U.S. patent number 8,268,880 [Application Number 12/096,876] was granted by the patent office on 2012-09-18 for soft protease inhibitors and pro-soft forms thereof.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Trustees of Tufts College. Invention is credited to William W. Bachovchin, Hung-Sen Lai, Wengen Wu.
United States Patent |
8,268,880 |
Bachovchin , et al. |
September 18, 2012 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Soft protease inhibitors and pro-soft forms thereof
Abstract
The invention provides compounds and methods for inhibiting
proteases. One aspect of the invention features pro-soft inhibitors
which react with an activating protease to release an active
inhibitor moiety in proximity to a target protease. In certain
instances, compounds inhibit proteasomes and/or post-proline
cleaving enzymes (PPCE), such as dipeptidyl peptidase IV. The
compounds of the invention provide a better therapeutic index,
owing in part to reduced toxicity and/or improved specificity for
the targeted protease.
Inventors: |
Bachovchin; William W.
(Cambridge, MA), Lai; Hung-Sen (Andover, MA), Wu;
Wengen (Medford, MA) |
Assignee: |
Trustees of Tufts College
(Boston, MA)
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Family
ID: |
38459469 |
Appl.
No.: |
12/096,876 |
Filed: |
December 15, 2006 |
PCT
Filed: |
December 15, 2006 |
PCT No.: |
PCT/US2006/047853 |
371(c)(1),(2),(4) Date: |
December 15, 2008 |
PCT
Pub. No.: |
WO2007/100374 |
PCT
Pub. Date: |
September 07, 2007 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20090124559 A1 |
May 14, 2009 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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60752017 |
Dec 19, 2005 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/423;
548/540 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12N
9/99 (20130101); A61K 31/69 (20130101); C07D
207/16 (20130101); A61P 3/08 (20180101); A61P
3/06 (20180101); A61K 45/06 (20130101); C07D
241/24 (20130101); A61P 3/00 (20180101); A61P
43/00 (20180101); A61P 3/10 (20180101); C07D
403/12 (20130101); A61P 3/04 (20180101); A61K
38/05 (20130101); A61P 5/50 (20180101); C07D
207/10 (20130101); C07F 5/025 (20130101); A61K
38/28 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61K
31/401 (20060101); C07D 295/194 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;514/423 ;548/540 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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03-220179 |
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Sep 1991 |
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JP |
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WO-93/10127 |
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May 1993 |
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WO |
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WO-95/11689 |
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May 1995 |
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WO |
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WO 03/045228 |
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Jun 2003 |
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WO |
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WO 2005-082348 |
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Sep 2005 |
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WO |
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Other References
Stockel-Maschek et al. , "Potent Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidase
IV and Their Mechanisms of Inhibition", Cellular Peptidases in
Immune Functions and Diseases 2, Ed. Langer and Ansorge, Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2000. cited by examiner .
Coutts et al., "Structure-Activity Relationships of Boronic Acid
Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV. Variation of the P2 Position
of Xaa-boroPro Dipeptides", Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 39(10),
2087-2094, 1996. cited by examiner .
Snow, Roger J. et al., "Boronic Acid Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl
Peptidase IV: A New Class of Immunosuppressive Agents", Advances in
Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 3, 149-177, 1995. cited by examiner .
Stockel-Maschek, A. et al, "Thioxo Amino Acid Pyrrolidides and
Thiazolildides: New Inhibitors of Proline Specific Peptidases",
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1479(1-2), 15-31, 2000. cited by
examiner .
Lankas, George R. et al., "Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibition for
the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Potential Importance of
Selectivity Over Dipeptidyl Peptidases 8 and 9", Diabetes, 54(10),
2988-2994, Oct. 2005. cited by examiner .
Supplementary Partial European Search Report for EP 06 84 9964
completed Jan. 21, 2010. cited by other .
Schutkowski, M. et al., "Influence on Proline-Specific Enzymes of a
Substrate Containing the Thioxoaminoacyl-prolyl Peptide Bond," Eur.
J. Biochem. 227:455-461 (1994). cited by other .
Snow, R. J. et al., "Studies on Proline Boronic Acid Dipeptide
Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV: Identification of a Cyclic
Species Containing a B--N Bond", J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
116(24):10860-10869 (American Chemical Society, 1994). cited by
other .
International Search Report dated Jul. 31, 2008. cited by
other.
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Primary Examiner: Kosack; Joseph
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Gordon; Dana M. Foley Hoag LLP
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of priority to Patent
Cooperation Treaty Application number PCT/US2006/047853, filed Dec.
15, 2006; which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional
Patent Application Ser. No. 60/752,017, filed Dec. 19, 2005.
Claims
We claim:
1. A compound represented by: ##STR00157## or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof; wherein A represents a 4-8 membered
heterocycle including the N and the C.alpha. carbon; R.sub.1
represents a C-terminally linked amino acid residue or amino acid
analog R.sup.6; wherein the bond between R.sub.1 and N is a
thioxamide bond; R.sub.2 is absent or represents one or more
substitutions to the ring A, each of which is independently a
halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, carbonyl,
carboxyl, ester, formate, ketone, thiocarbonyl, thioester,
thioacetate, thioformate, amino, acylamino, amido, nitro, sulfate,
sulfonate, sulfonamido, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato, ##STR00158## or
##STR00159## R.sub.3 represents hydrogen or a halogen, lower alkyl,
lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, amino,
acylamino, amido, nitro, sulfate, sulfonate, a sulfonamido,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato, ##STR00160## or
##STR00161## R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, ##STR00162##
R.sub.7 represents, for each occurrence, a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle; R.sub.8 represents hydrogen, --CH.sub.3, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--CH.sub.3; Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2, independently,
are OH, or a group capable of being hydrolyzed to a hydroxyl group,
or Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are connected via a ring having from 5 to 8
atoms in the ring structure which is capable of being hydrolyzed to
two hydroxyl groups; m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to
8; and n is an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2,
independently, are OH.
3. The compound of claim 2, wherein said compound is represented
by: ##STR00163##
4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.2 is absent, or
represents lower alkyl or halogen.
5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.3 is hydrogen.
6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the C.alpha. carbon exists
substantially in the R configuration.
7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the C.alpha. carbon exists
substantially in the S configuration.
8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the C.alpha. carbon exists in a
racemic mixture of R and S configurations.
9. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are OH.
10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 is a proline,
glutamate, or alanine residue.
11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 is an alanine
residue.
12. A compound selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00164##
and enantiomers, diastereomers and salts thereof.
13. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is a protease
inhibitor.
14. The compound of claim 13, wherein the compound inhibits
dipeptidyl peptidase IV with a Ki of 50 nM or less.
15. The compound of claim 14, wherein the compound inhibits
dipeptidyl peptidase VIII and IX with a Ki of 100 microM or
greater.
16. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier; and a compound of claim 1.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Proteases are enzymes that cleave proteins at specific peptide
bonds. Proteases can be classified into four generic classes:
serine, thiol or cysteinyl, acid or aspartyl, and metalloproteases
(Cuypers et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1982, 257, 7086. Proteases are
essential to a variety of biological activities, such as digestion,
formation and dissolution of blood clots, reproduction, and immune
reaction to foreign cells and organisms. However, aberrant
proteolysis is associated with a number of diseases in humans and
other mammals. Accordingly, it is often beneficial to disrupt the
function of one or more proteolytic enzymes in the course of
treating a patient.
The binding site for a peptide substrate consists of a series of
"specificity subsites" across the surface of the enzyme. The term
"specificity subsite" refers to a pocket or other site on the
enzyme capable of interacting with a portion of a substrate for the
enzyme. In discussing the interactions of peptides with proteases,
e.g., serine and cysteine proteinases, the present application
utilizes the nomenclature of Schechter and Berger (Biochem.
Biophys. Res. Commun. 1967, 27, 157-162). The individual amino acid
residues of a substrate or inhibitor are designated P1, P2, etc.
and the corresponding subsites of the enzyme are designated S1, S2,
etc., starting with the carboxy terminal residue produced in the
cleavage reaction. The scissile bond of the substrate is the amide
bond between P1-P1' of the substrate. Thus, for a peptide
Xaa1-Xaa2-Xaa3-Xaa4, which is cleaved between the Xaa3 and Xaa4
residues, the Xaa3 residue is referred to as the PI residue and
binds to the S1 subsite of the enzyme, Xaa2 is referred to as the
P2 residue and binds to the S2 subsite, and so forth.
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV or DPPIV) is a serine protease that
cleaves N-terminal dipeptides from a peptide chain containing,
preferably, a proline residue in the penultimate position, e.g., in
the P1 position. DPIV belongs to a group of
cell-membrane-associated peptidases and, like the majority of
cell-surface peptidases, is a type II integral membrane protein,
being anchored to the plasma membrane by its signal sequence. DPIV
is found in a variety of differentiated mammalian epithelia,
endothelia and hematopoetic cells and tissues, including those of
lymphoid origin where it is found specifically on the surface of
CD4.sup.+ T cells. DPIV has been identified as the leukocyte
differentiation marker CD26.
Proteasomes are cellular complexes comprising proteases responsible
for the majority of intracellular protein turnover in eukaryotic
cells, including proteolytic degradation of damaged, oxidized or
misfolded proteins, as well as processing or degradation of key
regulatory proteins required for various cellular functions, such
as cell cycle progression. For example, the 26S proteasome is a
multi-catalytic protease comprising at its catalytic core the 20S
proteasome, a multi-subunit complex of approximately 700 kDa
molecular weight. While serving an essential physiological role,
the proteasome is also responsible for the inappropriate or
accelerated protein degradation that occurs as a result or cause of
pathological conditions in which normal cellular processes become
disregulated. One notable example is cancer, in which the
unregulated proteasome-mediated degradation of cell cycle
regulatory proteins, including cyclins, cyclin dependent kinase
inhibitors, and tumor suppressor genes, results in accelerated and
uncontrolled mitosis, thereby promoting cancer growth and spread.
(Goldberg et al. Chem. & Biol. 1995, 2, 503-508; Coux et al.
Ann. Rev. Biochem., 1996, 65, 801-847; Deshaies, Trends Cell Biol.
1995, 5, 428-434). Inhibition of proteasome enzymatic function
holds promise in arresting or blunting disease progression in
disease states such as cancer or inflammation.
Proteasome inhibitors, e.g., lactacystin and its analogs, have been
shown to block the development of the preerythrocytic and
erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium spp, the malaria parasites.
During both its hepatic and erythrocytic stages, the parasite
undergoes radical morphological changes and many rounds of
replication, events that likely require proteasome activity.
Lactacystin has been found to covalently modify the catalytic
N-terminal threonines of the active sites of proteasomes,
inhibiting the activity of all proteasomes examined, including
those in mammalian cells, protozoa, and archeae. (Gantt et al.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1998, 42, 2731-2738).
The human fibroblast activation protein (FAP.alpha.) is a M.sub.r
95,000 cell surface molecule originally identified with monoclonal
antibody (mAb) F19 (Rettig et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988,
85, 3110-3114; Rettig et al. Cancer Res. 1993, 53, 3327-3335). The
FAP.alpha. cDNA codes for a type II integral membrane protein with
a large extracellular domain, trans-membrane segment, and short
cytoplasmic tail (Scanlan et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994,
91, 5657-5661; WO 97/34927). FAP.alpha. shows 48% amino acid
sequence identity to the T-cell activation antigen CD26, also known
as dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), a membrane-bound protein with
dipeptidyl peptidase activity (Scanlan et al.). FAP.alpha. has
enzymatic activity and is a member of the serine protease family,
with serine 624 being critical for enzymatic function (WO
97/34927). Work using a membrane overlay assay revealed that
FAP.alpha. dimers are able to cleave
Ala-Pro-7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin,
Gly-Pro-7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin, and
Lys-Pro-7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin dipeptides (WO
97/34927).
FAP.alpha. is selectively expressed in reactive stromal fibroblasts
of many histological types of human epithelial cancers, granulation
tissue of healing wounds, and malignant cells of certain bone and
soft tissue sarcomas. Normal adult tissues are generally devoid of
detectable FAP.alpha., but some foetal mesenchymal tissues
transiently express the molecule. In contrast, most of the common
types of epithelial cancers, including >90% of breast,
non-small-cell lung, and colorectal carcinomas, contain
FAP.alpha.-reactive stromal fibroblasts (Scanlan et al.). These
FAP.alpha..sup.+ fibroblasts accompany newly-formed tumor blood
vessels, forming a distinct cellular compartment interposed between
the tumor capillary endothelium and the basal aspect of malignant
epithelial cell clusters (Welt et al. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994, 12,
1193-1203). While FAP.alpha..sup.+ stromal fibroblasts are found in
both primary and metastatic carcinomas, the benign and premalignant
epithelial lesions tested (Welt et al.), such as fibroadenomas of
the breast and colorectal adenomas, only rarely contain
FAP.alpha..sup.+ stromal cells. Based on the restricted
distribution pattern of FAP.alpha. in normal tissues and its
uniform expression in the supporting stroma of many malignant
tumors, clinical trials with .sup.131I-labeled mAb F19 have been
initiated in patients with metastatic colon carcinomas (Welt et
al.).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of the present invention features compounds which
inhibit a protease. In certain instances, the compound is a
pro-soft inhibitor. The pro-soft inhibitor is an inactive agent
that is activated, i.e., cleaved by an "activating protease," to
release an active inhibitor moiety in proximity to a "target
protease." The identity of the activating protease and target
protease can be the same or different. After activation of the
pro-soft inhibitor, the active inhibitor moiety undergoes
self-inactivation by proto-deboronation. Another aspect of the
present invention is that the irreversible proto-deboronation step
produces innocuous boric acid, which is expected to yield an
improved safety profile (fewer side effects).
The invention features inhibitors for a wide array of proteases.
For example, the inhibitor of the invention may inhibit
post-proline cleaving enzymes (PPCE), such as dipeptidyl peptidase
IV. In certain instances, the inhibitor of the invention inhibits
proteasome activity. In other instances, the invention provides a
pro-soft inhibitor that is activated by a fibroblast activation
protein to release a compound that inhibits prostrate specific
antigen (PSA). In still other instances, the invention provides a
pro-soft inhibitor that is activated by a prostrate specific
antigen (PSA) to release a compound that inhibits proteasome
activity. In a certain embodiment, the present invention provides
pro-soft inhibitors which inhibit post-proline cleaving enzymes,
such as dipeptidyl peptidase IV.
Certain compounds of the invention have extended duration.
Accordingly, in certain certain embodiments, the inhibitor is
selected, and the amount of inhibitor formulated, to provide a
dosage which inhibits serum DPP IV levels by at least 50% for at
least 4 hours after a single dose, and even more preferably for at
least 8 hours or even 12 or 16 hours after a single dose. For
instance, in certain embodiments, the dosage is selected in an
amount effective to improve one or more aberrant indices associated
with glucose metabolism disorders (e.g., glucose intolerance,
insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and Type I and
II diabetes) over a 24 hour period.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating
disorders and conditions by administering a protease inhibitor of
the invention. In certain instances, the disorder is one that is
mediated by DPP IV. In certain instances, the subject inhibitors
can be used to up-regulate GIP and GLP-1 activities, e.g., by
increasing the half-life of those hormones or as part of a
treatment for regulating glucose levels and/or metabolism. In
certain instances, the inhibitors can be used to reduce insulin
resistance, treat hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, obesity,
hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoprotein-emia (such as chylomicrons, VLDL
and LDL), and/or regulate body fat and more generally lipid stores.
In certain instances, the inhibitors of the invention may be used
to treat metabolism disorders, such as those associated with
diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis. While not wishing to be
bound by any particular theory, it is observed that compounds which
inhibit DPP IV are able to improve glucose tolerance through
mechanisms involving DPP IV inhibition.
In other embodiments, the invention features a method of
administering a DPP IV pro-soft inhibitor in an amount effective to
improve aberrant indices associated with obesity. Fat cells release
the hormone leptin, which travels in the bloodstream to the brain
and, through leptin receptors there, stimulates production of
GLP-1. GLP-1, in turn, produces the sensation of being full. The
leading theory is that the fat cells of most obese people probably
produce enough leptin, but leptin may not be able to properly
engage the leptin receptors in the brain, and so does not stimulate
production of GLP-1. There is accordingly a great deal of research
towards utilizing preparations of GLP-1 as an appetite suppressant.
The subject method provides a means for increasing the half-life of
both endogenous and ectopically added GLP-1 in the treatment of
disorders associated with obesity.
DPP IV inhibitors have hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activities,
and can be used in the treatment of disorders marked by aberrant
glucose metabolism (including storage). In particular embodiments,
the inhibitors of the invention are useful as insulinotropic
agents, or to potentiate the insulinotropic effects of such
molecules as GLP-1. In this regard, the invention also provides
methods for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a variety of
disorders, including one or more of: hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia,
glucose tolerance insufficiency, insulin resistance and diabetic
complications.
Another aspect of the invention features methods and pro-soft
inhibitor compounds for altering the pharmokinetics of a variety of
different polypeptide hormones by inhibiting the proteolysis of one
or more peptide hormones by DPP IV or some other proteolytic
activity. For instance, post-secretory metabolism is an important
element in the overall homeostasis of regulatory peptides, and the
other enzymes involved in these processes may be suitable targets
for pharmacological intervention by the subject method. In certain
instances, the subject method can be used to increase the half-life
of other proglucagon-derived peptides, such as glicentin
(corresponding to PG 1-69), oxyntomodulin (PG 33-69),
glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP, PG 1-30),
intervening peptide-2 (IP-2, PG 111-122amide), and glucagon-like
peptide-2 (GLP-2, PG 126-158). GLP-2, for example, has been
identified as a factor responsible for inducing proliferation of
intestinal epithelium. See, e.g., Drucker et al. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 1996, 93, 7911. The DPP IV inhibitors can also be used as
part of a regimen for treating injury, inflammation or resection of
intestinal tissue, e.g., where enhanced growth and repair of the
intestinal mucosal epithelial is desired, such as in the treatment
of Crohn's disease or Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating
growth hormone deficient children or improving nutrition or
altering body composition (muscle vs. fat) in adults. DPP IV has
been implicated in the metabolism and inactivation of growth
hormone-releasing factor (GHRF). GHRF is a member of the family of
homologous peptides that includes glucagon, secretin, vasoactive
intestinal peptide (VI), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI),
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), gastric
inhibitory peptide (GIP) and helodermin. Kubiak et al. Peptide Res.
1994, 7, 153. GHRF is secreted by the hypothalamus, and stimulates
the release of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary. The
subject method can also be used in veterinary practice, for
example, to develop higher yield milk production and higher yield,
leaner livestock.
The DPP IV inhibitors of the invention can be used to alter the
plasma half-life of secretin, VIP, PHI, PACAP, GIP and/or
helodermin. In certain instances, the inhibitors can also be used
to alter the pharmacokinetics of Peptide YY and neuropeptide Y,
both members of the pancreatic polypeptide family, because DPP IV
has been implicated in the processing of those peptides in a manner
which alters receptor selectivity. In other embodiments, the DPP IV
inhibitors can be used to stimulate hematopoiesis. In still other
embodiments, the DPP IV inhibitors can be used to inhibit growth or
vascularization of transformed cells/tissues, e.g., to inhibit cell
proliferation such as that associated with tumor growth and
metastasis, and for inhibiting angiogenesis in an abnormal
proliferative cell mass. In yet other embodiments, the subject DPP
IV inhibitors can be used to reduce immunological responses, e.g.,
as an immunosuppressant.
In yet other examples, the DPP IV inhibitors according to the
present invention can be used to treat CNS maladies such as
strokes, tumors, ischemia, Parkinson's disease, memory loss,
hearing loss, vision loss, migraines, brain injury, spinal cord
injury, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(which has a CNS component). Additionally, the DPP IV inhibitors
can be used to treat disorders having a more peripheral nature,
including multiple sclerosis and diabetic neuropathy.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for
stimulating hematopoietic cells in culture or in vivo. In certain
embodiments, the subject DPP IV pro-inhibitors include an address
moiety that is a substrate for a protease that is expressed in bone
marrow. The DPP IV inhibitors of the invention can be used to
restore or prevent a deficiency in hematopoietic cell number in a
subject. Such deficiencies can arise, for example, from genetic
abnormalities, disease, stress, chemotherapy, and radiation
treatment.
Another aspect of the present invention features compounds which
inhibit proteasome function. In certain embodiments, the pro-soft
inhibitors produce inhibitor moieties that are potent and highly
selective proteasome inhibitors and can be employed to inhibit
proteasome function. Inhibition of proteasome function has a number
of practical therapeutic and prophylactic applications. For
instance, the proteasome pro-inhibitors embodiments can include
address moieties that are substrates for proteases that are
expressed in tumors or other cells which are undergoing unwanted
proliferation, or expressed in the tissue surrounding the tumor or
other target proliferating cells.
In certain embodiments, the proteasome pro-inhibitors of the
present invention provide a method of reducing the rate of
degradation of tumor suppressors. In other embodiments, compounds
of the present invention inhibit the growth of cancer cells. In yet
other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention can be
formulated in topical form for treatment of skin disorders. Such
pro-inhibitors are contemplated as possessing important practical
application in treating cell proliferative diseases, such as
cancer, restenosis, and psoriasis.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 depicts Ala-boroPro Thioxamide.
FIG. 2 depicts the pH-dependent behavior of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide
and Ala-boroPro.
FIG. 3 depicts a comparison of the IC.sub.50 value of Ala-boroPro
Thioxamide against DPP IV, DP8, and DP9. IC.sub.50 values for
Ala-boroPro Thioxamide inhibition of DPP IV, DP8 and DP9 were
measured in 50 mM sodium phosphate at pH 7.8. Inhibitor and enzyme
were incubated at various inhibitor concentrations prior to
addition of the substrate Ala-Pro-paranitroanalide at a
concentration equal to the K.sub.m for each enzyme (20 .mu.M for
DPP IV and 100 .mu.M for DP8 and DP9.) Reaction mixtures were
incubated at 37.degree. C. for 30 min and then the absorbance at
410 nm was read. Data were normalized to the uninhibited reaction
rate for each enzyme.
FIG. 4 depicts the K.sub.i of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide in an assay
measuring inhibition of DPP IV. Purified DPP IV from human placenta
was incubated with inhibitor in 50 mM HEPES, pH 8.0, 0.14 M NaCl at
23.degree. C. to allow complete binding. The chromogenic substrate
Ala-Pro-paranitroanalide was added to the enzyme inhibitor complex
at S times the K.sub.m value and the reaction was monitored by
measuring the absorbance at 410 nm for 2 min. Enzyme concentration
was determined independently. The Rate vs. Inhibitor concentration
was fit to a simple equilibrium model to obtain the value of
K.sub.i (Gutheil and Bachovchin, 1993 Biochemistry 32(34)
8723-8731).
FIG. 5 depicts the results from an oral glucose challenge using
Ala-boroPro Thioxamide. Following an overnight fast, seven C57BL/6
mice were given the drug or vehicle (0.25% methylcellulose), by
oral gavage, two hours before an oral dose of 5 g/kg glucose. Blood
was taken from the tail vein and glucose measured with a freestyle
blood glucose meter just before the drug, before glucose, and at
20, 40, 60 and 120 min after the glucose. AUC was calculated for
the data from zero to 120 min.
FIG. 6 depicts the results of rat plasma DPP IV inhibition using
Ala-boroPro Thioxamide. Groups of four rats were given each dose of
Ala-Pro thioxamide. Blood samples were taken from the tail vein and
plasma DPP IV was measured by addition of 10 .mu.L of plasma to 150
.mu.L of 30 .mu.M Ala-Pro paranitroanalide in 50 mM HEPES, pH 8,
0.14 M NaCl. The change in absorbance at 410 nm was recorded after
1 hour. The data was normalized to the average pre-dose value for
each group.
FIG. 7 depicts inactivation of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide at pH 7.8.
Ala-boroPro thioxamide was pre-equilibrated at pH 2 and then the pH
jumped to pH 7.8 by the addition of 0.6 M sodium phosphate buffer.
.sup.1H NMR spectra were recorded as a function of time at pH 7.8.
Two well-resolved resonances representing the active (pH 2) and
inactive (pH 7.8) forms of the drug were integrated and the
integral as a function of time was fit to a single exponential. The
same procedure was followed for inactivation of Ala-boroPro. The
half-life for the reaction was 60 min for Ala-boroPro thioxamide
and 30 min for Ala-boroPro.
FIG. 8 depicts inactivation of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide at pH 7.8.
Ala-boroPro and Ala-boroPro thioxamide were pre-equilibrated at pH
2 and then the pH jumped to pH 7.8 by the addition of 0.5 M sodium
phosphate buffer. DPP IV inhibition was measured at various times
after the pH jump and the IC.sub.50 values were plotted as a
function of time. From the IC.sub.50 value, the mole fraction of
active inhibitor was calculated assuming the pH 2 sample was 100%
active. This value was fit to a single exponential. Half-lives
obtained from these fits were 47 min for Ala-boroPro thioxamide and
24 min for Ala-boroPro.
FIG. 9 depicts results of .sup.1H NMR analysis of Ala-boroPro
Thioxamide.
FIG. 10 depicts K.sub.i measurements of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide.
FIG. 11 depicts a comparison of deactivation rates for Ala-boroPro
and Ala-boroPro Thioxamide.
FIG. 12 depicts OGTT with Ala-boroPro Thioxamide.
FIG. 13 depicts a comparison of Ala-boroPro and Ala-boroPro
Thioxamide against DPPIV.
FIG. 14 depicts the activity of rat plasma DPP IV in the presence
of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide.
FIG. 15 depicts Ala-boroPro Thioxamide, NVP LAF327, and MK0431.
FIG. 16 depicts the results of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide, NVP LAF327,
and MK0431 in an assay measuring inhibition of rat plasma DPP
IV.
FIG. 17 depicts the results of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide, NVP LAF327,
and MK0431 in an assay measuring inhibition of glucose
excursion.
FIG. 18 depicts K.sub.1 and IC.sub.50 values for Ala-boroPro
Thioxamide, NVP LAF327, and MK0431.
FIG. 19 depicts the results of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide, NVP LAF327,
and MK0431 in an assay measuring rat plasma DPP IV activity
following a single oral dose (1 mg/kg).
FIG. 20 depicts the results of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide, NVP LAF327,
and MK0431 in an assay measuring inhibition of rat plasma DPP
IV.
FIG. 21 depicts OGTT with Ala-boroPro Thioxamide and LAF327.
FIG. 22 depicts the results of Ala-boroPro Thioxamide in an oral
glucose challenge assay in normal mice.
FIG. 23 depicts the results of NVP LAF327 in an oral glucose
challenge assay in normal mice.
FIG. 24 depicts the results of MK0431 in an oral glucose challenge
assay in normal mice. See Kim et al. J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48,
141-51.
FIG. 25 depicts the K.sub.i of AbP thioxamide and NVP LAF237.
FIG. 26 depicts the K.sub.i for MK0431.
FIG. 27 depicts binding/release of MK0431 with DPP IV. On-rate:
Simultaneously mix enzyme, substrate and inhibitor. Curve response
represents slow binding. Off-rate: Pre-incubate enzyme with
inhibitor at high concentration. Then, dilute mixture and add
substrate. Curve reflects slow release of inhibitor following
dilution.
FIG. 28 depicts certain compounds of the invention.
FIG. 29 depicts certain compounds of the invention.
FIG. 30 depicts certain compounds of the invention.
FIG. 31 depicts certain compounds of the invention.
FIG. 32 depicts certain compounds of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Overview
The present invention provides protease inhibitors and methods of
using protease inhibitors. The invention features inhibitors for a
wide array of proteases. For example, the protease may be a
post-proline cleaving enzyme (PPCE), such as dipeptidyl peptidase
IV. The invention also provides compounds that inhibit proteasome
activity. In certain instances, the protease inhibitor is a
pro-soft inhibitor. A pro-soft inhibitor is an inactive agent that
is activated, i.e., cleaved by an "activating protease," to release
an active inhibitor moiety in proximity to a "target protease." The
identity of the activating protease and target protease can be the
same or different. After activation of the pro-soft inhibitor, the
active inhibitor moiety undergoes self-inactivation by
proto-deboronation. In certain instances, the invention features
dipeptide boronic acid inhibitors of the type Xaa-boroPro, where
Xaa refers to any natural or non-naturally occurring amino acid
comprising a thioxamide moiety, and boroPro refers to the analog of
proline in which the C-terminal carboxylate has been replaced by a
boronyl group. Such compounds are potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl
amino peptidase type IV (DPP IV). The dipeptide boronic acid
compounds exist in open chain form under acidic conditions, but
undergo proto-deboronation at neutral and basic conditions. The
open chain form is active as an enzyme inhibitor; the compound
formed from the proto-deboronation reaction is substantially
inactive as an enzyme inhibitor. The pro-soft inhibitors of the
present invention do not themselves undergo proto-deboronation and
can be constructed such that they do not inhibit the selected
target enzyme, or other enzymes to any significant extent, before
being cleaved by the activating protease.
