg/mL in 5 mM sodium succinate, pH 5.0 (circles) or 5 mM
histidine, pH 6.0 (squares) and trehalose concentrations ranging
from 60 mM (360 molar ratio) to 200 mM (1200 molar ratio). The
lyophilized protein was incubated at 40.degree. C. for either 30
days (closed symbols) or 91 days (open symbols). The amount of
intact protein was measured after reconstitution of the lyophilized
protein with 20 mL BWFI.
FIG. 3 demonstrates the effect of trehalose concentration on the
long term stability of lyophilized rhuMAb HER2 stored at 40.degree.
C. The protein was lyophilized at either 25 mg/mL in 5 mM sodium
succinate, pH 5.0, 0.01% Tween 20.TM., and 60 mM trehalose
(.box-solid.) or 5 mM histidine, pH 6.0, 0.01% Tween 20.TM., and 60
mM trehalose (.quadrature.) or 21 mg/mL in 10 mM sodium succinate,
pH 5.0, 0.2% Tween 20.TM.0 and 250 mM trehalose (.circle-solid.).
The lyophilized protein was incubated at 40.degree. C. and then
reconstituted with 20 mL of BWFI. The amount of intact protein was
measured after reconstitution.
FIG. 4 shows the stability of rhuMAb HER2 lyophilized in 38.4 mM
mannitol (7 mg/mL), 20.4 mM sucrose (7 mg/mL), 5 mM histidine, pH
6.0, 0.01% Tween 20.TM.. The lyophilized protein was incubated at
40.degree. C. and then reconstituted with either 4.0 mL
(.smallcircle.) or 20 mL (.circle-solid.) of BWFI. The amount of
intact protein was measured after reconstitution.
FIG. 5 demonstrates stability of reconstituted rhuMAb HER2
lyophilized in 5 mM sodium succinate, pH 5.0, 60 mM trehalose,
0.01% Tween 20.TM.. Samples were reconstituted with either 4.0 mL
(squares) or 20.0 mL (circles) of BWFI (20 mL:0.9% benzyl alcohol;
4 mL:1.1% benzyl alcohol) and then stored at 5.degree. C. (solid
symbols) or 25.degree. C. (open symbols). The % native protein was
defined as the peak area of the native (not degraded) protein
relative to the total peak area as measured by cation exchange
chromatography.
FIG. 6 shows stability of reconstituted rhuMAb HER2 lyophilized in
5 mM histidine, pH 6.0, 60 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween 20. Samples
were reconstituted with either 4.0 mL (squares) or 20.0 mL
(circles) of BWFI (20 mL:0.9% benzyl alcohol; 4 mL:1.1% benzyl
alcohol) and then stored at 5.degree. C. (solid symbols) or
25.degree. C. (open symbols). The % native protein was defined as
the peak area of the native (not degraded) protein relative to the
total peak area as measured by cation exchange chromatography.
FIG. 7 reveals stability of reconstituted rhuMAb HER2 lyophilized
in 5 mM histidine, pH 6.0, 38.4 mM mannitol, 20.4 mM sucrose, 0.01%
Tween 20. Samples were reconstituted with either 4.0 mL (squares)
or 20.0 mL (circles) of BWFI (20 mL:0.9% benzyl alcohol; 4 mL:1.1%
benzyl alcohol) and then stored at 5.degree. C. (solid symbols) or
25.degree. C. (open symbols). The % native protein was defined as
the peak area of the native (not degraded) protein relative to the
total peak area as measured by cation exchange chromatography.
FIG. 8 shows stability of reconstituted rhuMAb HER2 lyophilized in
10 mM sodium succinate, pH 5.0, 250 mM trehalose, 0.2% Tween 20.
Samples were reconstituted with 20.0 mL of BWFI (0.9% benzyl
alcohol) and then stored at 5.degree. C. (.circle-solid.) or
25.degree. C. (.smallcircle.). The % native protein was defined as
the peak area of the native (not degraded) protein relative to the
total peak area as measured by cation exchange chromatography.
FIG. 9 shows aggregation of rhuMAb E25 formulated into buffers
ranging from pH 5 to pH 7 at 10 mM buffer concentration and 5 mg/mL
antibody concentration. Samples were lyophilized and assayed at
time zero and after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 52 weeks of storage at
2-8.degree. C. The buffers were: potassium phosphate pH 7.0
(.smallcircle.); sodium phosphate pH 7.0 (.quadrature.); histidine
pH 7.0 (.diamond.); sodium succinate pH 6.5 (.circle-solid.);
sodium succinate pH 6.0 (.box-solid.); sodium succinate pH 5.5
(.quadrature.); and sodium succinate pH 5.0 (.tangle-solidup.).
FIG. 10 depicts aggregation of rhuMAb E25 lyophilized in 5 mM
histidine buffer at both pH 6 and pH 7 and assayed following
storage as follows. The buffer was at: pH 6.0 stored at 2-8.degree.
C. (.smallcircle.); pH 6 stored at 25.degree. C. (.quadrature.); pH
6 stored at 40.degree. C. (.diamond.); pH 7 stored at 2-8.degree.
C. (.circle-solid.); pH 7 stored at 25.degree. C. (.box-solid.);
and pH 7 stored at 40.degree. C. (.quadrature.).
FIG. 11 illustrates aggregation of 5 mg/mL rhuMAb E25 formulated
into 10 mM sodium succinate at pH 5.0 with lyoprotectant added at a
concentration of 275 mM (isotonic). The lyoprotectants were:
control, no lyoprotectant (.smallcircle.); mannitol (.quadrature.);
lactose (.diamond.); maltose (.circle-solid.); trehalose
(.box-solid.); and sucrose (.quadrature.). Samples were lyophilized
and assayed at time zero and after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 52 weeks
of storage at 2-8.degree. C.
FIG. 12 shows aggregation of 5 mg/mL rhuMAb E25 formulated into 10
mM sodium succinate at pH 5.0 with lyoprotectant added at a
concentration of 275 mM (isotonic). The lyoprotectants were:
control, no lyoprotectant (.smallcircle.); mannitol (.quadrature.);
lactose (.diamond.); maltose (.circle-solid.); trehalose
(.box-solid.); and sucrose (.quadrature.). Samples were lyophilized
and assayed at time zero and after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 52 weeks
of storage at 40.degree. C.
FIG. 13 depicts hydrophobic interaction chromatography of 20 mg/mL
rhuMAb E25 lyophilized in histidine buffer at pH 6 with an isotonic
concentration (i.e. 275 mM) of lactose stored for 24 weeks at 2-8,
25 or 40.degree. C. and reconstituted to 20 mg/mL.
FIG. 14 shows hydrophobic interaction chromatography of 20 mg/mL
rhuMAb E25 lyophilized in histidine buffer at pH 6 stored for 24
weeks at 2-8, 25 or 40.degree. C. and reconstituted to 20
mg/mL.
FIG. 15 illustrates hydrophobic interaction chromatography of 20
mg/mL rhuMAb E25 lyophilized in histidine buffer at pH 6 with an
isotonic concentration (i. e. 275 mM) of sucrose and stored for 24
weeks at 2-8, 25 or 40.degree. C. and reconstituted to 20
mg/mL.
FIG. 16 illustrates the effect of sugar concentration on rhuMAb E25
formulated at 20 mg/mL in 5 mM histidine at pH 6.0. Sucrose
(.circle-solid.) and trehalose (.quadrature.) were added to the
formulation at molar ratios ranging from 0 to 2010 (isotonic) (see
Table 1 below). Samples were lyophilized and assayed after 12 weeks
of storage at 50.degree. C.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Moles of Sugar: Sugar conc. E25 antibody
(mM) 0 0 260 34.4 380 51.6 510 68.8 760 103.1 1020 137.5 1530 206.3
2010 275
FIG. 17 reveals aggregation of rhuMAb E25 formulated at 25 mg/mL
into 5 mM histidine at pH 6 with 85 mM sucrose (.smallcircle.); 85
mM trehalose (.quadrature.); 161 mM sucrose (.quadrature.) or 161
mM trehalose (.tangle-solidup.). Samples were lyophilized and
stored at 2-8.degree. C. followed by reconstitution with 0.9%
benzyl alcohol to 100 mg/mL antibody in 20 mM histidine at pH 6
with isotonic (340 mM) and hypertonic (644 mM) sugar
concentration.
FIG. 18 shows aggregation of rhuMAb E25 formulated at 25 mg/mL into
5 mM histidine at pH 6 with 85 mM sucrose (.smallcircle.); 85 mM
trehalose (.quadrature.); 161 mM sucrose (.quadrature.) or 161 mM
trehalose (.tangle-solidup.). Samples were lyophilized and stored
at 30.degree. C. followed by reconstitution with 0.9% benzyl
alcohol to 100 mg/mL antibody in 20 mM histidine at pH 6 with
isotonic (340 mM) and hypertonic (644 mM) sugar concentration.
FIG. 19 illustrates aggregation of rhuMAb E25 formulated at 25
mg/mL into 5 mM histidine at pH 6 with 85 mM sucrose
(.smallcircle.); 85 mM trehalose (.quadrature.); 161 mM sucrose
(.quadrature.) or 161 mM trehalose (.tangle-solidup.). Samples were
lyophilized and stored at 50.degree. C. followed by reconstitution
with 0.9% benzyl alcohol to 100 mg/mL antibody in 20 mM histidine
at pH 6 with isotonic (340 mM) and hypertonic (644 mM) sugar
concentration.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
I. Definitions
By "protein" is meant a sequence of amino acids for which the chain
length is sufficient to produce the higher levels of tertiary
and/or quaternary structure. This is to distinguish from "peptides"
or other small molecular weight drugs that do not have such
structure. Typically, the protein herein will have a molecular
weight of at least about 15-20 kD, preferably at least about 20
kD.
