U.S. patent number 8,541,458 [Application Number 13/493,816] was granted by the patent office on 2013-09-24 for oxabicycloheptanes and oxabicycloheptenes, their preparation and use.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Lixte Biotechnology, Inc.. The grantee listed for this patent is Francis Johnson, John S. Kovach. Invention is credited to Francis Johnson, John S. Kovach.
United States Patent |
8,541,458 |
Kovach , et al. |
September 24, 2013 |
Oxabicycloheptanes and oxabicycloheptenes, their preparation and
use
Abstract
This invention provides compounds having the structure
##STR00001## which may be used for the treatment of tumors.
Inventors: |
Kovach; John S. (East Setauket,
NY), Johnson; Francis (Setauket, NY) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Kovach; John S.
Johnson; Francis |
East Setauket
Setauket |
NY
NY |
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. (East
Setauket, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
41608964 |
Appl.
No.: |
13/493,816 |
Filed: |
June 11, 2012 |
Prior Publication Data
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|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20120264764 A1 |
Oct 18, 2012 |
|
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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12460404 |
Jul 17, 2009 |
8227473 |
|
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61137691 |
Aug 1, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/389;
548/311.4 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P
35/00 (20180101); C07D 405/12 (20130101); A61P
35/02 (20180101); A61P 25/00 (20180101); A61P
31/10 (20180101); A61P 43/00 (20180101); A61K
31/4178 (20130101); C07D 307/00 (20130101); A61K
31/496 (20130101); A61P 25/28 (20180101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61K
31/4178 (20060101) |
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|
Primary Examiner: Bernhardt; Emily
Attorney, Agent or Firm: White; John P. Cooper & Dunham
LLP
Parent Case Text
This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 12/460,404, filed
Jul. 17, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,227,473, and claims the benefit
of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/137,691, filed Aug. 1, 2008,
the content of both of which in their entirety are hereby
incorporated by reference in this application.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A compound having the structure ##STR00050## wherein bond
.alpha.is present or absent; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is each
independently H, O.sup.-O or OR.sub.9, where R.sub.9 , is H, alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl, or H.sub.1 and R.sub.2, together are
.dbd.O; R.sub.3 is OH R.sub.4 is ##STR00051## R.sub.5 and R.sub.6
is each independently H, OH, or R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together
are .dbd.O; and R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 is each independently H, F, Cl,
Br, SO.sub.2Ph, CO.sub.2CH.sub.3, or SR.sub.13, where R.sub.13 is
H, aryl or a alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, or a salt or enantiomer of
the compound.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure
##STR00052##
3. The compound of claim 1, wherein bond .alpha. is present.
4. The compound of claim 1, wherein bond .alpha. is absent.
5. The compound of claim 1, having the structure ##STR00053## or a
salt of the compound.
6. The compound of claim 1, having the structure ##STR00054## or a
salt of the compound.
7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
8. A process for preparing the compound of claim 5 comprising (a)
reacting a compound of the structure ##STR00055## with a compound
having the structure ##STR00056## to form an anhydride having the
structure ##STR00057## (b) reacting the anhydride having the above
structure with a nucleophile having the structure ##STR00058## to
form compound having the structure ##STR00059## wherein
##STR00060## R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are
each H, (c) reacting the product of step (b) with hydrogen in the
presence of a catalyst to form a compound having the structure
##STR00061## wherein ##STR00062## R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4 is
R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are each H.
9. A process for preparing the compound of claim 6 comprising (a)
reacting a compound of the structure ##STR00063## with a compound
having the structure ##STR00064## to form an anhydride having the
structure ##STR00065## (b) reacting the anhydride having the above
structure with a nucleophile having the structure ##STR00066## to
form compound having the structure ##STR00067## wherein R.sub.3 is
OH and R.sub.4 is ##STR00068## R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are each H.
Description
Throughout this application, certain publications are referenced.
Full citations for these publications may be found immediately
preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications in
their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this
application in order to describe more fully the state-of-the art to
which this invention relates.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, have been examined
therapeutically against a variety of tumors, including gliomas.
(Yung et al. (1996)) Nuclear receptor co-repressor (N-CoR) is
closely associated with the retinoid receptor and is released upon
ligand binding to the receptor. (Bastien at al. (2004)) By
preventing the action of protein phosphatase-1 and protein
phosphatase-2A, anti-phosphatases increase the phosphorylated form
of N-CoR and promotes its subsequent cytoplasmic translocation.
(Hermanson at al. (2002))
The phosphatase inhibitor, Cantharidin, has anti-tumor activity
against human cancers of the liver (hepatomas) and of the upper
gastrointestinal tract but is toxic to the urinary tract (Wang,
1959).
The publication of a report that cantharidin acts as a protein
phosphatase inhibitor prompted a more general interest in compounds
with this type of chemical structure (Li and Casida, 1992).
Previously, it had been found that the simpler congener and its
hydrolysis product (commercially available as the herbicide,
Endothall) are hepatotoxic (Graziani and Casida, 1997). Binding
studies have shown that the action of certain cantharidin homologs
is direct on protein phosphatase-2A and indirect on protein
phosphatase-1 (Honkanen at al., 1993; Li et al., 1993).
Despite these successes, few compounds of this type have been
screened for anti-tumor or cytotoxic activity. Currently, there is
a significant need to develop inhibitors of protein phosphatases
that are more active, less toxic and more specific in action than
the known substances mentioned above.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides a compound having the structure
##STR00002## wherein bond .alpha. is present or absent; R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 is each independently H, O.sup.- or OR.sub.9, where R.sub.9
is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl, or
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together are .dbd.O; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are
each different, and each is O(CH.sub.2).sub.1-6R.sub.9 or
OR.sub.10, or
##STR00003## where X is O, S, NR.sub.11, or
N.sup.+R.sub.11R.sub.11, where each R.sub.11 is independently H,
alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkyl, alkenyl,
substituted C.sub.4-C.sub.12 alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl,
aryl, substituted aryl where the substituent is other than chloro
when R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are .dbd.O,
##STR00004## --CH.sub.2CN, --CH.sub.2CO.sub.2R.sub.12,
--CH.sub.2COR.sub.12, --NHR.sub.12 or --NH.sup.+(R.sub.12).sub.2,
where each R.sub.12 is independently alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl,
each of which is substituted or unsubstituted, or H; where R.sub.10
is substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, or
substituted aryl, or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each different and
each is OH or
##STR00005## R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is each independently H, OH, or
R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together are .dbd.O; and R.sub.7 and
R.sub.8 is each independently H, F, Cl, Br, SO.sub.2Ph,
CO.sub.2CH.sub.3, or SR.sub.13, where R.sub.13 is H, aryl or a
substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, or a salt,
enantiomer or zwitterion of the compound.