One of the features that makes the pro-soft inhibitor molecules of
the current invention different from typical prodrugs is that the
inhibitor moiety, after being generated in the active form near the
target, undergoes inactivation over time, e.g., as it diffuses away
from the target enzyme, thereby reducing the possibility of
deleterious side effects that may result from inhibition of enzymes
occurring in other parts of the patient. This combination of being
released in an active form in the vicinity of the target enzyme
together with this "programmed" deactivation mechanism makes the
molecules of the invention more specific, effective, and safer
(i.e., having fewer side effects) than the inhibitor moiety used on
its own.
Advantageous features for compounds of the present invention
include: better therapeutic indices, owing in part to reduced
toxicity and/or improved specificity for the targeted protease;
better oral availability; increased shelf-life; and/or increased
duration of action (such as single oral dosage formulations which
are effective for more than 4 hours, and even more preferably for
more than 8, 12, or 16 hours). In certain instances, a compound of
the invention has a K.sub.i for DPIV inhibition of about 50.0 nm or
less, more preferably of about 10.0 nm or less, and even more
preferably of about 1.0, 0.1, or even 0.01 nM or less. Indeed,
inhibitors with K.sub.i values in the picomolar and even femtomolar
range are contemplated.
Another advantageous feature for compounds of the present invention
is that proto-deboronation irreversibly releases innocuous boric
acid. The LD.sub.50 of boric acid is approximately equal to that of
common table salt. Accordingly, long-term chronic therapy with the
compounds of the present invention is expected to yield an improved
safety profile (fewer side effects).
The compounds of the present invention can be used as part of
treatments for a variety of disorders/conditions, such as those
which are mediated by DPIV. For instance, the compounds can be used
to up-regulate GIP and GLP-1 activities, e.g., by increasing the
half-life of those hormones, as part of a treatment for regulating
glucose levels and/or metabolism, e.g., to reduce insulin
resistance, treat hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, obesity,
hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia (such as chylomicrons, VLDL
and LDL), and to regulate body fat and more generally lipid stores,
and, more generally, for the improvement of metabolism disorders,
especially those associated with diabetes, obesity and/or
atherosclerosis.
Certain of the subject compounds have extended duration.
Accordingly, in certain certain embodiments, the compound is
selected, and the amount of compound formulated, to provide a
dosage which inhibits serum PPCE (e.g., DPIV) levels by at least
50% for at least 4 hours after a single dose, and even more
preferably for at least 8 hours or even 12 or 16 hours after a
single dose.
For instance, in certain embodiments the method involves
administration of a DPIV inhibitor, preferably at a predetermined
time(s) during a 24-hour period, in an amount effective to improve
one or more aberrant indices associated with glucose metabolism
disorders (e.g., glucose intolerance, insulin resistance,
hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and Type I and II diabetes).
In other embodiments, the method involves administration of a DPIV
inhibitor in an amount effective to improve aberrant indices
associated with obesity. Fat cells release the hormone leptin,
which travels in the bloodstream to the brain and, through leptin
receptors there, stimulates production of GLP-1. GLP-1, in turn,
produces the sensation of being full. The leading theory is that
the fat cells of most obese people probably produce enough leptin,
but leptin may not be able to properly engage the leptin receptors
in the brain, and so does not stimulate production of GLP-1. There
is accordingly a great deal of research towards utilizing
preparations of GLP-1 as an appetite suppressant. The subject
method provides a means for increasing the half-life of both
endogenous and ectopically added GLP-1 in the treatment of
disorders associated with obesity.
In a more general sense, the present invention provides methods and
compositions for altering the pharmacokinetics of a variety of
different polypeptide hormones by inhibiting the proteolysis of one
or more peptide hormones by DPIV or some other proteolytic
activity. Post-secretory metabolism is an important element in the
overall homeostasis of regulatory peptides, and the other enzymes
involved in these processes may be suitable targets for
pharmacological intervention by the subject method. For example,
the subject method can be used to increase the half-life of other
proglucagon-derived peptides, such as glicentin (corresponding to
PG 1-69), oxyntomodulin (PG 33-69), glicentin-related pancreatic
polypeptide (GRPP, PG 1-30), intervening peptide-2 (IP-2, PG
111-122amide), and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2, PG 126-158).
GLP-2, for example, has been identified as a factor responsible for
inducing proliferation of intestinal epithelium. See, for example,
Drucker et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 7911. The
subject method can be used as part of a regimen for treating
injury, inflammation or resection of intestinal tissue, e.g., where
enhanced growth and repair of the intestinal mucosal epithelial is
desired, such as in the treatment of Crohn's disease or
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).
DPIV has also been implicated in the metabolism and inactivation of
growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRF). GHRF is a member of the
family of homologous peptides that includes glucagon, secretin,
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine
(PHI), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP),
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and helodermin (Kubiak et al.
Peptide Res. 1994, 7, 153). GHRF is secreted by the hypothalamus,
and stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior
pituitary. Thus, the subject method can be used to improve clinical
therapy for certain growth hormone deficient children, and in
clinical therapy of adults to improve nutrition and to alter body
composition (muscle vs. fat). The subject method can also be used
in veterinary practice, for example, to develop higher yield milk
production and higher yield, leaner livestock.
Likewise, the DPIV inhibitors of the subject invention can be used
to alter the plasma half-life of secretin, VIP, PHI, PACAP, GIP,
and/or helodermin. Additionally, the subject method can be used to
alter the pharmacokinetics of Peptide YY and neuropeptide Y, both
members of the pancreatic polypeptide family, as DPIV has been
implicated in the processing of those peptides in a manner which
alters receptor selectivity.
In other embodiments, the compounds can be used to stimulate
hematopoiesis. In still other embodiments, the compounds can be
used to inhibit growth or vascularization of transformed
cells/tissues, e.g., to inhibit cell proliferation such as that
associated with tumor growth and metastasis, and for inhibiting
angiogenesis in an abnormal proliferative cell mass. In yet other
embodiments, the compounds can be used to reduce immunological
responses, e.g., as an immunosuppressant.
In yet other examples, the DPIV inhibitors according to the present
invention can be used to treat CNS maladies such as strokes,
tumors, ischemia, Parkinson's disease, memory loss, hearing loss,
vision loss, migraines, brain injury, spinal cord injury,
Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (which has a
CNS component). Additionally, the DPIV inhibitors can be used to
treat disorders having a more peripheral nature, including multiple
sclerosis and diabetic neuropathy.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to pharmaceutical
compositions of the subject post-proline cleaving enzyme
inhibitors, particularly DPIV inhibitors, and their uses in
treating and/or preventing disorders which can be improved by
altering the homeostasis of peptide hormones. In a certain
embodiment, the compounds have hypoglycemic and antidiabetic
activities, and can be used in the treatment of disorders marked by
aberrant glucose metabolism (including storage). In particular
embodiments, the compositions of the subject methods are useful as
insulinotropic agents, or to potentiate the insulinotropic effects
of such molecules as GLP-1. In this regard, certain embodiments of
the present compositions can be useful for the treatment and/or
prophylaxis of a variety of disorders, including one or more of:
hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, obesity, glucose tolerance
insufficiency, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications.
In certain instances, the compounds of the subject method are small
molecules, e.g., with molecular weights less than 7500 amu,
preferably less than 5000 amu, and even more preferably less than
2000 or even less than 1000 amu. In certain embodiments, the
compounds are orally active.
In certain instances, the compounds of the invention are used on
combination with one or more pharmaceutical agents. A large number
of pharmaceutical agents are known in the art and are amenable for
use in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. The term
"pharmaceutical agent" includes without limitation, medicaments;
vitamins; mineral supplements; substances used for the treatment,
prevention, diagnosis, cure or mitigation of disease or illness; or
substances which affect the structure or function of the body; or
pro-drugs, which become biologically active or more active after
they have been placed in a predetermined physiological
environment.
Non-limiting examples of broad categories of useful pharmaceutical
agents include the following therapeutic categories: anabolic
agents, antacids, anti-asthmatic agents, anti-cholesterolemic and
anti-lipid agents, anti-coagulants, anti-convulsants,
anti-diarrheals, anti-emetics, anti-infective agents,
anti-inflammatory agents, anti-manic agents, anti-nauseants,
anti-neoplastic agents, anti-obesity agents, anti-pyretic and
analgesic agents, anti-spasmodic agents, anti-thrombotic agents,
anti-uricemic agents, anti-anginal agents, antihistamines,
anti-tussives, appetite suppressants, biologicals, cerebral
dilators, coronary dilators, decongestants, diuretics, diagnostic
agents, erythropoietic agents, expectorants, gastrointestinal
sedatives, hyperglycemic agents, hypnotics, hypoglycemic agents,
ion exchange resins, laxatives, mineral supplements, mucolytic
agents, neuromuscular drugs, peripheral vasodilators,
psychotropics, sedatives, stimulants, thyroid and anti-thyroid
agents, uterine relaxants, vitamins, and prodrugs.
More specifically, non-limiting examples of useful pharmaceutical
agents include the following therapeutic categories: analgesics,
such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opiate agonists and
salicylates; antihistamines, such as H.sub.1-blockers and
H.sub.2-blockers; anti-infective agents, such as anthelmintics,
antianaerobics, antibiotics, aminoglycoside antibiotics, antifungal
antibiotics, cephalosporin antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics,
miscellaneous beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillin antibiotics,
quinolone antibiotics, sulfonamide antibiotics, tetracycline
antibiotics, antimycobacterials, antituberculosis
antimycobacterials, antiprotozoals, antimalarial antiprotozoals,
antiviral agents, anti-retroviral agents, scabicides, and urinary
anti-infectives; antineoplastic agents, such as alkylating agents,
nitrogen mustard alkylating agents, nitrosourea alkylating agents,
antimetabolites, purine analog antimetabolites, pyrimidine analog
antimetabolites, hormonal antineoplastics, natural antineoplastics,
antibiotic natural antineoplastics, and vinca alkaloid natural
antineoplastics; autonomic agents, such as anticholinergics,
antimuscarinic anticholinergics, ergot alkaloids,
parasympathomimetics, cholinergic agonist parasympathomimetics,
cholinesterase inhibitor para-sympathomimetics, sympatholytics,
alpha-blocker sympatholytics, beta-blocker sympatholytics,
sympathomimetics, and adrenergic agonist sympathomimetics;
cardiovascular agents, such as antianginals, beta-blocker
antianginals, calcium-channel blocker antianginals, nitrate
antianginals, antiarrhythmics, cardiac glycoside antiarrhythmics,
class I antiarrhythmics, class II antiarrhythmics, class III
antiarrhythmics, class IV antiarrhythmics, antihypertensive agents,
alpha-blocker antihypertensives, angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) antihypertensives, beta-blocker
antihypertensives, calcium-channel blocker antihypertensives,
central-acting adrenergic antihypertensives, diuretic
antihypertensive agents, peripheral vasodilator antihypertensives,
antilipemics, bile acid sequestrant antilipemics, HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitor antilipemics, inotropes, cardiac glycoside inotropes, and
thrombolytic agents; dermatological agents, such as antihistamines,
anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agents,
antipruritics/local anesthetics, topical anti-infectives,
antifungal topical anti-infectives, antiviral topical
anti-infectives, and topical antineoplastics; electrolytic and
renal agents, such as acidifying agents, alkalinizing agents,
diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretics, loop diuretics,
osmotic diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, thiazide diuretics,
electrolyte replacements, and uricosuric agents; enzymes, such as
pancreatic enzymes and thrombolytic enzymes; gastrointestinal
agents, such as antidiarrheals, antiemetics, gastrointestinal
anti-inflammatory agents, salicylate gastrointestinal
anti-inflammatory agents, antacid anti-ulcer agents, gastric
acid-pump inhibitor anti-ulcer agents, gastric mucosal anti-ulcer
agents, H.sub.2-blocker anti-ulcer agents, cholelitholytic agents,
digestants, emetics, laxatives and stool softeners, and prokinetic
agents; general anesthetics, such as inhalation anesthetics,
halogenated inhalation anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics,
barbiturate intravenous anesthetics, benzodiazepine intravenous
anesthetics, and opiate agonist intravenous anesthetics;
hematological agents, such as antianemia agents, hematopoietic
antianemia agents, coagulation agents, anticoagulants, hemostatic
coagulation agents, platelet inhibitor coagulation agents,
thrombolytic enzyme coagulation agents, and plasma volume
expanders; hormones and hormone modifiers, such as abortifacients,
adrenal agents, corticosteroid adrenal agents, androgens,
anti-androgens, antidiabetic agents, sulfonylurea antidiabetic
agents, antihypoglycemic agents, oral contraceptives, progestin
contraceptives, estrogens, fertility agents, oxytocics, parathyroid
agents, pituitary hormones, progestins, antithyroid agents, thyroid
hormones, and tocolytics; immunobiologic agents, such as
immunoglobulins, immunosuppressives, toxoids, and vaccines; local
anesthetics, such as amide local anesthetics and ester local
anesthetics; musculoskeletal agents, such as anti-gout
anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agents,
gold compound anti-inflammatory agents, immuno-suppressive
anti-inflammatory agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), salicylate anti-inflammatory agents, skeletal muscle
relaxants, neuromuscular blocker skeletal muscle relaxants, and
reverse neuromuscular blocker skeletal muscle relaxants;
neurological agents, such as anticonvulsants, barbiturate
anticonvulsants, benzodiazepine anticonvulsants, anti-migraine
agents, anti-parkinsonian agents, anti-vertigo agents, opiate
agonists, and opiate antagonists; ophthalmic agents, such as
anti-glaucoma agents, beta-blocker anti-glaucoma agents, miotic
anti-glaucoma agents, mydriatics, adrenergic agonist mydriatics,
antimuscarinic mydriatics, ophthalmic anesthetics, ophthalmic
anti-infectives, ophthalmic aminoglycoside anti-infectives,
ophthalmic macrolide anti-infectives, ophthalmic quinolone
anti-infectives, ophthalmic sulfonamide anti-infectives, ophthalmic
tetracycline anti-infectives, ophthalmic anti-inflammatory agents,
ophthalmic corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agents, and ophthalmic
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); psychotropic agents,
such as antidepressants, heterocyclic antidepressants, monoamine
oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin re-uptake
inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, antimanics,
antipsychotics, phenothiazine antipsychotics, anxiolytics,
sedatives, and hypnotics, barbiturate sedatives and hypnotics,
benzodiazepine anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics, and
psychostimulants; respiratory agents, such as antitussives,
bronchodilators, adrenergic agonist bronchodilators, antimuscarinic
bronchodilators, expectorants, mucolytic agents, respiratory
anti-inflammatory agents, and respiratory corticosteroid
anti-inflammatory agents; toxicology agents, such as antidotes,
heavy metal antagonists/chelating agents, substance abuse agents,
deterrent substance abuse agents, and withdrawal substance abuse
agents; minerals; and vitamins, such as vitamin A, vitamin B,
vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K.
Preferred classes of useful pharmaceutical agents from the above
categories include: (1) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) analgesics, such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and
naproxen; (2) opiate agonist analgesics, such as codeine, fentanyl,
hydromorphone, and morphine; (3) salicylate analgesics, such as
aspirin (ASA) (enteric coated ASA); (4) H.sub.1-blocker
antihistamines, such as clemastine and terfenadine; (5)
H.sub.2-blocker antihistamines, such as cimetidine, famotidine,
nizadine, and ranitidine; (6) anti-infective agents, such as
mupirocin; (7) antianaerobic anti-infectives, such as
chloramphenicol and clindamycin; (8) antifungal antibiotic
anti-infectives, such as amphotericin b, clotrimazole, fluconazole,
and ketoconazole; (9) macrolide antibiotic anti-infectives, such as
azithromycin and erythromycin; (10) miscellaneous beta-lactam
antibiotic anti-infectives, such as aztreonam and imipenem; (11)
penicillin antibiotic anti-infectives, such as nafcillin,
oxacillin, penicillin G, and penicillin V; (12) quinolone
antibiotic anti-infectives, such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin;
(13) tetracycline antibiotic anti-infectives, such as doxycycline,
minocycline, and tetracycline; (14) antituberculosis
antimycobacterial anti-infectives such as isoniazid (INH), and
rifampin; (15) antiprotozoal anti-infectives, such as atovaquone
and dapsone; (16) antimalarial antiprotozoal anti-infectives, such
as chloroquine and pyrimethamine; (17) anti-retroviral
anti-infectives, such as ritonavir and zidovudine; (18) antiviral
anti-infective agents, such as acyclovir, ganciclovir, interferon
alpha, and rimantadine; (19) alkylating antineoplastic agents, such
as carboplatin and cisplatin; (20) nitrosourea alkylating
antineoplastic agents, such as carmustine (BCNU); (21)
antimetabolite antineoplastic agents, such as methotrexate; (22)
pyrimidine analog antimetabolite antineoplastic agents, such as
fluorouracil (5-FU) and gemcitabine; (23) hormonal antineoplastics,
such as goserelin, leuprolide, and tamoxifen; (24) natural
antineoplastics, such as aldesleukin, interleukin-2, docetaxel,
etoposide (VP-16), interferon alpha, paclitaxel, and tretinoin
(ATRA); (25) antibiotic natural antineoplastics, such as bleomycin,
dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and mitomycin; (26) vinca
alkaloid natural antineoplastics, such as vinblastine and
vincristine; (27) autonomic agents, such as nicotine; (28)
anticholinergic autonomic agents, such as benztropine and
trihexyphenidyl; (29) antimuscarinic anticholinergic autonomic
agents, such as atropine and oxybutynin; (30) ergot alkaloid
autonomic agents, such as bromocriptine; (31) cholinergic agonist
parasympathomimetics, such as pilocarpine; (32) cholinesterase
inhibitor parasympathomimetics, such as pyridostigmine; (33)
alpha-blocker sympatholytics, such as prazosin; (34) beta-blocker
sympatholytics, such as atenolol; (35) adrenergic agonist
sympathomimetics, such as albuterol and dobutamine; (36)
cardiovascular agents, such as aspirin (ASA) (enteric coated ASA);
(37) beta-blocker antianginals, such as atenolol and propranolol;
(38) calcium-channel blocker antianginals, such as nifedipine and
verapamil; (39) nitrate antianginals, such as isosorbide dinitrate
(ISDN); (40) cardiac glycoside antiarrhythmics, such as digoxin;
(41) class I anti-arrhythmics, such as lidocaine, mexiletine,
phenyloin, procainamide, and quinidine; (42) class II
antiarrhythmics, such as atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, and
timolol; (43) class III antiarrhythmics, such as amiodarone; (44)
class IV antiarrhythmics, such as diltiazem and verapamil; (45)
alpha-blocker antihypertensives, such as prazosin; (46)
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor)
antihypertensives, such as captopril and enalapril; (47)
beta.-blocker antihypertensives, such as atenolol, metoprolol,
nadolol, and propanolol; (48) calcium-channel blocker
antihypertensive agents, such as diltiazem and nifedipine; (49)
central-acting adrenergic antihypertensives, such as clonidine and
methyldopa; (50) diuretic antihypertensive agents, such as
amiloride, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), and
spironolactone; (51) peripheral vasodilator antihypertensives, such
as hydralazine and minoxidil; (52) antilipemics, such as
gemifibrozil and probucol; (53) bile acid sequestrant antilipemics,
such as cholestyramine; (54) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
antilipemics, such as lovastatin and pravastatin; (55) inotropes,
such as amrinone, dobutamine, and dopamine; (56) cardiac glycoside
inotropes, such as digoxin; (57) thrombolytic agents, such as
alteplase (TPA), anistreplase, streptokinase, and urokinase; (58)
dermatological agents, such as colchicine, isotretinoin,
methotrexate, minoxidil, tretinoin (ATRA); (59) dermatological
corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agents, such as betamethasone and
dexamethasone; (60) antifungal topical anti-infectives, such as
amphotericin B, clotrimazole, miconazole, and nystatin; (61)
antiviral topical anti-infectives, such as acyclovir; (62) topical
antineoplastics, such as fluorouracil (5-FU); (63) electrolytic and
renal agents, such as lactulose; (64) loop diuretics, such as
furosemide; (65) potassium-sparing diuretics, such as triamterene;
(66) thiazide diuretics, such as hydro-chlorothiazide (HCTZ); (67)
uricosuric agents, such as probenecid; (68) enzymes such as RNase
and DNase; (69) thrombolytic enzymes, such as alteplase,
anistreplase, streptokinase and urokinase; (70) antiemetics, such
as prochlorperazine; (71) salicylate gastrointestinal
anti-inflammatory agents, such as sulfasalazine; (72) gastric
acid-pump inhibitor anti-ulcer agents, such as omeprazole; (73)
H.sub.2-blocker anti-ulcer agents, such as cimetidine, famotidine,
nizatidine, and ranitidine; (74) digestants, such as pancrelipase;
(75) prokinetic agents, such as erythromycin; (76) opiate agonist
intravenous anesthetics such as fentanyl; (77) hematopoietic
antianemia agents, such as erythropoietin, filgrastim (G-CSF), and
sargramostim (GM-CSF); (78) coagulation agents, such as
antihemophilic factors 1-10 (AHF 1-10); (79) anticoagulants, such
as warfarin; (80) thrombolytic enzyme coagulation agents, such as
alteplase, anistreplase, streptokinase and urokinase; (81) hormones
and hormone modifiers, such as bromocriptine; (82) abortifacients,
such as methotrexate; (83) antidiabetic agents, such as insulin;
(84) oral contraceptives, such as estrogen and progestin; (85)
progestin contraceptives, such as levonorgestrel and norgestrel;
(86) estrogens such as conjugated estrogens, diethylstilbestrol
(DES), estrogen (estradiol, estrone, and estropipate); (87)
fertility agents, such as clomiphene, human chorionic gonadatropin
(HCG), and menotropins; (88) parathyroid agents such as calcitonin;
(89) pituitary hormones, such as desmopressin, goserelin, oxytocin,
and vasopressin (ADH); (90) progestins, such as
medroxyprogesterone, norethindrone, and progesterone; (91) thyroid
hormones, such as levothyroxine; (92) immunobiologic agents, such
as interferon beta-1b and interferon gamma-1b; (93)
immunoglobulins, such as immune globulin 1M, IMIG, IGIM and immune
globulin IV, IVIG, IGIV; (94) amide local anesthetics, such as
lidocaine; (95) ester local anesthetics, such as benzocaine and
procaine; (96) musculoskeletal corticosteroid anti-inflammatory
agents, such as beclomethasone, betamethasone, cortisone,
dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisone; (97) musculoskeletal
anti-inflammatory immunosuppressives, such as azathioprine,
cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate; (98) musculoskeletal
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac,
ibuprofen, ketoprofen, ketorlac, and naproxen; (99) skeletal muscle
relaxants, such as baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, and diazepam; (100)
reverse neuromuscular blocker skeletal muscle relaxants, such as
pyridostigmine; (101) neurological agents, such as nimodipine,
riluzole, tacrine and ticlopidine; (102) anticonvulsants, such as
carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenyloin, and valproic
acid; (103) barbiturate anticonvulsants, such as phenobarbital and
primidone; (104) benzodiazepine anticonvulsants, such as
clonazepam, diazepam, and lorazepam; (105) anti-parkinsonian
agents, such as bromocriptine, levodopa, carbidopa, and pergolide;
(106) anti-vertigo agents, such as meclizine; (107) opiate
agonists, such as codeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, and
morphine; (108) opiate antagonists, such as naloxone; (109)
.beta.-blocker anti-glaucoma agents, such as timolol; (110) miotic
anti-glaucoma agents, such as pilocarpine; (111) ophthalmic
aminoglycoside antiinfectives, such as gentamicin, neomycin, and
tobramycin; (112) ophthalmic quinolone anti-infectives, such as
ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin; (113) ophthalmic
corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agents, such as dexamethasone and
prednisolone; (114) ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), such as diclofenac; (115) antipsychotics, such as
clozapine, haloperidol, and risperidone; (116) benzodiazepine
anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics, such as clonazepam, diazepam,
lorazepam, oxazepam, and prazepam; (117) psychostimulants, such as
methylphenidate and pemoline; (118) antitussives, such as codeine;
(119) bronchodilators, such as theophylline; (120) adrenergic
agonist bronchodilators, such as albuterol; (121) respiratory
corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agents, such as dexamethasone;
(122) antidotes, such as flumazenil and naloxone; (123) heavy metal
antagonists/chelating agents, such as penicillamine; (124)
deterrent substance abuse agents, such as disulfuram, naltrexone,
and nicotine; (125) withdrawal substance abuse agents, such as
bromocriptine; (126) minerals, such as iron, calcium, and
magnesium; (127) vitamin B compounds, such as cyanocobalamin
(vitamin B12) and niacin (vitamin B3); (128) vitamin C compounds,
such as ascorbic acid; and (129) vitamin D compounds, such as
calcitriol.
In addition to the foregoing, the following less common drugs may
also be used: chlorhexidine; estradiol cypionate in oil; estradiol
valerate in oil; flurbiprofen; flurbiprofen sodium; ivermectin;
levodopa; nafarelin; and somatropin. Further, the following drugs
may also be used: recombinant beta-glucan; bovine immunoglobulin
concentrate; bovine superoxide dismutase; the formulation
comprising fluorouracil, epinephrine, and bovine collagen;
recombinant hirudin (r-Hir), HIV-1 immunogen; human anti-TAC
antibody; recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH); recombinant
human hemoglobin (r-Hb); recombinant human mecasermin (r-IGF-1);
recombinant interferon beta-1a; lenograstim (G-CSF); olanzapine;
recombinant thyroid stimulating hormone (r-TSH); and topotecan.
Further still, the following intravenous products may be used:
acyclovir sodium; aldesleukin; atenolol; bleomycin sulfate, human
calcitonin; salmon calcitonin; carboplatin; carmustine;
dactinomycin, daunorubicin HCl; docetaxel; doxorubicin HCl; epoetin
alpha; etoposide (VP-16); fluorouracil (5-FU); ganciclovir sodium;
gentamicin sulfate; interferon alpha; leuprolide acetate;
meperidine HCl; methadone HCl; methotrexate sodium; paclitaxel;
ranitidine HCl; vinblastin sulfate; and zidovudine (AZT).
Further specific examples of useful pharmaceutical agents from the
above categories include: (a) anti-neoplastics such as androgen
inhibitors, antimetabolites, cytotoxic agents, and
immunomodulators; (b) anti-tussives such as dextromethorphan,
dextromethorphan hydrobromide, noscapine, carbetapentane citrate,
and chlorphedianol hydrochloride; (c) antihistamines such as
chlorpheniramine maleate, phenindamine tartrate, pyrilamine
maleate, doxylamine succinate, and phenyltoloxamine citrate; (d)
decongestants such as phenylephrine hydrochloride,
phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride,
and ephedrine; (e) various alkaloids such as codeine phosphate,
codeine sulfate and morphine; (f) mineral supplements such as
potassium chloride, zinc chloride, calcium carbonates, magnesium
oxide, and other alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts; (g)
ion exchange resins such as cholestryramine; (h) anti-arrhythmics
such as N-acetylprocainamide; (i) antipyretics and analgesics such
as acetaminophen, aspirin and ibuprofen; (j) appetite suppressants
such as phenyl-propanolamine hydrochloride or caffeine; (k)
expectorants such as guaifenesin; (l) antacids such as aluminum
hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide; (m) biologicals such as
peptides, polypeptides, proteins and amino acids, hormones,
interferons or cytokines, and other bioactive peptidic compounds,
such as interleukins 1-18 including mutants and analogues, RNase,
DNase, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and analogues,
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), transforming growth
factor-beta (TGF-beta), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), tumor
necrosis factor-alpha & beta (TNF-alpha & beta), nerve
growth factor (NGF), growth hormone releasing factor (GHRF),
epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor homologous
factor (FGFHF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin growth
factor (IGF), invasion inhibiting factor-2 (IIF-2), bone
morphogenetic proteins 1-7 (BMP 1-7), somatostatin,
thymosin-alpha-1, gamma-globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD),
complement factors, hGH, tPA, calcitonin, ANF, EPO and insulin; and
(n) anti-infective agents such as antifungals, anti-virals,
antiseptics and antibiotics.
Alternatively, the pharmaceutical agent may be a radiosensitizer,
such as metoclopramide, sensamide or neusensamide (manufactured by
Oxigene); profiromycin (made by Vion); RSR13 (made by Allos);
Thymitaq (made by Agouron), etanidazole or lobenguane (manufactured
by Nycomed); gadolinium texaphrin (made by Pharmacyclics);
BuDR/Broxine (made by NeoPharm); IPDR (made by Sparta); CR2412
(made by Cell Therapeutic); LIX (made by Terrapin); or the like.
Preferably, the biologically active substance is selected from the
group consisting of the group consisting of peptides,
poly-peptides, proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides, growth
factors, hormones, anti-angiogenesis factors, interferons or
cytokines, and pro-drugs. In a particularly certain embodiment, the
biologically active substance is a therapeutic drug or pro-drug,
most preferably a drug selected from the group consisting of
chemotherapeutic agents and other anti-neoplastics such as
paclitaxel, antibiotics, anti-virals, antifungals,
anti-inflammatories, and anticoagulants.
The biologically active substances are used in amounts that are
therapeutically effective. While the effective amount of a
biologically active substance will depend on the particular
material being used, amounts of the biologically active substance
from about 1% to about 65% may be desirable. Lesser amounts may be
used to achieve efficacious levels of treatment for certain
biologically active substances.