Examples of proteins encompassed within the definition herein
include mammalian proteins, such as, e.g., growth hormone,
including human growth hormone and bovine growth hormone; growth
hormone releasing factor; parathyroid hormone; thyroid stimulating
hormone; lipoproteins; a-l-antitrypsin; insulin A-chain; insulin
B-chain; proinsulin; follicle stimulating hormone; calcitonin;
luteinizing hormone; glucagon; clotting factors such as factor
VIIIC, factor IX, tissue factor, and von Willebrands factor;
anti-clotting factors such as Protein C; atrial natriuretic factor;
lung surfactant; a plasminogen activator, such as urokinase or
tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA); bombazine; thrombin;
tumor necrosis factor-.alpha. and -.beta.; enkephalinase; RANTES
(regulated on activation normally T-cell expressed and secreted);
human macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1-.alpha.); serum
albumin such as human serum albumin; mullerian-inhibiting
substance; relaxin A-chain; relaxin B-chain; prorelaxin; mouse
gonadotropin-associated peptide; DNase; inhibin; activin; vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF); receptors for hormones or growth
factors; an integrin; protein A or D; rheumatoid factors; a
neurotrophic factor such as bone-derived neurotrophic factor
(BDNF), neurotrophin-3, -4, -5, or -6 (NT-3, NT-4, NT-5, or NT-6),
or a nerve growth factor such as NGF-.beta.; platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF); fibroblast growth factor such as aFGF and
bFGF; epidermal growth factor (EGF); transforming growth factor
(TGF) such as TGF-.alpha. and TGF-.beta., including TGF-.beta.1,
TGF-.beta.2, TGF-.beta.3, TGF-.beta.4, or TGF-.beta.5; insulin-like
growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II); des(1-3)-IGF-I (brain
IGF-I); insulin-like growth factor binding proteins; CD proteins
such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD20; erythropoietin (EPO);
thrombopoietin (TPO); osteoinductive factors; immunotoxins; a bone
morphogenetic protein (BMP); an interferon such as
interferon-.alpha., -.beta., and -.gamma.; colony stimulating
factors (CSFs), e.g., M-CSF, GM-CSF, and G-CSF; interleukins (ILs),
e.g., IL-1 to IL-10; superoxide dismutase; T-cell receptors;
surface membrane proteins; decay accelerating factor (DAF); a viral
antigen such as, for example, a portion of the AIDS envelope;
transport proteins; homing receptors; addressins; regulatory
proteins; immunoadhesins; antibodies; and biologically active
fragments or variants of any of the above-listed polypeptides.
The protein which is formulated is preferably essentially pure and
desirably essentially homogeneous (i.e. free from contaminating
proteins etc). "Essentially pure" protein means a composition
comprising at least about 90% by weight of the protein, based on
total weight of the composition, preferably at least about 95% by
weight. "Essentially homogeneous" protein means a composition
comprising at least about 99% by weight of protein, based on total
weight of the composition.
In certain embodiments, the protein is an antibody. The antibody
may bind to any of the above-mentioned molecules, for example.
Exemplary molecular targets for antibodies encompassed by the
present invention include CD proteins such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19,
CD20 and CD34; members of the HER receptor family such as the EGF
receptor, HER2, HER3 or HER4 receptor; cell adhesion molecules such
as LFA-1, Mol, p150,95, VLA-4, ICAM-1, VCAM and .alpha.v/.beta.3
integrin including either .alpha. or .beta. subunits thereof (e.g.
anti-CD11a, anti-CD18 or anti-CD11b antibodies); growth factors
such as VEGF; IgE; blood group antigens; flk2/flt3 receptor;
obesity (OB) receptor; protein C etc.
The term "antibody" is used in the broadest sense and specifically
covers monoclonal antibodies (including full length antibodies
which have an immunoglobulin Fc region), antibody compositions with
polyepitopic specificity, bispecific antibodies, diabodies, and
single-chain molecules, as well as antibody fragments (e.g., Fab,
F(ab').sub.2, and Fv).
The term "monoclonal antibody" as used herein refers to an antibody
obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies,
i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are
identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that
may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly
specific, being directed against a single antigenic site.
Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody
preparations which typically include different antibodies directed
against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody
is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In
addition to their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are
advantageous in that they are synthesized by the hybridoma culture,
uncontaminated by other immunoglobulins. The modifier "monoclonal"
indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a
substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to
be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any
particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be
used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the
hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 256: 495
(1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S.
Pat. No. 4,816,567). The "monoclonal antibodies" may also be
isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques
described in Clackson et al., Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks
et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991), for example.
The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include "chimeric"
antibodies (immunoglobulins) in which a portion of the heavy and/or
light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding
sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or
belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the
remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to
corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species
or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as
fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired
biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Morrison et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855 (1984)).
"Humanized" forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are
chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments
thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab').sub.2 or other
antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal
sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. For the most part,
humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody)
in which residues from a complementarity determining region (CDR)
of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human
species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the
desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some instances, Fv
framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are
replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore,
humanized antibodies may comprise residues which are found neither
in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework
sequences. These modifications are made to further refine and
optimize antibody performance. In general, the humanized antibody
will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two,
variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR
regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all
or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human
immunoglobulin sequence. The humanized antibody optimally also will
comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region
(Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. For further
details, see Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Reichmann et
al., Nature, 332:323-329 (1988); and Presta, Curr. Op. Struct.
Biol., 2:593-596 (1992). The humanized antibody includes a
Primatized.TM. antibody wherein the antigen-binding region of the
antibody is derived from an antibody produced by immunizing macaque
monkeys with the antigen of interest.
A "stable" formulation is one in which the protein therein
essentially retains its physical and chemical stability and
integrity upon storage. Various analytical techniques for measuring
protein stability are available in the art and are reviewed in
Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery, 247-301, Vincent Lee Ed., Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Pubs. (1991) and Jones, A. Adv. Drug
Delivery Rev. 10: 29-90 (1993). Stability can be measured at a
selected temperature for a selected time period. For rapid
screening, the formulation may be kept at 40.degree. C. for 2 weeks
to 1 month, at which time stability is measured. Where the
formulation is to be stored at 2-8.degree. C., generally the
formulation should be stable at 30.degree. C. or 40.degree. C. for
at least 1 month and/or stable at 2-8.degree. C. for at least 2
years. Where the formulation is to be stored at 30.degree. C.,
generally the formulation should be stable for at least 2 years at
30.degree. C. and/or stable at 40.degree. C. for at least 6 months.
For example, the extent of aggregation following lyophilization and
storage can be used as an indicator of protein stability (see
Examples herein). For example, a "stable" formulation may be one
wherein less than about 10% and preferably less than about 5% of
the protein is present as an aggregate in the formulation. In other
embodiments, any increase in aggregate formation following
lyophilization and storage of the lyophilized formulation can be
determined. For example, a "stable" lyophilized formulation may be
one wherein the increase in aggregate in the lyophilized
formulation is less than about 5% and preferably less than about
3%, when the lyophilized formulation is stored at 2-8.degree. C.
for at least one year. In other embodiments, stability of the
protein formulation may be measured using a biological activity
assay (see, e.g., Example 2 below).
A "reconstituted" formulation is one which has been prepared by
dissolving a lyophilized protein formulation in a diluent such that
the protein is dispersed in the reconstituted formulation. The
reconstituted formulation in suitable for administration (e.g.
parenteral administration) to a patient to be treated with the
protein of interest and, in certain embodiments of the invention,
may be one which is suitable for subcutaneous administration.
By "isotonic" is meant that the formulation of interest has
essentially the same osmotic pressure as human blood. Isotonic
formulations will generally have an osmotic pressure from about 250
to 350 mOsm. Isotonicity can be measured using a vapor pressure or
ice-freezing type osmometer, for example.
A "lyoprotectant" is a molecule which, when combined with a protein
of interest, significantly prevents or reduces chemical and/or
physical instability of the protein upon lyophilization and
subsequent storage. Exemplary lyoprotectants include sugars such as
sucrose or trehalose; an amino acid such as monosodium glutamate or
histidine; a methylamine such as betaine; a lyotropic salt such as
magnesium sulfate; a polyol such as trihydric or higher sugar
alcohols, e.g. glycerin, erythritol, glycerol, arabitol, xylitol,
sorbitol, and mannitol; propylene glycol; polyethylene glycol;
Pluronics; and combinations thereof. The preferred lyoprotectant is
a non-reducing sugar, such as trehalose or sucrose.
The lyoprotectant is added to the pre-lyophilized formulation in a
"lyoprotecting amount" which means that, following lyophilization
of the protein in the presence of the lyoprotecting amount of the
lyoprotectant, the protein essentially retains its physical and
chemical stability and integrity upon lyophilization and
storage.
The "diluent" of interest herein is one which is pharmaceutically
acceptable (safe and non-toxic for administration to a human) and
is useful for the preparation of a reconstituted formulation.
Exemplary diluents include sterile water, bacteriostatic water for
injection (BWFI), a pH buffered solution (e.g. phosphate-buffered
saline), sterile saline solution, Ringer's solution or dextrose
solution.
A "preservative" is a compound which can be added to the diluent to
essentially reduce bacterial action in the reconstituted
formulation, thus facilitating the production of a multi-use
reconstituted formulation, for example. Examples of potential
preservatives include octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride,
hexamethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride (a mixture of
alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides in which the alkyl groups are
long-chain compounds), and benzethonium chloride. Other types of
preservatives include aromatic alcohols such as phenol, butyl and
benzyl alcohol, alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben,
catechol, resorcinol, cyclohexanol, 3-pentanol, and m-cresol. The
most preferred preservative herein is benzyl alcohol.
A "bulking agent" is a compound which adds mass to the lyophilized
mixture and contributes to the physical structure of the
lyophilized cake (e.g. facilitates the production of an essentially
uniform lyophilized cake which maintains an open pore structure).
Exemplary bulking agents include mannitol, glycine, polyethylene
glycol and xorbitol.
"Treatment" refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic
or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment include those
already with the disorder as well as those in which the disorder is
to be prevented.
"Mammal" for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified
as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo,
sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, cats, cows, etc.
Preferably, the mammal is human.
A "disorder" is any condition that would benefit from treatment
with the protein. This includes chronic and acute disorders or
diseases including those pathological conditions which predispose
the mammal to the disorder in question. Non-limiting examples of
disorders to be treated herein include carcinomas and
allergies.
II. Modes for Carrying out the Invention
A. Protein Preparation
The protein to be formulated is prepared using techniques which are
well established in the art including synthetic techniques (such as
recombinant techniques and peptide synthesis or a combination of
these techniques) or may be isolated from an endogenous source of
the protein. In certain embodiments of the invention, the protein
of choice is an antibody. Techniques for the production of
antibodies follow.
(i) Polyclonal Antibodies.
Polyclonal antibodies are generally raised in animals by multiple
subcutaneous (sc) or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of the
relevant antigen and an adjuvant. It may be useful to conjugate the
relevant antigen to a protein that is immunogenic in the species to
be immunized, e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin,
bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor using a
bifunctional or derivatizing agent, for example, maleimidobenzoyl
sulfosuccinimide ester (conjugation through cysteine residues),
N-hydroxysuccinimide (through lysine residues), glutaraldehyde,
succinic anhydride, SOCl.sub.2, or R.sup.1N.dbd.C.dbd.NR, where R
and R.sup.1 are different alkyl groups.