This invention provides a process for preparing the above compound
comprising (a) reacting compounds of the structure
##STR00006## to form an anhydride the structure
##STR00007## (b) reacting the anhydride having the above structure
with at least one nucleophile to form compounds having the
structure
##STR00008## where R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each different, and each
is O(CH.sub.2).sub.1-6R.sub.9 or OR.sub.10, or
##STR00009## where X is O, S, NR.sub.11, or
N.sup.+R.sub.11R.sub.11, where each R.sub.11 is independently H,
alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkyl, alkenyl,
substituted C.sub.4-C.sub.12 alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl,
aryl, substituted aryl where the substituent is other than chloro
when R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are .dbd.O,
##STR00010## --CH.sub.2CN, --CH.sub.2CO.sub.2R.sub.12,
--CH.sub.2COR.sub.12, --NHR.sub.12 or
--NH.sup.+(R.sub.12).sub.2,where each R.sub.12 is independently
alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, each of which is substituted or
unsubstituted, or H; where R.sub.10 is substituted alkyl,
substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, or substituted aryl, or
R3 and R4 are each different and each is OH or
##STR00011## R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 is each independently H, F, Cl,
Br, SO.sub.2Ph, CO.sub.2CH.sub.3, or SR.sub.13, where R.sub.13 is
H, aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl or
alkynyl.
This invention provides a method of controlling undesired
vegetation comprising contacting the vegetation or its environment
with a herbicidally effective amount of the compounds of this
invention.
This invention provides a method of inhibiting plant phosphatase
activity comprising contacting the plant or its environment with a
herbicidally effective amount of the compounds of this
invention.
The invention provides a method of preventing or treating a fungal
infection in a subject comprising administering to the subject an
effective amount of the compounds of this invention.
This invention provides a method of treating a subject with a
neurodegenerative disease comprising administering to the subject
an effective amount any of the compounds of this invention, thereby
treating the subject.
This invention provides a method for reducing the amount of
GSK-3.beta. in a cell comprising contacting the cell with an
effective amount of any of the compounds of this invention so as to
thereby reduce the amount of GSK-3.beta. in the cell.
This invention provides a method for increasing the amount of
phosphorylated Akt in a cell comprising contacting the neural cell
with an effective amount of any of the compounds of this invention,
so as to thereby increase the amount of phosphorylated Akt in the
cell.
This invention provides a method for reducing the phosphorylation
of Tau in cell, comprising contacting the cell with an effective
amount of any of the compounds of this invention, so as to thereby
reduce the phosphorylation of Tau in the cell.
This invention provides a method for reducing the aggregation of
Tau in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an effective
amount of any of the compounds of this invention, so as to thereby
reduce the phosphorylation of Tau in the cell.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1: Compound 110 inhibition of DAOY xenografts
Medulloblastoma DAOY cells were implanted subcutaneously in the
flanks of SCID mice. After 7 days when the implanted tumor cells
reached a mass with the average diameter of 6 mm, 6 animals
received 0.12 mg of Compound 110, 6 animals received 0.18 mg of
Compound 110, and 6 animals, received vehicle (PBS) only. After two
weeks of treatment all animals were sacrificed, the subcutaneous
tumor masses resected, and their volumes calculated. Both doses of
drugs led to significant inhibition of tumor growth.
FIG. 2. In vitro activity of Compound 109
Inhibition of growth of glioblastoma multiforme cells of line U373
by exposure for 7 days to increasing concentrations of compound 109
compared to 10 uM compound 100.
FIG. 3. In vitro activity of compound 110
Inhibition of growth of glioblastoma multiforme cells of line U373
by exposure for 7 days to increasing concentrations of compound 110
compared to 10 uM compound 100.
FIG. 4. In vitro activity of compound 112
Inhibition of growth of glioblastoma multiforme cells of line 0373
by exposure for 7 days to increasing concentrations of compound 112
compared to compound 205, a compound known to inhibit this cell
line.
FIG. 5. In vitro activity of compound 113
Inhibition of growth of glioblastoma multiforme cells of line 0373
by exposure for 7 days to increasing concentrations of compound 113
compared to 10 uM compound 100.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides a compound having the structure
##STR00012## wherein bond .alpha. is present or absent; R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 is each independently H, O.sup.- or OR.sub.9, where R.sub.9
is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl, or
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together are .dbd.O; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are
each different, and each is O(CH.sub.2).sub.1-6R.sub.9 or
OR.sub.10, or
##STR00013## where X is O, S, NR.sub.11, or
N.sup.+R.sub.11R.sub.11, where each R.sub.11 is independently H,
alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkyl, alkenyl,
substituted C.sub.4-C.sub.12 alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl,
aryl, substituted aryl where the substituent is other than chloro
when R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are .dbd.O,
##STR00014## --CH.sub.2CN, --CH.sub.2CO.sub.2R.sub.12,
CH.sub.2COR.sub.12, --NHR.sub.12 or --NH.sup.+(R.sub.12).sub.2,
where each R.sub.12 is independently alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl,
each of which is substituted or unsubstituted, or H; where R.sub.10
is substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, or
substituted aryl, or R3 and R4 are each different and each is OH
or
##STR00015## R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is each independently H, OH, or
R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 taken together are .dbd.O; and R.sub.7 and
R.sub.8 is each independently H, F, Cl, Br, SO.sub.2Ph,
CO.sub.2CH.sub.3, or SR.sub.13, where R.sub.13 is H, aryl or a
substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, or a salt,
enantiomer or zwitterion of the compound.
In one embodiment, the above compound has the structure
##STR00016##
In one embodiment bond .alpha. is present. In another embodiment
bond .alpha. is absent.
In one embodiment of the above compound R.sub.3 is OR.sub.9 or
O(CH.sub.2).sub.1-6R.sub.10, where R.sub.9 is aryl or substituted
ethyl; where R.sub.10 is substituted phenyl, wherein the
substituent is in the para position; R.sub.4 is
##STR00017## where X is O, S, NR.sub.11, or
N.sup.+R.sub.11R.sub.11, where each R.sub.11 is independently H,
alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.2 alkyl, alkenyl,
substituted C.sub.4-C.sub.12 alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl,
aryl, substituted aryl where the substituent is other than
chloro,
##STR00018## --CH.sub.2CN, --CH.sub.2CO.sub.2R.sub.12,
--CH.sub.2COR.sub.12, --NHR.sub.12 or --NH.sup.+(R.sub.12).sub.2,
where R.sub.12 is alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, each of which is
substituted or unsubstituted, or H; or where R.sub.3 is OH and
R.sub.4 is
##STR00019##
In another embodiment of the above invention R.sub.4
##STR00020## where R.sub.11 is alkyl or hydroxylalkyl; or R.sub.4
is
##STR00021## when R.sub.3 is OH.
