U.S. patent number 9,143,255 [Application Number 10/273,965] was granted by the patent office on 2015-09-22 for orthogonal signaling for cdma.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC. The grantee listed for this patent is Mark Earnshaw, Eman A. Fituri, Gamini Senarath, David G. Steer. Invention is credited to Mark Earnshaw, Eman A. Fituri, Gamini Senarath, David G. Steer.
United States Patent |
9,143,255 |
Earnshaw , et al. |
September 22, 2015 |
Orthogonal signaling for CDMA
Abstract
The present invention uses a portion of an orthogonal spreading
code space in a CDMA spectrum for uplink from a user element to a
base station. By assigning the user elements one or more codes,
which are orthogonal to those used to spread data, to use for
uplink , the present invention significantly reduces interference
between channels, and between the data channels and the channels,
while supporting additional capacity. The codes may be individually
assigned to user elements or assigned to groups of user elements.
Further, different length codes may be assigned to the user
elements to support different rates depending on Quality of Service
(QoS) requirements.
Inventors: |
Earnshaw; Mark (Nepean,
CA), Fituri; Eman A. (Nepean, CA),
Senarath; Gamini (Nepean, CA), Steer; David G.
(Nepean, CA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Earnshaw; Mark
Fituri; Eman A.
Senarath; Gamini
Steer; David G. |
Nepean
Nepean
Nepean
Nepean |
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A |
CA
CA
CA
CA |
|
|
Assignee: |
Microsoft Technology Licensing,
LLC (Redmond, WA)
|
Family
ID: |
32106465 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/273,965 |
Filed: |
October 18, 2002 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20040081113 A1 |
Apr 29, 2004 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04J
11/0023 (20130101); H04J 13/004 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04J
11/00 (20060101); H04J 13/00 (20110101) |
Field of
Search: |
;370/320,321,341,342,344,345,335,336,479,208 ;375/130 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Ottosson et al., "Toward 4G IP-based Wireless Systems: A Proposal
for the Uplink," Wireless World Research Forum Workshop, Phoenix,
Arizona, Mar. 2002. cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Ho; Chuong T
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Roper; Brandon Yee; Judy Minhas;
Micky
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for code division multiple access (CDMA) communication
comprising: a) assigning a data code to a user element for the user
element to use when transmitting data; and b) assigning a system
access code to the user element for the user element to use when
transmitting system access information, the data code and system
access code being mutually orthogonal and respectively defining
data and system access channels for the user element.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: c) recovering a data
signal spread by the data code from the user element, the data
signal including the data; and d) recovering a system access signal
spread by the system access code from the user element, the system
access signal including the system access information.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the system access information from
the user element is spread using a spreading sequence and then by
the system access code prior to transmission and further comprising
recovering a system access signal by despreading with the system
access code and despreading with the spreading sequence.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the spreading sequence is a
pseudo-noise code.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein the spreading sequence is a bit
repetition sequence.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein assigning the system access code
further comprises assigning the system access code to a plurality
of user elements for the user elements to use when transmitting the
system access information, the data code and the system access code
being mutually orthogonal and respectively defining data and system
access channels for the user elements.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the system access information from
each of the plurality of user elements is spread using a unique
spreading sequence and then by the system access code prior to
transmission and further comprising recovering a system access
signal by despreading with the system access code and then
despreading with the unique spreading sequence.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein assigning the system access code
further comprises assigning a different one of a plurality of
system access codes to each of a plurality of user elements for the
user elements to use when transmitting the system access
information, the data code and the plurality of system access codes
being mutually orthogonal and respectively defining data and system
access channels for the user elements.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein assigning the system access code
further comprises assigning a different one of a plurality of
system access codes to a plurality of groups of user elements for
the user elements to use when transmitting the system access
information, such that only user elements in a given group have a
common system access code, which is mutually orthogonal with each
of the plurality of system access codes and the data code and
respectively defining data and system access channels for the user
elements.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein assigning the system access code
further comprises assigning a first system access code for a
relatively stationary user element and assigning a second system
access code for a relatively mobile user element.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the second system access code is
shorter than the first system access code.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein a length of the system access
code decreases relative to increased mobility of the user
element.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein a length of the system access
code increases relative to decreased mobility of the user
element.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the system access code can have
one of a plurality of different code lengths and assigning the
system access code further comprises assigning the system access
code with one of the different code lengths.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein assigning the system access code
further comprises assigning multiple system access codes to the
user element wherein the system access codes have different code
lengths to allow the user element to selectively provide system
access at different rates.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein assigning the system access code
further comprises assigning multiple system access codes to the
user element wherein the system access codes have different code
lengths and correspond to different system access messages.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein assigning the system access code
further comprises assigning one of a plurality of system access
codes having different code lengths to each of a plurality of user
elements for the user elements to use when transmitting the system
access information to allow variable system access rates from the
plurality of user elements, the data code and the plurality of
system access codes being mutually orthogonal and respectively
defining data and system access channels for the user elements.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein system access signals can be
transmitted during different periods within a system access
interval and the period in which the system access signal is
received bears on a priority level associated with the system
access signal.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the data code and the system
access code are orthogonal variable spreading factor codes
belonging to a mutually orthogonal code set.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein communications are facilitated
using synchronous CDMA.