Animals are immunized against the antigen, immunogenic conjugates,
or derivatives by combining 1 mg or 1 .mu.g of the peptide or
conjugate (for rabbits or mice, respectively) with 3 volumes of
Freund's complete adjuvant. One month later the animals are boosted
with 1/5 to 1/10 the original amount of peptide or conjugate in
Freund's complete adjuvant by subcutaneous injection at multiple
sites. Seven to 14 days later the animals are bled and the serum is
assayed for antibody titer. Animals are boosted until the titer
plateaus. Preferably, the animal is boosted with the conjugate of
the same antigen, but conjugated to a different protein and/or
through a different cross-linking reagent. Conjugates also can be
made in recombinant cell culture as protein fusions. Also,
aggregating agents such as alum are suitably used to enhance the
immune response.
(ii) Monoclonal Antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies are obtained from a population of
substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual
antibodies comprising the population are identical except for
possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor
amounts. Thus, the modifier "monoclonal" indicates the character of
the antibody as not being a mixture of discrete antibodies.
For example, the monoclonal antibodies may be made using the
hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 256:495
(1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (U.S. Pat. No.
4,816,567). In the hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate
host animal, such as a hamster, is immunized as hereinabove
described to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of
producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the protein
used for immunization. Alternatively, lymphocytes may be immunized
in vitro. Lymphocytes then are fused with myeloma cells using a
suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a
hybridoma cell (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and
Practice, pp. 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)).
The hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a
suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more
substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused,
parental myeloma cells. For example, if the parental myeloma cells
lack the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
(HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybridomas typically
will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium),
which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.
Preferred myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently, support
stable high-level production of antibody by the selected
antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT
medium. Among these, preferred myeloma cell lines are murine
myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse
tumors available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center,
San Diego, Calif. USA, and SP-2 cells available from the American
Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. USA. Human myeloma and
mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for
the production of human monoclonal antibodies (Kozbor, J. Immunol.,
133:3001 (1984); Brodeur et al., Monoclonal Antibody Production
Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York, 1987)).
Culture medium in which hybridoma cells are growing is assayed for
production of monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen.
Preferably, the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies
produced by hybridoma cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or
by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or
enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).
The binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example,
be determined by the Scatchard analysis of Munson et al., Anal.
Biochem., 107:220 (1980).
After hybridoma cells are identified that produce antibodies of the
desired specificity, affinity, and/or activity, the clones may be
subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard
methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice,
pp. 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)). Suitable culture media for this
purpose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI-1640 medium. In
addition, the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites
tumors in an animal.
The monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones are suitably
separated from the culture medium, ascites fluid, or serum by
conventional immunoglobulin purification procedures such as, for
example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel
electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.
DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and
sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using
oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to
genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies).
The hybridoma cells serve as a preferred source of such DNA. Once
isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are
then transfected into host cells such as E. coli cells, simian COS
cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do
not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the
synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells.
Review articles on recombinant expression in bacteria of DNA
encoding the antibody include Skerra et al., Curr. Opinion in
Immunol., 5:256-262 (1993) and Pluckthun, Immunol. Revs.,
130:151-188 (1992).
In a further embodiment, antibodies can be isolated from antibody
phage libraries generated using the techniques described in
McCafferty et al., Nature, 348:552-554 (1990). Clackson et al.,
Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol.,
222:581-597 (1991) describe the isolation of murine and human
antibodies, respectively, using phage libraries. Subsequent
publications describe the production of high affinity (nM range)
human antibodies by chain shuffling (Marks et al., Bio/Technology,
10:779-783 (1992)), as well as combinatorial infection and in vivo
recombination as a strategy for constructing very large phage
libraries (Waterhouse et al., Nuc. Acids. Res., 21:2265-2266
(1993)). Thus, these techniques are viable alternatives to
traditional monoclonal antibody hybridoma techniques for isolation
of monoclonal antibodies.
The DNA also may be modified, for example, by substituting the
coding sequence for human heavy- and light-chain constant domains
in place of the homologous murine sequences (U.S. Pat. No.
4,816,567; Morrison, et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851
(1984)), or by covalently joining to the immunoglobulin coding
sequence all or part of the coding sequence for a
non-immunoglobulin polypeptide.
Typically such non-immunoglobulin polypeptides are substituted for
the constant domains of an antibody, or they are substituted for
the variable domains of one antigen-combining site of an antibody
to create a chimeric bivalent antibody comprising one
antigen-combining site having specificity for an antigen and
another antigen-combining site having specificity for a different
antigen.
Chimeric or hybrid antibodies also may be prepared in vitro using
known methods in synthetic protein chemistry, including those
involving crosslinking agents. For example, immunotoxins may be
constructed using a disulfide-exchange reaction or by forming a
thioether bond. Examples of suitable reagents for this purpose
include iminothiolate and methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate.
(iii) Humanized and Human Antibodies.
Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the
art. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid
residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These
non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as "import"
residues, which are typically taken from an "import" variable
domain. Humanization can be essentially performed following the
method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525
(1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et
al., Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988)), by substituting rodent CDRs or
CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody.
Accordingly, such "humanized" antibodies are chimeric antibodies
(U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567), wherein substantially less than an
intact human variable domain has been substituted by the
corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice,
humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some
CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by
residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
The choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be
used in making the humanized antibodies is very important to reduce
antigenicity. According to the so-called "best-fit" method, the
sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened
against the entire library of known human variable-domain
sequences. The human sequence which is closest to that of the
rodent is then accepted as the human framework (FR) for the
humanized antibody (Sims et al., J. Immunol., 151:2296 (1993);
Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol., 196:901 (1987)). Another method uses
a particular framework derived from the consensus sequence of all
human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains.
The same framework may be used for several different humanized
antibodies (Carter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:4285
(1992); Presta et al., J. Immnol., 151:2623 (1993)).
It is further important that antibodies be humanized with retention
of high affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological
properties. To achieve this goal, according to a preferred method,
humanized antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis of the
parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using
three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences.
Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and
are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are
available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional
conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin
sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the
likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate
immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that
influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its
antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from
the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody
characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target
antigen(s), is achieved. In general, the CDR residues are directly
and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding.
Alternatively, it is now possible to produce transgenic animals
(e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a
full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous
immunoglobulin production. For example, it has been described that
the homozygous deletion of the antibody heavy-chain joining region
(J.sub.H) gene in chimeric and germ-line mutant mice results in
complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production. Transfer of
the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array in such germ-line
mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon
antigen challenge. See, e.g., Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 90:2551 (1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature, 362:255-258
(1993); Bruggermann et al., Year in Immuno., 7:33 (1993). Human
antibodies can also be derived from phage-display libraries
(Hoogenboom et al., J. Mol. Biol., 227:381 (1991); Marks et al., J.
Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 (1991)).
(iv) Bispecific Antibodies
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are antibodies that have binding
specificities for at least two different epitopes. Such antibodies
can be derived from full length antibodies or antibody fragments
(e.g. F(ab').sub.2 bispecific antibodies).
Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art.
Traditional production of full length bispecific antibodies is
based on the coexpression of two immunoglobulin heavy chain-light
chain pairs, where the two chains have different specificities
(Millstein et al., Nature, 305:537-539 (1983)). Because of the
random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, these
hybridomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture of 10 different
antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct bispecific
structure. Purification of the correct molecule, which is usually
done by affinity chromatography steps, is rather cumbersome, and
the product yields are low. Similar procedures are disclosed in WO
93/08829 and in Traunecker et al., EMBO J., 10:3655-3659
(1991).
According to a different approach, antibody variable domains with
the desired binding specificities (antibody-antigen combining
sites) are fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences. The
fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant
domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, CH2, and CH3
regions. It is preferred to have the first heavy-chain constant
region (CH1) containing the site necessary for light chain binding,
present in at least one of the fusions. DNAs encoding the
immunoglobulin heavy chain fusions and, if desired, the
immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression
vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host organism. This
provides for great flexibility in adjusting the mutual proportions
of the three polypeptide fragments in embodiments when unequal
ratios of the three polypeptide chains used in the construction
provide the optimum yields. It is, however, possible to insert the
coding sequences for two or all three polypeptide chains in one
expression vector when the expression of at least two polypeptide
chains in equal ratios results in high yields or when the ratios
are of no particular significance.
In a preferred embodiment of this approach, the bispecific
antibodies are composed of a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain with
a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid immunoglobulin
heavy chain-light chain pair (providing a second binding
specificity) in the other arm. It was found that this asymmetric
structure facilitates the separation of the desired bispecific
compound from unwanted immunoglobulin chain combinations, as the
presence of an immunoglobulin light chain in only one half of the
bispecific molecule provides for a facile way of separation. This
approach is disclosed in WO 94/04690 published Mar. 3, 1994. For
further details of generating bispecific antibodies see, for
example, Suresh et al., Methods in Enzymology, 121:210 (1986).
Bispecific antibodies include cross-linked or "heteroconjugate"
antibodies. For example, one of the antibodies in the
heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin, the other to biotin. Such
antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system
cells to unwanted cells (U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980), and for
treatment of HIV infection (WO 91/00360, WO 92/200373, and EP
03089). Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient
cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents are well known
in the art, and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980, along
with a number of cross-linking techniques.
Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody
fragments have also been described in the literature. The following
techniques can also be used for the production of bivalent antibody
fragments which are not necessarily bispecific. For example, Fab'
fragments recovered from E. coli can be chemically coupled in vitro
to form bivalent antibodies. See, Shalaby et al., J. Exp. Med.,
175:217-225 (1992).
Various techniques for making and isolating bivalent antibody
fragments directly from recombinant cell culture have also been
described. For example, bivalent heterodimers have been produced
using leucine zippers. Kostelny et al., J. Immunol.,
148(5):1547-1553 (1992). The leucine zipper peptides from the Fos
and Jun proteins were linked to the Fab' portions of two different
antibodies by gene fusion. The antibody homodimers were reduced at
the hinge region to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form the
antibody heterodimers. The "diabody" technology described by
Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:6444-6448 (1993)
has provided an alternative mechanism for making
bispecific/bivalent antibody fragments. The fragments comprise a
heavy-chain variable domain (V.sub.H) connected to a light-chain
variable domain (V.sub.L) by a linker which is too short to allow
pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the
V.sub.H and V.sub.L domains of one fragment are forced to pair with
the complementary V.sub.L and V.sub.H domains of another fragment,
thereby forming two antigen-binding sites. Another strategy for
making bispecific/bivalent antibody fragments by the use of
single-chain Fv (sFv) dimers has also been reported. See Gruber et
al., J. Immunol., 152:5368 (1994).