In another embodiment of the above compound, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2
together are .dbd.O; R.sub.3 is OR.sub.9 or OR.sub.10 or
O(CH.sub.2).sub.1-2R.sub.9, where R.sub.9 is aryl or substituted
ethyl; where R.sub.10 is substituted phenyl, wherein the
substituent is in the para position; or R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4
is
##STR00022## R.sub.4 is
##STR00023## where R.sub.11 is alkyl or hydroxyl alkyl; R.sub.5 and
R.sub.6 together are .dbd.O; and R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are each
independently H.
In another embodiment of the above compounds, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2
together are .dbd.O; R.sub.3 is OH, O(CH.sub.2)R.sub.9, or
OR.sub.10, where R.sub.9 is phenyl; where R.sub.10 is
CH.sub.2CCl.sub.3,
##STR00024## R.sub.4 is
##STR00025## where R.sub.11 is CH.sub.3 or CH.sub.3CH.sub.2OH;
R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 together are .dbd.O; and R.sub.7 and R.sub.8
are each independently H.
In one embodiment, R.sub.3 is OR.sub.10, where R.sub.10 is
(CH.sub.2).sub.1-6(CHNHBOC)CO.sub.2H,
(CH.sub.2).sub.1-6(CHNH.sub.2)CO.sub.2H, or
(CH.sub.2).sub.1-6CCl.sub.3,
In another embodiment, R.sub.10 is CH.sub.2(CHNHBOC)CO.sub.2H. In a
further embodiment, R.sub.10 is CH.sub.2CCl.sub.3.
In one embodiment of the above compounds, R.sub.3 is
O(CH.sub.2).sub.1-6R.sub.9 where R.sub.9 is phenyl.
In another embodiment of the above compounds, R.sub.3 is
O(CH.sub.2)R.sub.9 where R9 is phenyl.
In an embodiment of the above compounds R.sub.3 is OH and R.sub.4
is
##STR00026##
In another embodiment of the above compounds, R.sub.4 is
##STR00027## wherein R.sub.11 is hydroxyalkyl.
In another embodiment of the above compound, R.sub.11 is
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH.
In an embodiment of the above compound, R.sub.4 is
##STR00028## wherein R.sub.11 is alkyl. In further embodiment,
R.sub.11 is --CH3.
In another embodiment of the above compounds R.sub.4 is wherein
R.sub.4 is
##STR00029##
In an embodiment, the compound has the structure
##STR00030##
In another embodiment, the compound has the structure
##STR00031##
This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising any
of the above described compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier.
This invention provides a process for preparing any of the above
compounds comprising (a) reacting compounds of the structure
##STR00032## to form an anhydride the structure
##STR00033## (b) reacting the anhydride having the above structure
with at least one nucleophile to form compounds having the
structure
##STR00034## where R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each different, and each
is O(CH.sub.2).sub.1-6R.sub.9 or OR.sub.10, or
##STR00035## where X is O, S, NR.sub.11, or
N.sup.+R.sub.11R.sub.11, where each R.sub.11 is independently H,
alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkyl, alkenyl,
substituted C.sub.4-C.sub.12 alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl,
aryl, substituted aryl where the substituent is other than chloro
when R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are .dbd.O,
##STR00036## --CH.sub.2CN, --CH.sub.2CO.sub.2R.sub.12,
--CH.sub.2COR.sub.12, --NHR.sub.12 or --NH.sup.+(R.sub.12).sub.2,
where each R.sub.12 is independently alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl,
each of which is substituted or unsubstituted, or H; where R.sub.10
is substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, or
substituted aryl, or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each different and
each is OH or
##STR00037## R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 is each independently H, F, Cl,
Br, SO.sub.2Ph, CO.sub.2CH.sub.3, or SR.sub.13, where R.sub.13 is
H, aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl or
alkynyl.
In one embodiment of the above process, the nuclephile comprises at
least one hydroxyl group. In another embodiment, the nucleophile is
O(CH.sub.2).sub.1-6R.sub.9 or OR.sub.10, wherein R.sub.9 and
R.sub.10 are as described above.
In another embodiment, the nucleophile comprises at least one free
amine group. In a further embodiment the nucleophile is
##STR00038## where X is as described herein.
In another embodiment, the above process further comprises (c)
reacting the product of step (b) with hydrogen in the presence of a
catalyst to form a compound having the structure
##STR00039##
The compounds disclosed hereinabove may be used in a method of
controlling undesired vegetation comprising contacting the
vegetation or its environment with a herbicidally effective amount
of the compounds of any one of invention.
The compounds disclosed hereinabove may also be used in method of
inhibiting plant phosphatase activity comprising contacting the
plant or its environment with a herbicidally effective amount of
the compounds of any one of the invention.
The compounds disclosed herein above may be used in a method of
preventing or treating a fungal infection in a subject comprising
administering to the subject an effective amount of the compounds
of the invention to treat the fungal infection, thereby treating
the fungal infection.
The compounds disclosed herein maybe used in a method of treating a
subject afflicted with breast cancer, colon cancer, large cell lung
cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung, small cell lung cancer, stomach
cancer, liver cancer, ovary adenocarcinoma, pancreas carcinoma,
prostate carcinoma, promylocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic
leukemia, or acute lymphocytic leukemia, comprising administering
to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds
of the invention, thereby treating the subject.
The compounds disclosed herein may be used in a method of treating
a subject with a neurodegenerative disease comprising administering
to the subject an effective amount any of the compounds of the
invention, thereby treating the subject.
The compounds disclosed herein may be used in a method for reducing
the amount of GSK-3.beta. in a cell comprising contacting the cell
with an effective amount of any of the compounds of the invention
so as to thereby reduce the amount of GSK-3.beta. in the cell.
The compounds disclosed herein may be used in a method for
increasing the amount of phosphorylated Akt in a cell comprising
contacting the neural cell with an effective amount of any of the
compounds of the invention, so as to thereby increase the amount of
phosphorylated Akt in the cell.
The compounds disclosed herein may be used in a method for reducing
the phosphorylation of Tau in cell, comprising contacting the cell
with an effective amount of any of the compounds of the invention,
so as to thereby reduce the phosphorylation of Tau in the cell.
The compounds disclosed herein may be used in a method for reducing
the aggregation of Tau in a cell, comprising contacting the cell
with an effective amount of any of the compounds of the invention,
so as to thereby reduce the phosphorylation of Tau in the cell.