21. A system comprising: a receiver configured to receive an
information-bearing signal from a plurality of user elements; a
transmitter configured to transmit at least data and system access
information at a transmit frequency to the plurality of user
elements; processing logic operably associated with the receiver
and the transmitter, the receiver, transmitter and processing logic
cooperatively configured to facilitate code division multiple
access (CDMA) communication with the plurality of user elements by
performing operations comprising: assigning a data code to a user
element for the user element to use when transmitting data; and
assigning a system access code to the user element for the user
element to use when transmitting system access information, the
data code and system access code being mutually orthogonal and
respectively defming data and system access channels for the user
element.
22. The system of claim 21 wherein the receiver, transmitter, and
processing logic are further configured to perform operations
comprising: recovering a data signal spread by the data code from
the user element, the data signal including the data; and
recovering a system access signal spread by the system access code
from the user element, the system access signal including the
system access information.
23. The system of claim 21 wherein the system access information
from the user element is spread using a spreading sequence and then
by the system access code prior to transmission and the receiver,
transmitter, and processing logic are further configured to recover
a system access signal by despreading with the system access code
and despreading with the spreading sequence.
24. The system of claim 23 wherein the spreading sequence is a
pseudo-noise code.
25. The system of claim 23 wherein the spreading sequence is a bit
repetition sequence.
26. The system of claim 21 wherein the receiver, transmitter, and
processing logic are further configured to perform operations
comprising assigning the system access code to the plurality of
user elements for the user elements to use when transmitting the
system access information, the data code and the system access code
being mutually orthogonal and respectively defining data and system
access channels for the user elements.
27. The system of claim 21 wherein the system access information
from each of the plurality of user elements is spread using a
unique spreading sequence and then by the system access code prior
to transmission and the receiver, transmitter, and processing logic
are further adapted to recover a system access signal by
despreading with the system access code and then despreading with
the unique spreading sequence.
28. The system of claim 21 wherein the receiver, transmitter, and
processing logic are further configured to perform operations
comprising assigning a different one of a plurality of system
access codes to each of the plurality of user elements for the user
elements to use when transmitting the system access information,
the data code and the plurality of system access codes being
mutually orthogonal and respectively defining data and system
access channels for the user elements.
29. The system of claim 21 wherein the receiver, transmitter, and
processing logic are further configured to perform operations
comprising assigning a different one of a plurality of system
access codes to a plurality of groups of user elements for the user
elements to use when transmitting the system access information,
such that only user elements in a given group have a common system
access code, which is mutually orthogonal with each of the
plurality of system access codes and the data code and respectively
defining data and system access channels for the user elements.
30. The system of claim 21 wherein the receiver, transmitter, and
processing logic are further configured to perform operations
comprising assigning a first system access code for a relatively
stationary user element and assign a second system access code for
a relatively mobile user element.
31. The system of claim 30 wherein the second system access code is
shorter than the first system access code.
32. The system of claim 21 wherein a length of the system access
code decreases relative to increased mobility of the user
element.
33. The system of claim 21 wherein a length of the system access
code increases relative to decreased mobility of the user
element.
34. The system of claim 21 wherein the system access code can have
one of a plurality of different code lengths and the receiver,
transmitter, and processing logic are further adapted to assign the
system access code with one of the different code lengths.
35. The system of claim 34 wherein the receiver, transmitter, and
processing logic are further configured to perform operations
comprising assigning multiple system access codes to the user
element wherein the system access codes have different code lengths
to allow the user element to selectively provide system access at
different rates.
36. The system of claim 34 wherein the receiver, transmitter, and
processing logic are further configured to perform operations
comprising assigning multiple system access codes to the user
element wherein the system access codes have different code lengths
and correspond to different system access messages.
37. The system of claim 21 wherein the receiver, transmitter, and
processing logic are further configured to perform operations
comprising assigning one of a plurality of system access codes
having different code lengths to each of the plurality of user
elements for the user elements to use when transmitting the system
access information to allow variable system access rates from the
plurality of user elements, the data code and the plurality of
system access codes being mutually orthogonal and respectively
defining data and system access channels for the user elements.