Definitions
The term "high affinity" as used herein means strong binding
affinity between molecules with a dissociation constant K.sub.D of
no greater than 1 .mu.M. In a preferred case, the K.sub.D is less
than 100 nM, 10 nM, 1 nM, 100 pM, or even 10 pM or less. In a most
certain embodiment, the two molecules can be covalently linked
(K.sub.D is essentially 0).
The term "boro-Ala" refers to the analog of alanine in which the
carboxylate group (COOH) is replaced with a boronyl group
(B(OH).sub.2). Likewise, the term "boro-Pro" refers to the analog
of proline in which the carboxylate group (COOH) is replaced with a
boronyl group (B(OH).sub.2). More generally, the term "boro-Xaa",
where Xaa is an amino acid residue, refers to the analog of an
amino acid in which the carboxylate group (COOH) is replaced with a
boronyl group (B(OH).sub.2).
The term "Ala-boroPro" refers to
##STR00001##
The term "Ala-boroPro thioxo amide" refers to
##STR00002##
The term "Pro-boroPro" refers to
##STR00003##
The term "thioxam" used in association with chemical nomenclature
refers to a compound wherein at least one amide group has been
replaced by at least one thioxamide group. For example Pro(thioxam)
refers to a proline residue wherein the amide group has been
replaced by a thioxamide group.
A "patient" or "subject" to be treated by the subject method can
mean either a human or non-human subject. Non-human subjects
include farm animals (e.g., cows, horses, pigs, sheep) and
companion animals (e.g., cats, dogs).
The term "ED.sub.50" means the dose of a drug that, in 50% of
patients, will provide a clinically relevant improvement or change
in a physiological measurement, such as glucose responsiveness,
increase in hematocrit, decrease in tumor volume, etc.
The term "IC.sub.50" means the dose of a drug that inhibits a
biological activity by 50%, e.g., the amount of compound required
to inhibit at least 50% of DPIV (or other PPCE) activity in
vivo.
A compound is said to have an "insulinotropic activity" if it is
able to stimulate, or cause the stimulation of, the synthesis or
expression of the hormone insulin.
The term "interact" as used herein is meant to include all
interactions (e.g., biochemical, chemical, or biophysical
interactions) between molecules, such as protein-protein,
protein-nucleic acid, nucleic acid-nucleic acid, protein-small
molecule, nucleic acid-small molecule, or small molecule-small
molecule interactions.
The term "LD.sub.50" means the dose of a drug that is lethal in 50%
of test subjects.
The term "prophylactic or therapeutic" treatment is art-recognized
and includes administration to the host of one or more of the
subject compositions. If it is administered prior to clinical
manifestation of the unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other
unwanted state of the host animal) then the treatment is
prophylactic, (i.e., it protects the host against developing the
unwanted condition), whereas if it is administered after
manifestation of the unwanted condition, the treatment is
therapeutic, (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate, or
stabilize the existing unwanted condition or side effects
thereof).
The term "preventing" is art-recognized, and when used in relation
to a condition, such as a local recurrence (e.g., pain), a disease
such as cancer, a syndrome complex such as heart failure or any
other medical condition, is well understood in the art, and
includes administration of a composition which reduces the
frequency of, delays the onset of, or otherwise inhibits symptoms
of a medical condition in a subject relative to a subject which
does not receive the composition. Thus, prevention of cancer
includes, for example, reducing the number of detectable cancerous
growths in a population of patients receiving a prophylactic
treatment relative to an untreated control population, and/or
delaying the appearance of detectable cancerous growths in a
treated population versus an untreated control population, e.g., by
a statistically and/or clinically significant amount. Prevention of
an infection includes, for example, reducing the number of
diagnoses of the infection in a treated population versus an
untreated control population, and/or delaying the onset of symptoms
of the infection in a treated population versus an untreated
control population. Prevention of pain includes, for example,
reducing the magnitude of, or alternatively delaying, pain
sensations experienced by subjects in a treated population versus
an untreated control population.
The term "therapeutic index" refers to the therapeutic index of a
drug defined as LD.sub.50/ED.sub.50.
A "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound, e.g., such as a
DPIV inhibitor of the present invention, with respect to the
subject method of treatment, refers to an amount of the compound(s)
in a preparation which, when administered as part of a desired
dosage regimen (to a mammal, preferably a human) alleviates a
symptom, ameliorates a condition, or slows the onset of disease
conditions according to clinically acceptable standards for the
disorder or condition to be treated or the cosmetic purpose, e.g.,
at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical
treatment.
A "single oral dosage formulation" is a dosage which provides an
amount of drug to produce a serum concentration at least as great
as the EC.sub.50 for that drug, but less than the LD.sub.50.
Another measure for a single oral dosage formulation is that it
provides an amount of drug necessary to produce a serum
concentration at least as great as the IC.sub.50 for that drug, but
less than the LD.sub.50. By either measure, a single oral dosage
formulation is preferably an amount of drug which produces a serum
concentration at least 10% less than the LD.sub.50, and even more
preferably at least 50%, 75%, or even 90% less than the drug's the
LD.sub.50.
An aliphatic chain comprises the classes of alkyl, alkenyl and
alkynyl defined below. A straight aliphatic chain is limited to
unbranched carbon chain moieties. As used herein, the term
"aliphatic group" refers to a straight chain, branched-chain, or
cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group and includes saturated and
unsaturated aliphatic groups, such as an alkyl group, an alkenyl
group, or an alkynyl group.
"Alkyl" refers to a fully saturated cyclic or acyclic, branched or
unbranched carbon chain moiety having the number of carbon atoms
specified, or up to 30 carbon atoms if no specification is made.
For example, alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms refers to moieties such
as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl,
and those moieties which are positional isomers of these moieties.
Alkyl of 10 to 30 carbon atoms includes decyl, undecyl, dodecyl,
tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl,
nonadecyl, eicosyl, heneicosyl, docosyl, tricosyl and tetracosyl.
In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl
has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g.,
C.sub.1-C.sub.30 for straight chains, C.sub.3-C.sub.30 for branched
chains), and more preferably 20 or fewer. Likewise, preferred
cycloalkyls have from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure,
and more preferably have 5, 6, or 7 carbons in the ring
structure.
Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, "lower alkyl,"
as used herein, means an alkyl group, as defined above, but having
from one to ten carbons, more preferably from one to six carbon
atoms in its backbone structure such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,
isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. Likewise,
"lower alkenyl" and "lower alkynyl" have similar chain lengths.
Throughout the application, preferred alkyl groups are lower
alkyls. In certain embodiments, a substituent designated herein as
alkyl is a lower alkyl.
The term "alkylthio" refers to an alkyl group, as defined above,
having a sulfur moiety attached thereto. In certain embodiments,
the "alkylthio" moiety is represented by one of --(S)-alkyl,
--(S)-alkenyl, --(S)-alkynyl, and --(S)--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.1,
wherein m and R.sup.1 are defined below. Representative alkylthio
groups include methylthio, ethylthio, and the like.
"Alkenyl" refers to any cyclic or acyclic, branched or unbranched
unsaturated carbon chain moiety having the number of carbon atoms
specified, or up to 26 carbon atoms if no limitation on the number
of carbon atoms is specified; and having one or more double bonds
in the moiety. Alkenyl of 6 to 26 carbon atoms is exemplified by
hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodenyl,
tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl,
octadecenyl, nonadecenyl, eicosenyl, heneicosoenyl, docosenyl,
tricosenyl, and tetracosenyl, in their various isomeric forms,
where the unsaturated bond(s) can be located anywherein the moiety
and can have either the (Z) or the (E) configuration about the
double bond(s).
"Alkynyl" refers to hydrocarbyl moieties of the scope of alkenyl,
but having one or more triple bonds in the moiety.
Analogous substitutions can be made to alkenyl and alkynyl groups
to produce, for example, aminoalkenyls, aminoalkynyls,
amidoalkenyls, amidoalkynyls, iminoalkenyls, iminoalkynyls,
thioalkenyls, thioalkynyls, carbonyl-substituted alkenyls, or
alkynyls.
The terms "alkoxyl" or "alkoxy" as used herein refers to an alkyl
group, as defined below, having an oxygen moiety attached thereto.
Representative alkoxyl groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,
tert-butoxy, and the like. An "ether" is two hydrocarbons
covalently linked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an
alkyl that renders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxyl,
such as can be represented by one of --O-alkyl, --O-alkenyl,
--O-alkynyl, --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.1, where m and R.sub.1
are described below.
The terms "amine" and "amino" are art-recognized and refer to both
unsubstituted and substituted amines, e.g., a moiety that can be
represented by the formulae:
##STR00004## wherein R.sup.3, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 each
independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.1, or R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 taken together
with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle
having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure; R.sup.1 represents
an alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl, or a
polycyclyl; and m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8. In
certain embodiments, only one of R.sup.3 or R.sup.5 can be a
carbonyl, e.g., R.sup.3, R.sup.5, and the nitrogen together do not
form an imide. In even more certain embodiments, R.sup.3 and
R.sup.5 (and optionally R.sup.6) each independently represent a
hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, or --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R. Thus, the
term "alkylamine" as used herein means an amine group, as defined
above, having a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl attached
thereto, i.e., at least one of R.sub.3 and R.sub.5 is an alkyl
group. In certain embodiments, an amino group or an alkylamine is
basic, meaning it has a conjugate acid with a pK.sub.a>7.00,
i.e., the protonated forms of these functional groups have
pK.sub.as relative to water above about 7.00.
The term "aryl" as used herein includes S--, 6-, and 7-membered
substituted or unsubstituted single-ring aromatic groups in which
each atom of the ring is carbon (i.e., carbocyclic aryl) or where
one or more atoms are heteroatoms (i.e., heteroaryl). The term
"aryl" also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more
cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two
adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic,
e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls,
cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
Carbocyclic aryl groups include benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene,
phenol, aniline, and the like. Heteroaryl groups include
substituted or unsubstituted aromatic 5- to 7-membered ring
structures, more preferably 5- to 6-membered rings, whose ring
structures include one to four heteroatoms. Heteroaryl groups
include, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole,
oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine,
pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.
The term "carbonyl" is art-recognized and includes such moieties as
can be represented by the formula:
##STR00005## wherein X is a bond or represents an oxygen or a
sulfur, and R.sup.7 represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
R.sup.8 represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.1, where m and R.sup.1 are as defined
above. Where X is an oxygen and R.sup.7 or R.sup.8 is not hydrogen,
the formula represents an "ester." Where X is an oxygen, and
R.sup.7 is as defined above, the moiety is referred to herein as a
carboxyl group, and particularly when R.sup.7 is a hydrogen, the
formula represents a "carboxylic acid". Where X is an oxygen, and
R.sup.8 is a hydrogen, the formula represents a "formate." In
general, where the oxygen atom of the above formula is replaced by
a sulfur, the formula represents a "thiocarbonyl" group. Where X is
a sulfur and R.sup.7 or R.sup.8 is not hydrogen, the formula
represents a "thioester" group. Where X is a sulfur and R.sup.7 is
a hydrogen, the formula represents a "thiocarboxylic acid" group.
Where X is a sulfur and R.sup.8 is a hydrogen, the formula
represents a "thioformate" group. On the other hand, where X is a
bond, and R.sup.7 is not hydrogen, the above formula represents a
"ketone" group. Where X is a bond, and R.sup.7 is a hydrogen, the
above formula represents an "aldehyde" group.
The terms "heterocyclyl" or "heterocyclic group" refer to 3- to
10-membered ring structures, more preferably 3- to 7-membered
rings, whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms.
Heterocycles can also be polycycles. Heterocyclyl groups include,
for example, thiophene, thianthrene, furan, pyran, isobenzofuran,
chromene, xanthene, phenoxathiin, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole,
isothiazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine,
indolizine, isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine,
isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline,
quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline,
phenanthridine, acridine, pyrimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine,
phenarsazine, phenothiazine, furazan, phenoxazine, pyrrolidine,
oxolane, thiolane, oxazole, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine,
lactones, lactams such as azetidinones and pyrrolidinones, sultams,
sultones, and the like. The heterocyclic ring can be substituted at
one or more positions with such substituents as described above, as
for example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,
hydroxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphate,
phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, sulfamoyl,
sulfinyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, ketone, aldehyde, ester, a
heterocyclyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, --CF.sub.3,
--CN, and the like.
As used herein, the term "substituted" is contemplated to include
all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad
aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic,
branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and
nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative
substituents include, for example, those described herein above.
The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or
different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this
invention, the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen
substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic
compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the
heteroatoms. This invention is not intended to be limited in any
manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds.
The term "hydrocarbyl" refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon moiety
comprised of carbon chains or rings of up to 26 carbon atoms to
which hydrogen atoms are attached. The term includes alkyl,
cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and aryl groups, groups which have a
mixture of saturated and unsaturated bonds, carbocyclic rings, and
includes combinations of such groups. It may refer to straight
chain, branched-chain, cyclic structures, or combinations
thereof.
The term "hydrocarbylene" refers to a divalent hydrocarbyl moiety.
Representative examples include alkylene, phenylene, or
cyclohexylene. Preferably, the hydrocarbylene chain is fully
saturated and/or has a chain of 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
As used herein, the term "nitro" means --NO.sub.2; the term
"halogen" designates --F, --Cl, --Br, or --I; the term "sulfhydryl"
means --SH; the term "hydroxyl" means --OH; the term "sulfonyl"
means --SO.sub.2--; the term "azido" means --N.sub.3; the term
"cyano" means --CN; the term "isocyanato" means --NCO; the term
"thiocyanato" means --SCN; the term "isothiocyanato" means --NCS;
and the term "cyanato" means --OCN.
It will be understood that "substitution" or "substituted with"
includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in
accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the
substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable
compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation
such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.
The term "sulfamoyl" is art-recognized and includes a moiety that
can be represented by the formula:
##STR00006## in which R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 are as defined above.
The term "sulfate" is art recognized and includes a moiety that can
be represented by the formula:
##STR00007## in which R.sup.7 is as defined above.
The term "sulfonamide" is art recognized and includes a moiety that
can be represented by the formula:
##STR00008## in which R.sup.3 and R.sup.8 are as defined above.
The term "sulfonate" is art-recognized and includes a moiety that
can be represented by the formula:
##STR00009## in which R.sup.7 is an electron pair, hydrogen, alkyl,
cycloalkyl, or aryl.
The terms "sulfoxido" or "sulfinyl", as used herein, refers to a
moiety that can be represented by the formula:
##STR00010## in which R.sup.12 is selected from the group
consisting of the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, or aryl.
The term "thioxamide," as used herein, refers to a moiety that can
be represented by the formula:
##STR00011## in which R.sup.t is selected from the group consisting
of the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, or
aryl, preferably hydrogen or alkyl. Moreover, "thioxamide-derived"
compounds or "thioxamide analogs" refer to compounds in which one
or more amide groups have been replaced by one or more
corresponding thioxamide groups. Thioxamides are also referred to
in the art as "thioamides."
As used herein, the definition of each expression, e.g., alkyl, m,
n, etc., when it occurs more than once in any structure, is
intended to be independent of its definition elsewherein the same
structure.
"Biohydrolyzable amide" refers to an amide moiety that is cleaved
(e.g., to form a hydroxyl and a carboxylic acid) under
physiological conditions. Physiological conditions include the
acidic and basic environments of the digestive tract (e.g.,
stomach, intestines, etc.), enzymatic cleavage, metabolism, and
other biological processes, and preferably refer to physiological
conditions in a vertebrate, such as a mammal.
"Biohydrolyzable ester" refers to an ester moiety that is cleaved
(e.g., to form a hydroxyl and a carboxylic acid) under
physiological conditions. Physiological conditions include the
acidic and basic environments of the digestive tract (e.g.,
stomach, intestines, etc.), enzymatic cleavage, metabolism, and
other biological processes, and preferably refer to physiological
conditions in a vertebrate, such as a mammal.
"Biohydrolyzable imide" refers to an imide moiety that is cleaved
(e.g., to form a hydroxyl and a carboxylic acid) under
physiological conditions. Physiological conditions include the
acidic and basic environments of the digestive tract (e.g.,
stomach, intestines, etc.), enzymatic cleavage, metabolism, and
other biological processes, and preferably refer to physiological
conditions in a vertebrate, such as a mammal.
The terms "amino acid residue" and "peptide residue" mean an amino
acid or peptide molecule without the --OH of its carboxyl group. In
general the abbreviations used herein for designating the amino
acids and the protective groups are based on recommendations of the
IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (see Biochemistry
1972, 11, 1726-1732). For instance, Met, Ile, Leu, Ala, and Gly
represent "residues" of methionine, isoleucine, leucine, alanine,
and glycine, respectively. Residue means a moiety derived from the
corresponding .alpha.-amino acid by eliminating the OH portion of
the carboxyl group and the H portion of the .alpha.-amino group.
The term "amino acid side chain" is that part of an amino acid
exclusive of the --CH(NH.sub.2)COOH portion, as defined by K. D.
Kopple, Peptides and Amino Acids; Benjamin: New York, 1966; pp. 2
and 33; examples of such side chains of the common amino acids are
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2SCH.sub.3 (the side chain of methionine),
--CH.sub.2(CH.sub.3)--CH.sub.2CH.sub.3 (the side chain of
isoleucine), --CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 (the side chain of
leucine) or H-(the side chain of glycine).
For the most part, the amino acids used in the application of this
invention are those naturally occurring amino acids found in
proteins, or the naturally occurring anabolic or catabolic products
of such amino acids which contain amino and carboxyl groups.
Particularly suitable amino acid side chains include side chains
selected from those of the following amino acids: glycine, alanine,
valine, cysteine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine,
methionine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, asparagine,
lysine, arginine, proline, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and
tryptophan, and those amino acids and amino acid analogs which have
been identified as constituents of peptidylglycan bacterial cell
walls.
The term amino acid residue further includes analogs, derivatives
and congeners of any specific amino acid referred to herein, as
well as C-terminal or N-terminal protected amino acid derivatives
(e.g., modified with an N-terminal or C-terminal protecting group).
For example, the present invention contemplates the use of amino
acid analogs wherein a side chain is lengthened or shortened while
still providing a carboxyl, amino or other reactive precursor
functional group for cyclization, as well as amino acid analogs
having variant side chains with appropriate functional groups). For
instance, the subject compound can include an amino acid analog
such as, for example, cyanoalanine, canavanine, djenkolic acid,
norleucine, 3-phosphoserine, homoserine, dihydroxy-phenylalanine,
5-hydroxytryptophan, 1-methylhistidine, 3-methylhistidine,
diaminopimelic acid, ornithine, or diaminobutyric acid. Other
naturally occurring amino acid metabolites or precursors having
side chains which are suitable herein will be recognized by those
skilled in the art and are included in the scope of the present
invention.
Also included are the (D) and (L) stereoisomers of such amino acids
when the structure of the amino acid admits of stereoisomeric
forms. The configuration of the amino acids and amino acid residues
herein are designated by the appropriate symbols (D), (L) or (DL),
furthermore when the configuration is not designated, the amino
acid or residue can have the configuration (D), (L), or (DL). It
will be noted that the structure of some of the compounds of this
invention includes asymmetric carbon atoms. It is to be understood
accordingly that the isomers arising from such asymmetry are
included within the scope of this invention. Such isomers can be
obtained in substantially pure form by classical separation
techniques and by sterically controlled synthesis. For the purposes
of this application, unless expressly noted to the contrary, a
named amino acid shall be construed to include both the (D) and (L)
stereoisomers.
The phrase "protecting group" as used herein means substituents
which protect the reactive functional group from undesirable
chemical reactions. Examples of such protecting groups include
esters of carboxylic acids and boronic acids, ethers of alcohols,
and acetals and ketals of aldehydes and ketones. For instance, the
phrase "N-terminal protecting group" or "amino-protecting group" as
used herein refers to various amino-protecting groups which can be
employed to protect the N-terminus of an amino acid or peptide
against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures. Examples
of suitable groups include acyl protecting groups such as, to
illustrate, formyl, dansyl, acetyl, benzoyl, trifluoroacetyl,
succinyl, and methoxysuccinyl; aromatic urethane protecting groups
as, for example, benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz); and aliphatic urethane
protecting groups such as t-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) or
9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc).
As noted above, certain compounds of the present invention may
exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present
invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and
trans-isomers, R- and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers,
(L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures
thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention. Additional
asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an
alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are
intended to be included in this invention. In certain embodiments
where a particular enantiomer is preferred, a compound of the
present invention is enriched to have >60%, >70%, >80%,
>90%, >95%, or even greater than 98% or 99% of the preferred
enantiomer, as opposed to a racemate where the two enantiomers each
are present to the extent of 50%.
If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the
present invention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric
synthesis or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the
resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary
group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomer.
Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basic functional
group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as
carboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate
optically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of the
diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or
chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent
recovery of the pure enantiomer.
For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are
identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements,
CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 67th ed., 1986-87,
inside cover.
A compound is said to have an "insulinotropic activity" if it is
able to stimulate, or cause the stimulation of, the synthesis or
expression of the hormone insulin.
The term "amino-terminal protecting group" as used herein, refers
to terminal amino protecting groups that are typically employed in
organic synthesis, especially peptide synthesis. Any of the known
categories of protecting groups can be employed, including acyl
protecting groups, such as acetyl, and benzoyl; aromatic urethane
protecting groups, such as benzyloxycarbonyl; and aliphatic
urethane protecting groups, such as tert-butoxycarbonyl. See, for
example, Gross and Mienhoffer, Eds., The Peptides, Academic Press:
New York, 1981; Vol. 3, 3-88; and Green, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M.,
Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd ed, Wiley: New York,
1991. Preferred protecting groups include aryl-, aralkyl-,
heteroaryl- and heteroarylalkyl-carbonyl and sulfonyl moieties.
The term "amino acid analog" refers to a compound structurally
similar to a naturally occurring amino acid wherein either the
C-terminal carboxy group, the N-terminal amino group or side-chain
functional group has been chemically modified. For example,
aspartic acid-(beta-methyl ester) is an amino acid analog of
aspartic acid; N-ethylglycine is an amino acid analog of glycine;
or alanine carboxamide is an amino acid analog of alanine.
The terms "gastrointestinal inflammation," "inflammatory bowel
disease," and "inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract" are used
interchangeably herein to mean inflammation of any portion of the
gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus to the sigmoid flexure
or the termination of the colon in the rectum. The inflammation can
be acute, but, generally, the composition of this invention is used
to treat Crohnic conditions.
A "single oral dosage formulation" is a dosage which provides an
amount of drug to produce a serum concentration at least as great
as the EC.sub.50 for that drug, but less than the LD.sub.50.
Another measure for a single oral dosage formulation is that it
provides an amount of drug necessary to produce a serum
concentration at least as great as the IC.sub.50 for that drug, but
less than the LD.sub.50. By either measure, a single oral dosage
formulation is preferably an amount of drug which produces a serum
concentration at least 10% less than the LD.sub.50, and even more
preferably at least 50%, 75%, or even 90% less than the
LD.sub.50.
The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" is employed herein to
refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage
forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment,
suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and
animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response,
or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable
benefit/risk ratio.
The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" as used herein
means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or
vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient,
solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or
transporting the inhibitors of the present invention from one
organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the
body. Each carrier must be "acceptable" in the sense of being
compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not
injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can
serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars,
such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn
starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such
as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose
acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc;
(8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9)
oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame
oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as
propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol,
mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate
and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as
magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16)
pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) RingeRs solution;
(19) ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21) other
non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical
formulations.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" in these instances
refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base
addition salts of compounds of the present invention.
The term "pharmaceutically functional derivative" refers to any
pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of an inhibitor of the
present invention, for example, an ester or an amide, which upon
administration to a mammal is capable of providing (directly or
indirectly) the inhibitor. Such derivatives are recognizable to
those skilled in the art, without undue experimentation.
Nevertheless reference is made to the teaching of Burger's
Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 5th ed., Vol 1.
As used herein the term "physiological conditions" refers to
temperature, pH, ionic strength, viscosity, and like biochemical
parameters which are compatible with a viable organism, and/or
which typically exist intracellularly in a viable mammalian
cell
The term "prodrug" as used herein encompasses compounds that, under
physiological conditions, are converted into therapeutically active
agents. A common method for making a prodrug is to include selected
moieties that are hydrolyzed under physiological conditions to
reveal the desired molecule. In other embodiments, the prodrug is
converted by an enzymatic activity of the host animal.
The term "shelf-life" typically refers to the time period for which
the performance characteristics of an inhibitor remain at peak. As
used herein, the term "T.sub.90" refers to the amount of time it
takes for a preparation of the subject inhibitor to degrade to the
point that it has 90% of the activity of the starting sample, e.g.,
a diminishment of 10%. Likewise, the term "T.sub.50" refers to the
amount of time it takes for a preparation of the subject inhibitor
to degrade to the point that it has 50% of the activity of the
starting sample, e.g., a diminishment of 50%. The shelf-life,
whether reported as T.sub.90 or T.sub.50, for a given
pharmaceutical preparation of an inhibitor is the measured for the
preparation as it is packaged for use by a healthcare provider or
patient.
As used herein the term "substantially soluble" refers to
inhibitors which can be dissolved in inhalant propeller mixture to
form a substantially clear to hazy solution which will not separate
into layers or form a precipitate when left unagitated for a
minimum of 24 hours at room temperature.
By "transdermal patch" is meant a system capable of delivery of a
drug to a patient via the skin, or any suitable external surface,
including mucosal membranes, such as those found inside the mouth.
Such delivery systems generally comprise a flexible backing, an
adhesive and a drug retaining matrix, the backing protecting the
adhesive and matrix and the adhesive holding the whole on the skin
of the patient. On contact with the skin, the drug-retaining matrix
delivers inhibitor to the skin, the drug then passing through the
skin into the patient's system.
The term "quaternizing agent" refers to a chemical compound which
converts a nitrogen atom with fewer than four substituents to a
positively charged nitrogen atom with four substituents. Examples
of "quaternizing agents" include lower alkyl halides, such as
methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides, and iodides;
dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl
sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and
stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like
benzyl and phenethyl bromides, and others.
The term "therapeutic index" refers to the therapeutic index of a
drug defined as LD.sub.50/ED.sub.50.
A "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound, e.g., such as a
dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor of the present invention, with
respect to the subject method of treatment, refers to an amount of
the compound(s) in a preparation which, when administered as part
of a desired dosage regimen (to a mammal, preferably a human)
brings alleviates a symptom, ameliorates a condition, or slows the
onset of disease conditions according to clinically acceptable
standards for the disorder or condition to be treated or the
cosmetic purpose, e.g., at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio
applicable to any medical treatment.
A "therapeutically effective daily dosage" of a compound, e.g.,
such as an inhibitor of the present invention, with respect to the
subject method of treatment, refers to an amount of the compound(s)
in a preparation which, when administered as part of a desired
daily dosage regimen (to a mammal, preferably a human) brings
alleviates a symptom, ameliorates a condition, or slows the onset
of disease conditions according to clinically acceptable standards
for the disorder or condition to be treated or the cosmetic
purpose, e.g., at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any
medical treatment.
It will be understood that all generic structures recited herein,
with respect to appropriate combinations of substituents, are
intended to cover those embodiments permitted by valency and
stability.
Exemplary Embodiments
(i). Compounds
Useful compounds will be described below using various formulae. In
each case, the variables in the formula are defined specifically
for each individual formulae. A definition of a variable for one
formula should not be used to vary a definition provided for
another formula, although a variable that has not been defined for
one formula may be interpreted by analogy with a definition
elsewhere for a similar formula.
Embodiment A
A representative class of compounds for use in the method of the
present invention are represented by formula I:
##STR00012## wherein
A represents a 4-8 membered heterocycle including the N and the
C.alpha. carbon;
Z represents C or N;
W represents a functional group which reacts with an active site
residue of the targeted protease, as for example, --CN,
--CH.dbd.NR.sub.5,
##STR00013##
R.sub.1 represents a C-terminally linked amino acid residue or
amino acid analog, or a C-terminally linked peptide or peptide
analog, or
##STR00014## wherein the bond between R.sub.1 and N is a thioxamide
bond;
R.sub.2 is absent or represents one or more substitutions to the
ring A, each of which is independently a halogen, lower alkyl,
lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, ester,
formate, or ketone), thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester,
thioacetate, or thioformate), amino, acylamino, amido, nitro,
sulfate, sulfonate, sulfonamido, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00015## or
##STR00016##
when Z is N, R.sub.3 is absent;
when Z is C, R.sub.3 represents hydrogen or a halogen, lower alkyl,
lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, amino,
acylamino, amido, nitro, sulfate, sulfonate, a sulfonamido,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00017## or
##STR00018##
R.sub.5 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
--C(X.sub.1)(X.sub.2)X.sub.3, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sub.2, or --C(O)C(O)OR'.sub.7;
R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
##STR00019##
R.sub.7 represents, for each occurrence, a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle;
R'.sub.7 represents, for each occurrence, hydrogen, or a
substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl,
cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycle; and
Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 can independently or together be OH, or a group
capable of being hydrolyzed to a hydroxyl group, including cyclic
derivatives where Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are connected via a ring
having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring structure (such as pinacol or
the like),
R.sub.50 represents O or S;
R.sub.51 represents N.sub.3, SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2 or
OR'.sub.7;
R.sub.52 represents hydrogen, a lower alkyl, amine, OR'.sub.7, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or R.sub.51 and R.sub.52 taken
together with the phosphorous atom to which they are attached
complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring
structure;
X.sub.1 represents a halogen;
X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 each represent a hydrogen or a halogen
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and n is an integer
in the range of 1 to 8.