The compounds of the invention may also be used in a method of
inhibiting proliferation of a cancer cell which does not
overexpress N-CoR comprising administering to the subject any of
the compounds of the invention in an amount to inhibit
proliferation of the cancer cell.
The compounds of the invention may also be used in a method of
inhibiting proliferation of a cancer cell which overexpresses TCTP
comprising administering to the subject any of the compound of the
invention in an amount effective to inhibit proliferation of the
cancer cell.
In the above described methods, the cancer may be adrenocortical
cancer, bladder cancer, osteosarcoma, cervical cancer, esophageal,
gallbladder, head and neck cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin
lymphoma, renal cancer, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, rectal cancer,
thyroid cancer and throat cancer.
In the method of the invention, the histone deacetylase ligand may
be an inhibitor, e.g. the histone deacetylase inhibitor of HDAC-3
(histone deacetylase-3). The histone deacetylase ligand may also be
selected from the group consisting of
2-amino-8-oxo-9,10-epoxy-decanoyl,
3-(4-aroyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-N-hydroxy-2-propenamide, APHA Compound
8, apicidin, arginine butyrate, butyric acid, depsipeptide,
depudecin, HDAC-3, m-carboxycinnamic acid bis-hydroxamide,
N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-[N-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl]benzamide-
, MS 275, oxamfiatin, phenylbutyrate, pyroxamide, scriptaid,
sirtinol, sodium butyrate, suberic bishydroxamic acid,
suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, trichostatin A, trapoxin A,
trapoxin 9 and valproic acid.
The compounds of this invention may be used in combination with
compounds which inhibit the enzyme histone deacetylase (HDAC).
These HDAC enzymes post-translationally modify histones (U.S.
Patent Publication No. 2004/0197888, Armour et al.) Histones are
groups of proteins which associate with DNA in eukaryotic cells to
form compacted structures called chromatin. This compaction allows
an enormous amount of DNA to be located within the nucleus of a
eukaryotic cell, but the compact structure of chromatin restricts
the access of transcription factors to the DNA. Acetylation of the
histones decreases the compaction of the chromatin allowing
transcription factors to bind to the DNA. Deacetylation, catalysed
by histone deacetylases (HDACs), increases the compaction of
chromatin, thereby reducing transcription factor accessibility to
DNA. Therefore, inhibitors of histone deacetylases prevent the
compaction of chromatin, allowing transcription factors to bind to
DNA and increase expression of the genes.
The invention further contemplates the use of prodrugs which are
converted in vivo to the compounds of the invention (see, e.g., R.
B. Silverman, 1992, "The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug
Action", Academic Press, Chapter 8, the entire contents of which
are hereby incorporated by reference). Such prodrugs can be used to
alter the biodistribution (e.g., to allow compounds which would not
typically enter a reactive site) or the pharmacokinetics of the
compound.
The compounds described in the present invention are in racemic
form or as individual enantiomers. The enantiomers can be separated
using known techniques, such as those described, for example, in
Pure and Applied Chemistry 69, 1469-1474, (1997) IUPAC.
As used herein, "zwitterion" means a compound that is electrically
neutral but carries formal positive and negative charges on
different atoms. Zwitterions are polar, have high solubility in
water and have poor solubility in most organic solvents.
The compounds disclosed herein may also form zwitterions. For
example, a compound having the structure
##STR00040## may also form the following zwitterionic structure
##STR00041## where R.sub.11 is as defined throughout the
disclosures herein.
"Solvent" as used herein is intended to include compounds such as,
hexanes, benzene, toluene, diethyl ether, chloroform, methylene
chloride, ethyl acetate, 1,4-dioxane, water, THF, acetone,
acetonitrile, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, n-butanol, isopropanol,
n-propanol, ethanol, methanol, formic acid, carbon tetrachloride,
benzenethiol, chlorobenzene, cyclohexanethiol,
1-diethylaminoethanol, ethylene dichloride, ethylene glycol,
xylene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, phenol, acetic acid, 1-butanol,
2-butanol, 2-butanone, diglyme, dimethylether, dioxane, petroleum
ether, (NMP) N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, heptane, glycerin,
HMPA(Hexamethylphosphorus triamide), MTBE (methyl t-butyl ether),
nitromethane, pyridine, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and
triethylamine.
Certain embodiments of the disclosed compounds can contain a basic
functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are thus capable
of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically
acceptable acids, or contain an acidic functional group and are
thus capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with
bases. The instant compounds therefore may be in a salt form. As
used herein, a "salt" is a salt of the instant compounds which has
been modified by making acid or base salts of the compounds. The
salt may be pharmaceutically acceptable. Examples of
pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to,
mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines;
alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as phenols. The
salts can be made using an organic or inorganic acid. Such acid
salts are chlorides, bromides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates,
sulfonates, formates, tartrates, maleates, malates, citrates,
benzoates, salicylates, ascorbates, and the like. Phenolate salts
are the alkaline earth metal salts, sodium, potassium or lithium.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" in this respect, refers
to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid or base
addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts
can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification
of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a
purified compound of the invention in its free base or free acid
form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or base, and
isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include the
hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate,
nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate,
benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate,
succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate,
lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. For a
description of possible salts, see, e.g., Berge et al. (1977)
"Pharmaceutical Salts", J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19.
As used herein, "therapeutically effective amount" means an amount
sufficient to treat a subject afflicted with a disease (e.g. cancer
or a neurodegenerative disease) or to alleviate a symptom or a
complication associated with the disease.
As used herein, "herbicidally effective" means an amount sufficient
to adversely affect plant growth, particularly through inhibition
of plant phosphatase 2 A activity.
As used herein, "treating" means slowing, stopping or reversing the
progression of a disease, particularly cancer or a
neurodegenerative disease.
As used herein, a "neurodegenerative disease" refers to a disease
in which degeneration occurs of either gray or white matter, or
both, of the nervous system. Thus, such a disease can be diabetic
neuropathy, senile dementias, Alzheimer's disease, Mild Cognitive
Impairment (MCI), dementia, Lewy Body Dementia, Frontal Temporal
Lobe dementia, Parkinson's Disease, facial nerve (Bell's) palsy,
glaucoma, Huntington's chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),
status epilepticus, non-arteritic optic neuropathy, intervertebral
disc herniation, vitamin deficiency, prion diseases such as
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, peripheral
neuropathies associated with various diseases, including but not
limited to, uremia, porphyria, hypoglycemia, Sjorgren Larsson
syndrome, acute sensory neuropathy, chronic ataxic neuropathy,
biliary cirrhosis, primary amyloidosis, obstructive lung diseases,
acromegaly, malabsorption syndromes, polycythemia vera, IgA and IgG
gammapathies, complications of various drugs (e.g., metronidazole)
and toxins (e.g., alcohol or organophosphates), Charcot-Marie-Tooth
disease, ataxia telangectasia, Friedreich's ataxia, amyloid
polyneuropathies, adrenomyeloneuropathy, Giant axonal neuropathy,
Refsum's disease, Fabry's disease and lipoproteinemia.