38. The system of claim 21 wherein system access signals can be
transmitted during different periods within a system access
interval and a period in which the system access signal is received
bears on a priority level associated with the system access
signal.
39. The system of claim 21 wherein the data code and the system
access code are orthogonal variable spreading factor codes
belonging to a mutually orthogonal code set.
40. The system of claim 21 wherein communications are facilitated
using synchronous CDMA.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This U.S. patent application is related to concurrently filed U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 10/273,838, filed on Oct. 18, 2002,
entitled ORTHOGONAL SIGNALING FOR CDMA by Earnshaw et al., the
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to wireless communications, and in
particular to minimizing interference between signaling and data
channels in a code division multiple access wireless communication
system by providing orthogonality to both signaling and data
channels.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Evolutionary and future wireless systems are expected to carry
significantly higher levels of traffic than today's wireless
networks. Consequently, there is a significant desire to increase
the aggregate capacities of both the uplink and downlink channels
as much as possible. One technique that has been proposed for
increasing uplink capacity is synchronous code division multiple
access (S-CDMA). In this form of CDMA, all active users transmit
data with synchronized, variable-length orthogonal spreading codes.
This essentially removes intra-cell interference, thereby allowing
users to transmit with less power while still achieving the same
power versus noise requirements at the receiver. The reduction in
transmission power for each user results in less overall
interference.
In S-CDMA, there are a limited number of synchronous orthogonal
spreading codes available for use for uplink transmissions. Hence,
in order to maximize uplink capacity, it is desirable to allocate
an orthogonal code to a user only when that user actually has data
to transmit. This then implies the need for users to have the
capability to quickly signal the resource control mechanism when
uplink transmission resources are required. A previously proposed
method for accomplishing this is the System Access Channel (SACH),
which is a dedicated low bit rate channel allocated to all active
users, and which may be used to send short signaling messages, such
as idle messages when there is no data to send and transmission
request messages when there is data to send. In the S-CDMA
infrastructure, the spreading codes used in these SACHs are not
orthogonal to those used in the data channels, thus, the SACHs and
data channels interfere with one another. Since CDMA and S-CDMA are
essentially interference-limited technologies, system capacity
decreases as interference increases. Accordingly, there is a need
for a way to minimize the interference between the data channels
and SACHs to allow increased capacity while maintaining a
relatively low transmission power.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention uses a portion of an orthogonal spreading
code space in a CDMA spectrum for system access signaling from a
user element to a base station. By assigning the user elements one
or more signaling codes, which are orthogonal to those used to
spread data, to use for uplink signaling, the present invention
significantly reduces interference between system access channels
(SACHs), and between the data channels and the SACHs, while
supporting additional capacity. The signaling codes may be
individually assigned to user elements or assigned to groups of
user elements. Further, different length signaling codes may be
assigned to the user elements to support different signaling rates
depending on Quality of Service (QoS) requirements.
In one embodiment, SACHs are included within the S-CDMA framework
in order to decrease interference, as well as reduce the necessary
transmission power for both SACHs and data channels. The SACH
orthogonalization can be performed in two ways. In the first
approach, all SACHs would share one or more common orthogonal
variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes. In the second approach,
individual SACHs would be assigned individually dedicated OVSF
codes. The resulting orthogonalization causes a noticeable increase
in potential system capacity, both in terms of the maximum
achievable aggregate data throughput and the number of SACHs that
can be supported.
The use of OVSF codes for the SACHs also allows variable rate
signaling to be easily included in the overall design. The
signaling information is typically spread first by a spreading
sequence, and then by an OVSF code. Depending upon the spreading
sequence length, the OVSF code length, or a combination thereof
assigned to a specific user element, different user elements can be
assigned different signaling rates according to their relative
priorities of service. For example, one user element might be
allowed to use a signaling rate of 100 Hz, while a second,
higher-priority user element would be allowed a faster signaling
rate of 200 Hz. Additionally, a user element may be permitted to
adjust its spreading rate when it has an active message to send.
That is, the user element may signal at a low rate when it has no
data to send, and then switch to a higher signaling rate when data
is present and transmission resources must be requested. Further,
user elements may support multiple SACHs defined in part by an OVSF
code, wherein one or more SACHs may be employed at any given time
based on signaling needs.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate the scope of the present
invention and realize additional aspects thereof after reading the
following detailed description of the preferred embodiments in
association with the accompanying drawing figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGURES
The accompanying drawing figures incorporated in and forming a part
of this specification illustrate several aspects of the invention,
and together with the description serve to explain the principles
of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a logical representation of a base station configured
according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a logical representation of a user element configured
according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates sharing an OVSF code among multiple user
elements according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates using different OVSF codes for different user
elements according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates using different OVSF codes for different groups
of user elements according to one embodiment of the present
invention.