In certain embodiments, the ring A is a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring,
e.g., represented by
##STR00020## and more preferably a 5 or 6 membered ring. The ring
may, optionally, be further substituted.
In certain embodiments, W represents
##STR00021##
In certain embodiments, R.sub.1 is
##STR00022## wherein R.sub.36 is a small hydrophobic group, e.g., a
lower alkyl or a halogen and R.sub.38 is hydrogen, or, R.sub.36 and
R.sub.38 together form a 4-7 membered heterocycle including the N
and the C.alpha. carbon, as defined for A above; and R.sub.40
represents a C-terminally linked amino acid residue or amino acid
analog, or a C-terminally linked peptide or peptide analog, or an
amino-protecting group.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.2 is absent, or represents a small
hydrophobic group such as a lower alkyl or a halogen.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.3 is a hydrogen, or a small
hydrophobic group such as a lower alkyl or a halogen.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.5 is a hydrogen, or a halogenated
lower alkyl.
In certain embodiments, X.sub.1 is a fluorine, and X.sub.2 and
X.sub.3, if halogens, are fluorine.
Also deemed as equivalents are any compounds which can be
hydrolytically converted into any of the aforementioned compounds
including boronic acid esters and halides, and carbonyl equivalents
including acetals, hemiacetals, ketals, and hemiketals, and cyclic
dipeptide analogs.
Longer peptide sequences are needed for the inhibition of certain
proteases and improve the specificity of the inhibition in some
cases.
In certain embodiments, the subject method utilizes, as a DPIV
inhibitor, a boronic acid analog of an amino acid or amino acid
derivative, such as a thioxamide-modified amino acid. For example,
the present invention contemplates the use of boro-prolyl
derivatives in the subject method. Exemplary boronic acid derived
inhibitors of the present invention are represented by the formula
II:
##STR00023## wherein
R.sub.1 represents a C-terminally linked amino acid residue or
amino acid analog, or a C-terminally linked peptide or peptide
analog, or
##STR00024## wherein the bond between R.sub.1 and N is a thioxamide
bond;
R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
##STR00025##
R.sub.7 represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, or a
heterocycle;
R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl,
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --C(.dbd.O)-alkyl,
--C(.dbd.O)-alkenyl, --C(.dbd.O)-alkynyl,
--C(.dbd.O)--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
or R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 taken together with the N atom to which they
are attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 atoms
in the ring structure;
R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 each independently represent hydrogen, a
alkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or R.sub.11 and
R.sub.12 taken together with the O--B--O atoms to which they are
attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in
the ring structure;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and n is an integer
in the range of 1 to 8.
In other embodiments, compounds include aldehyde analogs of proline
or prolyl derivatives, such as thioxamide derivatives. Exemplary
aldehyde-derived compounds of the present invention are represented
by the formula III:
##STR00026## wherein
R.sub.1 represents a C-terminally linked amino acid residue or
amino acid analog, or a C-terminally linked peptide or peptide
analog, or
##STR00027## wherein the bond between R.sub.1 and N is a thioxamide
bond;
R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
##STR00028##
R.sub.7 represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, or a
heterocycle;
R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl,
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --C(.dbd.O)-alkyl,
--C(.dbd.O)-alkenyl, --C(.dbd.O)-alkynyl,
--C(.dbd.O)--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
or R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 taken together with the N atom to which they
are attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 atoms
in the ring structure; and
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and n is an integer
in the range of 1 to 8.
In yet further embodiments, compounds include a halo-methyl ketone
analog of an amino acid or amino acid derivative, such as a
thioxamide-modified amino acid. Exemplary compounds of this class
include compounds represented by the formula IV:
##STR00029## wherein
R.sub.1 represents a C-terminally linked amino acid residue or
amino acid analog, or a C-terminally linked peptide or peptide
analog, or
##STR00030## wherein the bond between R.sub.1 and N is a thioxamide
bond;
R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
##STR00031##
R.sub.7 represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, or a
heterocycle;
R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl,
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --C(.dbd.O)-alkyl,
--C(.dbd.O)-alkenyl, --C(.dbd.O)-alkynyl,
--C(.dbd.O)--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
or R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 taken together with the N atom to which they
are attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 atoms
in the ring structure;
X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 each represent a hydrogen or a
halogen; and
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and n is an integer
in the range of 1 to 8.
In certain embodiments, compounds are peptides or peptidomimetics
including a prolyl group or analog thereof in the P1 specificity
position, and a nonpolar amino acid in the P2 specificity position,
e.g., a nonpolar amino acid such as alanine, leucine, isoleucine,
valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan or methionine, or an
analog thereof, such as a thioxamide analog. For example, the
compound may include an Ala-Pro or Pro-Pro dipeptide sequence or
equivalent thereof, and be represented in the formulas V and
VI:
##STR00032##
In certain embodiments, the ring A is a 5, 6 or 7 membered ring,
e.g., represented by
##STR00033##
In certain embodiments, R.sub.32 is a small hydrophobic group,
e.g., a lower alkyl or a halogen.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.30 represents a C-terminally linked
amino acid residue or amino acid analog, or a C-terminally linked
peptide or peptide analog, or an amino-protecting group wherein
optionally where applicable the bond between R.sub.30 and the N to
which it is attached is a thioxamide bond.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.30 is H.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.2 is absent, or is or a halogen,
azido, cyano, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00034## or small hydrophobic group such as a lower alkyl.
In certain embodiments, Z is C and R.sub.3 is a hydrogen, or a
small hydrophobic group such as a lower alkyl or a halogen.
Another representative class of compounds for use in the subject
method include peptide and peptidomimetics of (D)-Ala-(L)-Ala,
e.g., preserving the diasteromeric orientation, in which one or
more amide groups are replaced by one or more thioxamide groups.
Such compounds include compounds represented by the formula
VII:
##STR00035##
wherein
W represents a functional group which reacts with an active site
residue of the targeted protease, as for example, --CN,
--CH.dbd.NR.sub.5,
##STR00036##
R.sub.1 represents a C-terminally linked amino acid residue or
amino acid analog, or a C-terminally linked peptide or peptide
analog, or an amino-protecting group, or
##STR00037## wherein optionally where applicable the bond between
R.sub.1 and the N to which it is attached is a thioxamide bond;
R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.r--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
##STR00038##
R.sub.7 represents, for each occurrence, a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle;
R'.sub.7 represents, for each occurrence, hydrogen, or a
substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl,
cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycle;
R.sub.61 and R.sub.62, independently, represent small hydrophobic
groups;
Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 can independently or together be OH, or a group
capable of being hydrolyzed to a hydroxyl group, including cyclic
derivatives where Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are connected via a ring
having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring structure (such as pinacol or
the like),
R.sub.50 represents O or S;
R.sub.51 represents N.sub.3, SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2 or
OR'.sub.7;
R.sub.52 represents hydrogen, a lower alkyl, an amine, OR'.sub.7,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or R.sub.51 and R.sub.52
taken together with the phosphorous atom to which they are attached
complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring
structure;
X.sub.1 represents a halogen;
X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 each represent a hydrogen or a halogen
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and
n is an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.1 is
##STR00039## wherein R.sub.36 is a small hydrophobic group, e.g., a
lower alkyl or a halogen and R.sub.39 is hydrogen, or, R.sub.36 and
R.sub.38 together form a 4-7 membered heterocycle including the N
and the C.alpha. carbon, as defined for A above; and R.sub.40
represents a C-terminally linked amino acid residue or amino acid
analog, or a C-terminally linked peptide or peptide analog, or an
amino-protecting group.
In certain embodiments, Z is C and R.sub.3 is a hydrogen, or a
small hydrophobic group such as a lower alkyl or a halogen.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.5 is a hydrogen, or a halogenated
lower alkyl.
In certain embodiments, X.sub.1 is a fluorine, and X.sub.2 and
X.sub.3, if halogens, are fluorine.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.61 and R.sub.62, independently,
represent low alkyls, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,
tert-butyl or the like.
Embodiment B
Another representative class of compounds for use in the method of
the present invention are represented by formula VIII:
##STR00040## wherein
R.sub.1 represents hydrogen, halogen or lower alkyl, lower alkenyl,
or lower alkynyl, preferably lower alkyl such as methyl, ethyl,
etc., optionally substituted by one or more small substitutents
such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, etc.;
R.sub.2 represents a branched lower alkyl, aralkyl, aryl,
heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl,
preferably a bulky hydrophobic group, such as cyclohexyl, t-butyl,
etc., optionally substituted by one or more small substitutents
such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, etc.;
R.sub.3 represents hydrogen or an amino-protecting group,
preferably hydrogen;
R.sub.4 represents hydrogen, a C-terminally linked amino acid
residue or amino acid analog, a C-terminally linked peptide or
peptide analog, an amino-protecting group, or
##STR00041## preferably hydrogen, wherein optionally where
applicable the bond between R.sub.4 and the N to which it is
attached is a thioxamide bond;
R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7;
R.sub.7 represents, for each occurrence, a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle;
R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 each independently represent hydrogen, an
alkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or R.sub.11 and
R.sub.12 taken together with the O--B--O atoms to which they are
attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in
the ring structure; and
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
In other embodiments, the subject compounds include aldehyde
analogs of alanine or alanyl derivatives, such as
thioxamide-modified derivatives. Exemplary compounds of the present
invention are represented by the formula IX:
##STR00042## wherein
R.sub.1 represents hydrogen, halogen or lower alkyl, lower alkenyl,
or lower alkynyl, preferably lower alkyl such as methyl, ethyl,
etc., optionally substituted by one or more small substitutents
such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, etc.;
R.sub.2 represents a branched lower alkyl, aralkyl, aryl,
heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl,
preferably a bulky hydrophobic group, such as cyclohexyl, t-butyl,
etc., optionally substituted by one or more small substitutents
such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, etc.;
R.sub.3 represents hydrogen or an amino-protecting group,
preferably hydrogen;
R.sub.4 represents hydrogen, a C-terminally linked amino acid
residue or amino acid analog, a C-terminally linked peptide or
peptide analog, an amino-protecting group, or
##STR00043## preferably hydrogen, wherein optionally where
applicable the bond between R.sub.4 and the N to which it is
attached is a thioxamide bond;
R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7;
R.sub.7 represents, for each occurrence, a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
In yet further embodiments, the compounds are halo-methyl ketone
analogs of an amino acid or thioxamide-modified amino acid.
Exemplary inhibitors of this class include compounds represented by
the formula X:
##STR00044## wherein
R.sub.1 represents hydrogen, halogen or lower alkyl, lower alkenyl,
or lower alkynyl, preferably lower alkyl such as methyl, ethyl,
etc., optionally substituted by one or more small substitutents
such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, etc.;
R.sub.2 represents a branched lower alkyl, aralkyl, aryl,
heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl,
preferably a bulky hydrophobic group, such as cyclohexyl, t-butyl,
etc., optionally substituted by one or more small substitutents
such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, etc.;
R.sub.3 represents hydrogen or an amino-protecting group,
preferably hydrogen;
R.sub.4 represents hydrogen, a C-terminally linked amino acid
residue or amino acid analog, a C-terminally linked peptide or
peptide analog, an amino-protecting group, or
##STR00045## preferably hydrogen, where optionally where applicable
the bond between R.sub.4 and the N to which it is attached is a
thioxamide bond;
R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m-1 R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7;
R.sub.7 represents, for each occurrence, a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle;
X.sub.1, X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 each represent a hydrogen or a
halogen;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
In certain embodiments, the compound is a peptide or peptidomimetic
including a alaninyl group or analog thereof, such as a thioxamide
analog, in the P1 specificity position, and a non-naturally
occurring amino acid in the P2 specificity position, or an analog
thereof, such as a thioxamide analog. For example, the compound may
include an Cyclohexylglycine-Ala or t-butylglycine-Ala dipeptide
sequence or equivalent thereof, and be represented in the formula
XI:
##STR00046##
R.sub.1 represents hydrogen, halogen or lower alkyl, lower alkenyl,
or lower alkynyl, preferably lower alkyl such as methyl, ethyl,
etc., optionally substituted by one or more small substitutents
such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, etc.;
R.sub.2 represents a branched lower alkyl, aralkyl, aryl,
heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl,
preferably a bulky hydrophobic group, such as cyclohexyl, t-butyl,
etc., optionally substituted by one or more small substitutents
such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, etc.;
R.sub.3 represents hydrogen or an amino-protecting group,
preferably hydrogen;
R.sub.4 represents hydrogen, a C-terminally linked amino acid
residue or amino acid analog, a C-terminally linked peptide or
peptide analog, an amino-protecting group, or
##STR00047## preferably hydrogen, where optionally where applicable
the bond between R.sub.4 and the N to which it is attached is a
thioxamide bond;
R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7;
R.sub.7 represents, for each occurrence, a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle;
W represents a functional group which reacts with an active site
residue of the targeted protease, as for example, --CN,
--CH--NR.sub.53,
##STR00048## preferably
##STR00049##
Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are, independently, OH, or a group capable of
being hydrolyzed, e.g., under physiologic conditions to a hydroxyl
group, such as alkoxy, aryloxy, etc., including cyclic derivatives
where Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are connected via a ring having from 5 to
8 atoms in the ring structure (such as pinacol or the like);
R.sub.50 represents O or S;
R.sub.51 represents N.sub.3, SH, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2 or
OR'.sub.7;
R.sub.52 represents hydrogen, a lower alkyl, an amine, OR'.sub.7,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or R.sub.51 and R.sub.52
taken together with the phosphorous atom to which they are attached
complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring
structure;
R.sub.53 represents hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl,
--C(X.sub.1)(X.sub.2)--X.sub.3, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sub.2, --C(O)C(O)OR'.sub.7, preferably a hydrogen, or
a halogenated lower alkyl;
X.sub.1 represents a halogen, preferably a fluorine;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and
n is an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
Another representative class of compounds for use in the subject
method include peptide and peptidomimetics of
(L)-Ala-(L)-Cyclohexylglycine or thioxamide analogs thereof, e.g.,
preserving the steric disposition of moieties. Such inhibitors
include compounds represented by the formula XII:
##STR00050## wherein
R.sub.1 represents hydrogen, halogen or lower alkyl, lower alkenyl,
or lower alkynyl, preferably lower alkyl such as methyl, ethyl,
etc., optionally substituted by one or more small substitutents
such as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, etc.;
R.sub.2 represents a branched lower alkyl, aralkyl, aryl,
heteroaralkyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl,
preferably a bulky hydrophobic group, such as cyclohexyl, t-butyl,
etc., optionally substituted by one or more small substituents such
as halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, etc.;
R.sub.3 represents hydrogen or an amino-protecting group,
preferably hydrogen;
R.sub.4 represents hydrogen, a C-terminally linked amino acid
residue or amino acid analog, a C-terminally linked peptide or
peptide analog, an amino-protecting group, or
##STR00051## preferably hydrogen, wherein optionally where
applicable the bond between R.sub.4 and the N to which it is
attached is a thioxamide bond;
R.sub.6 represents hydrogen, a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7;
R.sub.7 represents, for each occurrence, a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle;
W represents a functional group which reacts with an active site
residue of the targeted protease, as for example, --CN,
--CH.dbd.NR.sub.53,
##STR00052## preferably
##STR00053##
Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are, independently, OH, or a group capable of
being hydrolyzed, e.g., under physiologic conditions to a hydroxyl
group, such as alkoxy, aryloxy, etc., including cyclic derivatives
where Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are connected via a ring having from 5 to
8 atoms in the ring structure (such as pinacol or the like);
R.sub.50 represents O or S;
R.sub.5, represents N.sub.3, SH, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2 or
OR'.sub.7;
R.sub.52 represents hydrogen, a lower alkyl, amine, OR'.sub.7, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or R.sub.51 and R.sub.52 taken
together with the phosphorous atom to which they are attached
complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring
structure;
R.sub.53 represents hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
--C(X.sub.1)(X.sub.2)--X.sub.3, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sub.2, --C(O)C(O)OR'.sub.7, preferably a hydrogen, or
a halogenated lower alkyl;
X.sub.1 represents a halogen, preferably a fluorine;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8;
and n is an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
Embodiment C
A representative class of compounds for use in the method of the
present invention are represented by formula XIII: A-G (XIII) or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
A represents a peptidyl moiety which is a substrate for an
activating protease;
A and G are covalently linked by a bond that is cleaved by the
activating protease;
G represents an inhibitor of a target protease which, when cleaved
from A by the activating serine protease, is characterized by one
or both of the following: undergoes proto-deboronation and/or
inhibits the target protease with a Ki of 100 nM or less; and
the compound of Formula XIII comprises one or more thioxamide
groups.
In certain embodiments, the activating protease can be a serine
protease, a cysteine protease or a metalloprotease. Likewise, the
target protease can be a serine protease, a cysteine protease or a
metalloprotease. In certain certain embodiments, the target and
activating proteases are serine proteases.
In certain certain embodiments, the activating protease is a
post-prolyl cleaving protease, such as selected from the group
consisting of DPP IV, DPP II, Prolyl oligopeptidase (PO),
Fibroblast Activating Protein (FAP), and prolyl carboxypeptidase.
In certain embodiments, the post-prolyl cleaving protease is an
endopeptidase, and A includes a blocked amino terminus.
In other embodiments, the activating protease is selected from the
group consisting of the group consisting of thrombin (Factor X),
matriptase, falcipain, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and
proteases homologous thereto.
In certain certain embodiments, the target protease is a
post-prolyl cleaving protease, such as selected from the group
consisting of DPP IV, DPP II, Prolyl oligopeptidase (PO),
Fibroblast Activating Protein (FAP), and prolyl
carboxypeptidase.
In certain embodiments, G is a dipeptidyl moiety, e.g., derived
from naturally occurring amino acids or analogs thereof.
In certain embodiments, G represents an inhibitor of a target
protease which, when cleaved from A by the activating serine
protease, inhibits the target protease with a Ki of 100 nM or less,
and certain certain embodiments, 10, 1 or 0.1 nM or less.
In certain certain embodiments, the half-life time (T.sub.1/2) in
serum for the inhibitor G is less than 24 hours, and even more
preferably less than 10 hours, 1 hour or even 10 min.
In certain embodiments, the address moiety A represents a
C-terminally linked peptide or peptide analog, e.g., of 2-10 amino
acid residues, more preferably 2-4 residues, which is a substrate
for the activating enzyme. In certain certain embodiments, A is a
dipeptidyl or tripepidyl moiety. In certain embodiments, A is
derived from naturally occurring amino acids or analogs thereof and
in certain certain embodiments, at least one residue of A is a
non-naturally occurring amino acid analog.
In certain certain embodiments, such as when the address moiety A
is a substrate of DPP IV, the amino terminus of the peptide or
peptide analog is blocked with an amino-terminal protecting group,
preferably a lower alkyl such as a methyl group.
In certain embodiments, the inhibitor moiety G is a dipeptidyl
moiety and a electrophilic functional group that can form a
covalent adduct with a residue in the active site of a protease
replacing the carboxyl terminus of the dipeptidyl moiety. For
instance, the inhibitor moiety G can be represented in the formula
XIV: Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-W (XIV) wherein
Xaa.sub.1 is a naturally occurring amino acid or analog thereof,
wherein Xaa.sub.1 contains a thioxamide group;
Xaa.sub.2 is a naturally occurring amino acid or analog
thereof;
W represents a functional group which reacts with an active site
residue of the targeted protease to form a covalent adduct, as for
example, --CN, --CH.dbd.NR.sub.5,
##STR00054## R.sub.5 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
--C(X.sub.1)(X.sub.2)X.sub.3, --(CH.sub.2)m--R.sub.6,
--(CH.sub.2)n--OH, --(CH.sub.2)n--O-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2)n--O-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2)n--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2)n--O--(CH.sub.2)m--R.sub.6, --(CH.sub.2)n--SH,
--(CH.sub.2)n--S-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2)n--S-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2)n--S-alkynyl, --(CH.sub.2)n--S--(CH.sub.2)m--R.sub.6,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sub.2, or --C(O)C(O)OR.sub.7; R.sub.6 represents a
substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl,
cycloalkenyl, or heterocycle; R.sub.7 represents independently for
each occurrence hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,
alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycle;
and Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 can independently or together be --OH, or a
group capable of being hydrolyzed to a hydroxyl group, including
cyclic derivatives where Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are connected via a
ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring structure (such as
pinacol or the like), R.sub.50 represents O or S; R.sub.51
represents N.sub.3, SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2 or --OR.sub.7;
R.sub.52 represents hydrogen, a lower alkyl, an amine, --OR.sub.7,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or R.sub.51 and R.sub.52
taken together with the phosphorous atom to which they are attached
complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring
structure X.sub.1 represents a halogen; X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 each
represent a hydrogen or a halogen; m is zero or an integer in the
range of 1 to 8; and n is an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
The pro-soft inhibitors of the present invention do not themselves
undergo proto-deboronation and can be constructed such that they do
not inhibit the selected target enzyme, or other enzymes to any
significant extent, before being cleaved by the activating
protease. That is, the pro-soft inhibitors are themselves inactive,
but produce an active inhibitor moiety G in the body when the
address moiety A is removed from the pro-soft inhibitor.
One of the features that makes the pro-soft inhibitor molecules of
the current invention different from typical prodrugs is that the
inhibitor moiety, after being generated in the active form near the
target, undergoes inactivation over time, e.g., as it diffuses away
from the target enzyme, thereby reducing the possibility of
deleterious side effects that may result from inhibition of enzymes
occurring in other parts of the patient. This combination of being
released in an active form in the vicinity of the target enzyme
together with this "programmed" deactivation mechanism makes the
molecules of the invention more specific, effective, and safer
(i.e., having fewer side effects) than the inhibitor moiety used on
its own.
In certain embodiments, the inhibitor moiety G is a dipeptidyl
moiety, e.g., derived from naturally occurring amino acids or amino
acid analogs comprising a thioamide moiety.
In certain embodiments, the inhibitor moiety G is an inhibitor of a
target protease which, when cleaved from pro-soft inhibitor by the
activating protease, inhibits the target protease with a K.sub.i of
100 nM (10.sup.-7M) or less, and even more preferably, a Ki less
than equal to 25 nM, 10 nM (10.sup.-8M), mM (10.sup.-9M), or 0.1 nM
(10.sup.-10M). In certain embodiments, K.sub.i's of less than
10.sup.-11M and even 10.sup.-12M have been measured or estimated
for the subject inhibitor moieties.
In certain certain embodiments, the therapeutic index for the
pro-soft inhibitor is at least 2 times greater than the therapeutic
index for the inhibitor moiety alone, and even more preferably 5,
10, 50 or even 100 times greater.
For many of the subject pro-soft inhibitors, another improvement
over the inhibitor moiety itself is increased stability in
pharmaceutical preparations, such as in solution, oils or solid
formulations. Such stability can be expressed in terms of
shelf-life. In certain certain embodiments, the subject pro-soft
inhibitor has a T.sub.90 of at least 7 days, and even more
preferably of at least 20, 50, 100 or even 200 days. In certain
certain embodiments, the subject pro-soft inhibitor has a T.sub.50
of at least 20 days, and even more preferably of at least 50, 100,
200 or even 400 days. In certain certain embodiments, the subject
pro-soft inhibitor has a T.sub.90 as a solid, single oral dosage
formulation of at least 20, 50, 100 or even 200 days. In certain
certain embodiments, the subject pro-soft inhibitor has a T.sub.90
as a liquid, single dosage suspension of at least 20, 50, 100 or
even 200 days.
Preferred pharmaceutical preparations of the subject pro-soft
inhibitors are substantially pyrogen-free. For example, in certain
certain embodiments, the endotoxin concentration of the subject
preparation, as assayed by the via the gel-clot method (as a limits
test with comparison to the maximum allowed FDA limit, as stated in
appendix E of the Endotoxin Guidance), is less than 10 EU/mL or
EU/single dosage formulation, and even more preferably less than 5,
1, or even 0.1 EU/mL or EU/single dosage formulation.
In certain embodiments, a single administration of the pro-soft
inhibitor, such as bolus injection, oral dosage or inhaled dosage,
can produce a sustained in vivo effect, such as to provide a
therapeutically effective amount (>ED.sub.50 concentration) of
the inhibitor moiety G for a period of at least 4 hours, and even
more preferably at least 8, 12 or even 16 hours.
In certain certain embodiments, the released inhibitor moiety G,
and particularly the inactive compound, has half-life (e.g.,
relative to decomposition into lower molecular weight fragments) in
serum or other biologically relevant fluid of greater than 10
hours, and even more preferably a half-life greater than 24, 48 or
120 hours.
Formulations of the present invention include those especially
formulated for oral, buccal, parental, transdermal, inhalation,
intranasal, transmucosal, implant, or rectal administration. In
certain certain embodiments, the subject inhibitors are orally
available, and can be provided in the form of solid dosage
formulations suitable for oral administration to a human patient.
In certain certain embodiments, the subject inhibitors are
transdermally active, and can be provided in the form of topical
cream or suspension or a transdermal patch.
Another aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical package
including one or more of the subject pro-soft inhibitors, and
instructions (written and/or pictorial) describing the
administration of the formulation to a patient. Merely to
illustrate, exemplary packages are appropriately dosed and include
instructions for one or more of: treatment or prophylaxis of
metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, viral disorders,
inflammatory disorders, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia,
dermatological or mucous membrane disorders, psoriasis, intestinal
distress, constipation, autoimmune disorders, encephalomyelitis,
complement mediated disorders, glomerulonephritis, lipodystrophy;
tissue damage, psychosomatic, depressive, and neuropsychiatric
disorders, HIV infection, allergies, inflammation, arthritis,
transplant rejection, high blood pressure, congestive heart
failure, tumors, and stress-induced abortions.
Preferably, the package includes the one or more pro-soft
inhibitors provided as a single oral dosage formulation.
Where the pro-soft inhibitor includes one more chiral centers, in
certain embodiments, the pro-soft inhibitor is provided as at least
75 mol % of the eutomer (relative to the distomer) of that pro-soft
inhibitor, and even more preferably at least 85, 90, 95 or even 99
mol %. Generally, the eutomer with the L-enantiomer (with respect
to the C.alpha. carbon) of an amino acid or amino acid analog.
In certain embodiments, the pro-soft inhibitor is a tetrapeptidyl
moiety represented in the formula XV:
Xaa.sub.1'-Xaa.sub.2'-Xaa.sub.1-Xaa.sub.2-W (XV) wherein
Xaa.sub.1', Xaa.sub.2', and Xaa.sub.2 each independently represent
a naturally occurring amino acid or analog thereof;
Xaa.sub.1 is a naturally occurring amino acid or analog thereof,
wherein Xaa.sub.1 contains a thioxamide group;
W represents a functional group which reacts with an active site
residue of the targeted protease to form a covalent adduct, as for
example, --CN, --CH.dbd.NR.sub.5,
##STR00055## R.sub.5 independently for each occurrence H, alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, --C(X.sub.1)(X.sub.2)X.sub.3,
--(CH.sub.2)m-R.sub.6, --(CH.sub.2)n--OH, --(CH.sub.2)n--O-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2)n--O-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2)n--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2)n--O--(CH.sub.2)m-R.sub.6, --(CH.sub.2)n--SH,
--(CH.sub.2)n--S-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2)n--S-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2)n--S-alkynyl, --(CH.sub.2)n--S--(CH.sub.2)m-R.sub.6,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sub.2, or --C(O)C(O)OR.sub.7; R.sub.6 represents
independently for each occurrence a substituted or unsubstituted
aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycle; R.sub.7
represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, or a
substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl,
cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycle; Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 can
independently or together be OH, or a group capable of being
hydrolyzed to a hydroxyl group, including cyclic derivatives where
Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are connected via a ring having from 5 to 8
atoms in the ring structure (such as pinacol or the like), R.sub.50
represents O or S; R.sub.51 represents N.sub.3, SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2,
NO.sub.2 or --OR.sub.7; R.sub.52 represents hydrogen, a lower
alkyl, an amine, --OR.sub.7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,
or R.sub.51 and R.sub.52 taken together with the phosphorous atom
to which they are attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from
5 to 8 atoms in the ring structure X.sub.1 represents a halogen;
X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 each represent a hydrogen or a halogen; m is
zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and n is an integer in
the range of 1 to 8.
In certain certain embodiments, Xaa.sub.1' includes an
amino-terminal protecting group.