As used herein, "tauopathies" refers to a class of
neurodegenerative diseases which result from aggregation of tau
protein in neurofibrillary tangles. Examples of tauopathies
include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease,
Frontotemporal dementia (Pick's disease), Progressive Supranuclear
Palsy, and Corticobasal degeneration.
As used herein, "alkyl" is intended to include both branched and
straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the
specified number of carbon atoms. Thus, C.sub.1-C.sub.n as in
"C.sub.1-C.sub.n alkyl" is defined to include groups having 1, 2, .
. . , n-1 or n carbons in a linear or branched arrangement, and
specifically includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl,
and so on. An embodiment can be C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl. "Alkoxy"
represents an alkyl group as described above attached through an
oxygen bridge. "Hydroxyalkyl" represents an alkyl group as
described aboved with a hydroxyl group. Hydroxyalky groups include,
for example, (CH.sub.2).sub.1-10H and includes CH.sub.2OH,
CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH and so forth.
The term "alkenyl" refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon radical,
straight or branched, containing at least 1 carbon to carbon double
bond, and up to the maximum possible number of non-aromatic
carbon-carbon double bonds may be present. Thus, C.sub.2-C.sub.n
alkenyl is defined to include groups having 1, 2, . . . , n-1 or n
carbons. For example, "C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkenyl" means an alkenyl
radical having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms, and at least 1
carbon-carbon double bond, and up to, for example, 3 carbon-carbon
double bonds in the case of a C.sub.6 alkenyl, respectively.
Alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl and cyclohexenyl.
As described above with respect to alkyl, the straight, branched or
cyclic portion of the alkenyl group may contain double bonds and
may be substituted if a substituted alkenyl group is indicated. An
embodiment can be C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl.
The term "alkynyl" refers to a hydrocarbon radical straight or
branched, containing at least 1 carbon to carbon triple bond, and
up to the maximum possible number of non-aromatic carbon-carbon
triple bonds may be present. Thus, C.sub.2-C.sub.n alkynyl is
defined to include groups having 1, 2, . . . , n-1 or n carbons.
For example, "C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkynyl" means an alkynyl radical
having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, and 1 carbon-carbon triple bond, or
having 4 or 5 carbon atoms, and up to 2 carbon-carbon triple bonds,
or having 6 carbon atoms, and up to 3 carbon-carbon triple bonds.
Alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl and butynyl. As described
above with respect to alkyl, the straight or branched portion of
the alkynyl group may contain triple bonds and may be substituted
if a substituted alkynyl group is indicated. An embodiment can be a
C.sub.2-C.sub.n alkynyl.
As used herein, "aryl" is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or
bicyclic carbon ring of up to 10 atoms in each ring, wherein at
least one ring is aromatic. Examples of such aryl elements include
phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydro-naphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl,
phenanthryl, anthryl or acenaphthyl. In cases where the aryl
substituent is bicyclic and one ring is non-aromatic, it is
understood that attachment is via the aromatic ring. The
substituted aryls included in this invention include substitution
at any suitable position with amines, substituted amines,
alkylamines, hydroxys and alkylhydroxys, wherein the "alkyl"
portion of the alkylamines and alkylhydroxys is a C.sub.2-C.sub.n
alkyl as defined hereinabove. The substituted amines may be
substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynl, or aryl groups as
hereinabove defined.
The alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl substituents may be
substituted or unsubstituted, unless specifically defined
otherwise. For example, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl may be substituted
with one or more substituents selected from OH, oxo, halogen, which
includes F, Cl, Br, and I, alkoxy, dialkylamino, or heterocyclyl,
such as morpholinyl, piperidinyl, and so on.
In the compounds of the present invention, alkyl, alkenyl, and
alkynyl groups can be further substituted by replacing one or more
hydrogen atoms by non-hydrogen groups described herein to the
extent possible. These include, but are not limited to, halo,
hydroxy, mercapto, amino, carboxy, cyano and carbamoyl.
The term "substituted" as used herein means that a given structure
has a substituent which can be an alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl group as
defined above. The term shall be deemed to include multiple degrees
of substitution by a named substitutent. Where multiple substituent
moieties are disclosed or claimed, the substituted compound can be
independently substituted by one or more of the disclosed or
claimed substituent moieties, singly or plurally. By independently
substituted, it is meant that the (two or more) substituents can be
the same or different.
As used herein, "administering" an agent may be performed using any
of the various methods or delivery systems well known to those
skilled in the art. The administering can be performed, for
example, orally, parenterally, intraperitoneally, intravenously,
intraarterially, transdermally, sublingually, intramuscularly,
rectally, transbuccally, intranasally, liposomally, via inhalation,
vaginally, intraoccularly, via local delivery, subcutaneously,
intraadiposally, intraarticularly, intrathecally, into a cerebral
ventricle, intraventicularly, intratumorally, into cerebral
parenchyma or iritraparenchchymally.
The following delivery systems, which employ a number of routinely
used pharmaceutical carriers, may be used but are only
representative of the many possible systems envisioned for
administering compositions in accordance with the invention.
Injectable drug delivery systems include solutions, suspensions,
gels, microspheres and polymeric injectables, and can comprise
excipients such as solubility-altering agents (e.g., ethanol,
propylene glycol and sucrose) and polymers (e.g., polycaprylactones
and PLGA's).
Implantable systems include rods and discs, and can contain
excipients such as PLGA and polycaprylactone.
Oral delivery systems include tablets and capsules. These can
contain excipients such as binders (e.g.,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrilodone, other
cellulosic materials and starch), diluents (e.g., lactose and other
sugars, starch, dicalcium phosphate and cellulosic materials),
disintegrating agents (e.g., starch polymers and cellulosic
materials) and lubricating agents (e.g., stearates and talc).
Transmucosal delivery systems include patches, tablets,
suppositories, pessaries, gels and creams, and can contain
excipients such as solubilizers and enhancers (e.g., propylene
glycol, bile salts and amino acids), and other vehicles (e.g.,
polyethylene glycol, fatty acid esters and derivatives, and
hydrophilic polymers such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and
hyaluronic acid).