B. Preparation of the Lyophilized Formulation
After preparation of the protein of interest as described above, a
"pre-lyophilized formulation" is produced. The amount of protein
present in the pre-lyophilized formulation is determined taking
into account the desired dose volumes, mode(s) of administration
etc. Where the protein of choice is an intact antibody (such as an
anti-IgE or anti-HER2 antibody), from about 2 mg/mL to about 50
mg/mL, preferably from about 5 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL and most
preferably from about 20-30 mg/mL is an exemplary starting protein
concentration. The protein is generally present in solution. For
example, the protein may be present in a pH-buffered solution at a
pH from about 4-8, and preferably from about 5-7. Exemplary buffers
include histidine, phosphate, Tris, citrate, succinate and other
organic acids. The buffer concentration can be from about 1 mM to
about 20 mM, or from about 3 mM to about 15 mM, depending, for
example, on the buffer and the desired isotonicity of the
formulation (e.g. of the reconstituted formulation). The preferred
buffer is histidine in that, as demonstrated below, this can have
lyoprotective properties. Succinate was shown to be another useful
buffer.
The lyoprotectant is added to the pre-lyophilized formulation. In
preferred embodiments, the lyoprotectant is a non-reducing sugar
such as sucrose or trehalose. The amount of lyoprotectant in the
pre-lyophilized formulation is generally such that, upon
reconstitution, the resulting formulation will be isotonic.
However, hypertonic reconstituted formulations may also be
suitable. In addition, the amount of lyoprotectant must not be too
low such that an unacceptable amount of degradation/aggregation of
the protein occurs upon lyophilization. Where the lyoprotectant is
a sugar (such as sucrose or trehalose) and the protein is an
antibody, exemplary lyoprotectant concentrations in the
pre-lyophilized formulation are from about 10 mM to about 400 mM,
and preferably from about 30 mM to about 300 mM, and most
preferably from about 50 mM to about 100 mM.
The ratio of protein to lyoprotectant is selected for each protein
and lyoprotectant combination. In the case of an antibody as the
protein of choice and a sugar (e.g., sucrose or trehalose) as the
lyoprotectant for generating an isotonic reconstituted formulation
with a high protein concentration, the molar ratio of lyoprotectant
to antibody may be from about 100 to about 1500 moles lyoprotectant
to 1 mole antibody, and preferably from about 200 to about 1000
moles of lyoprotectant to 1 mole antibody, for example from about
200 to about 600 moles of lyoprotectant to 1 mole antibody.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, it has been found to be
desirable to add a surfactant to the pre-lyophilized formulation.
Alternatively, or in addition, the surfactant may be added to the
lyophilized formulation and/or the reconstituted formulation.
Exemplary surfactants include nonionic surfactants such as
polysorbates (e.g. polysorbates 20 or 80); poloxamers (e.g.
poloxamer 188); Triton; sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); sodium laurel
sulfate; sodium octyl glycoside; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl-, or
stearyl-sulfobetaine; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl- or
stearyl-sarcosine; linoleyl-, myristyl-, or cetyl-betaine;
lauroamidopropyl-, cocamidopropyl-, linoleamidopropyl-,
myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropyl-betaine
(e.g. lauroamidopropyl); myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, or
isostearamidopropyl-dimethylamine; sodium methyl cocoyl-, or
disodium methyl oleyl-taurate; and the MONAQUAT.TM. series (Mona
Industries, Inc., Paterson, N.J.), polyethyl glycol, polypropyl
glycol, and copolymers of ethylene and propylene glycol (e.g.
Pluronics, PF68 etc). The amount of surfactant added is such that
it reduces aggregation of the reconstituted protein and minimizes
the formation of particulates after reconstitution. For example,
the surfactant may be present in the pre-lyophilized formulation in
an amount from about 0.001-0.5%, and preferably from about
0.005-0.05%.
In certain embodiments of the invention, a mixture of the
lyoprotectant (such as sucrose or trehalose) and a bulking agent
(e.g. mannitol or glycine) is used in the preparation of the
pre-lyophilization formulation. The bulking agent may allow for the
production of a uniform lyophilized cake without excessive pockets
therein etc.
Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or
stabilizers such as those described in Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980) may be included in the
pre-lyophilized formulation (and/or the lyophilized formulation
and/or the reconstituted formulation) provided that they do not
adversely affect the desired characteristics of the formulation.
Acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers are nontoxic to
recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed and include;
additional buffering agents; preservatives; co-solvents;
antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; chelating
agents such as EDTA; metal complexes (e.g. Zn-protein complexes);
biodegradable polymers such as polyesters; and/or salt-forming
counterions such as sodium.
The formulation herein may also contain more than one protein as
necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably
those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect
the other protein. For example, it may be desirable to provide two
or more antibodies which bind to the HER2 receptor or IgE in a
single formulation. Furthermore, anti-HER2 and anti-VEGF antibodies
may be combined in the one formulation. Such proteins are suitably
present in combination in amounts that are effective for the
purpose intended.
The formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be
sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile
filtration membranes, prior to, or following, lyophilization and
reconstitution. Alternatively, sterility of the entire mixture may
be accomplished by autoclaving the ingredients, except for protein,
at about 120.degree. C. for about 30 minutes, for example.
After the protein, lyoprotectant and other optional components are
mixed together, the formulation is lyophilized. Many different
freeze-dryers are available for this purpose such as Hull50.TM.
(Hull, USA) or GT20.TM. (Leybold-Heraeus, Germany) freeze-dryers.
Freeze-drying is accomplished by freezing the formulation and
subsequently subliming ice from the frozen content at a temperature
suitable for primary drying. Under this condition, the product
temperature is below the eutectic point or the collapse temperature
of the formulation. Typically, the shelf temperature for the
primary drying will range from about -30 to 25.degree. C. (provided
the product remains frozen during primary drying) at a suitable
pressure, ranging typically from about 50 to 250 mTorr. The
formulation, size and type of the container holding the sample
(e.g., glass vial) and the volume of liquid will mainly dictate the
time required for drying, which can range from a few hours to
several days (e.g. 40-60 hrs). A secondary drying stage may be
carried out at about 0-40.degree. C., depending primarily on the
type and size of container and the type of protein employed.
However, it was found herein that a secondary drying step may not
be necessary. For example, the shelf temperature throughout the
entire water removal phase of lyophilization may be from about
15-30.degree. C. (e.g., about 20.degree. C.). The time and pressure
required for secondary drying will be that which produces a
suitable lyophilized cake, dependent, e.g., on the temperature and
other parameters. The secondary drying time is dictated by the
desired residual moisture level in the product and typically takes
at least about 5 hours (e.g. 10-15 hours). The pressure may be the
same as that employed during the primary drying step. Freeze-drying
conditions can be varied depending on the formulation and vial
size.
In some instances, it may be desirable to lyophilize the protein
formulation in the container in which reconstitution of the protein
is to be carried out in order to avoid a transfer step. The
container in this instance may, for example, be a 3, 5, 10, 20, 50
or 100cc vial.
As a general proposition, lyophilization will result in a
lyophilized formulation in which the moisture content thereof is
less than about 5%, and preferably less than about 3%.
C. Reconstitution of the Lyophilized Formulation
At the desired stage, typically when it is time to administer the
protein to the patient, the lyophilized formulation may be
reconstituted with a diluent such that the protein concentration in
the reconstituted formulation is at least 50 mg/mL, for example
from about 50 mg/mL to about 400 mg/mL, more preferably from about
80 mg/mL to about 300 mg/mL, and most preferably from about 90
mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL. Such high protein concentrations in the
reconstituted formulation are considered to be particularly useful
where subcutaneous delivery of the reconstituted formulation is
intended. However, for other routes of administration, such as
intravenous administration, lower concentrations of the protein in
the reconstituted formulation may be desired (for example from
about 5-50 mg/mL, or from about 10-40 mg/mL protein in the
reconstituted formulation). In certain embodiments, the protein
concentration in the reconstituted formulation is significantly
higher than that in the pre-lyophilized formulation. For example,
the protein concentration in the reconstituted formulation may be
about 2-40 times, preferably 3-10 times and most preferably 3-6
times (e.g. at least three fold or at least four fold) that of the
pre-lyophilized formulation.
Reconstitution generally takes place at a temperature of about
25.degree. C. to ensure complete hydration, although other
temperatures may be employed as desired. The time required for
reconstitution will depend, e.g., on the type of diluent, amount of
excipient(s) and protein. Exemplary diluents include sterile water,
bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI), a pH buffered solution
(e.g. phosphate-buffered saline), sterile saline solution, Ringer's
solution or dextrose solution. The diluent optionally contains a
preservative. Exemplary preservatives have been described above,
with aromatic alcohols such as benzyl or phenol alcohol being the
preferred preservatives. The amount of preservative employed is
determined by assessing different preservative concentrations for
compatibility with the protein and preservative efficacy testing.
For example, if the preservative is an aromatic alcohol (such as
benzyl alcohol), it can be present in an amount from about 0.1-2.0%
and preferably from about 0.5-1.5%, but most preferably about
1.0-1.2%.
Preferably, the reconstituted formulation has less than 6000
particles per vial which are .gtoreq.10 .mu.m in size.
D. Administration of the Reconstituted Formulation
The reconstituted formulation is administered to a mammal in need
of treatment with the protein, preferably a human, in accord with
known methods, such as intravenous administration as a bolus or by
continuous infusion over a period of time, by intramuscular,
intraperitoneal, intracerobrospinal, subcutaneous, intra-articular,
intrasynovial, intrathecal, oral, topical, or inhalation
routes.
In preferred embodiments, the reconstituted formulation is
administered to the mammal by subcutaneous (i.e. beneath the skin)
administration. For such purposes, the formulation may be injected
using a syringe. However, other devices for administration of the
formulation are available such as injection devices (e.g. the
Inject-ease.TM. and Genject.TM. devices); injector pens (such as
the GenPen.TM.); needleless devices (e.g. MediJector.TM. and
BioJector.TM.); and subcutaneous patch delivery systems.
The appropriate dosage ("therapeutically effective amount") of the
protein will depend, for example, on the condition to be treated,
the severity and course of the condition, whether the protein is
administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous
therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the
protein, the type of protein used, and the discretion of the
attending physician. The protein is suitably administered to the
patient at one time or over a series of treatments and may be
administered to the patient at any time from diagnosis onwards. The
protein may be administered as the sole treatment or in conjunction
with other drugs or therapies useful in treating the condition in
question.