FIG. 6 illustrates using varying signaling rates and varying OVSF
codes in a single user element according to one embodiment of the
present invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates prioritizing signaling within a signaling
interval.
FIG. 8 illustrates using multiple OVSF codes in a single user
element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The embodiments set forth below represent the necessary information
to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention and
illustrate the best mode of practicing the invention. Upon reading
the following description in light of the accompanying drawing
figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of
the invention and will recognize applications of these concepts not
particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these
concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure
and the accompanying claims.
The present invention uses a portion of an orthogonal spreading
code space in the code division multiple access (CDMA) spectrum for
system access signaling from a user element to a base station.
Traditionally, only uplink data channels used orthogonal codes, and
system access signaling was encoded in a different manner than the
data channels. The codes used to spread the system access signaling
information were not orthogonal to those used to spread the data.
By assigning the user elements one or more signaling codes that are
orthogonal to those used to spread the data to use for system
access signaling, the present invention significantly reduces
interference between SACHs, and between the data channels and the
SACHs, while supporting additional capacity. The signaling codes
may be individually assigned to user elements or assigned to groups
of user elements. Further, different length signaling codes may be
assigned to the user elements to support different signaling rates
depending on Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In one
embodiment, the present invention uses a portion of the orthogonal
variable spreading factor (OVSF) code space in the synchronous code
division multiple access (S-CDMA) spectrum for uplink system access
signaling from a user element to a base station.
Prior to delving into the detailed operation of the present
invention, high level overviews of the architectures for a base
station and user element are provided in FIGS. 1 and 2,
respectively. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a base station 20
configured according to one embodiment of the present invention.
The base station 20 is configured to facilitate S-CDMA
communications with user elements, such as a mobile telephone,
personal digital assistant, wireless modem, or the like, in both
downlink and uplink communications, wherein the downlink represents
communications from the base station 20 to the user element and the
uplink represents communications from the user element to the base
station.
The base station 20 is typically configured to include a receiver
front end 22, a radio frequency (RF) transmitter section 24, an
antenna 26, a duplexer or switch 28, a baseband processor 30, a
control system 32, and a frequency synthesizer 34. The receiver
front end 22 receives an information-bearing RF signal from one or
more user elements, such as mobile telephones, wireless personal
digital assistants, or like wireless communication devices. A low
noise amplifier 36 amplifies the RF signal. A filter circuit 38
minimizes broadband interference in the received signal, while
downconversion and digitization circuitry 40 downconverts the
filtered, received signal to an intermediate or baseband frequency
signal, which is then digitized into one or more digital streams.
The receiver front end 22 and RF transmitter section 24 typically
use one or more frequencies generated by the frequency synthesizer
34.
The baseband processor 30 processes the digitized received signal
to extract the information or data bits conveyed in the received
signal. This processing typically comprises demodulation,
despreading, decoding, error correction, and inference cancellation
operations. As such, the baseband processor 30 is generally
implemented in one or more digital signal processors (DSPs),
application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and field
programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Further detail regarding the
operation of the baseband processor 30 is described in greater
detail below.
The information conveyed in the received signal is typically either
data or signaling information. Incoming data is directed to a
mobile switching center (MSC) interface 42, which will forward the
information to a supporting MSC 44. The MSC 44 facilitates
communications with a variety of associated devices via a
communication network 46, which may support wired or wireless
circuit-switched or packet-switched communications. Signaling
information is passed on to the control system 32 and used to
assist communications with the user element as discussed below in
further detail.
On the transmit side, data to be transmitted to the user element is
received via the MSC interface 42 and provided to the baseband
processor 30. The baseband processor 30 encodes and spreads the
digitized data, which may represent voice or data, from the MSC
interface 42 and signaling information from the control system 32.
The encoded and spread data and signaling information is output to
the transmitter 24, where it is used by a modulator 48 to modulate
a carrier signal that is at a desired transmit frequency. Power
amplifier circuitry 50 amplifies the modulated carrier signal to a
level appropriate for transmission, and delivers the modulated
carrier signal to the antenna 26.