Dermal delivery systems include, for example, aqueous and
nonaqueous gels, creams, multiple emulsions, microemulsions,
liposomes, ointments, aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, lotions,
aerosols, hydrocarbon bases and powders, and can contain excipients
such as solubilizers, permeation enhancers (e.g., fatty acids,
fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols and amino acids), and hydrophilic
polymers (e.g., polycarbophil and polyvinylpyrolidone). In one
embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liposome
or a transdermal enhancer.
Solutions, suspensions and powders for reconstitutable delivery
systems include vehicles such as suspending agents (e.g., gums,
zanthans, cellulosics and sugars), humectants (e.g., sorbitol),
solubilizers (e.g., ethanol, water, PEG and propylene glycol),
surfactants (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate, Spans, Tweens, and cetyl
pyridine), preservatives and antioxidants (e.g., parabens, vitamins
E and C, and ascorbic acid), anti-caking agents, coating agents,
and chelating agents (e.g., EDTA).
It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the
compounds of the instant invention can be selected by one of
ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically
stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in
the art, as well as those methods set forth below, from readily
available starting materials. If a substituent is itself
substituted with more than one group, it is understood that these
multiple groups may be on the same carbon or on different carbons,
so long as a stable structure results.
Discussion
Cantharidin has anti-tumor activity against human cancers of the
liver (hepatomas) and of the upper gastrointestinal tract but is
toxic to the urinary tract (Wang, 1989). Norcantharidin, a
demethylated cantharidin, maintains antitumor activity of
cantharidin against hepatomas and cancers of the stomach and
esophagus, but has little or no urinary tract toxicity.
Norcantharidin also stimulates white blood cell production in
patients and mice, a phenomenon not understood mechanistically, but
a pharmacological effect of potential benefit as an anticancer
agent (Wang et al., 1986; Wang, 1989).
The publication of a report that cantharidin acts as a protein
phosphatase inhibitor prompted a more general interest in compounds
with this type of chemical structure (Li and Casida, 1992).
Previously, it had been found that the simpler congener and its
hydrolysis product (commercially available as the herbicide,
Endothall) are hepatoxic (Graziano and Casida, 1997). The primary
targets in liver appear to be the protein phosphatases PP2A and
PP1, all of the compounds showing ED.sub.50 values at the
micromolar level. Binding studies have shown that the action of
certain cantharidin homologs is direct on PP2A and indirect on PP1
(Bonkanen et al., 1993; Li et al., 1993). Phosphatase PP1B is
affected only at millimolar levels of these compounds, whereas the
enzyme PP2C is not influenced at all.
In the past, several cantharidin analogues had been synthesized and
evaluated for anti-phosphatase activity and for their ability to
inhibit the growth of cancer cells in culture (Sakoff and McClusky,
2004; Hart et al., 2004). Some of the previously evaluated modified
norcantharidin molecules inhibited the growth of several human
tumor cell lines. The activity of norcantharidin analogues against
cells of tumors overexpressing N-CoR or the activity of
norcantharidins combined with other potential anti-tumor agents was
not analyzed. Further studies included 16 "modified
norcantharidins" evaluated for activity against four human tumor
cell lines including ovarian, kidney, colorectal and lung as well
as a mouse leukemia line. None were as active as single agents as
cantharidin or norcantharidin and none were evaluated for activity
in combination with another antitumor agent (McCluskey et al., US
Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0030616, 2006).
A different series of cantharidin analogues had been previously
synthesized and evaluated as pesticides and for antitumor activity
against cancer cell lines. Forty-three analogues of endothal and
cantharidin have been developed and assessed for their activity as
herbicides and their lethality to mice (Matsuzawa at al., 1987).
Endothal thioanhydride was shown to be a more potent herbicide than
endothal but was toxic to the liver of mice (Matsuzawa et al.,
1987; Kawamura at al., 1990).
More recently, it has been found that endothal thioanhydride is an
active agent against PP2A and PP1 in vivo (Erdodi at al., 1995).
Endothal and endothal thioanhydride, like cantharidin, inhibit the
activity of PP2A and to some extent, the activity of PP1 (Erdodi et
al., 1995). In the liver, the principal target appears to be PP1.
In fibroblasts, only endothal thioanhydride caused marked
morphological changes whereas cantharidin and endothal did not
(Erdodi at al., 1995). The enhanced activity of endothal
thioanhydride in vivo is thought to be related to its enhanced
lipophilicity resulting in increased diffusion across the
plasmalemma (Essers et al., 2001). A more recent publication has
described the synthesis of the mono-, and the di-fluoro analogues
of Endothal and also the corresponding anhydrides, however no
pharmacological data accompanied this synthetic work (Essers et
al., 2001).
In pursuing the development of new drug substances in this area, we
have found it essential to develop inhibitors that have greater
specificity, especially towards those enzymes which display high
activity against the replication processes of cancer cells. High
specificity also holds out the possibility of avoiding targets
important to normal cell function. From the point of view of the
physical characteristics of any newly-developed drug substance, it
must preeminently have good membrane permeability (i.e., has a log
P value of between 2 and 4 units).
The compounds described herein have an antagonistic effect on
phosphatase-2A and phosphatase 1. In addition, compounds 110, 112,
113 and 114 each have properties that enhance their entry into the
brain.
Endothal is also known as an active defoliant and potent contact
herbicide used in many agricultural situations. It is considered
effective as a pre-harvest desiccant and as a selective
pre-emergence herbicide (Crafts, 1953).
Endothal, norcantharidins and cantharidin are all well known
inhibitors of mammalian protein phosphatase as well as potent
herbicides (Matsuzawa et al., 1987). The mechanism by which
endothal and other homologs exert their potent herbicidal activity
has not been studied extensively despite the widespread use of
endothal internationally in agriculture. It should be noted that
endothal is water soluble where cantharidin and norcantharidin are
not.
It was assumed that the activity of endothal as a contact herbicide
and defoliant is related to the known irritating toxicity of its
parent compound, norcantharidin. However, more recent studies
suggest that the herbicidal activity of endothal may be a function
primarily of its anti-plant protein phosphatase (PP2A) activity. Li
et al., (1993) showed that cantharidin and endothal inhibit spinach
leaf PP2A and PP1 and inhibit the activation of nitrate reductase
by light in the intact spinach leaf, a process mediated by PP2A.
Smith at al. (1994) demonstrate that the structurally unrelated
protein phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin-A are
potent inhibitors at nanomolar concentrations of the growth of
certain plants. The activity of okadaic acid and calyculin-A
strongly suggest that the activity of endothal as an herbicide is
due to its anti-phosphatase activity.
Baskin and Wilson (1997) showed inhibitors of serine-threonine
protein phosphatases including cantharidin inhibit organization of
plant microtubules. Ayaydin et al. (2000) show that endothal
inhibited PP2A activity causing alteration of cell division in
cultured alfalfa cells. They noted that endothal was cell
permeable.