Where the protein of choice is an antibody, from about 0.1-20 mg/kg
is an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient,
whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations.
However, other dosage regimens may be useful. The progress of this
therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques.
In the case of an anti-HER2 antibody, a therapeutically effective
amount of the antibody may be administered to treat or prevent
cancer characterized by overexpression of the HER2 receptor. It is
contemplated that a reconstituted formulation of the anti-HER2
antibody may be used to treat breast, ovarian, stomach,
endometrial, salivary gland, lung, kidney, colon and/or bladder
cancer. For example, the anti-HER2 antibody may be used to treat
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Exemplary dosages of the anti-HER2
antibody are in the range 1-10 mg/kg by one or more separate
administrations.
Uses for an anti-IgE formulation include the treatment or
prophylaxis of IgE-mediated allergic diseases, parasitic
infections, interstitial cystitis and asthma, for example.
Depending on the disease or disorder to be treated, a
therapeutically effective amount (e.g. from about 1-15 mg/kg) of
the anti-IgE antibody is administered to the patient.
E. Articles of Manufacture
In another embodiment of the invention, an article of manufacture
is provided which contains the lyophilized formulation of the
present invention and provides instructions for its reconstitution
and/or use. The article of manufacture comprises a container.
Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials (e.g. dual
chamber vials), syringes (such as dual chamber syringes) and test
tubes. The container may be formed from a variety of materials such
as glass or plastic. The container holds the lyophilized
formulation and the label on, or associated with, the container may
indicate directions for reconstitution and/or use. For example, the
label may indicate that the lyophilized formulation is
reconstituted to protein concentrations as described above. The
label may further indicate that the formulation is useful or
intended for subcutaneous administration. The container holding the
formulation may be a multi-use vial, which allows for repeat
administrations (e.g. from 2-6 administrations) of the
reconstituted formulation. The article of manufacture may further
comprise a second container comprising a suitable diluent (e.g.
BWFI). Upon mixing of the diluent and the lyophilized formulation,
the final protein concentration in the reconstituted formulation
will generally be at least 50 mg/mL. The article of manufacture may
further include other materials desirable from a commercial and
user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters,
needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for
use.
The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the
following examples. They should not, however, be construed as
limiting the scope of the invention. All literature citations are
incorporated by reference.
EXAMPLE 1
Anti-HER2 Formulation
Overexpression of the HER2 proto-oncogene product (p185.sup.HER2)
has been associated with a variety of aggressive human
malignancies. The murine monoclonal antibody known as muMAb4D5 is
directed against the extracellular domain (ECD) of p185.sup.HER2.
The muMAb4D5 molecule has been humanized in an attempt to improve
its clinical efficacy by reducing immunogenicity and allowing it to
support human effector functions (see WO 92/22653). This example
describes the development of a lyophilized formulation comprising
full length humanized antibody huMAb4D5-8 described in WO
92/22653.
In the development of a lyophilized formulation, excipients and
buffers are initially screened by measuring the stability of the
protein after lyophilization and reconstitution. The lyophilized
protein in each formulation is also subjected to accelerated
stability studies to determine the potential stability of the
protein over its shelf-life. These accelerated studies are usually
performed at temperatures above the proposed storage conditions and
the data are then used to estimate the activation energy for the
degradation reactions assuming Arrhenius kinetics (Cleland et al.,
Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 10(4): 307-377
(1993)). The activation energy is then used to calculate the
expected shelf-life of the protein formulation at the proposed
storage conditions.
In early screening studies, the stability of several lyophilized
recombinant humanized anti-HER2 antibody (rhuMAb HER2) formulations
was investigated after incubation at 5.degree. C. (proposed storage
condition) and 40.degree. C. (accelerated stability condition). In
the liquid state, rhuMAb HER2 was observed to degrade by
deamidation (30Asn of light chain) and isoaspartate formation via a
cyclic imide intermediate, succinimide (102Asp of heavy chain). The
deamidation was minimized at pH 5.0 resulting in degradation
primarily at the succinimide. At pH 6.0, slightly greater
deamidation was observed in the liquid protein formulation. The
lyophilized formulations were therefore studied with: (a) 5 or 10
mM succinate buffer, pH 5.0 or (b) 5 or 10 mM histidine buffer, pH
6.0. Both buffers contained the surfactant, polysorbate 20 (Tween
20.TM.), which was employed to reduce the potential for aggregation
of the reconstituted protein and minimize the formation of
particulates after reconstitution. These buffers were used with and
without various sugars. The protein was formulated in the buffer at
5.0, 21.0 or 25.0 mg/mL. These formulations were then lyophilized
and assessed for protein stability after 2 weeks at 5.degree. C.
and 40.degree. C. In the lyophilizer, the vials were frozen at a
shelf temperature of -55.degree. C. for approximately 5 hours
followed by primary drying at a shelf temperature of 5.degree. C.
and 150 mTorr for 30 hours, and drying to 1-2% residual moisture
was achieved with secondary drying at a shelf temperature of
20.degree. C. for 10 hours. The major degradation route for this
protein upon lyophilization was aggregation, and therefore the
protein stability was assessed by native size exclusion
chromatography to measure the recovery of intact native protein (%
intact protein in Table 2 below).
The stabilizing effects of various lyoprotectant sugars on
lyophilized protein was measured in 10 mM sodium succinate, pH 5.0
(Table 2). At high sugar concentrations (250-275 mM) and low
protein concentration (5.0 mg/mL), trehalose and lactose stabilized
the protein against aggregation for the lyophilized protein stored
for 2 weeks at 40.degree. C. However, lactose, a reducing sugar,
was observed to react with the protein over longer term storage at
40.degree. C. The formulations at 5.0 mg/mL protein containing
either sorbitol or mannitol yielded aggregated protein after
storage at 40.degree. C. for 2 weeks. At the higher protein
concentration (21.0 mg/mL), formulations comprising mannitol, or
mannitol in combination with sorbitol or glycine, contained
aggregated protein after lyophilization and storage at both
conditions. In contrast, trehalose and sucrose prevented
aggregation at both storage conditions.
The 250 mM trehalose and 250 mM lactose formulations were assessed
for long term stability. After 9 months at 40.degree. C. or 12
months at 5.degree. C., there was no change in the % intact protein
for the trehalose formulation. For the lactose formulation, the %
intact protein remained constant (same as initial) after 3 months
at 40.degree. C. or 6 months at 25.degree. C. The trehalose
formulation could be stored at controlled room temperature
(15-30.degree. C.) for 2 years without a significant change in %
intact protein.
The 10 mM histidine, pH 6.0 formulation with mannitol contained
less aggregated protein after storage at 40.degree. C. for 2 weeks
than the 10 mM succinate formulation, pH 5.0 with mannitol. This
result may be related to some stabilizing effect contributed by
histidine alone. After storage at 40.degree. C. for 2 weeks, there
was, however, significant aggregation for histidine alone or
histidine/mannitol formulations. The addition of sucrose at an
equal mass to mannitol (10 mg/mL of each) in the histidine
formulation stabilized the protein against aggregation for both
storage conditions. The use of glycine with mannitol did not
improve the protein stability, while the sucrose/glycine
formulation provided the same stability as the sucrose/mannitol
formulation. These results further indicated that sucrose was
useful for preventing aggregation of the lyophilized protein during
storage.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Composition Prior to Lyophilization % Intact
Protein.sup.a [Protein].sup.b Liquid Lyophilized Lyophilized
(mg/mL) Formulation (5.degree. C.) (2 wk, 5.degree. C.) (2 wk,
40.degree. C.) 10 mM sodium succinate pH 5.0 5.0 275 mM trehalose,
0.01% Tween 98.9 99.1 98.9 20 .TM. 5.0 275 mM lactose, 0.01% Tween
20 .TM. 96.8 96.5 96.6 5.0 275 mM sorbitol, 0.01% Tween 99.4 99.3
95.4 20 .TM. 5.0 250 mM mannitol, 0.01% Tween 100.0 99.9 98.8 20
.TM. 5.0 250 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween 100.0 99.9 100.0 20 .TM. 5.0
250 mM lactose, 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. 100.0 100.0 100.0 21.0 250 mM
trehalose, 0.2% Tween 99.3 99.1 99.1 20 .TM. 21.0 250 mM sucrose,
0.2% Tween 20 .TM. 99.6 99.6 99.7 21.0 250 mM mannitol, 0.01% Tween
100.0 94.6 94.0 20 .TM. 21.0 188 mM mannitol/63 mM sorbitol, 99.8
98.6 96.5 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. 21.0 250 mM mannitol/25 mM glycine,
99.5 96.5 96.4 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. 10 mM histidine pH 6.0 21.0 No
sugar, 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. 100.0 99.9 98.9 21.0 54.9 mM mannitol,
0.01% Tween 100.0 99.9 99.2 20 .TM. 21.0 29.2 mM sucrose/266.4 mM
glycine, 100.0 100.0 99.6 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. 21.0 54.9 mM
mannitol/266.4 mM 100.0 99.8 98.9 glycine, 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. 21.0
54.9 mM mannitol/29.2 mM 99.8 100.0 99.7 sucrose, 0.01% Tween 20
.TM. .sup.aThe fraction of intact protein was measured by native
size exclusion HPLC and the peak area of the native protein
relative to the total peak area including aggregates (TSK3000 SW XL
column, TosoHaas, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min; elution with
phosphate buffered saline; detection at 214 and 280 nm). The
protein formulations were analyzed before lyophilization (liquid,
5.degree. C.) and after lyophilization and storage at 5.degree. C.
or 40.degree. C. for 2 weeks. .sup.bFormulations containing 5 mg/mL
protein were reconstituted with distilled water (20 mL, 5.0 mg/mL
protein), and formulations containing 21 mg/mL protein were
reconstituted with bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI, 0.9%
benzyl alcohol; 20 mL, 20 mg/mL protein).
The delivery of a high protein concentration is often required for
subcutaneous administration due to the volume limitations
(.ltoreq.1.5 mL) and dosing requirements (.gtoreq.100 mg). However,
high protein concentrations (.gtoreq.50 mg/mL) are often difficult
to achieve in the manufacturing process since at high
concentrations, the protein has a tendency to aggregate during
processing and becomes difficult to manipulate (e.g. pump) and
sterile filter. Alternatively, the lyophilization process may
provide a method to allow concentration of the protein. For
example, the protein is filled into vials at a volume (Vf) and then
lyophilized. The lyophilized protein is then reconstituted with a
smaller volume (Vr) of water or preservative (e.g. BWFI) than the
original volume (e.g. Vr=0.25Vf) resulting in a higher protein
concentration in the reconstituted solution. This process also
results in the concentration of the buffers and excipients. For
subcutaneous administration, the solution is desirably
isotonic.