In certain certain embodiments, Xaa.sub.1' is an amino acid analog
having a tetrasubstituted C.beta. carbon, e.g., a carbon having
four substituents none of which is a hydrogen. For instance,
Xaa.sub.1' can be an amino acid analog represented in the
formula:
##STR00056## wherein: R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 each independently
represent a lower alkyl or a halogen; R.sub.10 represents a lower
alkyl, an aryl, a hydroxyl group or --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--COOH; Z
represents a hydrogen or an amino terminal protecting group; and
m=0, 1 or 2. In certain certain embodiments, R.sub.8 and R.sub.9
each independently represents a lower alkyl, more preferably
methyl, ethyl or propyl, and even more preferably a methyl. In
certain certain embodiments, R.sub.10 represents a lower alkyl,
more preferably methyl, ethyl or propyl, and even more preferably a
methyl. In other certain embodiments, R.sub.10 represents an aryl,
such as phenyl or hydroxyphenyl (preferably para-hydroxy). In yet
other certain embodiments, R.sub.10 represents a hydroxyl group. In
certain certain embodiments, R.sub.10 represents
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--COOH, where m=0, 1 or 2, and preferably where m
is 0 or 1.
In certain embodiments, W is --B(Y.sub.1)(Y.sub.2).
In certain embodiments, R.sub.2 is absent or represents halogen or
lower alkyl.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.4 represents hydrogen or lower
alkyl.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.5 represents H or alkyl.
In certain embodiments, Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are OH.
In certain embodiments, W is --B(OH).sub.2.
In general, the subject pro-soft inhibitors can be divided into two
distinct types on the basis of whether they are activated by the
same, or by a different enzyme as the target enzyme of the
inhibitor moiety. The first type will be referred to as Type 1 or
Target-Activated Smart Protease Inhibitors (TASPI), the second as
Type 2 or Target-Directed Smart Protease Inhibitors (TDSPI). Both
embodiments of the pro-soft inhibitors provide for the specific
delivery of the active component to the targeted enzyme and provide
for attenuation of the inhibitor activity as the inhibitor moiety
diffuses away from the target enzyme.
TDSPIs of the present invention offer the additional prospects for
tissue, or cellular specific inhibition of targeted enzymes. In
other words TDSPIs offer the prospect of inhibiting a given enzyme
in one given cell or tissue type but not in another. For example,
every cell of the body contains a proteasome protease complex.
Inhibition of proteasome function has a number of practical
therapeutic and prophylactic applications. However, it is difficult
to provide for inhibition of proteasome activity in a cell- or
tissue-type selective manner. In certain embodiments of the current
invention, TDSPIs can be constructed to deliver a proteasome
inhibitor moiety in selective manner by using a pro-soft inhibitor
having an address moiety for a protease that is expressed in or
adjacent to the intended target cells or tissue. To illustrate, it
can be activated by FAP or Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and the
resulting inhibitor moiety G is an inhibitor of the proteasome.
In certain embodiments of TDSPIs, the address moiety A is not an
efficient substrate for the target protease. For instance, as a
substrate, address moiety A preferably has a turnover number as a
substrate for the target protease of less than 1/second, and even
more preferably less than 0.1/second, 0.001/second or even
0.0001/second.
In certain embodiments of the subject pro-soft inhibitors, the
address moiety is a substrate for an activating protease selected
from amongst serine proteases, cysteine proteases and
metalloproteases. Likewise, the inhibitor moiety can be an
dipeptidyl inhibitor for a target protease selected from serine
proteases, cysteine proteases and metalloproteases. In certain
certain embodiments, the target protease is a serine proteases.
The pro-soft inhibitors of the present invention can be designed to
work with target and activating serine proteases including, but not
limited to, dipeptidyl peptidase-11 (DPP-XI), dipeptidyl peptidase
IV (DPP IV), dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP VIII), dipeptidyl peptidase
9 (DPP IX), aminopeptidase P, fibroblast activating protein alpha
(seprase), prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase, prolyl oligopeptidase
(endoproteinase Pro-C), attractin (soluble
dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase), acylaminoacyl-peptidase (N-acylpeptide
hydrolase; fMet aminopeptidase) and lysosomal Pro-X
carboxypeptidase (angiotensinase C, prolyl carboxypeptidase).
The pro-soft inhibitors of the present invention can be designed to
work with target and activating metalloproteases including membrane
Pro-X carboxypeptidase (carboxypeptidase P), angiotensin-converting
enzyme (Peptidyl-dipeptidase A multipeptidase], collagenase I
(interstitial collagenase; matrix metalloproteinase 1; MMP-1;
Mcol-A), ADAM 10 (alpha-secretase, myelin-associated disintegrin
metalloproteinase), neprilysin (atriopeptidase; CALLA; CD10;
endopeptidase 24.11; enkephalinase), Macrophage elastase
(metalloelastase; matrix metalloproteinase 12; MMP-12], Matrilysin
(matrix metalloproteinase 7; MMP-7), and neurolysin (endopeptidase
24.16; microsomal endopeptidase; mitochondrial oligopeptidase).
In certain certain embodiments, the activating protease is a
post-prolyl cleaving protease, such as selected from the group
consisting of DPP IV, DPP II, Prolyl oligopeptidase (PO),
Fibroblast Activating Protein (FAP), and prolyl carboxypeptidase.
In certain embodiments where the post-prolyl cleaving protease is
an endopeptidase, the amino terminus of A is blocked with an
amino-terminal protecting group, preferably a lower alkyl such as a
methyl group.
In certain certain embodiments, the subject compound is represented
by the formula XVI:
##STR00057## wherein
A represents a 4-8 membered heterocycle including the N and the
C.alpha. carbon;
W represents a functional group which reacts with an active site
residue of the targeted protease to form a covalent adduct, as for
example, --CN, --CH.dbd.NR.sub.5,
##STR00058##
R.sub.1 represents a C-terminally linked peptide or peptide analog
which is a substrate for an activating enzyme;
R.sub.2 is absent or represents one or more substitutions to the
ring A, each of which is independently a halogen, lower alkyl,
lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, ester,
formate, or ketone), thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester,
thioacetate, or thioformate), amino, acylamino, amido, nitro,
sulfate, sulfonate, sulfonamido, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sub.7 azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00059## or
##STR00060##
R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen or a substituent which does not
conjugate the electron pair of the nitrogen to which it is
attached, such as a lower alkyl;
R.sub.4 represents hydrogen, halogen, a lower alkyl, lower alkenyl,
lower alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R.sub.5 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
--C(X.sub.1)(X.sub.2)X.sub.3, --(CH.sub.2)m-R.sub.6,
--(CH.sub.2)n--OH, --(CH.sub.2)n--O-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2)n--O-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2)n--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2)n--O--(CH.sub.2)m-R.sub.6, --(CH.sub.2)n--SH,
--(CH.sub.2)n--S-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2)n--S-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2)n--S-alkynyl, --(CH.sub.2)n--S--(CH.sub.2)m-R.sub.6,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sub.2, or --C(O)C(O)OR.sub.7;
R.sub.6 represents independently for each occurrence a substituted
or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle;
R.sub.7 represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, or a
substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl,
cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or heterocycle;
R.sub.8 represents hydrogen, --CH.sub.3, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--CH.sub.3;
Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 can independently or together be OH, or a group
capable of being hydrolyzed to a hydroxyl group, including cyclic
derivatives where Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are connected via a ring
having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring structure (such as pinacol or
the like);
R.sub.50 represents O or S;
R.sub.51 represents N.sub.3, SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2 or
--OR.sub.7;
R.sub.52 represents hydrogen, a lower alkyl, an amine, --OR.sub.7,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or R.sub.51 and R.sub.52
taken together with the phosphorous atom to which they are attached
complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring
structure;
X.sub.1 represents a halogen;
X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 each represent a hydrogen or a halogen;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and n is an integer
in the range of 1 to 8.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sub.2 is absent, or represents a
small hydrophobic group.
In certain embodiments, A represents a 5-membered heterocycle
including the N and the C.alpha. carbon.
In certain embodiments, W is --B(Y.sub.1)(Y.sub.2).
In certain embodiments, R.sub.2 is absent or represents halogen or
lower alkyl.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.4 represents hydrogen or lower
alkyl.
In certain embodiments, R.sub.5 represents H or alkyl.
In certain embodiments, Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are OH.
In certain embodiments, W is --B(OH).sub.2.
In certain embodiments, W is --B(OH).sub.2, and A represents a
5-membered heterocycle including the N and the C.alpha. carbon.
In certain embodiments, W is --B(OH).sub.2, A represents a
5-membered heterocycle including the N and the C.alpha. carbon, and
R.sub.2 is absent or represents halogen or lower alkyl.
In certain embodiments, W is --B(OH).sub.2, A represents a
5-membered heterocycle including the N and the C.alpha. carbon,
R.sub.2 is absent or represents halogen or lower alkyl, and R.sub.4
represents hydrogen or lower alkyl.
In other embodiments, W is --B(OH).sub.2, A represents a S-membered
heterocycle including the N and the C.alpha. carbon, R.sub.4
represents hydrogen or lower alkyl, and R.sub.2 is azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00061## or
##STR00062##
In certain embodiments, R.sub.1 is one of the following:
##STR00063##
In certain embodiments, W is --B(OH).sub.2, A represents a
5-membered heterocycle including the N and the C.alpha. carbon,
R.sub.2 is absent or represents halogen or lower alkyl, and R.sub.1
is one of the following:
##STR00064##
In other embodiments, W is --B(OH).sub.2, A represents a 5-membered
heterocycle including the N and the C.alpha. carbon, R.sub.4
represents hydrogen or lower alkyl, and R.sub.2 is azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00065## or
##STR00066## and R.sub.1 is one of the following:
##STR00067##
In certain embodiments, the compound is represented in the formula
XVII:
##STR00068## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and W are as defined
above, and p is an integer from 1 to 3. In certain certain
embodiments, p is 1, and R.sub.3 is a hydrogen in each
occurrence.
In certain certain embodiments of the compound structures above, W
represents:
##STR00069##
In certain certain embodiments of the compound structures above,
R.sub.5 is a hydrogen or --C(X.sub.1)(X.sub.2)X.sub.3, wherein
X.sub.1 is a fluorine, and X.sub.2 and X.sub.3, if halogens, are
also fluorine.
In certain certain embodiments of the compound structures above,
R.sub.4 is a lower alkyl. In certain certain embodiments of the
compound structures above, R.sub.4 represents a side chain of an
amino acid residue selected from Gly, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Ile and
Leu.
In certain certain embodiments of the compound structures above,
R.sub.1 is a peptidyl moiety which is a substrate for a
post-proline cleaving enzyme.
In certain certain embodiments of the subject pro-soft inhibitor
structures XVI and XVII, R.sub.4 represents a side chain of an
amino acid residue represented in the formula:
##STR00070## wherein
R.sub.4a and R.sub.4b each independently represent a hydrogen,
lower alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,
heteroaryl, alkoxyl, carboxyl, carboxamide, carbonyl, or cyano,
with the caveat that either both or neither of R.sub.4a and
R.sub.4b are hydrogen;
R.sub.4c represents a halogen, an amine, an alkyl, heteroalkyl,
cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxyl, carboxyl,
carboxamide, carbonyl, or cyano; and
z is zero or an integer in the range of 0 to 3.
In certain certain embodiments of structures XIV and XV, R.sub.4
represents a side chain of an amino acid residue represented in the
formula:
##STR00071## wherein: R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 each independently
represent a lower alkyl or a halogen; R.sub.10 represents a lower
alkyl, an aryl, a hydroxyl group or --(CH.sub.2), --COOH. In
certain certain embodiments, R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 each independently
represents a lower alkyl, more preferably methyl, ethyl or propyl,
and even more preferably a methyl. In certain certain embodiments,
R.sub.10 represents a lower alkyl, more preferably methyl, ethyl or
propyl, and even more preferably a methyl. In other certain
embodiments, R.sub.10 represents an aryl, such as phenyl or
hydroxyphenyl (preferably para-hydroxy). In yet other certain
embodiments, R.sub.10 represents a hydroxyl group. In certain
certain embodiments, R.sub.10 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--COOH,
where m=0, 1 or 2, and preferably where m is 0 or 1.
In certain embodiments, the pro-soft inhibitor is activated by one
protease and inhibits a different protease. For example, it can be
activated by FAP and the resulting inhibitor G is selective for the
proteasome. In certain embodiments of the compound structures
above, R.sub.1 is not an efficient substrate for the target
protease. For instance, as a substrate, R.sub.1 preferably has a
turnover number as a substrate for the target protease of less than
1/second, and even more preferably less than 0.1/second,
0.001/second or even 0.0001/second.
In certain embodiments, A is a peptidyl moiety of 2 to 5 amino acid
residues or the equivalents thereof. In certain embodiments, A is a
dipeptidyl moiety, e.g., derived from naturally occurring amino
acids or analogs thereof.
In certain embodiments, the backbone of the peptidyl moiety A can
include one or more be a non-hydrolyzable analogs of a peptide
bond, except for the bond linking A to G.
In certain certain embodiments, A is represented by:
##STR00072##
In certain embodiments of the present invention, compounds
represented by the formula: A-G do not inhibit the selected target
enzyme, or other enzymes to an appreciable extent. In certain
embodiments of the present invention, the pro-soft inhibitor are
themselves inactive, but become activated in the body when the R-A
group is removed to liberate the enzyme inhibitory moiety G.
In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to the
aforementioned compound, wherein R.sub.1 is one of the
following:
##STR00073## ##STR00074##
Embodiment D
A representative class of compounds for use in the method of the
present invention are represented by formula XVIII:
##STR00075## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein:
R.sup.1 represents H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino,
alkylamino, acylamino, cyano, sulfonylamino, acyloxy, aryl,
cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or a polypeptide chain of 1
to 8 amino acid residues;
R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each independently represent H, lower alkyl,
and aralkyl, or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together with the atoms to
which they are attached, form a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclic
ring;
R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 each independently represent H, halogen, or
alkyl, or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5, together with the carbon to which
they are attached, form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or
heterocyclic ring;
R.sup.6 represents a functional group that reacts with an active
site residue of a targeted protease to form a covalent adduct;
R.sup.7 is absent or represents one or more substituents on ring A,
each of which is independently selected from H, lower alkyl, lower
alkenyl, lower alkynyl, hydroxyl, oxo, ether, thioether, halogen,
carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, amino, amido, cyano, nitro, azido,
alkylamino, acylamino, aminoacyl, cyano, sulfate, sulfonate,
sulfonyl, sulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, acyloxy,
aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or polypeptide chains
of 1 to 8 amino acid residues;
R.sup.5 represents H, aryl, alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl,
heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or a polypeptide chain of
1 to 8 amino acid residues;
L is absent or represents alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.mNR.sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.m--, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.mS(CH.sub.2).sub.m--,
X is absent or represents --N(R.sup.8)--, --O--, or --S--;
Y is absent or represents --C(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.S)--, or
--SO.sub.2--;
m is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 10;
and
n is an integer from 0 to 3, preferably 0 or 1.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.1 represents H or lower
alkyl, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each independently represent H, lower
alkyl, or aralkyl, or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together with the atoms
to which they are attached, form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring,
R.sup.4 represents H or lower alkyl, and R.sup.5 represents H.
In a further certain embodiment, the stereochemical designations at
C3 and C4 are R and S respectively.
In certain other embodiments, R.sup.6 represents cyano, boronic
acid, --SO.sub.2Z.sup.1, --P(.dbd.O)Z.sup.1,
--P(.dbd.R.sup.9)R.sup.10R.sup.11, --C(.dbd.NH)NH.sub.2,
--CH--NR.sup.12, or --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.12, wherein:
R.sup.9 represents O or S;
R.sup.10 represents N.sub.3, SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2, or
OLR.sup.13, and
R.sup.11 represents lower alkyl, amino, OLR.sup.13, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or
R.sup.10 and R.sup.11, together with the phosphorus to which they
are attached, form a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring;
R.sup.12 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.13, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.13,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.13,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sub.2, --C(O)C(O)OR.sup.14, or
--C(Z)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3);
R.sup.13 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl,
cycloalkenyl, or heterocyclyl;
R.sup.14 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, or LR.sup.13;
Z.sup.1 represents a halogen;
Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 independently represent H or halogen;
p is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 8;
and
q is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 1 to
8.
In another embodiment, R.sup.6 represents CN, CHO, or
C(.dbd.O)C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3), wherein Z.sup.1 represents a
halogen, and Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 represent H or halogen. In certain
such embodiments, R.sup.r represents
C(.dbd.O)C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3), wherein Z.sup.1 represents
fluorine, and Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 represent H or fluorine.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.6 is a group represented by
B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2) wherein Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently
OH or a group that is hydrolysable to OH (i.e., to form a boronic
acid), or together with the boron atom to which they are attached
form a 5- to 8-membered ring that is hydrolysable to a boronic
acid.
Embodiment E
A representative class of compounds for use in the method of the
present invention are represented by formula XIX:
##STR00076## wherein
R.sup.1 represents H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino,
alkylamino, acylamino, cyano, sulfonylamino, acyloxy, aryl,
cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or a polypeptide chain of 1
to 8 amino acid residues;
R.sup.2 represents H, lower alkyl, or aralkyl;
R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently represent H, halogen, or alkyl,
or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together with the atoms to which they are
attached, form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
R.sup.5 represents H, halogen, lower alkyl, or aralkyl;
R.sup.6 represents a functional group that reacts with an active
site residue of a targeted protease to form a covalent adduct;
R.sup.7 represents H, aryl, alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl,
heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or polypeptide chains of 1
to 8 amino acid residues;
L is absent or represents alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.mNR.sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.m--, and
--(CH.sub.2).sub.mS(CH.sub.2).sub.m--;
X is absent or represents --N(R.sup.7)--, --O--, or --S--;
Y is absent or represents --C(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.S)--, or
--SO.sub.2--;
m is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 10;
and
n is an integer from 1 to 6.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.1 represents H or lower
alkyl, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together with the atoms to which they
are attached form a 5-membered ring, and n is 2.
In certain other certain embodiments R.sup.1 represents H or lower
alkyl, R.sup.3 represents H, R.sup.4 represents H or lower alkyl,
R.sup.5 represents H, and n is 2.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is a polypeptide chain of 2
to 8 amino acid residues, wherein proline is the residue that is
directly attached. Most preferably R.sup.1 is a polypeptide chain
of 2 amino acid residues
In certain above embodiments, R.sup.6 represents cyano, boronic
acid, --SO.sub.2Z.sup.1, --P(.dbd.O)Z.sup.1,
--P(.dbd.R.sup.8)R.sup.9R.sup.10, --C(--NH)NH.sub.2,
--CH.dbd.NR.sup.11, and --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.11, wherein
R.sup.8 represents O or S;
R.sup.9 represents N.sub.3, SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2, and
OLR.sup.12, and
R.sup.10 represents lower alkyl, amino, OLR.sup.12, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or
R.sup.9 and R.sup.10, together with the phosphorus to which they
are attached, form a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring;
R.sup.11 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.12, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.12,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sub.2, --C(O)C(O)OR.sup.13, or
--C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3);
R.sup.12 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl,
cycloalkenyl, and heterocyclyl;
R.sup.13 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, and LR.sup.12;
Z.sup.1 represents a halogen;
Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 independently represent H or halogen;
p is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 8;
and
q is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 1 to
8.
In another embodiment, R.sup.6 represents CN, CHO, or
C(.dbd.O)C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3), wherein Z.sup.1 represents a
halogen, and Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 represent H or halogen. In certain
such embodiments, R.sup.6 represents
C(.dbd.O)C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3), wherein Z.sup.1 represents
fluorine, and Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 represent H or fluorine.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.6 represents a group
--B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2), wherein Yt and Y.sup.2 are independently OH
or a group that is hydrolysable to OH (i.e., thereby forming a
boronic acid), or together with the boron atom to which they are
attached form a 5- to 8-membered ring that is hydrolysable to a
boronic acid.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together with
the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-membered ring, which
is substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl,
lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower
alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl (e.g., hydroxymethyl), and lower
alkoxyalkyl.
In more certain embodiments, the substituent group is selected from
the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In more preferred such embodiments, the substituent
group is located at the 5-position of the ring.
In other more certain embodiments, the substituent group is
hydroxyl, which is preferably located at the 4-position of the
ring.
In certain embodiments, the substituent group on the 5-membered
ring containing R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is selected from the group
consisting of lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), hydroxyl, lower
hydroxyalkyl (e.g., hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl. In
certain preferred such embodiments, the substituent group has a
cis-stereochemical relationship to R.sup.6. Such stereochemical
relationships are particularly advantageous for compounds having
substituents at the 4- or 5-position of the 5-membered ring, as
discussed immediately above.
In certain embodiments of the invention, a subject compound has a
structure of Formula XX:
##STR00077## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
where:
R.sup.1 represents H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino,
alkylamino, acylamino, cyano, sulfonylamino, acyloxy, aryl,
cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or a polypeptide chain of 1
to 8 amino acid residues;
R.sup.2 represents H, lower alkyl, or aralkyl;
R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently represent H, halogen, or alkyl,
or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together with the carbon to which they are
attached, form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
R.sup.5 represents H, halogen, lower alkyl, or aralkyl, preferably
H or lower alkyl;
R.sup.6 represents a functional group that reacts with an active
site residue of the targeted protease to form a covalent
adduct;
R.sup.7 represents H, aryl, alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl,
heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or a polypeptide chain of
1 to 8 amino acid residues;
R.sup.14 represents H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aralkyl,
preferably H;
A is absent or represents --NHC(.dbd.NH)--, or R.sup.14 and A
together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a
heterocyclic ring;
L is absent or represents alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.mNR.sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.m--, and
--(CH.sub.2).sub.mS(CH.sub.2).sub.m--;
X is absent or represents --N(R.sup.7)--, --O--, or --S--;
Y is absent or represents --C(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.S)--, or
--SO.sub.2--;
m is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 10;
and
n is an integer from 1 to 6.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.1 represents H or lower
alkyl, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together with the carbon to which they
are attached form a 5-membered ring, and n is an integer from 1 to
4.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.14 is H, A is absent, and n
is 4. In certain other embodiments, R.sup.14 is H, A is
--NHC(.dbd.NH)--, and n is 3.
In certain certain embodiments, A and R.sup.14 together with the
nitrogen to which they are attached form an imidazole ring, and n
is 1.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.6 represents boronic acid, CN,
--SO.sub.2Z.sup.1, --P(.dbd.O)Z.sup.1,
--P(.dbd.R.sup.8)R.sup.9R.sup.10, --C(.dbd.NH)NH.sub.2,
--CH.dbd.NR.sup.11, or --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.11 wherein
R.sup.8 is O or S;
R.sup.9 represents N.sub.3, SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2, or
OLR.sup.12, and
R.sup.10 represents lower alkyl, amino, OLR.sup.2, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or
R.sup.9 and R.sup.10, together with the phosphorus to which they
are attached, form a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring;
R.sup.11 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, NH.sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.2, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.12, --C(O)NH.sub.2,
--C(O)OR.sup.13, or C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3);
R.sup.12 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or heterocyclyl;
R.sup.13 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, or LR.sup.12;
Z.sup.1 represents a halogen;
Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 independently represent H or halogen;
p is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 8;
and
q is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 1 to
8.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.6 represents CN, CHO, or
C(.dbd.O)C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3), wherein Z.sup.1 represents a
halogen, and Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 represent H or halogen. In another
embodiment, R.sup.6 represents
C(.dbd.O)C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3), wherein Z.sup.1 represents
fluorine, and Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 represent H or fluorine.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.6 represents a group
--B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2), wherein Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are
independently OH or a group that is hydrolysable to OH, or together
with the boron atom to which they are attached form a 5- to
8-membered ring that is hydrolysable to a boronic acid.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together with
the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-membered ring, which
is substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl,
lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower
alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl (e.g., hydroxymethyl), and lower
alkoxyalkyl.
In more certain embodiments, the substituent group is selected from
the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In more preferred such embodiments, the substituent
group is located at the 5-position of the ring.
In other more certain embodiments, the substituent group is
hydroxyl, which is preferably located at the 4-position of the
ring.
In certain embodiments, the substituent group on the 5-membered
ring containing R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is selected from the group
consisting of lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), hydroxyl, lower
hydroxyalkyl (e.g., hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl. In
certain preferred such embodiments, the substituent group has a
cis-stereochemical relationship to R.sup.6. Such stereochemical
relationships are particularly advantageous for compounds having
substituents at the 4- or 5-position of the 5-membered ring, as
discussed immediately above.
In certain embodiments of the invention, a subject compound has a
structure of Formula XXI:
##STR00078## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
where:
R.sup.1 represents H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino,
alkylamino, acylamino, cyano, sulfonylamino, acyloxy, aryl,
cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or a polypeptide chain of 1
to 8 amino acid residues;
R.sup.2 represents H, lower alkyl, or aralkyl;
R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently represent H, halogen, or alkyl,
or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together with the carbon to which they are
attached, form a 3 - to 6-membered heterocyclic ring;
R.sup.5 represents H, halogen, lower alkyl, or aralkyl, preferably
H or lower alkyl;
R.sup.6 represents a functional group that reacts with an active
site residue of a targeted protease to form a covalent adduct;
R.sup.7 represents H, aryl, alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl,
heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or a polypeptide chain of
1 to 8 amino acid residues;
R.sup.15 is a functional group that has either a positive or
negative charge at physiological pH, preferably an amine or
carboxylic acid;
L is absent or represents alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.mNR.sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.m--, and
--(CH.sub.2).sub.mS(CH.sub.2).sub.m--;
X is absent or represents --N(R.sup.7)--, --O--, or --S--;
Y is absent or represents --C(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.S)--, or
--SO.sub.2--;
m is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 10;
and
n is an integer from 1 to 6.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.1 represents H or lower
alkyl, R.sup.3 is H and R.sup.4 is lower alkyl, or R.sup.3 and
R.sup.4 together with the carbon to which they are attached form a
5-membered ring, and n is an integer from 1 to 4.
In certain certain embodiments, n is an integer from 1 to 4 and
R.sup.15 is a functional group that has either a positive or
negative charge at physiological pH. In more certain embodiments n
is an integer from 1 to 4 and R's is selected from the group
consisting of amine, carboxylic acid, imidazole, or guanidine
functionality.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.6 represents boronic acid, CN,
--SO.sub.2Z.sup.1, --P(.dbd.O)Z.sup.1,
--P(.dbd.R.sup.8)R.sup.9R.sup.10, --C(.dbd.NH)NH.sub.2,
--CH.dbd.NR.sup.11, or --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.11 wherein
R.sup.8 is O or S;
R.sup.9 represents N.sub.3, SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2, or
OLR.sup.2, and
R.sup.10 represents lower alkyl, amino, OLR.sup.2, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or
R.sup.9 and R.sup.10, together with the phosphorus to which they
are attached, form a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring;
R.sup.11 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, NH.sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--R.sup.12, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.12, --C(O)NH.sub.2,
--C(O)OR.sup.13, or --C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3);
R.sup.12 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or heterocyclyl;
R.sup.13 represents H, alkyl, alkenyl, or LR.sup.12;
Z.sup.1 represents a halogen;
Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 independently represent H or halogen;
p is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 8;
and
q is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 1 to
8.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.6 represents CN, CHO, or
C(.dbd.O)C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3), wherein Z.sup.1 represents a
halogen, and Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 represent H or halogen. In another
embodiment, R.sup.6 represents
C(.dbd.O)C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3), wherein Z.sup.1 represents
fluorine, and Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 represent H or fluorine.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.6 represents a group
--B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2), wherein Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are
independently OH or a group that is hydrolysable to OH, or together
with the boron atom to which they are attached form a 5- to
8-membered ring that is hydrolysable to a boronic acid.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together with
the atoms to which they are attached form a 5-membered ring
substituted with one or more groups selected from hydroxyl, lower
alkyl (e.g., methyl), lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy,
lower hydroxyalkyl (e.g., hydroxymethyl), and lower
alkoxyalkyl.
In more certain embodiments, the substituent group is selected from
the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In more preferred such embodiments, the substituent
group is located at the 5-position of the ring.
In other more certain embodiments, the substituent group is
hydroxyl, which is preferably located at the 4-position of the
ring.
In certain embodiments, the substituent group on the 5-membered
ring containing R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is selected from the group
consisting of lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), hydroxyl, lower
hydroxyalkyl (e.g., hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl. In
certain preferred such embodiments, the substituent group has a
cis-stereochemical relationship to R.sup.6. Such stereochemical
relationships are particularly advantageous for compounds having
substituents at the 4 - or 5-position of the 5-membered ring, as
discussed immediately above.
Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibitors having a
structure of Formula XXII:
##STR00079## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
A is selected from the group consisting of a 4-8 membered
heterocycle including the N and a C.alpha. carbon;
Z is C or N;
W is selected from the group consisting of CN, --CH.dbd.NR.sup.15,
a functional group which reacts with an active site residue of the
targeted protease,
##STR00080##
R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of a C-terminally
linked amino acid residue or amino acid analog, a C-terminally
linked peptide or peptide analog, or
##STR00081## wherein the bond between R.sup.1 and N is a thioxamide
bond;
R.sup.2 represents one or more substitutions to the ring A, each of
which is independently a halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower
alkynyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, ester, formate, ketone, thiocarbonyl,
thioester, thioacetate, thioformate, amino, acylamino, amido,
nitro, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfonamido,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00082## or
##STR00083## wherein at least one R.sup.2 is selected from the
group consisting of --OH, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower
hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl, preferably at least one of
lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl (e.g.,
hydroxymethyl), and lower alkoxyalkyl;
when Z is N, R.sup.3 is absent;
when Z is C, R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl,
carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, amino, acylamino, amido, cyano, nitro,
azido, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfonamido,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-lower alkenyl, and
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7;
R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, --C(X.sup.1)(X.sup.2)X.sup.3,
(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkyl, (CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sub.2, and --C(O)C(O)OR.sup.7';
R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(H.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
##STR00084##
each R.sup.7 is independently selected from aryl, aralkyl,
cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocyclyl;
each R.sup.7' is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl,
alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and
heterocyclyl;
R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are each independently selected from hydrogen,
alkyl, alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, --C(.dbd.O)-alkyl,
--C(.dbd.O)-alkenyl, --C(.dbd.O)-alkynyl, and
--C(.dbd.O)--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7; or
R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 taken together with the N atom to which they
are attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 atoms
in the ring structure;
R.sup.10 represents hydrogen, --CH.sub.3, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--CH.sub.3;
R.sup.50 is O or S;
R.sup.51 is selected from the group consisting of N.sub.3, SH,
NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2, and OR.sup.7;
R.sup.52 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower
alkyl, amine, OR.sup.7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, or
R.sup.51 and R.sup.52 taken together with the P atom to which they
are attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 atoms
in the ring structure;
X.sup.1 is a halogen;
X.sup.2 and X.sup.3 are each selected from hydrogen and
halogen;
Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are each independently selected from OH and a
group capable of being hydrolyzed to OH, including cyclic
derivatives where Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are connected via a ring
having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring structure;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and
n is an integer in the range of 1 to S.
In certain embodiments, W is selected from the group consisting of
CN and B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2). In certain certain embodiments, A is a
five-membered ring, Z is C, and W is B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2). In more
certain embodiments, Z has the absolute stereochemical
configuration of L-proline.
In certain embodiments, A is a five-membered ring, Z is C, and
R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, lower
alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy, lower
hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl. In certain preferred such
embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of lower
hydroxyalkyl and lower alkoxyalkyl. In more preferred such
embodiments, R.sup.2 is located at the 5-position of the ring.
In certain embodiments, A is a five-membered ring, Z is C, and
R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, lower
alkyl (such as methyl), lower hydroxyalkyl (such as hydroxymethyl)
and lower alkoxyalkyl. In certain preferred such embodiments, Z has
the absolute stereochemical configuration of L-proline and R.sup.2
is located at the 5-position of the ring for lower alkyl, lower
hydroxyalkyl and lower alkoxyalkyl and at the 4-position for
hydroxyl. In more preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 has a
cis-stereochemical relationship to W.
Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibitors having a
structure of Formula XXIII:
##STR00085## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of a C-terminally
linked amino acid residue or amino acid analog, a C-terminally
linked peptide or peptide analog, or
##STR00086## wherein the bond between R.sup.1 and N is a thioxamide
bond;
R.sup.2 represents one or more substitutions to the ring A, each of
which is independently a halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower
alkynyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, ester, formate, or ketone),
thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, thioacetate, or thioformate),
amino, acylamino, amido, nitro, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfonamido,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7 azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00087## or
##STR00088## wherein at least one R.sup.2 is selected from the
group consisting of --OH, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower
hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl, preferably at least one of
lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl (e.g.,
hydroxymethyl), and lower alkoxyalkyl;
R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
##STR00089##
R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, cycloalkyl,
cycloalkenyl, and heterocyclyl;
R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are each independently selected from hydrogen,
alkyl, alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, --C(.dbd.O)-alkyl,
--C(.dbd.O)-alkenyl, --C(.dbd.O)-alkynyl, and
--C(.dbd.O)--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7;
or R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 taken together with the N atom to which they
are attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 atoms
in the ring structure;
R.sup.10 represents hydrogen, --CH.sub.3, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--CH.sub.3;
Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are each independently selected from OH and a
group capable of being hydrolyzed to OH, including cyclic
derivatives where Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are connected via a ring
having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring structure;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and
n is an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
In certain embodiments, the carbon bearing B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2) has
the absolute stereochemical configuration of L-proline. In certain
preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group
consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In more preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 is located
at the 5-position of the ring for lower alkyl (such as methyl),
lower hydroxyalkyl (such as hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl or
at the 4-position for hydroxyl. In most preferred such embodiments,
R.sup.2 has a cis-stereochemical relationship to
B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2).
Another aspect of the invention relates to compounds having a
structure of Formula XXIV:
##STR00090## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
A is a 3-8 membered heterocycle including the N and the C.alpha.
carbon;
W is a functional group which reacts with an active site residue of
a targeted protease to form a covalent adduct;
R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a
C-terminally linked amino acid or peptide or analog thereof, and an
amino protecting group; wherein optionally where applicable the
bond between R.sup.1 and the N to which it is attached is a
thioxamide bond;
R.sup.2 represents one or more substitutions to the ring A, each of
which is independently a halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower
alkynyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, ester, formate, or ketone),
thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, thioacetate, or thioformate),
amino, acylamino, amido, nitro, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfonamido,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00091## or
##STR00092## wherein at least one R.sup.2 is selected from the
group consisting of --OH, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower
hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl, preferably at least one of
lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl (e.g.,
hydroxymethyl), and lower alkoxyalkyl;
R.sup.3a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a
substituent which does not conjugate the electron pair of the
nitrogen from which it pends;
R.sup.4a and R.sup.4b are each independently selected from
hydrogen, lower alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,
aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxyl, carboxyl, carboxamide, carbonyl, and
cyano, provided that either both or neither of R.sup.4a and
R.sup.4b are hydrogen;
R.sup.4c is selected from the group consisting of halogen, amine,
alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
alkoxyl, carboxyl, carboxamide, carbonyl, and cyano;
each R.sup.6 is independently selected from aryl, aralkyl,
cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocyclyl;
z is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 3;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and
n is an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
In certain embodiments, W is selected from the group consisting of
CN and B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2), wherein Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are each
independently or OH, or a group capable of being hydrolyzed to OH,
including cyclic derivatives where Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are
connected via a ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring
structure. In certain certain embodiments, A is a five-membered
ring, and W is B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2). In more certain embodiments,
C.alpha. has the absolute stereochemical configuration of
L-proline.
In certain embodiments, A is a five-membered ring and R.sup.2 is
selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower
alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl, and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In certain preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 is
selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl (such as methyl),
lower hydroxyalkyl (such as hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl.
In more preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 is located at the
5-position of the ring.
In certain embodiments, A is a five-membered ring, and R.sup.2 is
selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, hydroxyl, lower
alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl and lower alkoxyalkyl. In certain
preferred such embodiments, C.alpha. has the absolute
stereochemical configuration of L-proline and R.sup.2 is located at
the 5-position of the ring for lower alkyl (such as methyl), lower
hydroxyalkyl (such as hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl or at
the 4-position for hydroxyl. In more preferred such embodiments,
R.sup.2 has a cis-stereochemical relationship to W.
Another aspect of the invention relates to compounds having a
structure of Formula XXV:
##STR00093## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3a, R.sup.4a, R.sup.4b, R.sup.4c and W are
as defined above for Formula XXIV, and p is an integer from 1 to 3.
In certain certain embodiments, p is 1 and R.sup.3a is
hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, W is selected from the group consisting of
CN and B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2), wherein Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are each
independently or OH, or a group capable of being hydrolyzed to OH,
including cyclic derivatives where Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are
connected via a ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring
structure. In certain certain embodiments, W is
B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2). In more certain embodiments, the carbon
bearing W has the absolute stereochemical configuration of
L-proline.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group
consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl,
lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl. In certain
certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting
of lower hydroxyalkyl (such as hydroxymethyl) and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In more preferred such embodiments, p is 1 and R.sup.2
is located at the 5-position of the ring.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group
consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In certain preferred such embodiments, p is 1, the
carbon bearing W has the absolute stereochemical configuration of
L-proline and R.sup.2 is located at the 5-position of the ring for
lower alkyl (such as methyl), lower hydroxyalkyl (such as
hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl or at the 4-position for
hydroxyl. In more preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 has a
cis-stereochemical relationship to W.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is azido, cyano, isocyanato,
thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00094## or
##STR00095## In certain certain embodiments, p is 1, the carbon
bearing W has the absolute stereochemical configuration of
L-proline and R.sup.2 is located at the 5-position of the ring.
Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a compound
having a structure of Formula XXVI:
##STR00096## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
A is a 3 to 8-membered heterocycle including the N and the Cot
carbon;
B is a C.sub.3-8 ring, or C.sub.7-14 fused bicyclic or tricyclic
ring system;
W is a functional group which reacts with an active site residue of
a targeted protease to form a covalent adduct, as for example,
--CN, --CH.dbd.NR.sup.5,
##STR00097##
R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a
C-terminally linked amino acid or peptide or analog thereof, and an
amino protecting group wherein optionally where applicable the bond
between R.sup.1 and the N to which it is attached is a thioxamide
bond;
R.sup.2 represents one or more substitutions to the ring A, each of
which is independently a halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower
alkynyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, ester, formate, or ketone),
thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, thioacetate, or thioformate),
amino, acylamino, amido, nitro, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfonamido,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00098## or
##STR00099## wherein at least one R.sup.2 is selected from the
group consisting of --OH, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower
hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl, preferably at least one of
lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl (e.g.,
hydroxymethyl), and lower alkoxyalkyl;
R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, --C(X.sup.1)(X.sup.2)X.sup.3,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.6, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkenyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.6,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.6,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sub.2, and --C(O)C(O)OR.sup.7;
each R.sup.6 is independently selected from aryl, aralkyl,
cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocyclyl;
each R.sup.7 is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl,
alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and
heterocycle;
R.sub.8 represents hydrogen, --CH.sub.3, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--CH.sub.3;
Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are each independently selected from --OH, or a
group capable of being hydrolyzed to a hydroxyl group, including
cyclic derivatives where Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are connected via a
ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring structure (such as
pinacol or the like),
R.sup.50 is O or S;
R.sup.51 is selected from the group consisting of N.sub.3,
SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2 or --OR.sup.7;
R.sup.52 represents hydrogen, a lower alkyl, an amine, --OR.sup.7,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or R.sup.51 and
R.sup.52 taken together with the phosphorous atom to which they are
attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in
the ring structure;
X.sup.1 represents a halogen;
X.sup.2 and X.sup.3 are each independently selected from hydrogen
and halogen;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and
n is an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
In certain embodiments, W is selected from the group consisting of
CN and B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2), wherein Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are each
independently or OH, or a group capable of being hydrolyzed to OH,
including cyclic derivatives where Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are
connected via a ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring
structure. In certain certain embodiments, A is a five-membered
ring, and W is B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2). In more certain embodiments,
C.alpha. has the absolute stereochemical configuration of
L-proline.
In certain embodiments, A is a five-membered ring and R.sup.2 is
selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower
alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl, and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In certain preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 is
selected from the group consisting of lower hydroxyalkyl
(hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl. In more preferred such
embodiments, R.sup.2 is located at the 5-position of the ring.
In certain embodiments, A is a five-membered ring, and R.sup.2 is
selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower
hydroxyalkyl and lower alkoxyalkyl. In certain preferred such
embodiments, C.alpha. has the absolute stereochemical configuration
of L-proline and R.sup.2 is located at the 5-position of the ring
for lower alkyl (such as methyl), lower hydroxyalkyl (such as
hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl or at the 4-position for
hydroxyl. In more preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 has a
cis-stereochemical relationship to W.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is azido, cyano, isocyanato,
thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00100## or
##STR00101## In certain embodiments, p C.alpha. has the absolute
stereochemical configuration of L-proline and R.sup.2 is located at
the 5-position of the ring.
Another aspect of the invention relates to compounds having a
structure of Formula XXVII:
##STR00102## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
B, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and W are as defined above for Formula XXVI,
and p is an integer from 1 to 3. In certain certain embodiments, p
is 1.
In certain embodiments, W is selected from the group consisting of
CN and B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2), wherein Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are each
independently or OH, or a group capable of being hydrolyzed to OH,
including cyclic derivatives where Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are
connected via a ring having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring
structure. In certain certain embodiments, W is
B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2). In more certain embodiments, the carbon
bearing W has the absolute stereochemical configuration of
L-proline.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group
consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl,
lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl. In certain
preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group
consisting of lower hydroxyalkyl (such as hydroxymethyl) and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In more preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 is located
at the 5-position of the ring.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group
consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In certain preferred such embodiments, p is 1, the
carbon bearing W has the absolute stereochemical configuration of
L-proline and R.sup.2 is located at the 4-position of the ring for
hydroxyl or at the 5-position for lower alkyl (such as methyl),
lower hydroxyalkyl (such as hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl.
In more preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 has a
cis-stereochemical relationship to W.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is azido, cyano, isocyanato,
thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00103## or
##STR00104## In certain embodiments, p is 1, the carbon bearing W
has the absolute stereochemical configuration of L-proline and
R.sup.2 is located at the 5-position of the ring.
Another aspect of the invention relates to compounds having a
structure of Formula XXVIII:
##STR00105## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
A is a 4-8 membered heterocycle including the N and the C.alpha.
carbon;
W is a functional group which reacts with an active site residue of
the targeted protease to form a covalent adduct, as for example,
--CN, --CH.dbd.NR.sup.5,
##STR00106##
R.sup.1 represents a C-terminally linked peptide or peptide analog
which is a substrate for an activating enzyme; wherein optionally
the bond between R.sup.1 and the N to which it is bonded is a
thioxamide bond;
R.sup.2 represents one or more substitutions to the ring A, each of
which is independently a halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower
alkynyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, ester, formate, or ketone),
thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, thioacetate, or thioformate),
amino, acylamino, amido, nitro, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfonamido,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00107## or
##STR00108## wherein at least one R.sup.2 is selected from the
group consisting of --OH, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower
hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl, preferably at least one of
lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl (e.g.,
hydroxymethyl), and lower alkoxyalkyl;
R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a
substituent which does not conjugate the electron pair of the
nitrogen to which it is attached, such as a lower alkyl;
R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a
small hydrophobic group such as a halogen, lower alkyl, lower
alkenyl, or lower alkynyl;
R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, --C(X.sup.1)(X.sup.2)X.sup.3,
--(CH.sup.2).sup.m--R.sup.6, --(CH.sup.2).sup.n--OH,
--(CH.sup.2).sup.n--O-alkyl, --(CH.sup.2).sup.n-alkenyl,
--(CH.sup.2).sup.n--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sup.2).sup.n--O--(CH.sup.2)--R.sup.6, --(CH.sup.2).sup.n--SH,
--(CH.sup.2).sup.n--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sup.2).sup.n--S-alkenyl-(CH.sup.2).sup.n--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sup.2).sup.n--S--(CH.sup.2).sup.m--R.sup.6,
--C(O)C(O)NH.sup.2, --C(O)C(O)OR.sup.7;
R.sup.6 represents, for each occurrence, a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle;
R.sup.7 represents, for each occurrence, hydrogen, or a substituted
or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl,
cycloalkenyl, or heterocycle;
R.sup.8 represents hydrogen, --CH.sub.3, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--CH.sub.3; and
Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently or together OH or a group
capable of being hydrolyzed to a hydroxyl group, including cyclic
derivatives where Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are connected via a ring
having from 5 to 8 atoms in the ring structure (such as pinacol or
the like),
R.sup.50 is O or S;
R.sup.51 is selected from the group consisting of N.sub.3,
SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2 and --OR.sup.7;
R.sup.52 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower
alkyl, amine, --OR.sup.7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof; or
R.sup.51 and R.sup.52 taken together with the phosphorous atom to
which they are attached complete a heterocyclic ring having from 5
to 8 atoms in the ring structure;
X.sup.1 is a halogen;
X.sup.2 and X.sup.3 are each independently selected from hydrogen
and halogen;
m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8; and
n is an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
In certain embodiments, W is selected from the group consisting of
CN and B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2). In certain certain embodiments, A is a
five-membered ring, and W is B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2). In more certain
embodiments, C.alpha. has the absolute stereochemical configuration
of L-proline.
In certain embodiments, A is a five-membered ring, Z is C, and
R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, lower
alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkoxy, lower
hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl. In certain preferred such
embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of lower
hydroxyalkyl (such as hydroxymethyl) and lower alkoxyalkyl. In more
preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 is located at the 5-position of
the ring.
In certain embodiments, A is a five-membered ring and R.sup.2 is
selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower
hydroxyalkyl and lower alkoxyalkyl. In certain preferred such
embodiments, C.alpha. has the absolute stereochemical configuration
of L-proline and R.sup.2 is located at the 4-position of the ring
for hydroxyl or at the 5-position for lower alkyl, lower
hydroxyalkyl and lower alkoxyalkyl. In more preferred such
embodiments, R.sup.2 has a cis-stereochemical relationship to
W.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is azido, cyano, isocyanato,
thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00109## or
##STR00110## In certain embodiments, C.alpha. has the absolute
stereochemical configuration of L-proline. In more certain
embodiments, R.sup.2 is located at the 5-position of the ring.
One aspect of the invention relates to compounds having a structure
of Formula XXIX:
##STR00111## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
L is absent or is --XC(O)--;
R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl,
lower acyl, lower aralkyl, lower aracyl, lower heteroaracyl,
carbocyclyl, aryl, and ArSO.sub.2--; wherein optionally when L is
absent the bond between R.sup.1 and the N to which it is bonded is
a thioxamide bond;
R.sup.2 represents one or more substitutions to the ring A, each of
which is independently a halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower
alkynyl, carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, ester, formate, or ketone),
thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, thioacetate, or thioformate),
amino, acylamino, amido, nitro, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfonamido,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower alkyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--O-lower
alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--S-lower alkenyl, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--R.sup.7, azido, cyano,
isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, cyanato,
##STR00112## or
##STR00113## wherein at least one R.sup.2 is selected from the
group consisting of --OH, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower
hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl, preferably at least one of
lower alkyl (e.g., methyl), lower alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl (e.g.,
hydroxymethyl), and lower alkoxyalkyl;
R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower
alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, lower thioalkyl, and lower aralkyl;
R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of H and lower alkyl,
or R.sup.1 and R.sup.4 together are phthaloyl, thereby forming a
ring;
R.sup.6 represents, for each occurrence, a substituted or
unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or
heterocycle;
R.sub.8 represents hydrogen, --CH.sub.3, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--CH.sub.3;
W is selected from the group consisting of B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2) and
CN;
Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are independently selected from OH or a group
that is hydrolysable to an OH, or together with the boron atom to
which they are attached form a 5- to 8-membered ring that is
hydrolysable to OH;
X is selected from the group consisting of O and NH.
In certain embodiments, W is B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2). In certain
certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting
of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower
alkoxy, lower hydroxyalkyl, and lower alkoxyalkyl. In more
preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group
consisting of lower hydroxyalkyl and lower alkoxyalkyl. In more
preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 is located at the 5-position of
the ring.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group
consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In certain preferred such embodiments, C.alpha. has
the absolute stereochemical configuration of L-proline and R.sup.2
is located at the 4-position of the ring for hydroxyl or at the
5-position for lower alkyl, lower hydroxyalkyl and lower
alkoxyalkyl. In more preferred such embodiments, R.sup.2 has a
cis-stereochemical relationship to W.
Embodiment F
A representative class of compounds for use in the method of the
present invention are represented by formula XXX:
##STR00114## wherein
R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy,
alkenyl, alkynyl, amino, alkylamino, acylamino, cyano,
sulfonylamino, acyloxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,
and polypeptide chains of 1 to 8 amino acid residues;
R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl,
and aralkyl;
R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of
(a) lower alkyl;
(b) R.sup.aR.sup.bN(CH.sub.2).sub.m-- wherein
R.sup.a is a pyridinyl or pyrimidinyl moiety optionally substituted
with (C.sub.1-4)alkyl, (C.sub.1-4)alkoxy, halogen, trifluoromethyl,
cyano or nitro; or phenyl optionally mono- or independently
disubstituted with (C.sub.1-4)alkyl, (C.sub.1-4)alkoxy or
halogen;
R.sup.b is hydrogen or (C.sub.1-8)alkyl and m is 2 or 3;
(c) (C.sub.3-2)cycloalkyl optionally monosubstituted in the
1-position with (C.sub.1-3)hydroxyalkyl;
(d) R.sup.c(CH.sub.2).sub.n-- wherein either R.sup.c is phenyl
optionally substituted with (C.sub.1-4)alkyl, (C.sub.1-4)alkoxy,
halogen or phenylthio optionally monosubstituted in the phenyl ring
with hydroxymethyl; or is (C.sub.1-8)alkyl; a [3.1.1] bicyclic
carbocyclic moiety optionally substituted with (C.sub.1-8)alkyl; a
pyridinyl or naphthyl moiety optionally substituted with
(C.sub.1-4)alkyl, (C.sub.1-4)alkoxy or halogen; cyclohexene; or
adamantyl and n is 1 to 3; or R.sup.c is phenoxy optionally
substituted with (C.sub.1-4)alkyl, (C.sub.1-4)alkoxy or halogen and
n is 2 or 3;
(e) (R.sup.d).sub.2CH(CH.sub.2).sub.2-- wherein each R.sup.d
independently is phenyl optionally substituted with
(C.sub.1-4)alkyl, (C.sub.1-4)alkoxy, or halogen;
(f) R.sup.e(CH.sub.2).sub.p-- wherein R.sup.e is 2-oxopyrrolidinyl
or (C.sub.2-4)alkoxy and p is 2 to 4; and
(g) R.sup.g wherein R.sup.g is: indanyl; a pyrrolidinyl or
piperidinyl moiety optionally substituted with benzyl; a [2.2.1]-
or [3.1.1] bicyclic carbocyclic moiety optionally substituted with
(C.sub.1-8)alkyl; adamantyl; or (C.sub.1-8)alkyl optionally
substituted with hydroxy, hydroxymethyl or phenyl optionally
substituted with (C.sub.1-4)alkyl, (C.sub.1-4)alkoxy or
halogen;
R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, and
lower alkyl;
R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen lower
alkyl, and aralkyl, preferably H or lower alkyl;
R.sup.6 is a functional group that reacts with an active site
residue of the targeted protease to form a covalent adduct;
R.sup.7 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,
alkenyl, alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aminoacyl, acyloxy, aryl, aralkyl,
cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl;
R.sup.8 is selected from the group consisting of H, aryl, alkyl,
aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, and
polypeptide chains of 1 to 8 amino acid residues;
L is absent or is selected from the group consisting of alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, (CH.sub.2).sub.m--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.m--,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.mNR.sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.m--, and
--(CH.sub.2).sub.mS(CH.sub.2).sub.m--;
X is absent or is selected from the group consisting of
--N(R.sup.8)--, --O--, and --S--;
Y is absent or is selected from the group consisting of
--C(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.S)--, and --SO.sub.2--,
m is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 10;
and
n is an integer from 1 to 6.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is H or lower alkyl and R.sup.4 and
R.sup.5 are both hydrogen. In certain such embodiments, R.sup.3 is
lower alkyl. In certain preferred such embodiments, R.sup.3 is
selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, and
isopropyl.
In certain embodiments R.sup.3 is a substituted lower alkyl. In
certain such embodiments, R.sup.3 is substituted with a group
selected from halogen, hydroxyl, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, alkoxy,
amino, amido, amidine, cyano, nitro, alkylthio, heterocyclyl, aryl,
and heteroaryl.
In certain embodiments, X, Y, and L are absent and R.sup.1 is a
polypeptide chain of 2 to 8 amino acid residues. In certain such
embodiments, R.sup.1 is a polypeptide chain of 2 amino acid
residues. In such embodiments, the bond between R.sup.1 and N may
be a thioxamide bond.
In certain other embodiments, R.sup.6 is selected from the group
consisting of boronic acid, CN, --SO.sub.2Z.sup.1,
--P(.dbd.O)Z.sup.1, --P(.dbd.R.sup.9)R.sup.10R.sup.11,
--C(.dbd.NH)NH.sub.2, --CH.dbd.NR.sup.12, or --C(.dbd.O)--R.sup.12
wherein
R.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of O and S;
R.sup.10 is selected from the group consisting of N.sub.3,
SH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2, and OLR.sup.13, and
R.sup.11 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl,
amino, and OLR.sup.3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof; or
R.sup.10 and R.sup.11, together with the phosphorus to which they
are attached, form a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring;
R.sup.12 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, NH.sub.2, --(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.13,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--O--(CH.sub.2)--R.sup.13,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--SH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S-alkynyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.q--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.p--R.sup.13, --C(O)NH.sub.2,
--C(O)OR.sup.14, and C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.1);
R.sup.13 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl,
alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and
heterocyclyl;
R.sup.14 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl,
alkenyl, and LR.sup.3;
Z.sup.1 is a halogen;
Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 are independently selected from H and
halogen;
p is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 0 to 8;
and
q is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 1 to
8.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.6 is selected from the group
consisting of CN, CHO, and C(.dbd.O)C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3),
wherein Z.sup.1 is a halogen and Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 are
independently selected from H and halogen. In another embodiment,
R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of
C(.dbd.O)C(Z.sup.1)(Z.sup.2)(Z.sup.3), wherein Z.sup.1 is fluorine
and Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 are independently selected from H and
fluorine.
In certain certain embodiments, R.sup.6 is a group
--B(Y.sup.1)(Y.sup.2), wherein Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are
independently OH or a group that is hydrolysable to a boronic acid,
or together with the boron atom to which they are attached form a
5- to 8-membered ring that is hydrolysable to a boronic acid.
In certain embodiments, exemplary compounds of the present
invention include:
##STR00115## or enantiomers or diastereomers thereof.
Also included are compounds of Formulas I-XXX, wherein one or more
amide groups are replaced by one or more thioxamide groups.
Also included are such peptidomimetics as olefins, phosphonates,
aza-amino acid analogs and the like.
Also deemed as equivalents are any compounds which can be
hydrolytically converted into any of the aforementioned compounds
including boronic acid esters and halides, and carbonyl equivalents
including acetals, hemiacetals, ketals, and hemiketals, and cyclic
dipeptide analogs.
As used herein, the definition of each expression, e.g., alkyl, m,
n, etc., when it occurs more than once in any structure, is
intended to be independent of its definition elsewhere in the same
structure.
The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the subject compounds
include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium
salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic
acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those
derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic,
sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts
prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic,
glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic,
palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic,
salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic,
methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the
like.
The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can
be synthesized from the subject compound which contain a basic or
acid moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, the salts
are prepared by reacting the free base or acid with stoichiometric
amounts or with an excess of the desired salt-forming inorganic or
organic acid or base in a suitable solvent. The pharmaceutically
acceptable salts of the acids of the subject compounds are also
readily prepared by conventional procedures such as treating an
acid of the present compounds with an appropriate amount of a base
such as an alkali or alkaline earth methyl hydroxide (e.g., sodium,
potassium, lithium, calcium or magnesium) or an organic base such
as an amine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, benzylamine and the like, or
a quaternary ammonium hydroxide such as tetramethylammonium
hydroxide and the like.
Contemplated equivalents of the compounds described above include
compounds which otherwise correspond thereto, and which have the
same general properties thereof (e.g., the ability to inhibit
proteolysis of GLP-1 or other peptide hormone or precursor
thereof), wherein one or more simple variations of substituents are
made which do not adversely affect the efficacy of the compound in
use in the contemplated method. In general, the compounds of the
present invention may be prepared by the methods illustrated in the
general reaction schemes as, for example, described below, or by
modifications thereof, using readily available starting materials,
reagents and conventional synthesis procedures. In these reactions,
it is also possible to make use of variants which are in themselves
known, but are not mentioned here.
In certain certain embodiments, the compounds are DPIV inhibitors
with a K.sub.i for DPIV inhibition of 10 nm or less, more
preferably of 1.0 nm or less, and even more preferably of 0.1 or
even 0.01 nM or less. Indeed, inhibitors with K.sub.i values in the
picomolar and even femtomolar range are contemplated.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to pharmaceutical
compositions of the dipeptidylpeptidase inhibitors disclosed
herein, particularly compound(s) and their uses in treating and/or
preventing (inhibiting) disorders which can be improved by altering
the homeostasis of peptide hormones. In a certain embodiment, the
compounds have hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activities, and can be
used in the treatment of disorders marked by aberrant glucose
metabolism (including storage). In particular embodiments, the
compositions of the subject methods are useful as insulinotropic
agents, or to potentiate the insulinotropic effects of such
molecules as GLP-1. In this regard, the present method can be
useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a variety of
disorders, including one or more of: hyperlipemia, hyperglycemia,
obesity, glucose tolerance insufficiency, insulin resistance, and
diabetic complications.
For instance, in certain embodiments the method involves
administration of a compound(s), preferably at a predetermined
interval(s) during a 24-hour period, in an amount effective to
improve one or more aberrant indices associated with glucose
metabolism disorders (e.g., glucose intolerance, insulin
resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and Type II diabetes).
The effective amount of the compound may be about 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10,
30, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, 500, or 1000 mg/kg of the subject.
(ii). Agonism of GLP-1 Effects
The compounds useful in the subject methods possess, in certain
embodiments, the ability to lower blood glucose levels, to relieve
obesity, to alleviate impaired glucose tolerance, to inhibit
hepatic glucose neogenesis, and to lower blood lipid levels and to
inhibit aldose reductase. They are thus useful for the prevention
and/or therapy of hyperglycemia, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetic
complications (including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy,
cataracts, coronary artery disease and arteriosclerosis), and
furthermore for obesity-related hypertension and osteoporosis.
Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia
occurring from a relative or absolute decrease in insulin
secretion, decreased insulin sensitivity, or insulin resistance.
The morbidity and mortality of this disease result from vascular,
renal, and neurological complications. An oral glucose tolerance
test is a clinical test used to diagnose diabetes. In an oral
glucose tolerance test, a patient's physiological response to a
glucose load or challenge is evaluated. After ingesting the
glucose, the patient's physiological response to the glucose
challenge is evaluated. Generally, this is accomplished by
determining the patient's blood glucose levels (the concentration
of glucose in the patient's plasma, serum, or whole blood) for
several predetermined points in time.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for
agonizing the action of GLP-1. It has been determined that isoforms
of GLP-1 (GLP-1(7-37) and GLP-1(7-36)), which are derived from
preproglucagon in the intestine and the hind brain, have
insulinotropic activity, i.e., they modulate glucose metabolism.
DPIV cleaves the isoforms to inactive peptides. Thus, in certain
embodiments, compound(s) of the present invention can agonize
insulinotropic activity by interfering with the degradation of
bioactive GLP-1 peptides.
(iii). Agonism of the Effects of Other Peptide Hormones
In another embodiment, the subject agents can be used to agonize
(e.g., mimic or potentiate) the activity of peptide hormones, e.g.,
GLP-2, GIP and NPY.
To illustrate further, the present invention provides a method for
agonizing the action of GLP-2. It has been determined that GLP-2
acts as a trophic agent, to promote growth of gastrointestinal
tissue. The effect of GLP-2 is marked particularly by increased
growth of the small bowel, and is therefore herein referred to as
an "intestinotrophic" effect. DPIV is known to cleave GLP-2 into a
biologically inactive peptide. Thus, in one embodiment, inhibition
of DPIV interferes with the degradation of GLP-2, and thereby
increases the plasma half-life of that hormone.
In still other embodiments, the subject method can be used to
increase the half-life of other proglucagon-derived peptides, such
as glicentin, oxyntomodulin, glicentin-related pancreatic
polypeptide (GRPP), and/or intervening peptide-2 (IP-2). For
example, glicentin has been demonstrated to cause proliferation of
intestinal mucosa and also inhibits a peristalsis of the stomach,
and has thus been elucidated as useful as a therapeutic agent for
digestive tract diseases, thus leading to the present
invention.
Thus, in one aspect, the present invention relates to therapeutic
and related uses of compound(s) for promoting the growth and
proliferation of gastrointestinal tissue, most particularly small
bowel tissue. For instance, the subject method can be used as part
of a regimen for treating injury, inflammation, or resection of
intestinal tissue, e.g., where enhanced growth and repair of the
intestinal mucosal epithelial is desired.
With respect to small bowel tissue, such growth is measured
conveniently as an increase in small bowel mass and length,
relative to an untreated control. The effect of compounds on small
bowel also manifests as an increase in the height of the crypt plus
villus axis. Such activity is referred to herein as an
"intestinotrophic" activity. The efficacy of the subject method may
also be detectable as an increase in crypt cell proliferation
and/or a decrease in small bowel epithelium apoptosis. These
cellular effects may be noted most significantly in relation to the
jejunum, including the distal jejunum and particularly the proximal
jejunum, and also in the distal ileum. A compound is considered to
have "intestinotrophic effect" if a test animal exhibits
significantly increased small bowel weight, increased height of the
crypt plus villus axis or increased crypt cell proliferation, or
decreased small bowel epithelium apoptosis when treated with the
compound (or genetically engineered to express it themselves). A
model suitable for determining such gastrointestinal growth is
described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,428.
In general, patients who would benefit from either increased small
intestinal mass and consequent increased small bowel mucosal
function are candidates for treatment by the subject method.
Particular conditions that may be treated include the various forms
of sprue, including celiac sprue which results from a toxic
reaction to .alpha.-gliadin from wheat, and is marked by a
tremendous loss of villae of the bowel; tropical sprue which
results from infection and is marked by partial flattening of the
villae; hypogammaglobulinemic sprue which is observed commonly in
patients with common variable immunodeficiency or
hypogammaglobulinemia and is marked by significant decrease in
villus height. The therapeutic efficacy of the treatment may be
monitored by enteric biopsy to examine the villus morphology, by
biochemical assessment of nutrient absorption, by patient weight
gain, or by amelioration of the symptoms associated with these
conditions. Other conditions that may be treated by the subject
method, or for which the subject method may be useful
prophylactically, include radiation enteritis, infectious or
post-infectious enteritis, regional enteritis (Crohn's disease),
small intestinal damage due to toxic or other chemotherapeutic
agents, and patients with short bowel syndrome.
More generally, the present invention provides a therapeutic method
for treating digestive tract diseases. The term "digestive tract"
as used herein means a tube through which food passes, including
stomach and intestine. The term "digestive tract diseases" as used
herein means diseases accompanied by a qualitative or quantitative
abnormality in the digestive tract mucosa, which include, e.g.,
ulceric or inflammatory disease; congenital or acquired digestion
and absorption disorder including malabsorption syndrome; disease
caused by loss of a mucosal barrier function of the gut; and
protein-losing gastroenteropathy. The ulceric disease includes,
e.g., gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, small intestinal ulcer,
colonic ulcer, and rectal ulcer. The inflammatory disease include,
e.g., esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis, enteritis, colitis,
Crohn's disease, proctitis, gastrointestinal Behcet, radiation
enteritis, radiation colitis, radiation proctitis, enteritis, and
medicamentosa. The malabsorption syndrome includes the essential
malabsorption syndrome such as disaccharide-decomposing enzyme
deficiency, glucose-galactose malabsorption, fructose
malabsorption; secondary malabsorption syndrome, e.g., the disorder
caused by a mucosal atrophy in the digestive tract through the
intravenous or parenteral nutrition or elemental diet, the disease
caused by the resection and shunt of the small intestine such as
short gut syndrome, cul-de-sac syndrome; and indigestible
malabsorption syndrome, such as the disease caused by resection of
the stomach, e.g., dumping syndrome.
The term "therapeutic agent for digestive tract diseases" as used
herein means the agents for the prevention and treatment of the
digestive tract diseases, which include, e.g., the therapeutic
agent for digestive tract ulcer, the therapeutic agent for
inflammatory digestive tract disease, the therapeutic agent for
mucosal atrophy in the digestive tract, the therapeutic agent for a
digestive tract wound, the amelioration agent for the function of
the digestive tract including the agent for recovery of the mucosal
barrier function, and the amelioration agent for digestive and
absorptive function. Ulcers include digestive ulcers and erosions,
and acute ulcers, namely acute mucosal lesions.
The subject method, because of promoting proliferation of
intestinal mucosa, can be used in the treatment and prevention of
pathologic conditions of insufficiency in digestion and absorption,
that is, treatment and prevention of mucosal atrophy, or treatment
of hypoplasia of the digestive tract tissues and decrease in these
tissues by surgical removal as well as improvement of digestion and
absorption. Further, the subject method can be used in the
treatment of pathologic mucosal conditions due to inflammatory
diseases such as enteritis, Crohn's disease, and ulceric colitis
and also in the treatment of reduction in function of the digestive
tract after operation, for example, in damping syndrome as well as
in the treatment of duodenal ulcer in conjunction with the
inhibition of peristalsis of the stomach and rapid migration of
food from the stomach to the jejunum. Furthermore, glicentin can
effectively be used in promoting cure of surgical invasion as well
as in improving functions of the digestive tract. Thus, the present
invention also provides a therapeutic agent for atrophy of the
digestive tract mucosa, a therapeutic agent for wounds in the
digestive tract and a drug for improving functions of the digestive
tract which comprise glicentin as active ingredients.
Likewise, the compound(s) of the subject invention can be used to
alter the plasma half-life of secretin, VIP, PHI, PACAP, GIP,
and/or helodermin. Additionally, the subject method can be used to
alter the pharmacokinetics of Peptide YY and neuropeptide Y, both
members of the pancreatic polypeptide family, as DPIV has been
implicated in the processing of those peptides in a manner which
alters receptor selectivity.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is believed to act in the regulation vascular
smooth muscle tone, as well as regulation of blood pressure. NPY
also decreases cardiac contractility. NPY is also the most powerful
appetite stimulant known (Wilding et al., J. Endocrinology 1992,
132, 299-302). The centrally evoked food intake (appetite
stimulation) effect is predominantly mediated by NPY Y1 receptors
and causes increase in body fat stores and obesity (Stanley et al.,
Physiology and Behavior 1989, 46, 173-177).
According to the present invention, a method for treatment of
anorexia comprises administering to a host subject an effective
amount of a compound(s) to stimulate the appetite and increase body
fat stores which thereby substantially relieves the symptoms of
anorexia.
A method for treatment of hypotension comprises administering to a
host subject an effective amount of a compound(s) of the present
invention to mediate vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure
which thereby substantially relieves the symptoms of
hypotension.
DPIV has also been implicated in the metabolism and inactivation of
growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRF). GHRF is a member of the
family of homologous peptides that includes glucagon, secretin,
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine
(PHI), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP),
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and helodermin (Kubiak et al.
Peptide Res. 1994, 7, 153). GHRF is secreted by the hypothalamus,
and stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior
pituitary. Thus, the subject method can be used to improve clinical
therapy for certain growth hormone deficient children, and in
clinical therapy of adults to improve nutrition and to alter body
composition (muscle vs. fat). The subject method can also be used
in veterinary practice, for example, to develop higher yield milk
production and higher yield, leaner livestock.
(iv). Assays of Insulinotropic Activity
In selecting a compound suitable for use in the subject method, it
is noted that the insulinotropic property of a compound may be
determined by providing that compound to animal cells, or injecting
that compound into animals and monitoring the release of
immunoreactive insulin (IRI) into the media or circulatory system
of the animal, respectively. The presence of IRI can be detected
through the use of a radioimmunoassay which can specifically detect
insulin.
The db/db mouse is a genetically obese and diabetic strain of
mouse. The db/db mouse develops hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia
concomitant with its development of obesity and thus serves as a
model of obese type 2 diabetes (NIDDM). The db/db mice can be
purchased from, for example, The Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor,
Me.). In an exemplary embodiment, for treatment of the mice with a
regimen including a compound(s) or control, sub-orbital sinus blood
samples are taken before and at some time (e.g., 60 min) after
dosing of each animal. Blood glucose measurements can be made by
any of several conventional techniques, such as using a glucose
meter. The blood glucose levels of the control and compound(s)
dosed animals are compared
The metabolic fate of exogenous GLP-1 can also be followed in both
nondiabetic or type II diabetic subjects, and the effect of a
candidate compound(s) determined. For instance, a combination of
high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), specific
radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA), can be used, whereby intact biologically active GLP-1 and
its metabolites can be detected. See, for example, Deacon et al.
Diabetes, 1995, 44, 1126-1131. To illustrate, after GLP-1
administration, the intact peptide can be measured using an
NH.sub.2-terminally directed RIA or ELISA, while the difference in
concentration between these assays and a COOH-terminal-specific RIA
allowed determination of NH.sub.2-terminally truncated metabolites.
Without compound, subcutaneous GLP-1 is rapidly degraded in a
time-dependent manner, forming a metabolite which co-elutes on HPLC
with GLP-1(9-36) amide and has the same immunoreactive profile. For
instance, 30 min after subcutaneous GLP-1 administration to
diabetic patients (n=8), the metabolite accounted for 88.5+1.9% of
the increase in plasma immunoreactivity determined by the
COOH-terminal RIA, which was higher than the levels measured in
healthy subjects (78.4+3.2%; n=8; P<0.05). See Deacon et al.,
supra. Intravenously infused GLP-I was also extensively
degraded.
(v). Conjoint Administration
Another aspect of the invention provides a conjoint therapy wherein
one or more other therapeutic agents are administered with the
compound. Such conjoint treatment may be achieved by way of the
simultaneous, sequential, or separate dosing of the individual
components of the treatment.
In one embodiment, a compound(s) is conjointly administered with
insulin or other insulinotropic agents, such as GLP-1, peptide
hormones, such as GLP-2, GIP, or NPY, or a gene therapy vector
which causes the ectopic expression of said agents and peptide
hormones. In certain embodiments, said agents or peptide hormones
may be variants of a naturally occurring or synthetic peptide
hormone, wherein one or more amino acids have been added, deleted,
or substituted.
In another illustrative embodiment, the compounds can be conjointly
administered with an M1 receptor antagonist. Cholinergic agents are
potent modulators of insulin release that act via muscarinic
receptors. Moreover, the use of such agents can have the added
benefit of decreasing cholesterol levels, while increasing HDL
levels. Suitable muscarinic receptor antagonists include substances
that directly or indirectly block activation of muscarinic
cholinergic receptors. Preferably, such substances are selective
(or are used in amounts that promote such selectivity) for the M1
receptor. Non-limiting examples include quaternary amines (such as
methantheline, ipratropium, and propantheline), tertiary amines
(e.g., dicyclomine and scopolamine), and tricyclic amines (e.g.,
telenzepine). Pirenzepine and methyl scopolamine are preferred.
Other suitable muscarinic receptor antagonists include benztropine
(commercially available as COGENTIN from Merck),
hexahydro-sila-difenidol hydrochloride (HHSID hydrochloride
disclosed in Lambrecht et al. Trends in Pharmacol. Sci. 1989,
10(Suppl), 60; (+/-)-3-quinuclidinyl xanthene-9-carboxylate
hemioxalate (QNX-hemioxalate; Birdsall et al., Trends in Pharmacol.
Sci. 1983, 4, 459; telenzepine dihydrochloride (Coruzzi et al.
Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 1989, 302, 232; and Kawashima et al.
Gen. Pharmacol. 1990, 21, 17), and atropine. The dosages of such
muscarinic receptor antagonists will be generally subject to
optimization as outlined above. In the case of lipid metabolism
disorders, dosage optimization may be necessary independent of
whether administration is timed by reference to the lipid
metabolism responsiveness window or not.
In terms of regulating insulin and lipid metabolism and reducing
the foregoing disorders, the compound(s) may also act
synergistically with prolactin inhibitors such as d2 dopamine
agonists (e.g., bromocriptine). Accordingly, the subject method can
include the conjoint administration of such prolactin inhibitors as
prolactin-inhibiting ergo alkaloids and prolactin-inhibiting
dopamine agonists. Examples of suitable compounds include
2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine,
6-methyl-8-beta-carbobenzyloxyaminoethyl-10-alpha-ergoline,
8-acylaminoergolines, 6-methyl-8-alpha-(N-acyl)amino-9-ergoline,
6-methyl-8-alpha-(N-phenylacetyl)amino-9-ergoline, ergocomine,
9,10-dihydroergocornine, D-2-halo-6-alkyl-8-substituted ergolines,
D-2-bromo-6-methyl-8-cyanomethylergoline, carbidopa, benserazide,
and other dopadecarboxylase inhibitors, L-dopa, dopamine, and non
toxic salts thereof.
The compound(s) used according to the invention can also be used
conjointly with agents acting on the ATP-dependent potassium
channel of the .beta.-cells, such as glibenclamide, glipizide,
gliclazide, and AG-EE 623 ZW. The compound(s) may also
advantageously be applied in combination with other oral agents
such as metformin and related compounds or glucosidase inhibitors
as, for example, acarbose.
(vi). Hematopoietic Agonists.
In still another aspect, the present invention provides a method
for stimulating hematopoietic cells in culture or in vivo. In
certain embodiments, the subject DPP IV pro-inhibitors include an
address moiety that is a substrate for a protease that is expressed
in bone marrow.
According to one aspect of the invention, a method for stimulating
hematopoietic cells in vitro is provided. The method involves (1)
contacting the hematopoietic cells with a sufficient amount of an
DPP IV pro-inhibitor to increase the number of hematopoietic cells
and/or the differentiation of such hematopoietic cells relative to
the number and differentiation of hematopoietic cells.
One important aspect of the invention involves restoring or
preventing a deficiency in hematopoietic cell number in a subject.
Such deficiencies can arise, for example, from genetic
abnormalities, from disease, from stress, from chemotherapy (e.g.
cytotoxic drug treatment, steroid drug treatment, immunosuppressive
drug treatment, etc.) and from radiation treatment.
The pro-inhibitors of the invention can be administered alone, or
in combination with additional agents for treating the condition,
e.g., a different agent which stimulates activation or
proliferation of said lymphocytes or hematopoietic cells. For
example, the pro-inhibitors can be administered in conjunction with
exogenous growth factors and cytokines which are specifically
selected to achieve a particular outcome. For example, if it is
desired to stimulate a particular hematopoietic cell type, then
growth factors and cytokines which stimulate proliferation and
differentiation of such cell type are used.
Thus, it is known that interleukins-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, and 17 are involved in lymphocyte differentiation.
Interleukins 3 and 4 are involved in mast cell differentiation.
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF),
interleukin-3 and interleukin-5 are involved in the eosinophil
differentiation. GMCSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF)
and IL-3 are involved in macrophage differentiation.
GMCSF, GCSF and IL-3 are involved in neutrophil differentiation.
GMSCF, IL-3, IL-6, IL-1 and TPO are involved in platelet
differentiation. Flt3 Ligand is involved in dendritic cell growth.
GMCSF, IL-3, and erythropoietin are involved in erythrocyte
differentiation.
Finally, the self-renewal of primitive, pluripotent progenitor
cells capable of sustaining hematopoiesis requires SCF, Flt3
Ligand, G-CSF, IL-3, IL-6 and IL-11. Various combinations for
achieving a desired result will be apparent to those of ordinary
skill in the art.
(vii). Proteasome Inhibitors.
In other embodiments, the pro-soft inhibitors produce inhibitor
moieties that are potent and highly selective proteasome inhibitors
and can be employed to inhibit proteasome function. Inhibition of
proteasome function has a number of practical therapeutic and
prophylactic applications. However, because the proteasome is
ubiquitous to living cells, there is a desire to provide
embodiments of the subject pro-inhibitor that release a proteasome
inhibitor using an address moiety that is cleaved at or in
proximity to the intended target cells. For instance, the
proteasome pro-inhibitors embodiments can include address moieties
that are substrates for proteases that are expressed in tumors or
other cells which are undergoing unwanted proliferation, or
expressed in the tissue surrounding the tumor or other target
proliferating cells. For instance, the address moiety can be a
substrate for a protease expressed in the stromal layer adjacent a
tumor.
In certain embodiments, the proteasome pro-inhibitors of the
present invention provide a method of reducing the rate of
degradation of p53 and other tumor suppressors.
Such pro-inhibitors are contemplated as possessing important
practical application in treating cell proliferative diseases, such
as cancer, restenosis and psoriasis.
In certain embodiments, proteasome pro-inhibitors can be used to
inhibit the processing of internalized cellular or viral antigens
into antigenic peptides that bind to MHC-I molecules in an animal,
and are therefore useful for treating autoimmune diseases and
preventing rejection of foreign tissues, such as transplanted
organs or grafts.
Finally, the present invention relates to the use of proteasome
pro-inhibitors for treating specific conditions in animals that are
mediated or exacerbated, directly or indirectly, by proteasome
functions. These conditions include inflammatory conditions, such
as tissue rejection, organ rejection, arthritis, infection,
dermatoses, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, osteoporosis,
osteoarthritis and autoimmune disease such as lupus and multiple
sclerosis; cell proliferative diseases, such as cancer, psoriasis
and restenosis; and accelerated muscle protein breakdown that
accompanies various physiological and pathological states and is
responsible to a large extent for the loss of muscle mass (atrophy)
that follows nerve injury, fasting, fever, acidosis, and certain
endocrinopathies.
Compounds of the present invention inhibit the growth of cancer
cells. Thus, the compounds can be employed to treat cancer,
psoriasis, restenosis or other cell proliferative diseases in a
patient in need thereof.
By the term "treatment of cancer" or "treating cancer" is intended
description of an activity of compounds of the present invention
wherein said activity prevents or alleviates or ameliorates any of
the specific phenomena known in the art to be associated with the
pathology commonly known as "cancer." The term "cancer" refers to
the spectrum of pathological symptoms associated with the
initiation or progression, as well as metastasis, of malignant
tumors. By the term "tumor" is intended, for the purpose of the
present invention, a new growth of tissue in which the
multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive. The tumor
that is particularly relevant to the invention is the malignant
tumor, one in which the primary tumor has the properties of
invasion or metastasis or which shows a greater degree of anaplasia
than do benign tumors.
Thus, "treatment of cancer" or "treating cancer" refers to an
activity that prevents, alleviates or ameliorates any of the
primary phenomena (initiation, progression, metastasis) or
secondary symptoms associated with the disease. Cancers that are
treatable are broadly divided into the categories of carcinoma,
lymphoma and sarcoma. Examples of carcinomas that can be treated by
the composition of the present invention include, but are not
limited to: adenocarcinoma, acinic cell adenocarcinoma, adrenal
cortical carcinomas, alveoli cell carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma,
basaloid carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma,
bronchogenic carcinoma, renaladinol carcinoma, embryonal carcinoma,
anometroid carcinoma, fibrolamolar liver cell carcinoma, follicular
carcinomas, giant cell carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinoma,
intraepidermal carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, leptomanigio
carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, melanotic carcinoma, menigual
carcinoma, mesometonephric carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, squamal
cell carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma,
and tubular cell carcinoma. Sarcomas that can be treated by the
composition of the present invention include, but are not limited
to: amelioblastic sarcoma, angiolithic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma,
endometrial stroma sarcoma, ewing sarcoma, fascicular sarcoma,
giant cell sarcoma, granulositic sarcoma, immunoblastic sarcoma,
juxaccordial osteogenic sarcoma, coppices sarcoma, leukocytic
sarcoma (leukemia), lymphatic sarcoma (lympho sarcoma), medullary
sarcoma, myeloid sarcoma (granulocitic sarcoma), austiogenci
sarcoma, periostea sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma (histiocytic
lymphoma), round cell sarcoma, spindle cell sarcoma, synovial
sarcoma, and telangiectatic audiogenic sarcoma.
Lymphomas that can be treated by the composition of the present
invention include, but are not limited to: Hodgkin's disease and
lymphocytic lymphomas, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, NPDL, NML, NH
and diffuse lymphomas.
In other embodiments, certain of the proteasome pro-inhibitors
employed in the practice of the present invention are capable of
preventing this activation of NF-kB.
Blocking NF-kB activity is contemplated as possessing important
practical application in various areas of medicine, e.g.,
inflammation, sepsis, AIDS, and the like.
In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention can
be formulated in topical form for treatment of skin disorders
selected from psoriasis, dermatitis, Lichen planus, acne, and
disorders marked by hyperproliferation of skin cells.
In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention can
be formulated in topical form for treatment of uncontrolled hair
growth.
(viii). Pharmaceutical Compositions
While it is possible for a compound of the present invention to be
administered alone, in certain cases it is preferable to administer
the compound as a pharmaceutical formulation (composition).
Protease inhibitors according to the invention may be formulated
for administration in any convenient way for use in human or
veterinary medicine. In certain embodiments, the compound included
in the pharmaceutical preparation may be active itself, or may be a
prodrug, e.g., capable of being converted to an active compound in
a physiological setting.
Compounds prepared as described herein can be administered in
various forms, depending on the disorder to be treated and the age,
condition, and body weight of the patient, as is well known in the
art. For example, where the compounds are to be administered
orally, they may be formulated as tablets, capsules, granules,
powders, or syrups; or for parenteral administration, they may be
formulated as injections (intravenous, intramuscular, or
subcutaneous), drop infusion preparations, or suppositories. For
application by the ophthalmic mucous membrane route, they may be
formulated as eye drops or eye ointments. These formulations can be
prepared by conventional means, and, if desired, the active
ingredient may be mixed with any conventional additive, such as an
excipient, a binder, a disintegrating agent, a lubricant, a
corrigent, a solubilizing agent, a suspension aid, an emulsifying
agent, or a coating agent. Although the dosage will vary depending
on the symptoms, age and body weight of the patient, the nature and
severity of the disorder to be treated or prevented, the route of
administration and the form of the drug, in general, a daily dosage
of from 0.01 to 2000 mg of the compound is recommended for an adult
human patient, and this may be administered in a single dose or in
divided doses.
The precise time of administration and/or amount of the compound
that will yield the most effective results in terms of efficacy of
treatment in a given patient will depend upon the activity,
pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of a particular compound,
physiological condition of the patient (including age, sex, disease
type and stage, general physical condition, responsiveness to a
given dosage, and type of medication), route of administration,
etc. However, the above guidelines can be used as the basis for
fine-tuning the treatment, e.g., determining the optimum time
and/or amount of administration, which will require no more than
routine experimentation consisting of monitoring the subject and
adjusting the dosage and/or timing.
The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable" is employed herein to
refer to those ligands, materials, compositions, and/or dosage
forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment,
suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and
animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response,
or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable
benefit/risk ratio.
The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" as used herein
means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or
vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient,
solvent or encapsulating material. Each carrier must be
"acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other
ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient.
Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose,
and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch;
(3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered
tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such
as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut
oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn
oil, and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11)
polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene
glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13)
agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and
aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water;
(17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol;
(20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21) other non-toxic
compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. In
certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions of the present
invention are non-pyrogenic, i.e., do not induce significant
temperature elevations when administered to a patient.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to the
relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of
the compound(s). These salts can be prepared in situ during the
final isolation and purification of the compound(s), or by
separately reacting a purified compound(s) in its free base form
with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt
thus formed. Representative salts include the hydrobromide,
hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate,
valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate,
phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate,
tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and
laurylsulphonate salts, and the like. (See, e.g., Berge et al. J.
Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19)
In other cases, the compounds useful in the methods of the present
invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and,
thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with
pharmaceutically acceptable bases. The term "pharmaceutically
acceptable salts" in these instances refers to the relatively
non-toxic inorganic and organic base addition salts of an
compound(s). These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during
the final isolation and purification of the compound(s), or by
separately reacting the purified compound(s) in its free acid form
with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or
bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with
ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary,
secondary, or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline
earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, and aluminum salts, and the like. Representative organic
amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include
ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine,
diethanolamine, piperazine, and the like (see, e.g., Berge et al.,
supra).
Wetting agents, emulsifiers, and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl
sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release
agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming
agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the
compositions.
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1)
water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine
hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium
sulfite, and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as
ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol,
and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid,
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid,
phosphoric acid, and the like.
Formulations useful in the methods of the present invention include
those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and
sublingual), rectal, vaginal, aerosol, and/or parenteral
administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in
unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in
the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be
combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form
will vary depending upon the host being treated and the particular
mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can
be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form
will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a
therapeutic effect. Generally, out of 100%, this amount will range
from about 1% to about 99% of active ingredient, preferably from
about 5% to about 70%, most preferably from about 10% to about
30%.
Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the
step of bringing into association a compound(s) with the carrier
and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the
formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into
association a ligand with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid
carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
Formulations suitable for oral administration may be in the form of
capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored
basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders,
granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or
non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid
emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert
base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or
as mouthwashes, and the like, each containing a predetermined
amount of a compound(s) as an active ingredient. A compound may
also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
In solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules, tablets,
pills, dragees, powders, granules, and the like), the active
ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable
carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any
of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches,
lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2)
binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates,
gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; (3)
humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as
agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic
acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution
retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators,
such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as,
for example, acetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8)
absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such
a talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene
glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and (10)
coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the
pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as
fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such
excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular
weight polyethylene glycols, and the like.
A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one
or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared
using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl
cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant
(for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent.
Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a
mixture of the powdered peptide or peptidomimetic moistened with an
inert liquid diluent.
Tablets, and other solid dosage forms, such as dragees, capsules,
pills, and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with
coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings
well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be
formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the
active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl
cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release
profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes, and/or microspheres.
They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a
bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents
in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in
sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately
before use. These compositions may also optionally contain
opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the
active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion
of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include
polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be
in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the
above-described excipients.
Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include
pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions,
suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active
ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents
commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other
solvents, solubilizing agents, and emulsifiers such as ethyl
alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl
alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol,
oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive,
castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol,
polyethylene glycols, and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and
mixtures thereof.
Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include
adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending
agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and
preservative agents.
Suspensions, in addition to the active compound(s) may contain
suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols,
polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline
cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and
tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
Formulations for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented
as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more
compound(s) with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or
carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene
glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, which is solid at room
temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will
melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active
agent.
Formulations which are suitable for vaginal administration also
include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray
formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be
appropriate.
Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a
compound(s) include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams,
lotions, gels, solutions, patches, and inhalants. The active
component may be mixed under sterile conditions with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives,
buffers, or propellants which may be required.
The ointments, pastes, creams, and gels may contain, in addition to
compound(s), excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils,
waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives,
polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc,
and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound(s),
excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide,
calcium silicates, and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these
substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants,
such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted
hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
The compound(s) can be alternatively administered by aerosol. This
is accomplished by preparing an aqueous aerosol, liposomal
preparation, or solid particles containing the compound. A
non-aqueous (e.g., fluorocarbon propellant) suspension could be
used. Sonic nebulizers are preferred because they minimize exposing
the agent to shear, which can result in degradation of the
compound.