The compounds herein, therefore, are useful, commercially feasible,
and safer herbicides both with respect human exposure and to the
environment.
The compounds disclosed herein are also useful for the treatment of
tumors. In one embodiment, the compounds are useful for the
treatment of tumors which overexpress N-CoR, TCTP, or both.
The compounds disclosed herein are also useful for the treatment of
fungal infections. In one embodiment, the compounds are useful for
the treatment of a fungal infections of T. rubrum.
The compounds disclosed herein can be obtained by methods described
herein and as described in OCT International Application
PCT/US08/01549.
The human medulloblastoma cell line DAOY is available from the
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), P.O. Box 1549, Manassa,
Va., 20108, as ATCC No. HTB-186.
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
Methods and Materials
4.3-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-1-carbonyl]-7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-
-2-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (12, Compound 109)
Step 1: Synthesis of 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic
acid monobenzyl ester (10)
##STR00042##
A mixture of 4,10-dioxa-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane-3,5-dione (8,
3.7 g, 22.0 mmol) and benzyl alcohol (9) (4.5 mL, 44.0 mmol) in
dioxane was heated at 80.degree. C. for 16 h. Cooled to room
temperature and evaporated to remove solvent. Residue obtained was
triturated with diisopropyl ether (20 mL) to give white solid of 10
which was filtered, washed with diisopropyl ether (10 mL) and
dried. Yield: 3.6 g (59%). .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. 1.45-1.55 (m, 2H); 1.78-1.81 (m, 2H); 3.05 (s, 2H); 4.91
(d, J=9.4 Hz, 2H); 5.02 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H); 5.13 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H);
7.28-7.40 (m, 5H).
Step 2:
3-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-1-carbonyl]-7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]h-
eptane-2-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (12, Compound 109)
##STR00043##
To a solution of compound 10 (3.00 g, 11.6 mmol) in
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 at 0.degree. C. (60 mL) was added
piperazine-1-ethanol (11) (1.82 g, 14.0 mmol), EDC (3.12 g, 16.3
mmol), HOBt (0.20 g) and DIPEA (5.8 mL, 34.9 mmol). The mixture was
allowed to warm to RT over 16 h. TLC (5% MeOH/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2)
showed no starting material. The reaction mixture was diluted with
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (50 mL), washed with water (2.times.40 mL) and
dried. Evaporation of organic layer gave a residue. The residue was
triturated with diisopropyl ether (20 mL) to get
3-[4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-piperazine-1-carbonyl]-7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-
-2-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (12) as a white solid. Yield: 3.24
g (72%). Mp 72-75 C. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.
1.42-1.56 (m, 2H); 1.76-1.82 (m, 2H); 2.02 (s, 2H); 2.29-2.51 (m,
4H); 2.90 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H); 3.08 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H); 3.18-3.24 (m,
2H); 3.41 (bs, 1H); 3.60 (t, J=2.3 Hz, 2H); 3.69 (bs, 1H); 4.90
(dd, J=6.8 Hz, 2.3 Hz, 2H); 5.08 (s, 2H); 7.28-7.40 (m, 5H).
1,3-(4-Methylpiperazinc-1-carbonyl)-7-oxa-bicyclo|2,2,11heptane-2-carboxyl-
ic acid 4-(2-/<<rf-butoxycarbonylamino-2-carboxyethyl)-phenyl
ester (4, Compound 112)
Step 1:
3-(4-Methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)-7-oxa-bicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-ca-
rbonyl chloride (1)
##STR00044##
To an ice-cold solution of
3-(4-methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)-7-oxa-bicyclo[2,2,1]-heptane-2-carboxyl-
ic acid (938 mg, 3.5 mmole) in methylene chloride (30 mL) was added
thionyl chloride (1 mL) followed by a few drops of DMF. After
stirring at ice-cold temperature for 30 min, the ice-bath was
removed and stirring continued at room temperature overnight. The
excess thionyl chloride was removed using oil-free vacuum pump at
-50.degree. C. and to the residue was added methylene chloride (10
mL). The resulted thin slurry of 1 was used as such in the next
reaction.
Step 2:
3-(4-Methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)-7-oxa-bicyclo|2,2,1]heptane-2-ca-
rboxylic acid
4-(2-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-carboxyethyl)-phenyl
ester (3)
##STR00045##
To an ice-cold solution of Boc-L-tyrosine benzyl ester (2, 780 mg,
2.1 mmole) and DMAP (100 mg) in methylene chloride (10 mL) and TEA
(2.9 mole, 21 mmole) was added the above suspension of acid
chloride (1, 1.0 g, 3.5 mmole) in methylene chloride (10 mL). After
stirring for 10 minutes at ice bath temperature, ice-bath was
removed and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. At this point the
TLC (95:5::CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2:MeOH) showed the disappearance of
starting material 2. The reaction mixture was diluted with
methylene chloride (30 mL) and washed with water (30 mL) followed
by brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and
concentrated. The crude residue was purified by column
chromatography using 5% methanol in methylene chloride to give pure
required compound 3 (1.040 g, 76%). .sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. 1.48 (s, 9H), 1.64 (d, 2H), 1.96 (m, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H),
2.54 (m, 4H), 3.14 (m, 2H), 3.15 (d, J=9.00 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (d,
J=9.00 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (m, 4H), 4.62 (m, 1H), 4.91 (d, 1H), 5.0 (m,
1H), 5.20 (m, 3H), 7.06 (m, 4H), 7.40 (m, 5H). EIMS: 621
(M.sup.+).
Step 3:
3-(4-Methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)-7-oxa-bicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-ca-
rboxylic acid 4-(2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-carboxyethyl)-phenyl
ester (4, Compound 112)
##STR00046##
A solution of above coupled product 3 (600 mg, 0.965 mmole) in
methanol (40 ml) was hydrogenated using hydrogen balloon and
Pd(OH).sub.2 (100 mg, 20% Pd on C) as a catalyst overnight. The
catalyst was filtered through celite, the filtrate was concentrated
to dryness and the residue was triturated with ethyl acetate (15
mL). Separated solid was filtered to give pure title compound 4 as
a white solid (460 mg, 89%). Mp 165.degree. C. (decomp). .sup.1H
NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.81 (m, 2H),
2.48 (s, 3H), 2.93 (m, 5H), 3.01 (m, 1H), 3.22 (m, 1H), 3.32 (m,
1H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 3.68 (m, 4H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 4.79 (d, 1H), 5.07
(d, 1H), 5.32 (m, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=7.00 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J=7.00 Hz,
2H). EST: 530 (M.sup.+-H).