The basic architecture of a user element, which is generally
referenced as 52, is represented in FIG. 2 and may include a
receiver front end 54, a RF transmitter section 56, an antenna 58,
a duplexer or switch 60, a baseband processor 62, a control system
64, a frequency synthesizer 66, and a user interface 68. The
receiver front end 54 receives information bearing radio frequency
signals from one or more remote transmitters provided by a base
station 20. A low noise amplifier 70 amplifies the received
signals. A filter circuit 72 minimizes broadband interference in
the received signal, while downconversion and digitization
circuitry 74 downconverts the filtered, received signal to an
intermediate or baseband frequency signal, which is then digitized
into one or more digital streams. The receiver front end 54 and RF
transmitter section 56 typically use one or more frequencies
generated by the frequency synthesizer 66.
The baseband processor 62 processes the digitized received signal
to extract the information or data bits conveyed in the received
signal. This processing typically comprises demodulation,
despreading, decoding, error correction, and interference
cancellation operations. The baseband processor 62 is generally
implemented in one or more DSPs, ASICs, and FPGAs.
The information conveyed in the received signal is typically either
data or signaling information. Received data is directed to a
network/user interface 68, which may provide a data interface for
computing applications or a voice interface for telephony
applications. Signaling information is passed on to the control
system 64 and used to assist communications with the base station
20 as discussed below in further detail.
On the transmit side, data to be transmitted to the base station 20
is received via the network/user interface 68 and provided to the
baseband processor 62. The baseband processor 62 encodes and
spreads the digitized data, which may represent voice or data, from
the network/user interface 68 and signaling information from the
control system 64 for delivery to the base station 20. The encoded
and spread data and signaling information is output to the RF
transmit section 56, where it is used by a modulator 76 to modulate
a carrier signal that is at a desired transmit frequency. Power
amplifier circuitry 78 amplifies the modulated carrier signal to a
level appropriate for transmission, and delivers the modulated
carrier signal to the antenna 58.
As discussed, the above base station and user element architectures
facilitate communications using a CDMA technique, and in particular
using a modified form of S-CDMA according to the present invention.
As those skilled in the art will appreciate, CDMA is a multiple
access communication technology wherein each bit of data to be
transmitted is multiplied by a multi-bit spreading code, which
defines a channel between the transmitter and receiver. The code
used to spread the data to be transmitted must be used at the
receiver to recover the data. Each bit of the spreading code is
referred to as a chip. The number of channels available in a CDMA
system is generally a function of the number of unique spreading
codes and the amount of interference caused by transmissions in
other channels. The CDMA channel spectrum can be divided into two
primary sections. The first section is for data transmission, while
the second is for signaling, which is used between the base station
20 and the user element 52 to control data transmission.
Given the desire to increase the number of users and data rates
supported by CDMA, numerous techniques have been employed to
increase capacity by minimizing interference. The first is to
control the transmission power from each of the many user elements
52 that are transmitting to the base station 20, such that all user
elements 52 are transmitting at the minimum power levels necessary
to support uplink communications. A second technique used to
minimize interference caused by competing channels is to use
spreading codes that are mutually orthogonal to one another.
Accordingly, each user element 52 is assigned one or more
orthogonal spreading codes with which to spread data for
transmission. Since the spreading codes are orthogonal, user
elements 52 with different, yet mutually orthogonal, spreading
codes do not interfere with one another. Notably, maintaining
orthogonality among user elements 52 requires synchronization among
user elements 52, since the orthogonal spreading codes are
orthogonal only if they are aligned in time.
An important set of orthogonal spreading codes is the Walsh set,
which is generated using an iterative process of constructing a
Hadamard matrix, which is well known to those skilled in the art.
So-called Walsh-Hadamard spreading codes are important because they
form a basis for a mutually orthogonal code set, wherein codes
within the code set have different lengths, and thus different
spreading factors. Since the spreading factor has a direct input on
the actual data rate, orthogonal spreading codes with different
spreading factors support different data rates. The data rates
change because the actual chip rate in either the base station or
user element architectures remains the same, although the rate at
which data or signaling bits are spread will vary depending on the
length or number of chips in each of the orthogonal spreading
codes. Spreading codes of different lengths that remain orthogonal
to one another are generally referred to as orthogonal variable
spreading factor (OVSF) codes.
Traditional S-CDMA systems employ OVSF codes only in the uplink
data channels that support variable data rates. The SACHs typically
use very long pseudo-noise (PN) codes, which are prone to interfere
with the data channels, and thus reduce overall capacity or
increase the amount of power necessary to overcome such
interference. Separate PN codes having a very long length and very
high spreading factor are routinely assigned by the base station 20
to the user elements 52 to facilitate uplink signaling over what is
referred to as a signaling access channel (SACH). In addition to
interfering with the uplink data channels, the use of a PN code to
define a SACH inherently builds in excessive delays in uplink
signaling due to the length of the PN code. In a system requiring
high quality of service levels, uplink signaling delays negatively
impact quality of service levels.