Ordinarily, an aqueous aerosol is made by formulating an aqueous
solution or suspension of the agent together with conventional
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and stabilizers. The carriers
and stabilizers vary with the requirements of the particular
compound, but typically include nonionic surfactants (Tweens,
Pluronics, or polyethylene glycol), innocuous proteins like serum
albumin, sorbitan esters, oleic acid, lecithin, amino acids such as
glycine, buffers, salts, sugars, or sugar alcohols. Aerosols
generally are prepared from isotonic solutions.
Medicaments which may be administered in inhalant or aerosol
formulations according to the invention include protease inhibitor
prodrugs useful in inhalation therapy which may be presented in a
form which is soluble or substantially soluble in the selected
propellant system.
The particle size of the particulate medicament should be such as
to permit inhalation of substantially all of the medicament into
the lungs upon administration of the aerosol formulation and will
thus desirably be less than 20 microns, preferably in the range 1
to 10 microns, e.g., 1 to 5 microns. The particle size of the
medicament may be reduced by conventional means, for example by
milling or micronisation.
Administration of medicament may be indicated for the treatment of
mild, moderate or severe acute or chronic symptoms or for
prophylactic treatment. It will be appreciated that the precise
dose administered will depend on the age and condition of the
patient, the particular particulate medicament used and the
frequency of administration and will ultimately be at the
discretion of the attendant physician. When combinations of
medicaments are employed the dose of each component of the
combination will in general be that employed for each component
when used alone. Typically, administration may be one or more
times, for example from 1 to 8 times per day, giving for example 1,
2, 3 or 4 puffs each time. Preferably, administration may be one
time per day.
For administration, the drug is suitably inhaled from a nebulizer,
from a pressurized metered dose inhaler, or as a dry powder from a
dry powder inhaler (e.g., sold as TURBUHALER.RTM.) or from a dry
powder inhaler utilizing gelatin, plastic or other capsules,
cartridges or blister packs.
A diluent or carrier, generally non-toxic and chemically inert to
the medicament; e.g., lactose, dextran, mannitol, glucose or any
additives that will give the medicament a desired taste, can be
added to the powdered medicament.
The micronized mixture may be suspended or dissolved in a liquid
propellant mixture which is kept in a container that is sealed with
a metering valve and fitted into a plastic actuator. The
propellants used may be halocarbons of different chemical formulae.
The most frequently used halocarbon propellants are
trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane,
dichlorotetrafluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, and
1,1-difluoroethane. Low concentrations of a surfactant such as
sorbitan trioleate, lecithin, disodium dioctylsulphosuccinate, or
oleic acid may also be used to improve the physical stability.
Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing
controlled delivery of a compound(s) to the body. Such dosage forms
can be made by dissolving or dispersing the agent in the proper
medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux
of the compound(s) across the skin. The rate of such flux can be
controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or
dispersing the peptidomimetic in a polymer matrix or gel.
Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions, and the
like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this
invention.
Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for
parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds(s) in
combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterile
isotonic aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions
or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into
sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use,
which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes
which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the
intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
Examples of suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers which may be
employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention
include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene
glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures
thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic
esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained,
for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by
the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of
dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as
preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing
agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured
by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents,
for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the
like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as
sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In
addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical
form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay
absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is
desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or
intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a
liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor
water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends
upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon
crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed
absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished
by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices
of compound(s) in biodegradable polymers such as
polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to
polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the
rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other
biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and
poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared
by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are
compatible with body tissue.
When the compounds(s) of the present invention are administered as
pharmaceuticals to humans and animals, they can be given per se or
as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to
99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in
combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The preparations of agents may be given orally, parenterally,
topically, or rectally. They are of course given by forms suitable
for each administration route. For example, they are administered
in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion,
ointment, suppository, infusion; topically by lotion or ointment;
and rectally by suppositories. Oral administration is
preferred.
The phrases "parenteral administration" and "administered
parenterally" as used herein means modes of administration other
than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and
includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular,
intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital,
intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal,
subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular,
subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection, and
infusion.
The phrases "systemic administration," "administered systemically,"
"peripheral administration" and "administered peripherally" as used
herein mean the administration of a ligand, drug, or other material
other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it
enters the patient's system and thus, is subject to metabolism and
other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.
These compounds(s) may be administered to humans and other animals
for therapy by any suitable route of administration, including
orally, nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally,
intravaginally, parenterally, intracistemally, and topically, as by
powders, ointments or drops, including buccally and
sublingually.
The addition of the active compound of the invention to animal feed
is preferably accomplished by preparing an appropriate feed premix
containing the active compound in an effective amount and
incorporating the premix into the complete ration.
Alternatively, an intermediate concentrate or feed supplement
containing the active ingredient can be blended into the feed. The
way in which such feed premixes and complete rations can be
prepared and administered are described in reference books (such as
Applied Animal Nutrition; San Francisco: Freedman, 1969; or
Livestock Feeds and Feeding; Corvallis: O & B Books, 1977).
Regardless of the route of administration selected, the
compound(s), which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or
the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are
formulated into pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by
conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.
Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the
pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as
to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to
achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient,
composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the
patient.
(ix). Pharmaceutical Packages and Manufacture.
One aspect of the present invention provides a packaged
pharmaceutical comprising one or more inhibitors of the present
invention formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, in
association with instructions (written and/or pictorial) describing
the recommended dosage and/or administration of the formulation to
a patient. Such instructions may include details for treating or
preventing a diseases, and optionally, warnings of possible side
effects and drug-drug or drug-food interactions.
Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of the subject
inhibitors in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of
a disorder for which inhibition of the target protease of the
inhibitor moiety G provides a therapeutic benefit to a patient.
Exemplary disorders are enumerated below.
Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method for
conducting a pharmaceutical business, which includes:
a. manufacturing one or more of the subject inhibitors; and
b. marketing to healthcare providers the benefits of using the
preparation to treat or prevent any of the diseases or indications
cited herein.
In certain embodiments, the subject business method can include
providing a distribution network for selling the preparation. It
may also include providing instruction material to patients or
physicians for using the preparation to treat and prevent any of
the diseases or indications cited herein.
(x). Combinatorial Libraries
The compounds of the present invention, particularly libraries of
variants having various representative classes of substituents, are
amenable to combinatorial chemistry and other parallel synthesis
schemes (see, for example, PCT WO 94/08051). The result is that
large libraries of related compounds, e.g., a variegated library of
compounds represented above, can be screened rapidly in high
throughput assays in order to identify potential protease inhibitor
lead compounds, as well as to refine the specificity, toxicity,
and/or cytotoxic-kinetic profile of a lead compound.
Simply for illustration, a combinatorial library for the purposes
of the present invention is a mixture of chemically related
compounds which may be screened together for a desired property.
The preparation of many related compounds in a single reaction
greatly reduces and simplifies the number of screening processes
which need to be carried out. Screening for the appropriate
physical properties can be done by conventional methods.
Diversity in the library can be created at a variety of different
levels. For instance, the substrate aryl groups used in the
combinatorial reactions can be diverse in terms of the core aryl
moiety, e.g., a variegation in terms of the ring structure, and/or
can be varied with respect to the other substituents.
A variety of techniques are available in the art for generating
combinatorial libraries of small organic molecules such as the
subject protease inhibitors. See, for example, Blondelle et al.
Trends Anal. Chem. 1995, 14, 83; the Affymax U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,359,115 and 5,362,899: the Ellman U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,514: the
Still et al. PCT publication WO 94/08051; the ArQule U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,736,412 and 5,712,171; Chen et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116,
2661: Kerr et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 252; PCT
publications WO92/10092, WO93/09668 and WO91/07087; and the Lerner
et al. PCT publication WO93/20242). Accordingly, a variety of
libraries on the order of about 100 to 1,000,000 or more
diversomers of the subject protease inhibitors can be synthesized
and screened for particular activity or property.
In an exemplary embodiment, a library of candidate protease
inhibitor diversomers can be synthesized utilizing a scheme adapted
to the techniques described in the Still et al. PCT publication WO
94/08051, e.g., being linked to a polymer bead by a hydrolysable or
photolyzable group, optionally located at one of the positions of
the candidate agonists or a substituent of a synthetic
intermediate. According to the Still et al. technique, the library
is synthesized on a set of beads, each bead including a set of tags
identifying the particular diversomer on that bead. The bead
library can then be "plated" with proteases for which an inhibitor
is sought. The diversomers can be released from the bead, e.g., by
hydrolysis.
The structures of the compounds useful in the present invention
lend themselves readily to efficient synthesis. The nature of the
structures of the subject compounds, as generally set forth above,
allows the rapid combinatorial assembly of such compounds. For
example, as in the scheme set forth below, an activated aryl group,
such as an aryl triflate or bromide, attached to a bead or other
solid support can be linked to another aryl group by performing a
Stille or Suzuki coupling with an aryl stannane or an aryl boronic
acid. If the second aryl group is functionalized with an aldehyde,
an amine substituent can be added through a reductive amination.
Alternatively, the second aryl group could be functionalized with a
leaving group, such as a triflate, tosylate, or halide, capable of
being displaced by an amine. Or, the second aryl group may be
functionalized with an amine group capable of undergoing reductive
amination with an amine, e.g., CyKNH.sub.2. Other possible coupling
techniques include transition metal-mediated amine arylation
reactions. The resultant secondary amine can then be further
functionalized by an acylation, alkylation, or arylation to
generate a tertiary amine or amide which can then be cleaved from
the resin or support. These reactions generally are quite mild and
have been successfully applied in combinatorial solid-phase
synthesis schemes. Furthermore, the wide range of substrates and
coupling partners suitable and available for these reactions
permits the rapid assembly of large, diverse libraries of compounds
for testing in assays as set forth herein. For certain schemes, and
for certain substitutions on the various substituents of the
subject compounds, one of skill in the art will recognize the need
for masking certain functional groups with a suitable protecting
group. Such techniques are well known in the art and are easily
applied to combinatorial synthesis schemes.
##STR00116##
Many variations on the above and related pathways permit the
synthesis of widely diverse libraries of compounds which may be
tested as protease inhibitors.
Variations, modifications, and other implementations of what is
described herein will occur to those of ordinary skill without
departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention.
Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited only to the
preceding illustrative description. For additional illustrative
features that may be used with the invention, including the
embodiments described here, refer to the documents listed herein
above and incorporated by reference in their entirety. All
operative combinations between the above described illustrative
embodiments and those features described below are considered to be
potentially patentable embodiments of the invention.
EXEMPLIFICATION
The invention now being generally described, it will be more
readily understood by reference to the following examples which are
included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and
embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit
the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
General Procedure for Synthesis of Thioxo-Amide-Containing
Dipeptide (boro)Amino-Acid-Containing Analogues
(Xaa-(C(S))-(boro)Xaa'
Overview
Initially, a B-terminal protected form of a (boro)amino acid
analogue is acylated with an activated form of an N-protected amino
acid (or oligopeptide) to give a B-protected and N-protected
(boro)amino acid-containing dipeptide (or oligopeptide) analogue.
The B-protected and N-protected (boro)amino acid analogue is then
transformed to the corresponding thioxo amide compound using, e.g.,
Lawesson's Reagent. Finally, the thioxo-amide-containing
(boro)amino acid dipeptide (or oligopeptide) analogue is
deprotected to provide the thioxo-amide-containing (boro)amino acid
dipeptide (or oligopeptide).
Application to Preparation of Ala-boroPro (Thioxo Amide)
##STR00117##
To a stirred solution of N-Boc-L-Alanine (1.9 g, 10 mmol) and
L-boroPro(pn). HCl (2.9 g, 101 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (30 mL) were
added HATU (4.0 mg, 10.5 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine
(DIPEA, 4.0 mL, 23 mmol) at 0.degree. C. under argon atmosphere.
The cooling bath was removed and the resulting mixture was stirred
at room temperature for 1 hr, and then was concentrated in vacuo
under 30.degree. C. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100
mL), washed sequentially with KHSO.sub.4 (0.1 M, 3.times.15 mL),
aq. NaHCO.sub.3 (5%, 3.times.10 mL), brine (3.times.10 mL) and
dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated. The crude product was purified
by flash column chromatography over silica gel (1:1, hexanes/EtOAc)
to afford the pure coupling product as a white powder which was
added to a stirred suspension of Lawesson reagent (1.8 g, 4.5 mmol)
in anhydrous toluene (100 mL) at room temperature. The resulting
mixture was then stirred at 80.degree. C. for 4 hr. After removal
of the solvent, the crude product was purified by flash column
chromatography over silica gel (2:1, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford
N-Boc-Ala-boropro(pn) (thioxo amide) as a white powder. 3.1 g of
this thioxo amide (7.1 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous
dichloromethane (40 mL), cooled to -78.degree. C., a solution of
boron trichloride in dichloromethane (35 mL, 1.0 M) was added and
stirred for 1 hr. The resulting mixture was evaporated to dryness
under reduced pressure and co-evaporated using anhydrous methanol
(3.times.15 mL). The residue was then partitioned between water (30
mL) and ether (30 mL). The aqueous phase was separated and washed
with ether (2.times.20 mL). Concentrated the aqueous phase in vacuo
and then purified by semi-preparative RP-HPLC, lyophilized to
afford the target compound Ala-boroPro (thioxo amide) as a white
powder. .sup.1H NMR (D.sub.2O, pH 2.01, .delta.): 1.51 (d, J=6.7
Hz, 3H, CH.sub.3), 1.83-1.90 (m, 1H,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.AH.sub.BCHB--), 2.08-2.25 (m, 3H,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.AH.sub.BCHB--), 3.50-3.56 (m, 1H,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CHB--), 3.62-3.69 (m, 1H,
--NCH.sub.AH.sub.BCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--), 3.92-4.00 (m, 1H,
--NCH.sub.AH.sub.BCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--), 4.55 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 1H,
CH.sub.3CHNH.sub.2--); .sup.11B NMR (D.sub.2O, pH 2.01, .delta.):
9.5; LC-MS (ESI+) for C.sub.7H.sub.15BN.sub.2O.sub.2S nm/z (rel
intensity): 369.2 ([2.times.(M-H.sub.2O)+H].sup.+, 21), 203.1
([M+H].sup.+, 58), 186.1 ([M-NH.sub.2].sup.+, 100). HRMS: calcd for
C.sub.7H.sub.16BN.sub.2O.sub.2S, [M+H].sup.+, 203.1026, found
203.1030.
EXAMPLE 2
DPIV Inhibition Assay
The inhibitor solution is prepared by dissolving 3-5 mg of
inhibitor in pH 2 solution (0.01 N HCl), such that the
concentration of the solution is equal to 1 mg/10 .mu.L. A 10 .mu.L
sample of this solution is then added to 990 .mu.L of pH 8 buffer
(0.1 M HEPES, 0.14 M NaCl), and the solution is allowed to stand at
room temperature overnight.
The enzyme solution is prepared by diluting 20 .mu.L of DPIV
(concentration 2.5 .mu.M) into 40 mL of pH 8 buffer.
The substrate solution is prepared by dissolving 2.0 mg of
L-alanyl-L-proline-para-nitroanilide into 20 mL of pH 8 buffer.
250 .mu.L of enzyme solution is added to well #B1 to #H1, #A2 to
#H2, and #A3 to #H3 of a 96 well plate, while well #A1 receives 250
.mu.L of pH 8 buffer instead of enzyme solution. 90 .mu.L of pH 8
buffer is then added to column 5 (from well #A5 to #H5).
A 1:10 dilution is then performed by adding inhibitor solution to
#A5 and the solution is mixed well before transferring 10 .mu.L of
this solution from #A5 to #B5. The solution in #B5 is then mixed
well before transferring 10 .mu.L of this solution from #B5 to #C5.
The solution in #C5 is then mixed well before transferring 10 .mu.L
of this solution from #C5 to #D5. The solution in #D5 is then mixed
well before transferring 10 .mu.L of this solution from #D5 to #E5.
The solution in #E5 is then mixed well before transferring 10 .mu.L
of this solution from #E5 to #F5. The solution in #F5 is then mixed
well before transferring 10 .mu.L of this solution from #F5 to #G5.
The solution in #G5 is then mixed well before transferring 10 .mu.L
of this solution from #G5 to #H5.
A 30 .mu.L aliquot is then transferred from #H5 to #H3 for row H,
and the contents are mixed well. The analogous procedure is
repeated for rows G, F, E, D, C, B, and A sequentially. The plate
is then shaken on a plate shaker for 5 min before allowing the
plate to incubate at room temperature for an additional 5 min.
Once the plate has been allowed to incubate, 30 .mu.L of substrate
is added to each well except well #A1. The plate is then placed on
a plate shaker for 5 min before allowing the plate to incubate at
room temperature for 25 min. The absorbance is then immediately
read at a wavelength of 410 nm.
EXAMPLE 3
Selectivity for Dipeptidyl Peptidase Isoforms
The assay described in Example 2 is used to determine the IC.sub.50
values for several compounds of the invention. In this example, the
assay is conducted for DPIV and DP8 or DP9. The ratio of IC.sub.50
values for each tested compound is calculated in order to determine
the selectivity for the DPIV isoform. IC.sub.50 values were
measured at the same pH throughout the assay.
Preferred compounds of the invention inhibit DPIV at least 10
times, preferably at least 100 times, more strongly than they
inhibit DP8 and/or DP9, i.e., have an IC.sub.50 at least 10 (or
100) times lower against DPIV than against DP8 and/or DP9.
TABLE-US-00001 Ratio Ratio DP9 DPP8 To IC50s DPPIV DP8 DP9 to DPIV
DPIV Inhibitor pH 2 pH 7.8 Ratio pH 2 pH 7.8 Ratio pH 2 pH 7.8
Ratio (pH 2) (pH 2) Pro-boro 0.75 nM nd 2.5 nM 1.8 .mu.M 720 1.9 nM
340 nM 180 3.2 2.5 Pro (thioxam) Pro-boro 76 nM 310 nM 4.1 140 nM
310 nM 2.2 85 nM 110 nM 1.3 1.8 1.1 Ala (thioxam) Glu-boro 4.6 nM
890 nM 190 16 nM 2.0 .mu.M 130 8.7 nM 1.8 .mu.M 180 3.4 1.9 Pro
(thioxam) Ala-boro 0.74 nM 1.3 nM 1700 3.8 nM 2.4 .mu.M 630 8.4 nM
4.2 .mu.M 500 5 11 Pro (thioxam)
EXAMPLE 4
DPP Inhibition: Thioxamide v. Oxoamide
The inhibitory activity of a compound may be tested easily. DP-IV
is purified from pig kidney cortex by the method of Barth et al.
(Acta Biol. Med. Germ. 32:157, 1974) and Wolf et al. (Acta Biol.
Med. Germ. 37:409, 1978) and from human placenta by the method of
Puschel et al. (Eur. J. Biochem. 126:359, 1982). A compound is then
screened for its ability to inhibit the protease activity of DP-IV
with respect to a natural substrate. For example, the activity of
DP-IV, isolated from porcine kidneys by the method of Wolf et al.
(ACTA Bio. Mes. Ger. 37:409, 1972), was measured using
Ala-Pro-p-nitroanilide as a substrate. Briefly, a reaction
containing 50 micromol sodium Hepes (pH 7.8), 10 micromol
Ala-Pro-p-nitroanilide, 6 milliunits of DP-IV, and 2% (vol/vol)
dimethylformamide in a total volume of 1.0 mL. The reaction was
initiated by the addition of enzyme and reaction rates were
measured at 25 C; formation of reaction product (para-nitroanilide)
in the presence and absence of a test compound can be detected
photometrically, e.g., at 410 nm.
TABLE-US-00002 Inactivation Inhibitor IC.sub.50 (pH 2.0) IC.sub.50
(pH 8.0) Index Ala-boroPro ##STR00118## 0.26 nM 1.4 uM 5,400
Ala-boroPro Thioxamide ##STR00119## 0.35 nM 20 uM 57,000
Val-boroAla ##STR00120## 3.5 nM 9.0 nM 2.6 Val-boroAla Thioxamide
##STR00121## 73 nM 220 nM 3.0 Ala-boroAla ##STR00122## 63 nM 440 nM
7.0 Ala-boroAla Thioxamide ##STR00123## 6.5 uM 7.7 uM 1.2
Val-boroPro ##STR00124## 1.7 nM 1.2 uM 710 Val-boroPro Thioxamide
##STR00125## 44 nM 5.9 uM 130 Chg-boroPro ##STR00126## 1 nM 380 nM
380 Chg-boroPro Thioxamide ##STR00127## 4 nM 9 uM 2,300 Gly-boroPro
##STR00128## 1 nM 7 uM 7,000 Gly-boroPro Thioxamide ##STR00129## 3
nM 1.9 uM 630 NVP-LAF237 analogue ##STR00130## 42 nM 72 nM 1.7
NVP-LAF237 analogue Thioxamide ##STR00131## 160 nM 40 uM 250
N-(Benzyl)- Gly-boroPro ##STR00132## 9.5 nM 69 uM 7,300 N-(Benzyl)-
Gly-boroPro Thioxamide ##STR00133## 24 nM 170 nM 7.1 Asp-boroPro
##STR00134## 200 nM 35 uM 180 Asp-boroPro Thioxamide ##STR00135##
17 nM 28 uM 1,700 Glu-boroPro ##STR00136## 6 nM 3 uM 500
Glu-boroPro Thioxamide ##STR00137## 4.6 nM 890 nM 190 Aad-boroPro
##STR00138## 4.5 nM 7.4 uM 1,600 Aad-boroPro Thioxamide
##STR00139## 1.6 nM 19 uM 12,000 Trp-boroPro ##STR00140## 2 nM 3 uM
1500 Trp-boroPro Thioxamide ##STR00141## 1.6 nM 700 nM 440
Arg-boroPro ##STR00142## 1.8 nM 7.1 uM 3,900 Arg-boroPro Thioxamide
##STR00143## 1.2 nM No inhibition N/A Pro-boroPro ##STR00144## 1.1
nM 23 uM 21,000 Pro-boroPro Thioxamide ##STR00145## 6.4 nM 7 uM
1,100
EXAMPLE 5
X-BoroLeu Proteasome Inhibition: Thioxamide v. Oxoamide
The 26S proteasome is the multi-catalytic protease responsible for
the majority of intracellular protein turnover in eukaryotic cells,
including proteolytic degradation of damaged, oxidized or misfolded
proteins, as well as processing or degradation of key regulatory
proteins required for various cellular function (Ciechanover, Cell
79: 13-21 (1994); Coux et al., Ann. Rev. Biochem. 65:801-847
(1995); Goldberg et al., Chemistry & Biology 2:503-508 (1995)).
Protein substrates are first marked for degradation by covalent
conjugation to multiple molecules of a small protein, ubiquitin.
The resultant polyubiquitinated protein is then recognized and
degraded by the 26S proteasome.
Constituting the catalytic core of the 26S proteasome is the 20S
proteasome, a multi-subunit complex of approximately 700 kDa
molecular weight. Coux et al. (Ann. Rev. Biochem. 65:801-847
(1995)) teaches that the 20S proteasome does not by itself degrade
ubiquitinated proteins, but does possess multiple peptidase
activities. Based on substrate preferences, Coux et al.
characterizes these activities as chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like,
post-glutamyl hydrolase, branched chain amino acid preferring, and
small neutral amino acid preferring. Coux et al. also teaches that
a dramatic activation of 20S proteasome activity can be induced by
various in vitro treatments, such as heating to 55.degree. C.,
incubation with basic polypeptides, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS),
guanidine HCI or fatty acids, dialysis against water, or by
physiological regulators such as PA28 or PA700. McCormack et al.
(Biochemistry 37:7792-7800 (1998)) teaches that a variety of
peptide substrates, including Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC,
Z-Leu-Leu-Arg-AMC, and Z-Leu-Leu-Glu-2NA, wherein Suc is
N-succinyl, AMC is 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, and 2NA is
2-naphthylamine, are cleaved by the 20S proteasome.
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays a central role in a large
number of physiological processes. Deshaies (Trends in Cell Biol.
5: 428-434 (1995)) and Hoyt (Cell 91:149-151 (1997)) teach that
regulated proteolysis of cell cycle proteins, including cyclins,
cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, and tumor suppressor proteins,
is required for controlled cell cycle progression and that
proteolysis of these proteins occurs via the ubiquitin-proteasome
pathway. Palombella et al., WO 95/25533 teaches that activation of
the transcription factor NF-kappa-B, which itself plays a central
role in the regulation of genes involved in the immune and
inflammatory responses, is dependent upon the proteasome-mediated
degradation of an inhibitory protein, Ikappa-B-.alpha. Goldberg and
Rock, WO 94/17816 discloses that the continual turnover of cellular
proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays an essential
role in antigen presentation.
Inhibition of proteasome activity thus offers a promising new
approach for therapeutic intervention in these and other conditions
directly or indirectly mediated by the proteolytic function of the
proteasome. Goldberg et al. (Chemistry & Biology 2:503-508
(1995)) teaches that proteasome inhibitors block the inflammatory
response in vivo in animal models of human disease.
Compounds may be screened for their ability to inhibit the
ATP-ubiquitin-dependent degradative process by measurement
proteolysis in cultured cells (Rock et al., Cell, vol. 78:761
(1994)). For example, the degradation of long-lived intracellular
proteins can be measured in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells. Cells are
incubated with .sup.35S-methionine for 48 hours to label long-lived
proteins and then chased for 2 hours with medium containing
unlabeled methionine. After the chase period, the cells are
incubated for 4 hours in the presence or absence of the test
compound. The amount of protein degradation in the cell can be
measured by quantitating the trichloroacetic acid soluble
radioactivity released from the prelabeled proteins into the growth
medium (an indicator of intracellular proteolysis).
Compounds can also be tested for their ability to reduce muscle
wasting in vivo. Urinary excretion of the modified amino acid
3-methyl histidine (3-MH) is probably the most well characterized
method for studying myofibrillar protein degradation in vivo (see
Young and Munro, Federation Proc. 37:229-2300 (1978)).
3-Methylhistidine is a post-translationally modified amino acid
which cannot be reutilized for protein synthesis, and it is only
known to occur in actin and myosin. It occurs in actin isolated
from all sources, including cytoplasmic actin from many different
cell types. It also occurs in the myosin heavy chain of fast-twitch
(white, type II) muscle fibers, but it is absent from myosin of
cardiac muscle and myosin of slow-twitch (red, type I) muscle
fibers. Due to its presence in actin of other tissues than skeletal
muscle, other tissues will contribute to urinary 3-MH. Skeletal
muscle has been estimated to contribute 38-74% of the urinary 3-MH
in normal rats and 79-86% of the urinary 3-MH in rats treated with
corticosterone (100 mg/kg/day subcutaneously) for 2-4 days
(Millward and Bates, Biochem. J. 214:607-615 (1983); Kayali, et
al., Am. J. Physiol. 252:E621-E626 (1987)).
High-dose glucocorticoid treatment can be used to induce a state of
muscle wasting in rats. Treating rats with daily subcutaneous
injections of corticosterone (100 mg/kg) causes an increase of
approximately 2-fold in urinary 3-MH. The increase in excretion of
3-MH is transient, with a peak increase after 2-4 days of treatment
and a return to basal values after 6-7 days of treatment (Odedra,
et al., Biochem. J. 214:617-627 (1983); Kayali, et al., Am. J.
Physiol. 252:E621-E626 (1987)). Glucocorticoids have been shown to
activate the ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway in
skeletal muscle (Wing and Goldberg, Am. J. Physiol. 264:E668-E676
(1993)) and proteasome inhibitors are therefore expected to inhibit
the muscle wasting that occurs after glucocorticoid treatment.
TABLE-US-00003 Inactivation Inhibitor IC.sub.50 (pH 2.0) IC.sub.50
(pH 7.6) Index Ala-boroLeu ##STR00146## 31 nM 100 nM 3.2
Ala-boroLeu Thioxamide ##STR00147## 0.85 uM 92 uM 110 Asp-boroLeu
Thioxamide ##STR00148## 4.6 uM 10 uM 2.2 Phe-boroLeu (free Velcade)
##STR00149## 16 nM 120 nM 7.5 Phe-boroLeu Thioxamide ##STR00150##
0.71 uM 14 uM 20 Gly-boroLeu ##STR00151## 14 nM 160 nM 11
Gly-boroLeu Thioxamide ##STR00152## 4.9 uM 100 uM 20 Pyz-Gly-
boroLeu ##STR00153## 100 nM 120 nM 1.2 N-(Pyrazine-2- carbothio)-
Gly-boroLeu ##STR00154## 77 nM 350 nM 4.5 N-(Pyrazine-2-
carbonyl)-Gly- boroLeu Thioxamide ##STR00155## 5.8 uM 22 uM 3.8
Pyz-Gly- boroLeu- Perthioxamide ##STR00156## 3.9 uM 2.4 mM 620
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
All of the U.S. patents and U.S. patent application publications
cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.
EQUIVALENTS
Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain
using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the
specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such
equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following
claims.
* * * * *