2.3-(4-Methylpiperazine-1-carbonyl)-7-oxa-bicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxyl-
ic acid 4-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-phenyl ester hydrochloride salt
(5, Compound 110)
##STR00047##
To an ice-cold solution of BCC derivative (4, 150 mg, 0.28 mmole)
in methylene chloride (10 mL) was added a solution of 2M HCl in
ether (1 mL). As the addition started to the reaction mixture, the
solid started separating out. The suspension was stirred over-night
at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated to
dryness and co-evaporated with hexane. It was triturated with
hexane to give solid which on filtration gave pure title compound 5
as an off white solid (5, 130 mg, 99%). Mp 110.degree. C. (decomp).
.sup.1HNMR (NaOD/D.sub.2O) .delta. 1.37 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 2.03
(s, 3H), 2.21 (m, 3H), 2.54 (m, 6H), 3.01 (m, 1H), 3.21 (m, 1H),
3.38 (m, 1H), 4.53 (m, 2H), 4.75 (m, 2H), 6.38 (d, 2H), 6.79 (d,
2H). ESMS: 432 (M+H).
3.3-(4-Methyl-piperazine-1-carbonyl)-7-oxa-bicylco[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxy-
lic acid 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester (7, Compound 113)
##STR00048##
To a suspension of acid (6, 536 mg, 2 mmole) in methylene chloride
(15 mL) was added SOCl.sub.2 (1 mL) followed by 2 drops of DMF. The
reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. It was
still a suspension. To this suspension added trichloroethanol (6
mL). After the addition of trichloroethanol, the reaction mixture
became homogeneous. Stirring was continued for 1.5 h followed by
evaporation of the solvent. Added ethyl acetate (30 mL) to the
residue and extracted with water (2.times. 25 mL). Water layer
neutralized with NaHCO.sub.3 to pH 5-6 and evaporated to dryness.
The residue dissolved in acetonitrile (30 mL) on heating and the
separated NaCl was removed by filtration. The filtrate was treated
with charcoal, evaporated to dryness, triturated with hot ethyl
acetate and filtered the solid to give pure title ester 7 as
colorless crystals. (416 mg, 52%). MP 229-232.degree. C. .sup.1H
NMR (D40) .delta. 1.68 (m, 4H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 3.10 (m, 3.48 (m,
5H), 4.25 (m, 2H), 4.76 (m, 5H). EIMS: 399 (M.sup.+).
Preparation of
3-[2-(2,5-Dioxo-4,4-diphenyl-imidazolidin-1-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-7-oxa-bic-
yclo(2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (3, Compound 114)
##STR00049##
To a mixture of exo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic
acid anhydride (504 mg, 3 mmol) and
N.sup.3-(2-aminoethyl)-5,5-diphenylhydantoin (2.0 g, 6.8 mmol)
(prepared according to the procedure reported by Shaffer et. al. J.
Med. Cham. 1967, W, 739) was added dry toluene (10 mL) and the
mixture was heated at 100.degree. C. for 5 h. The solvent was
evaporated on rotary evaporator and added water (10 mL) and ethyl
acetate (20 mL) to the residue. The solution was made acidic to pH
2 with aq. citric acid (10%) and the organic layer was separated.
Aqueous layer was extracted again with EtOAc (2.times.30 mL).
Combined organic layers was washed with water (10 mL), dried
(Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and evaporated. The residue was recrystallized
from EtOAc to give colorless crystalline desired product. Yield:
700 mg (50%). M.p.: 208-210.degree. C.; .sup.1NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 300
MHz): .delta. 1.43-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.77 (m, 2H), 2.48 (s, 2H),
3.72-3.82 (m, 4H), 4.69-4.71 (m, 2H); 6.47 (bs, 1H), 7.34-7.39 (m,
I OH); ESI-MS: (m/z) 445 (M.sup.+-18).
Example 1
Effect of Compound 110 and Related Analogues on Medulloblastoma
DAOY Cells
In Vivo Experiments
Human Medulloblastoma DAOY cells were implanted subcutaneously in
the flanks of SCID mice. After 7 days when the implanted tumor
cells reached a mass with the average diameter of 6 mm, 6 animals
received 0.12 mg of Compound 110, 6 animals received 0.18 mg of
Compound 110, and 6 animals received vehicle (PBS) only. After two
weeks of treatment, all animals were sacrificed, the subcutaneous
tumor masses resected, and their volumes calculated. As shown in
FIG. 1, both doses of Compound 110 led to significant inhibition of
tumor growth.
Example 2
Inhibition of Growth of Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells of Line 0373
by Exposure for 7 Days to Increasing Concentrations of Compound
109, 110, 112, and 113
At the highest concentrations of compound 109, there is slight
inhibition of cell growth after 3 day. At lower concentrations,
compound 109 has slight stimulatory activity, increasing over 7
days (FIG. 1). Other compounds of the compound 100 series at very
low concentrations have mild to modest stimulator activity on cells
in culture that is lost at higher concentrations when the drugs are
inhibitory in a dose dependent manner (see FIGS. 2-4). Compounds
110, 112, and 113 inhibited cell growth in a dose dependent
manner.
Discussion:
The compounds described herein increase the phosphorylation of
several regulatory proteins including Akt. At low doses that are
non-toxic to mice, these compounds slightly stimulate cell
proliferation and increase phosphorylation of Akt in human cancer
cells lines tested, including SH-SY5Y. When given intraperitoneally
to normal mice, compounds 110, 113 and 114 also increased Akt
phosphorylation in the cell lines tested, as set forth in the
examples herein.
Because the compounds increase cellular Akt at low non-toxic doses
and also increase acetylation of histones in neurons of the intact
animal, these compounds are useful for the treatment of
neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease and
other tauopathies. While each of the compounds increase Akt
phosphorylation of multiple tumor cell lines, they also increase
Akt phosphorylation of the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y.
The results with compounds 110, 113 and 114 show that each of these
has properties that enhance their entry into the brain.
The mechanism by which the compounds described herein exert their
neuroprotective effect may be by increasing the intra-neuronal cell
activity of Akt-1 and enhancing the acetylation of neuronal
histones. Each of these compounds when given by intraperitoneal
injection increase Akt phosphorylation in mouse neurons. This
increase in Aky phosphorylation is associated with an increase in
the phosphorylation of GSK-3.beta.. Because increased
phosphorylation of GSK-3.beta. is known to decrease its activity,
chronic suppression of GSK 3.beta. by the compounds described
herein may reduce tau phosphorylation. Reduction in tau
phosphorylation reduces the formation of paired helical filaments,
an intervention that should lessen the progression of tauopathies,
including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis, and other rarer neurodegenerative diseases
characterized by abnormal depositions of tau molecules.
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