To minimize the impact of the SACHs on the data channels, the
present invention defines the SACHs within the orthogonal framework
that defines the data channels. As such, the data channels and the
SACHs are defined using spreading codes from a mutually orthogonal
code set, such as an OVSF code set, wherein all spreading codes
therein, regardless of length, are orthogonal to one another,
assuming synchronization is maintained. Since the SACHs have
signaling rates that are orders of magnitude less than the data
rates associated with the data channels, various techniques may be
employed to facilitate these lower signaling rates. Further, since
any OVSF code set has a finite number of orthogonal spreading codes
available, the present invention provides techniques for minimizing
the number of OVSF codes necessary to facilitate signaling and
retain a sufficient number of OVSF codes for the data channels.
In general, the OVSF codes for the data channels are significantly
shorter in length than those for the SACHs. Given the nature of
OVSF codes, the OVSF code set may have many relatively longer OVSF
codes without significantly impacting the number of relatively
shorter OVSF codes used for the data channels. The present
invention takes advantage of these characteristics by assigning the
longer OVSF codes of common or different lengths to one or more
user elements 52 or groups thereof, as described below.
In a first embodiment, SACHs are included within the S-CDMA
framework by assigning a single OVSF code to be shared by all
SACHs. Accordingly, each user element 52 will use the same OVSF
code for system access signaling. The single OVSF code serves to
separate SACH transmissions from the various user elements 52 from
the data transmissions, and thus, eliminates the SACH interference
contribution to the data transmissions. Similarly, any interference
from the data transmissions to the SACHs also disappears, due to
the mutual orthogonality of the OVSF codes used for signaling and
data transmissions. Within the shared OVSF code, individual SACHs
are defined by an additional spreading process using unique PN
spreading codes for each user element 52. The processing gain of
one SACH over the other SACHs is reduced due to the two-step
spreading process, but the reduction in processing gain is more
than compensated for by the elimination of interference from the
data channels.
The above approach is illustrated in FIG. 3, wherein transmissions
from four unique user elements 52 are illustrated. Assume that
users 1 through 4 are unique user elements 52 wherein users 1 and 3
are actively transmitting data on separate data channels, and users
2 and 4 are in an idle state, which requires signaling information
to be periodically sent to the base station 20 over a SACH.
Notably, the circles with bi-directional arrows indicate a
spreading operation. As illustrated, data sources D.sub.1 and
D.sub.3 from users 1 and 3 are spread with OVSF codes C.sub.a and
C.sub.b, respectively. The SACHs have a much lower throughput rate
than the data channels, and are therefore first spread with unique
PN codes, P.sub.2 and P.sub.4, to separate the individual SACHs,
and are then further spread using the shared OVSF code C.sub.z.
Thus, a single OVSF code can be used by multiple user elements 52
wherein channel separation is provided by unique spreading codes,
such as PN codes, which may be assigned by the base station 20 or
may be innate to the user element 52. The orthogonality between the
OVSF codes used for signaling and data codes used for data
significantly reduces interference between the data channels and
the SACH.
In another embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 4, unique OVSF codes
are assigned for each SACH. Thus, each user element 52 will have a
unique OVSF code assigned to it for signaling, wherein the OVSF
code defines a unique SACH. Although it may appear undesirable to
allocate a dedicated OVSF code for a specific application or user
element 52 due to limitations in the number of codes available in
the OVSF code set, the SACHs have a very low throughput rate, and
can thus use relatively long OVSF codes. The length of these OVSF
codes for the SACHs results in only a very small portion of the
OVSF code space actually being used for signaling. Thus, there is a
minimal impact on the OVSF code set with such an approach. As
illustrated, users 1 and 3 are actively transmitting data spread by
OVSF codes C.sub.a and C.sub.b, respectively. Users 2 and 4 are in
an idle state and will provide signaling to the base station 20 by
first spreading the signaling bit or bits to an appropriate length
with a spreading sequence, such as a PN code or a simple bit
repetition, and then further spread the result by an individually
assigned OVSF code, C.sub.x and C.sub.y, respectively. By providing
unique OVSF codes for each SACH, none of the data channels or SACHs
will interfere with each other. The first spreading operation using
the spreading sequence is normally preferred since simple spreading
by very long OVSF codes would still result in a data rate that is
too high for typical signaling requirements in existing CDMA
architectures. Accordingly, the first spreading process is
optional, but preferred in order to keep the OVSF codes within a
reasonable length, the signaling throughput rates within system
requirements, and the SACH transmission power levels low to
minimize interference to adjacent cells.