The amount of trehalose in the lyophilized rhuMAb HER2 was reduced
to produce an isotonic solution upon reconstitution to yield 100
mg/mL protein. The stabilizing effect of trehalose was determined
as a function of concentration for 5 mM sodium succinate, pH 5.0
and 5 mM histidine, pH 6.0 at 25.0 mg/mL protein (Table 3). At
trehalose concentrations from 60 to 200 mM, there was no
significant aggregation after incubation of the lyophilized protein
for 4 weeks at 40.degree. C. These formulations were reconstituted
with 20 mL of bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI, USP, 0.9%
benzyl alcohol). Reconstitution of the 50 mM trehalose formulation
(5 mM sodium succinate) with 4 mL of BWFI (100 mg/mL protein) after
incubation for 4 weeks at 40.degree. C. yielded a slight increase
in aggregate formation. The preserved reconstituted formulations
provided the advantage of multiple withdrawals from the same vial
without sterility concerns. When sterile needles are used, these
formulations would then allow for several doses from a single
vial.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Composition Prior to Lyophilization % Intact
Protein.sup.a [Protein] Liquid Lyophilized Lyophilized (mg/mL)
Formulation (5.degree. C.) (4 wk, 5.degree. C.) (4 wk, 40.degree.
C.) 5 mM sodium succinate pH 5.0 25.0 50 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween
20 .TM..sup.b 100.00 100.0 99.5 25.0 60 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween
20 .TM. 100.0 100.0 99.9 25.0 60 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween 20 .TM.
100.0 100.0 99.2 25.0 100 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween 100.0 100.0
99.7 20 .TM. 25.0 150 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween 100.0 100.0 99.8 20
.TM. 25.0 200 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween 100.0 100.0 100.0 20 .TM. 5
mM histidine pH 6.0 25.0 38.4 mM mannitol/20.4 mM sucrose, 100.0
100.0 99.3 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. 25.0 38.4 mM mannitol/20.4 mM
sucrose, 100.0 100.0 99.4 0.01% Tween 20 .TM..sup.c 25.0 60 mM
trehalose, 0.01% Tween 20 .TM..sup.d 100.0 100.0 99.8 25.0 60 mM
trehalose, 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. 100.0 100.0 99.4 25.0 100 mM
trehalose, 0.01% Tween 100.0 100.0 99.6 20 .TM. 25.0 150 mM
trehalose, 0.01% Tween 100.0 100.0 100.0 20 .TM. 25.0 200 mM
trehalose, 0.01% Tween 100.0 100.0 100.0 20 .TM. .sup.aThe fraction
of intact protein was measured by native size exclusion HPLC and
defined as the peak area of the native protein relative to the
total peak area including aggregates (TSK3000 SW XL column,
TosoHaas, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min; elution with phosphate
buffered saline; detection at 214 and 280 nm). The protein
formulations were analyzed before lyophilization (liquid, 5.degree.
C.) and after lyophilization and storage at 5.degree. C. or
40.degree. C. for 4 weeks. Formulations were reconstituted with
bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI, USP, 0.9% w/w benzyl
alcohol; 20 mL, 22 mg/mL protein). .sup.bReconstituted with 4 mL of
BWFI (0.9% benzyl alcohol) to yield 100 mg/mL protein.
.sup.cReconstituted with 4 mL of BWFI (1.1% benzyl alcohol) to
yield 100 mg/mL protein. .sup.dSample incubated for 2 weeks at
5.degree. C. or 40.degree. C. and then reconstituted with 20 mL of
BWFI (0.9% benzyl alcohol) to yield 22 mg/mL protein.
Currently, rhuMAb HER2 is under investigation as a therapeutic for
the treatment of breast cancer. The protein is dosed to patients at
2 mg/kg on a weekly basis. Since the average weight of these
patients is 65 kg, the average weekly dose is 130 mg of rhuMAb
HER2. For subcutaneous administration, injection volumes of 1.5 mL
or less are well tolerated and, therefore, the protein
concentration for a weekly subcutaneous administration of rhuMAb
HER2 may be approximately 100 mg/mL (130 mg average dose/1.5 mL).
As mentioned above, this high protein concentration is difficult to
manufacture and maintain in a stable form. To achieve this high
protein concentration, rhuMAb HER2 formulated in: (a) 5 mM sodium
succinate, pH 5.0 or (b) 5 mM histidine, pH 6.0, was lyophilized at
25 mg/mL protein in 60 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween 20.TM.. The
lyophilization was performed by filling 18 mL of the protein
formulation into 50 cc vials. In the lyophilizer, the vials were
frozen at a shelf temperature of -55.degree. C. for approximately 5
hours followed by primary drying at a shelf temperature of
5.degree. C. and 150 mTorr for 30 hours, and drying to 1-2%
residual moisture was achieved with secondary drying at a shelf
temperature of 20.degree. C. for 10 hours. Thermocouples placed in
vials containing the placebo (formulation without protein)
indicated that the product in the vials was maintained below
-10.degree. C. throughout primary drying. Sequential stoppering
studies during the lyophilization revealed that the residual
moisture after primary drying was usually less than 10%.
The lyophilized protein was then reconstituted with either 4 or 20
mL of BWFI (0.9 or 1.1% benzyl alcohol) to yield concentrated
protein solutions: (a) 4 mL: 102 mg/mL rhuMAb HER2, 245 mM
trehalose, 21 mM sodium succinate, pH 5.0 or 21 mM histidine, pH
6.0, 0.04% Tween 20.TM.; (b) 20 mL: 22 mg/mL rhuMAb HER2, 52 mM
trehalose, 4 mM sodium succinate, pH 5.0 or 4 mM histidine, pH 6.0,
0.009% Tween 20.TM..
After storage of the lyophilized formulations for 4 weeks at
40.degree. C. and reconstitution to 22 mg/mL protein, the amount of
aggregated protein appeared to increase slightly with decreasing
trehalose concentration. The stability of the lyophilized protein
was not affected by the volume of reconstitution. As shown in FIG.
1, the amount of intact protein after incubation of the lyophilized
protein at 40.degree. C. was the same for the 60 mM trehalose, 5 mM
sodium succinate, pH 5.0, 0.01% Tween 20.TM.0 formulation
reconstituted with either 4 or 20 mL of BWFI.
The results shown in Table 3 suggested that there may be a
relationship between the trehalose concentration and the protein
stability. To further assess this relationship, the formulations
containing different concentrations of trehalose formulated in
either sodium succinate or histidine were incubated for 91 days at
40.degree. C. The stability was then measured as a function of the
trehalose to protein molar ratio for each concentration of
trehalose. As shown in FIG. 2, the protein stability clearly
decreased with decreasing trehalose concentration for both
formulations. There was no apparent difference between the two
buffers, succinate and histidine, in these formulations suggesting
that the primary stabilizer under these conditions is trehalose. In
addition, the observed decrease in intact protein for both these
formulations would be acceptable even at the low trehalose
concentration for a formulation that is stored at 2-8.degree. C.
throughout its shelf-life. However, if controlled room temperature
(30.degree. C. maxmimum temperature) stability is required, higher
trehalose concentrations (.gtoreq.600:1 trehalose:protein) may be
needed depending on the stability specifications for the product
(i.e. the specification for the amount of intact protein remaining
after 2 years of storage). Typically, a controlled room temperature
storage condition would require stability for 6 months at
40.degree. C. which is equivalent to storage at 30.degree. C. for 2
years.
As shown in FIG. 3, the 250 mM trehalose formulation was unchanged
after 6 months at 40.degree. C. while both the 60 mM trehalose
formulations were less stable. The 60 mM trehalose formulations may
then require refrigerated storage if the product specification at
the end of its shelf-life is, for example, >98% intact protein
by native size exclusion chromatography.
In the previous screening study, sucrose was also observed to
prevent aggregation of rhuMAb HER2 after lyophilization and
subsequent storage. To achieve isotonic solutions after
reconstitution for subcutaneous administration (approximately
four-fold concentration of formulation components and protein), the
sucrose concentration must be reduced significantly. The equal mass
concentration of sucrose and mannitol (bulking agent) used in the
screening studies prevented aggregation of the protein. A lower
concentration of sucrose and mannitol (equal mass concentrations)
was chosen as a potential subcutaneous formulation of rhuMAb HER2.
The protein solution (25 mg/mL protein, 5 mM histidine, pH 6.0,
38.4 mM (7 mg/mL) mannitol, 20.4 mM (7 mg/mL) sucrose, 0.01% Tween
20.TM.) was lyophilized in the same manner as the 60 mM trehalose
formulation except that the primary drying cycle was extended to 54
hours. After 4 weeks at 40.degree. C., there was a slight increase
in the amount of aggregates after reconstitution with 4.0 or 20.0
mL of BWFI (Table 3). The amount of aggregated protein was the same
for reconstitution at 22 or 100 mg/mL protein (FIG. 4). Like the 60
mM trehalose formulations, the mannitol/sucrose formulation yielded
less intact protein over time at 40.degree. C. The molar ratio of
sucrose to protein for this formulation was 120 to 1, indicating
that the mannitol/sucrose combination may be more effective than
trehalose alone at the same molar ratio of stabilizing sugar (FIGS.
2 and 4).
In the previous examples, the stability of the lyophilized rhuMAb
HER2 formulations was determined as a function of temperature.
These studies demonstrated that the trehalose and mannitol/sucrose
formulations prevented degradation of the protein in the
lyophilized state at high temperatures (40.degree. C.). However,
these experiments did not address the stability of the protein
after reconstitution and storage. Once reconstituted with BWFI, the
lyophilized rhuMAb HER2 formulations may be used for several
administrations of the drug. In particular, the vial configuration
(450 mg rhuMAb HER2) was designed to provide three doses to the
average patient (130 mg rhuMAb HER2 per dose). Since the drug is
dosed weekly, the vial may be stored at least three weeks after
reconstitution. To assure that the rhuMAb HER2 remained stable
after reconstitution, stability studies on the reconstituted rhuMAb
HER2 formulations were performed at 5.degree. C. and 25.degree.
C.
For subcutaneous administration, the formulations were
reconstituted to 100 mg/mL (4 mL BWFI). At this high protein
concentration, the protein may be more susceptible to aggregation
than the intravenous dosage form that was reconstituted to 22 mg/mL
protein (20 mL BWFI). The four rhuMAb HER2 formulations from the
previous example were assessed for aggregation (loss of intact
protein). As shown in Tables 4 through 6, there was no difference
in stability for formulations reconstituted at 22 and 100 mg/mL
protein.