In another embodiment of the present invention, different groups of
user elements 52 are assigned OVSF codes. As such, each user
element 52 within a group will have the same OVSF code as other
user elements 52 in the group, but a different OVSF code than user
elements 52 in another group. The OVSF code assigning is a
combination of the first two embodiments, and is illustrated in
FIG. 5, wherein there are nine users illustrated (users 1 through
9). Users 1, 3, 6, and 8 are all active users transmitting data
spread using uniquely assigned OVSF codes C.sub.a, C.sub.b,
C.sub.c, and C.sub.d, respectively. The remaining users, users 2,
4, 5, 7, and 9, are idle and transmit signaling information as
follows. Assume that users 2 and 4 form one group and users 5 and 7
form another group. The group for users 2 and 4 shares an OVSF code
C.sub.x, while the group for users 5 and 7 shares an OVSF code
C.sub.y. The remaining user 9 has a uniquely assigned OVSF code
C.sub.z. During signaling, users 2 and 4 will spread the signaling
information using a spreading sequence, such as PN codes or bit
repetitions, P.sub.2 and P.sub.4, respectively, and then further
spread the result with the OVSF code C.sub.x. Similarly, users 5
and 7 will initially spread the signaling information using
spreading sequences P.sub.5 and P.sub.7, respectively, and then
spread the result using the OVSF code C.sub.y. User 9 will
initially spread the signaling information using a spreading
sequence P.sub.9, and then spread the result using an OVSF code
C.sub.z. As such, user elements 52 within a group can employ common
OVSF codes, and the SACHs within any given group are uniquely
identified by the spreading sequence used in the initial spreading.
Different OVSF codes can be assigned to different groups of user
elements 52. Those skilled in the art will recognize the
flexibility in assigning OVSF codes to individual user elements 52
or groups thereof. Preferably, the base station 20 will
periodically assign the OVSF codes to the user elements 52 or
groups thereof via downlink signaling.
Within the above embodiments, different length OVSF codes may be
assigned to any given user element 52 or group thereof based on the
rate at which associated channel conditions are changing or a
desired signaling throughput rate. Accordingly, one user element 52
or group thereof may be assigned a relatively longer OVSF code,
while another user element 52 or group thereof may be assigned a
relatively shorter OVSF code. For example, changing channel
conditions may impact the orthogonality of the various data
channels and SACHs. As the OVSF code increases in length, the
likelihood of changing channel conditions impacting orthogonality
of that channel increases. Thus, mobile user elements 52 or those
experiencing changing channel conditions may be assigned shorter
OVSF codes, while user elements 52 with relatively static channel
conditions may be assigned longer OVSF codes. As an example, the
shorter OVSF codes may have a length between 8 and 256 chips, while
the longer OVSF codes may have a length between 512 and 4096 chips.
Further, the relative length of these OVSF codes may incrementally
change depending on the degree of channel variations. Likewise,
user elements 52 or groups thereof requiring higher signaling rates
can be assigned shorter OVSF codes, and vice versa. Notably, the
amount of preliminary spreading using the spreading sequences plays
a significant role in overall throughput rates, and those skilled
in the art will recognize the interplay between the initial
spreading factor and the length of the OVSF codes used in the
second spreading process.
In addition to having different OVSF code lengths, signaling rates,
or a combination thereof for different user elements 52 or groups
thereof, individual user elements 52 can be assigned multiple OVSF
codes of different lengths. As such, variable rate signaling for a
single user element 52 is facilitated, wherein the user element 52
may use a shorter OVSF code for higher signaling rates and a longer
OVSF code for slower signaling rates, as illustrated in FIG. 6. As
depicted, user 1 is signaling over an SACH defined by an OVSF code,
C.sub.VAR, which may vary depending on the application. The
optional initial spreading step, using a variable spreading
sequence, P.sub.VAR, may be used as well to control signaling rates
or identify the user element 52 if a group of user elements 52 is
sharing the OVSF code C.sub.VAR. The change in signaling rate can
be accomplished by changing the SACH OVSF code length or by
increasing the amount of spreading that occurs prior to the OVSF
code spreading.
Accordingly, different terminals may be allowed to signal at
different rates relative to one another, as well as signal at
different rates at different times, for different applications, or
for different types of messaging. Accordingly, different QoS levels
can be provided to different user elements 52 or for different
states for a single user element 52. For example, a user element 52
may use different signaling rates when transmitting idle and active
messages. The idle message indicates that the user element 52 has
no data to send, while an active message indicates that the user
element 52 has data to send. Accordingly, a lower signaling rate
can be provided for the idle message, while a higher signaling rate
can be provided for the active message, such that the active
message is received by the base station 20 faster than an idle
message. As noted above, the signaling rate is a function of the
initial spreading or bit repetition function, as well as the
spreading by the OVSF code due to the OVSF code length.
Such variable rate signaling within a single user element 52 will
allow the user element 52 to lower its transmission power and
create less interference when lower signaling rates are sufficient.
When an active message must be sent to the base station 20, the
user element 52 may switch to a higher signaling rate or increase
its transmission power in order to be noticed more quickly by the
base station 20. In fact, since a user element 52 would likely
switch from an idle message to an active message and remain there
until acknowledged by the base station 20, the user element 52 may
switch to the active message in the middle of transmitting an idle
message. The switch should occur on the boundary of the
corresponding OVSF code to maintain orthogonality with other SACHs
and data channels.
As illustrated in FIG. 7, the relative position of the active
message within the signaling period may be used to signal a
priority level of the transmission request, or other relevant
information, to the base station 20. Those messages sent at the
beginning of the signaling interval are treated with very high
priority, while those received at the end of the signaling interval
are treated with low priority. Multiple levels of priority may be
provided within the signaling interval.
Each user element 52 may be assigned multiple OVSF codes to use
separately or simultaneously. These different OVSF codes may have
different lengths and may be associated with different signaling
rates, depending on the associated spreading. Further, the
different OVSF codes assigned to different user elements 52 may be
used to send different signaling messages, or to simply increase
the effective signaling rate. With reference to FIG. 8, a single
user element 52, referenced again as user 1, may have several
possible SACHs, S.sub.1', S.sub.1'', and S.sub.1''', as well as a
data channel, D.sub.1. Each of the SACHs, S.sub.1', S.sub.1'', and
S.sub.1''', can be associated with different OVSF codes of the same
or different lengths. As with the above embodiments, signaling
information may or may not be spread by an initial spreading
process using a spreading sequence. These spreading sequences may
be the same or different depending on the embodiment, and may
function to control the signaling rate or help identify the
different channels depending on whether or not the OVSF spreading
codes C.sub.x, C.sub.y, C.sub.z are shared with other user elements
52. In this embodiment, different signaling information can be
provided in each of the SACHs simultaneously, wherein information
spread by the initial spreading process and the OVSF codes are
summed together, potentially with the data channel, and
transmitted. The base station 20 will be able to separately
identify the SACHs and data channel using the respective OVSF
codes. In such an embodiment, basic messaging requiring a slower
signaling rate, such as that used for reporting an idle state, may
use one SACH, S.sub.1', while the remaining SACHs, S.sub.1'' and
S.sub.1''', are not used and therefore do not contribute to
intercell interference. If multiple messages or higher signaling
rates are required to convey an active message, or additional
information such as the amount of information that is going to be
sent or the number of resources required, the other SACHs can be
simultaneously invoked.
Based on the above, the present invention proposes the inclusion of
SACHs within the S-CDMA framework in order to decrease intracell
interference, as well as reduce the necessary transmission power
for both SACHs and data channels, which will decrease intercell
interference. The SACH orthogonalization can be performed in two
ways. In the first approach, all SACHs would share one or more
common OVSF codes. In the second approach, individual SACHs would
be assigned individually dedicated OVSF codes. The resulting
orthogonalization causes a noticeable increase in potential system
capacity, both in terms of the maximum achievable aggregate data
throughput and the number of SACHs that can be supported.
The use of OVSF codes for the SACHs also allows variable rate
signaling to be easily included in the overall design. The
signaling information is typically spread first by a PN code or
simple bit repetition, and then by an OVSF code. Depending upon the
amount of spreading, the OVSF code length, or a combination thereof
assigned to a specific user element 52, different user elements 52
can be assigned different signaling rates according to their
relative priorities of service. For example, one user element 52
might be allowed to use a signaling rate of 100 Hz, while a second,
higher-priority user element 52 would be allowed a faster signaling
rate of 200 Hz. Additionally, a user element 52 may be permitted to
adjust its spreading rate when it has an active message to send.
That is, the user element 52 may signal at a low rate when it has
no data to send, and then switch to a higher signaling rate when
data is present and transmission resources must be requested.
Further, user elements 52 may support multiple SACHs defined in
part by an OVSF code, wherein one or more SACHs may be employed at
any given time based on signaling needs.
Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and
modifications to the preferred embodiments of the present
invention. All such improvements and modifications are considered
within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein and the claims
that follow.
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