Furthermore, these formulations maintained the protein completely
intact for up to 90 days at 5.degree. C. and 30 days at 25.degree.
C., indicating that the reconstituted protein could be stored
refrigerated for at least 90 days. Unlike the lyophilized protein
stability in the previous example, the trehalose concentration in
the formulation did not affect the protein stability (Table 7).
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Stability of the reconstituted formulations
for rhuMAb HER2 lyophilized at 25 mg/mL protein in 5 mM sodium
succinate, pH 5.0, 60 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. % Intact
Protein 22 mg/mL 100 mg/mL Time protein protein (days) 5.degree. C.
25.degree. C. 5.degree. C. 25.degree. C. 0 99.9 99.9 99.7 99.7 14
ND 100.0 ND 100.0 30 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 91 99.8 ND 100 ND The
samples were reconstituted with 4.0 or 20.0 mL of BWFI (1.1% or
0.9% benzyl alcohol), and then stored at 5.degree. C. or 25.degree.
C. The % intact protein was defined as the fraction of native peak
area as measured by native size exclusion chromatography. ND = not
determined.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Stability of the reconstituted formulations
for rhuMAb HER2 lyophilized at 25 mg/mL protein in 5 mM histidine,
pH 6.0, 60 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. % Intact Protein 22
mg/mL 100 mg/mL Time protein protein (days) 5.degree. C. 25.degree.
C. 5.degree. C. 25.degree. C. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 14 ND 100.0
ND 100.0 31 99.3 99.7 100.0 100.0 61 100.0 ND ND ND The samples
were reconstituted with 4.0 or 20.0 mL of BWFI (1.1% or 0.9% benzyl
alcohol), and then stored at 5.degree. C. or 25.degree. C. The %
intact protein was defined as the fraction of native peak area as
measured by native size exclusion chromatography. ND = not
determined.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Stability of the reconstituted formulations
for rhuMAb HER2 lyophilized at 25 mg/mL protein in 5 mM histidine,
pH 6.0, 38.4 mM mannitol, 20.4 mM sucrose, 0.01% Tween 20 .TM. %
Intact Protein 22 mg/mL 100 mg/mL Time protein protein (days)
5.degree. C. 25.degree. C. 5.degree. C. 25.degree. C. 0 99.7 99.7
99.8 99.8 14 ND 100.0 ND 99.8 31 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 92 100.0
ND 100.0 ND The samples were reconstituted with 4.0 or 20.0 mL of
BWFI (1.1% or 0.9% benzyl alcohol), and then stored at 5.degree. C.
or 25.degree. C. The % intact protein was defined as the fraction
of native peak area as measured by native size exclusion
chromatography. ND = not determined.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Stability of the reconstituted formulations
for rhuMAb HER2 lyophilized at 21 mg/mL protein in 10 mM sodium
succinate, pH 5.0, 250 mM trehalose, 0.2% Tween 20 .TM. % Intact
Protein Time 21 mg/mL protein (days) 5.degree. C. 25.degree. C. 0
99.8 99.8 14 ND 100.0 31 99.9 99.4 92 99.8 ND The samples were
reconstituted with 20.0 mL of BWFI (0.9% benzyl alcohol), and then
stored at 5.degree. C. or 25.degree. C. The % intact protein was
defined as the fraction of native peak area as measured by native
size exclusion chromatography. ND = not determined
As mentioned previously, the major degradation route for rhuMAb
HER2 in aqueous solutions is deamidation or succinimide formation.
The loss of native protein due to deamidation or succinimide
formation was assessed for the four reconstituted rhuMAb HER2
formulations.
Analysis of rhuMAb HER2 deamidation and succinimide formation was
performed using cation exchange chromatography. A Bakerbond
Wide-Pore Carboxy Sulfon (CSX) column (4.6.times.250 mm) was
operated at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The mobile phase buffers were
(A) 0.02 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.9, and (B) 0.02 M sodium
phosphate, pH 6.9, 0.2 M NaCl. The chromatography was then
performed at 40.degree. C. as follows:
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Time (min) % Buffer B 0 10 55 45 57 100 62
100 62.1 10 63 10
Peak elution was monitored at 214 nm and 75 .mu.g of protein was
loaded for each analysis.
Again, there were no differences in stability of the formulations
reconstituted at 22 and 100 mg/mL protein (FIGS. 5 through 7). The
protein degradation was more rapid at 25.degree. C. than 5.degree.
C. for each formulation, and the rate of degradation was comparable
for all the formulations stored at 5.degree. C. The formulations
containing histidine underwent a slightly greater rate of
degradation at 25.degree. C. than the succinate formulations. The
amount of trehalose in the formulation did not affect the
degradation rate at either temperature (FIGS. 5 and 8). These
results indicated that these four formulations provide an
acceptable rate of degradation under refrigerated storage
conditions (5.degree. C.) for the intended period of use (30 days
after reconstitution with BWFI).
Multi-use formulations should pass preservative efficacy testing as
described by the US Pharmacopeia (USP) for use in the United
States. The rhuMAb HER2 lyophilized formulation consisting of 25
mg/mL protein, 5 mM histidine, pH 6.0, 60 mM trehalose, 0.01% Tween
20.TM.0 was reconstituted with 20 mL of benzyl alcohol at
concentrations between 0.9 and 1.5% w/w. For concentrations at or
above 1.3% w/w, the reconstituted solution became cloudy after
overnight incubation at room temperature (.about.25.degree. C.).
Reconstitution with the standard BWFI solution (0.9% benzyl
alcohol) resulted in a solution that did not consistently pass the
preservative challenge tests. However, reconstitution with 1.0 or
1.1% benzyl alcohol was both compatible with the formulation and
passed the preservative challenge testing. The manufacturer's
specifications for the solution required a range of .+-.10%, and
therefore, the lyophilized formulations are reconstituted with 1.1%
benzyl alcohol (1.1.+-.0.1%).
A single step lyophilization cycle for the rhuMAb HER2 formulation
was developed. In the single step lyophilization cycle, rhuMAb HER2
at 25 mg/mL, 60 mM trehalose, 5 mM histidine pH 6 and 0.01%
polysorbate 20 was lyophilized at a shelf temperature of 20.degree.
C., and a pressure of 150 mTorr. After 47 hours, the residual
moisture content of the lyophilized cake was less than 5%. This
lyophilization cycle is considered to be useful in that it
simplifies the manufacturing process, by eliminating the secondary
drying step.
EXAMPLE 2
Anti-IgE Formulation
IgE antibodies bind to specific high-affinity receptors on mast
cells, leading to mast cell degranulation and release of mediators,
such as histamine, which produce symptoms associated with allergy.
Hence, anti-IgE antibodies that block binding of IgE to its
high-affinity receptor are of potential therapeutic value in the
treatment of allergy. These antibodies must also not bind to IgE
once it is bound to the receptor because this would trigger
histamine release. This example describes the development of a
lyophilized formulation comprising full length humanized anti-IgE
antibody MaE11 described in Presta et al. J. Immunology, 151:
2623-2632 (1993).
Materials: Highly purified rhuMAb E25 (recombinant humanized
anti-IgE antibody MaE11) which did not contain Tween 20.TM. was
used in the formulations described below. Spectra/Por 7 dialysis
membranes were purchased from Spectrum (Los Angeles, Calif.). All
other reagents used in this study were obtained from commercial
sources and were of analytical grade. Formulation buffers and
chromatography mobile phase were prepared by mixing the appropriate
amount of buffer and salt with Milli-Q water in a volumetric
flask.
Formulation: E25 S Sepharose pool was dialyzed into formulation
buffers as specified. Dialysis was accomplished by a minimum of
4.times.2L buffer exchanges over a 48 hour period at 2-8.degree. C.
Following dialysis, lyoprotectant was added at a isotonic
concentration to some of the formulations as required. Protein
concentration following dialysis was determined by UV spectroscopy
using a molar absorptivity of 1.60. The dialyzed protein was
diluted to the predetermined formulation concentration with an
appropriate formulation buffer, sterile filtered using a 0.22 .mu.m
Millex-GV filter (Millipore) and dispensed into pre-washed and
autoclaved glass vials. The vials were fitted with siliconized
teflon lyophilization stoppers and lyophilized using the following
conditions: the E25 formulation was frozen to -55.degree. C. at
80.degree. C./hour and the vial content was kept frozen for 4
hours. The shelf temperature was ramped to 25.degree. C. at
10.degree. C./hour for primary drying. Primary drying was carried
out at 25.degree. C., 50.mu. chamber vacuum pressure for 39 hours
such that the residual moisture of the lyophilized cake was 1-2%.
Following lyophilization, a vial of each formulation was removed
for t=0 analysis and the remaining vials were held at various
temperatures which include -70.degree. C., 2-8.degree. C.,
25.degree. C., 30.degree. C. (controlled room temperature)
40.degree. C. and 50.degree. C.
Chromatography: Native size exclusion chromatography was carried
out on a Bio-Rad Bio-Select.TM. SEC 250-5 column (300.times.7.8 mm)
The column was equilibrated and ran in PBS at a flow rate of 0.5
mL/min using a Hewlett Packard 1090L HPLC equipped with a diode
array detector. Molecular weight standards (Bio-Rad, Inc.)
consisting of thyroglobulin (670 kd), gamma-globulin (158 kd),
ovalbumin (44 kd), and cyanocobalamin (1.35 kd) were used to
calibrate the column. The sample load was 25 .mu.g and protein was
detected by monitoring the UV absorption at 214 nm using Turbochrom
3 software (PE Nelson, Inc).
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography: F(ab').sub.2 fragments of
the E25 antibody were chromatographed using a TosoHaas Butyl-NPR
column (3.5.times.4.6 mm) and a Hewlett Packard 1090L HPLC equipped
with a diode array detector. Elution buffer A was: 20 mM Tris, 2 M
ammonium sulfate, 20% (v/v) glycerol, pH 8.0 while elution buffer B
was: 20 mM Tris, 20% (v/v) glycerol, pH 8.0. The column was
equilibrated with 10% elution buffer B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min
for a minimum of 20 minutes. The sample load was 5 .mu.g and
protein was detected by monitoring the UV absorption at 214 nm
using Turbochrom 3 data acquisition software (PE Nelson, Inc).
Following injection of the sample, the column was maintained at 10%
buffer B for 1 minute followed by a linear gradient of from 10% to
62% buffer B in 20 minutes. The column was washed with 100% buffer
B for 5 minutes and re-equilibrated with 10% buffer B for a minimum
of 20 minutes between successive sample injections.
Antibody Binding Activity: IgE receptor binding inhibition assay
(IE25:2) was carried out as described in Presta et al., supra, on
samples diluted to 20 .mu.g/mL and 30 .mu.g/mL in assay diluent
(phosphate buffered saline, 0.5% BSA, 0.05% polysorbate 20, 0.01%
Thimerosol). Each dilution was then assayed in triplicate and the
results were multiplied by an appropriate dilution factor to yield
an active concentration. The results from 6 assays were averaged.
The assay measures the ability of rhuMAb E25 to competitively bind
to IgE and thereby prevent IgE from binding to its high affinity
receptor which is immobilized to an ELISA plate. The results are
divided by the antibody concentration as determined by UV
absorption spectroscopy and reported as a specific activity.
Previous experiments have shown that this assay is stability
indicating.
Particulate Assay: Reconstituted vials of lyophilized rhuMAb E25
were pooled to achieve a volume of approximately 7 mL. A count of
the number of particles of size ranging from 2 to 80 .mu.m present
in 1 mL of sample was determined using a Hiac/Royco model 8000
counter. The counter was first washed with 1 mL of sample three
times followed by the measurement of 1 mL of sample in triplicate.
The instrument determines the number of particles per mL that are
equal to or greater than 10 .mu.m and the number of particles per
mL that are equal to or greater than 25 .mu.m.
The first step in the development of a formulation for the anti-IgE
antibody was to determine a suitable buffer and pH for
lyophilization and storage of the product. Antibody at a
concentration of 5.0 mg/mL was formulated into 10 mM succinate
buffers ranging from pH 5.0 to pH 6.5 and into sodium phosphate,
potassium phosphate and histidine buffers at pH 7.0. FIG. 9 shows
increased antibody aggregate was observed in the higher pH
formulations both before and after lyophilization. An exception was
the histidine formulation at pH 7, where no increase in aggregate
was observed upon storage at 2-8.degree. C. FIG. 10 shows rhuMAb
E25 lyophilized in 5 mM histidine buffer at both pH 6 and pH 7 and
stored for 1 year at 2-8.degree. C., 25.degree. C., and 40.degree.
C. At each assay time point and storage temperature the pH 6
formulation had less aggregate than the antibody formulated at pH
7. These results show histidine at pH 6 is a particularly useful
buffer system for preventing aggregation of the antibody.
To facilitate screening of lyoprotectants, the anti-IgE antibody
was formulated into sodium succinate at pH 5 with or without a
lyoprotectant. Potential lyoprotectants, added at isotonic
concentrations, were grouped into 3 categories: (a) non-reducing
monosaccharide (i.e. mannitol); (b) reducing disaccharides (i.e.
lactose and maltose); and (c) non-reducing disaccharides (i.e.
trehalose and sucrose).
Aggregation of the formulations following storage at 2-8.degree. C.
and 40.degree. C. for one year is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. With
storage at 2-8.degree. C., the monosaccharide formulation
(mannitol) aggregated at a rate similar to the buffer control,
while formulations containing the disaccharides were equally
effective in controlling aggregation (FIG. 11). The results
following storage at 40.degree. C. where similar with the exception
of the sucrose formulation which rapidly aggregated (which
correlated with a browning of the freeze-dried cake (FIG. 12)).
This was later shown to be caused by degradation of sucrose
following storage at both acidic pH and high temperature.
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the antibody formulated
in histidine buffer at pH 6 with lactose shows the antibody is
altered following storage for 6 months at 40.degree. C. (FIG. 13).
The chromatography peaks are broadened and the retention time
decreases. These changes are not observed with the buffer control
and sucrose formulations stored under similar conditions as shown
in FIGS. 14 and 15, respectively. Furthermore, isoelectric focusing
showed an acidic shift in the pI of the antibody formulated in
lactose and stored at 25.degree. C. and 40.degree. C. This
indicates that reducing sugars are not suitable as lyoprotectants
for the antibody.
Aggregation of lyophilized formulations of anti-IgE at a
concentration of 20 mg/mL in 5 mM histidine buffer at pH 6 with
various concentrations of sucrose and trehalose following storage
for 12 weeks at 50.degree. C. is shown in FIG. 16. Both sugars have
a similar protective effect on aggregation when the sugar
concentration is greater than 500 moles of sugar per mole of
antibody. From these results, isotonic and hypertonic formulations
of both sucrose and trehalose were identified for further
development. The formulations are designed to be filled prior to
lyophilization at a relatively low concentration of antibody and
the lyophilized product is reconstituted with less volume than was
filled with bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI) comprising
0.9% benzyl alcohol. This allows the concentration of the antibody
immediately prior to subcutaneous delivery and includes a
preservative for a potential multi-use formulation while avoiding
interactions between the protein and preservative upon long-term
storage.
Isotonic formulation: Anti-IgE at 25 mg/mL formulated in 5 mM
histidine buffer at pH 6 with 500 moles of sugar per mole antibody
which equals a sugar concentration of 85 mM. This formulation is
reconstituted with BWFI (0.9% benzyl alcohol) at a volume which is
four times less than was filled. This results in a 100 mg/mL of
antibody in 20 mM histidine at pH 6 with an isotonic sugar
concentration of 340 mM.
Hypertonic formulation: Anti-IgE at 25 mg/mL formulated in 5 mM
histidine buffer at pH 6 with 1000 moles of sugar per mole antibody
which equals a sugar concentration of 161 mM. This formulation is
reconstituted with BWFI (0.9% benzyl alcohol) at a volume which is
four times less than was filled. This results in a 100 mg/mL of
antibody in 20 mM histidine at pH 6 with a hypertonic sugar
concentration of 644 mM.
Comparisons of the antibody aggregation following storage of the
isotonic and hypertonic formulations for up to 36 weeks are shown
in FIGS. 17 to 19. No change in aggregation is observed in either
the hypertonic or isotonic formulations with storage at 2-8.degree.
C. (FIG. 17). With storage at controlled room temperature
(30.degree. C.) increased aggregation is not observed in the
hypertonic formulations while an increase in aggregate of from 1 to
2% occurs in the isotonic formulations (FIG. 18). Finally,
following storage at 50.degree. C. a minimal increase in aggregate
is observed with the hypertonic formulations, a 4% increase in
aggregate occurs with the isotonic trehalose formulation and a 12%
increase in aggregate occurs with the isotonic sucrose formulation
(FIG. 19). These results show the isotonic formulation contains the
minimum amount of sugar necessary to maintain the stability of the
antibody with storage at a temperature up to 30.degree. C.
The binding activity of the anti-IgE in the isotonic and hypertonic
formulations was measured in an IgE receptor inhibition assay. It
was discovered that the binding activity of the isotonic and
hypertonic sucrose and trehalose formulations was essentially
unchanged following storage at -70.degree. C., 2-8.degree. C.,
30.degree. C. and 50.degree. C. for up to 36 weeks.
Lyophilized formulations of proteins are known to contain insoluble
aggregates or particulates (Cleland et al., Critical Reviews in
Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 10 (4):307-377 (1993)).
Accordingly, a particulate assay of antibody lyophilized at a
concentration of 25 mg/mL in 5 mM histidine, pH 6 with the addition
of 85 mM and 161 mM sucrose and trehalose was performed.
Polysorbate 20 was added to the formulations at a concentration of
0.005%, 0.01%, and 0.02%. Samples were lyophilized and assayed
following reconstitution to 100 mg/mL antibody in 20 mM histidine,
pH 6 with 340 mM and 644 mM sugar. The polysorbate 20 concentration
following reconstitution was 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.08%.
Table 9 below shows the number of particles of size equal to or
greater than 10 .mu.m and equal to or greater than 25 .mu.m from
the isotonic and hypertonic sucrose and trehalose formulations.
Polysorbate 20 was added to the formulations at concentrations of
0.005%, 0.01%, and 0.02% prior to lyophilization. The results show
that the addition of Tween.TM. to the formulation significantly
reduces the number of particles in each size range tested. The US
Pharmacopeia (USP) specification for small volume injections are
not more than 6,000 particles of greater than or equal to 10 .mu.m
and not more than 600 particles of greater than or equal to 25
.mu.m per container (Cleland et al., supra). With the addition of
polysorbate 20, both the hypertonic and isotonic formulations pass
this specification.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Particles per mL Formulation Polysorbate 20
.gtoreq.10 .mu.m .gtoreq.25 .mu.M Isotonic Sucrose None 16,122 28
0.005% 173 2 0.01% 224 5 0.02% 303 6 Hypertonic Sucrose None 14,220
84 0.005% 73 6 0.01% 51 0 0.02% 6 Isotonic Trehalose None 33,407 24
0.005% 569 4 0.01% 991 16 0.02% 605 9 Hypertonic None 24,967 28
Trehalose 0.005% 310 11 0.01% 209 6 0.02% 344 6
One formulation developed for the anti-IgE antibody (i.e. 143 mg
vial isotonic formulation of rhuMAb E25) which is considered to be
useful for subcutaneous delivery of this antibody is shown in Table
10 below. A 10 cc vial is filled with 5.7 mL of rhuMAb E25 at a
concentration of 25 mg/mL formulated in 5 mM histidine at pH 6.0
with 0.01% polysorbate 20. Sucrose is added as a lyoprotectant at a
concentration of 85 mM which corresponds to a molar ratio of sugar
to antibody of 500 to 1. The vial is lyophilized and reconstituted
with 0.9% benzyl alcohol to one quarter of the volume of the fill
or 1.2 mL. The final concentration of components in the formulation
is increased four fold to 100 mg/mL rhuMAb E25 in 20 mM histidine
at pH 6 with 0.04% polysorbate 20 and 340 mM sucrose (isotonic) and
0.9% benzyl alcohol. The formulation contains histidine buffer at
pH 6 because of its demonstrated protective effect on antibody
aggregation. Sucrose was added as the lyoprotectant because of
previous use in the pharmaceutical industry. The concentration of
sugar was chosen to result in an isotonic formulation upon
reconstitution. Finally, polysorbate 20 is added to prevent the
formation of insoluble aggregates.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Pre-lyophilized Formulation Reconstituted
Formulation (Fill 5.7 mL into 10 cc vial) (1.2 mL 0.9% Benzyl
Alcohol) 25 mg/mL rhuMAb E25 100 mg/mL rhuMAb E25 5 mM Histidine,
pH 6.0 20 mM Histidine, pH 6.0 85 mM Sucrose 340 mM Sucrose 0.01%
Polysorbate 20 0.04% Polysorbate 20 -- 0.9% Benzyl Alcohol
* * * * *
References