U.S. patent number 8,069,911 [Application Number 11/696,950] was granted by the patent office on 2011-12-06 for radiator with built-in oil cooler.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Calsonic Kansei Corporation. Invention is credited to Ryoichi Hori, Shiro Nakajima, Hiroyuki Okura.
United States Patent |
8,069,911 |
Hori , et al. |
December 6, 2011 |
Radiator with built-in oil cooler
Abstract
A radiator including a core part having a plurality of tubes and
fins, a tank fluidically connected with the tank, an oil cooler
contained in the tank, the oil cooler being provided with a pair of
connecting pipes which fluidically communicate an interior of the
oil cooler and penetrate a wall portion of the tank. The wall
portion is formed with a projecting reinforcement portion which
projects therefrom and is formed at least between the connecting
pipes.
Inventors: |
Hori; Ryoichi (Tokyo,
JP), Okura; Hiroyuki (Tokyo, JP), Nakajima;
Shiro (Tokyo, JP) |
Assignee: |
Calsonic Kansei Corporation
(Tokyo, JP)
|
Family
ID: |
38328542 |
Appl.
No.: |
11/696,950 |
Filed: |
April 5, 2007 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20070246201 A1 |
Oct 25, 2007 |
|
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Apr 7, 2006 [JP] |
|
|
2006-106265 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
165/140;
165/137 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F28F
9/0234 (20130101); F28F 2225/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F28D
7/10 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;165/137,140 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10-267588 |
|
Oct 1998 |
|
JP |
|
2001 272195 |
|
Oct 2001 |
|
JP |
|
2005-3227 |
|
Jan 2005 |
|
JP |
|
2005-172270 |
|
Jun 2005 |
|
JP |
|
2005-308303 |
|
Nov 2005 |
|
JP |
|
2005-315514 |
|
Nov 2005 |
|
JP |
|
2005-337529 |
|
Dec 2005 |
|
JP |
|
Primary Examiner: Ciric; Ljiljana
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Foley & Lardner LLP
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A radiator with a built-in oil cooler comprising: a core part
having a plurality of tubes and fins; a tank fluidically connected
with the core part; an oil cooler contained in the tank, the oil
cooler being provided with a pair of connecting pipes which
fluidically communicate with an interior of the oil cooler and
penetrate a wall portion of the tank, wherein the wall portion is
formed with a projecting reinforcement portion which projects
inwardly from the wall portion and is formed in a shape like a
rectangle which extends between both side end portions of the oil
cooler and at least between the connecting pipes to contact the oil
cooler.
2. The radiator according to claim 1, wherein the projecting
reinforcement portion has four slanted portions and a flat bottom
portion, wherein the four slanted portions surround the flat bottom
portion, being integrally connected with the flat bottom
portion.
3. The radiator according to claim 2, wherein the flat bottom
portion has an inner surface partially secured on an outermost
element of the oil cooler.
4. The radiator according to claim 3, wherein the tank includes a
first tank body and a second tank body to be joined with the first
tank body to contain the oil cooler in the first tank body and the
second tank body, the first tank body being provided with the
connecting pipes and the projecting reinforcement portion.
5. The radiator according to claim 4, wherein the first tank body
has a flat main wall portion corresponding to the wall portion
provided with the connecting pipes and the projecting reinforcement
portion and two side wall portions integrally connected with the
flat main wall portion and bent vertically from the flat main wall
portion, and the second tank body has a flat main wall portion and
two side wall portions integrally connected with the flat main wall
portion and bent vertically from the flat main wall portion of the
second tank body, wherein a height of the side wall portions of the
first tank body is smaller than a height of the side wall portions
of the second tank body.
6. The radiator according to claim 1, wherein the projecting
reinforcement portion has a flat bottom portion with an inner
surface partially secured on an outermost element of the oil
cooler.
7. The radiator according to claim 6, wherein the tank includes a
first tank body and a second tank body to be joined with the first
tank body to contain the oil cooler in the first tank body and the
second tank body, the first tank body being provided with the
connecting pipes and the projecting reinforcement portion.
8. The radiator according to claim 7, wherein the first tank body
has a flat main wall portion corresponding to the wall portion
provided with the connecting pipes and the projecting reinforcement
portion and two side wall portions integrally connected with the
flat main wall portion and bent vertically from the flat main wall
portion, and the second tank body has a flat main wall portion and
two side wall portions integrally connected with the flat main wall
portion and bent vertically from the flat main wall portion of the
second tank body, wherein a height of the side wall portions of the
first tank body is smaller than a height of the side wall portions
of the second tank body.
9. The radiator according to claim 1, wherein the tank includes a
first tank body and a second tank body to be joined with the first
tank body to contain the oil cooler in the first tank body and the
second tank body, the first tank body being provided with the
connecting pipes and the projecting reinforcement portion.
10. The radiator according to claim 9, wherein the first tank body
has a flat main wall portion corresponding to the wall portion
provided with the connecting pipes and the projecting reinforcement
portion and two side wall portions integrally connected with the
flat main wall portion and bent vertically from the flat main wall
portion, and the second tank body has a flat main wall portion and
two side wall portions integrally connected with the flat main wall
portion and bent vertically from the flat main wall portion of the
second tank body, wherein a height of the side wall portions of the
first tank body is smaller than a height of the side wall portions
of the second tank body.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a radiator which is used for a
motor vehicle or the like and is equipped with a tank containing an
oil cooler for cooling oil of an automatic transmission or
others.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional radiator equipped with a tank containing an oil
cooler is disclosed in Japanese patents laying-open publication No.
2005-315514, No. 2005-337529, No. 2005-308303, No. 2005-172270 and
No. 2005-3227. In these conventional radiators, parts of the
radiators including the oil cooler and the tank are brazed to each
other by heat treatment at the same time, in a state where the oil
cooler is contained in the tank and two connecting pipes of the oil
cooler pass through a wall portion of the tank to be fixed.
Incidentally, in other cases, the oil cooler and the tank are
brazed to each other before the heat treatment of other parts of
the radiators.
These conventional radiators, however, encounter a problem in that
an undesirable deformation of the tank are liable to occur due to a
thermal expansion difference caused during the heat treatment,
especially in an intermediate portion, sandwiched between a pair of
connecting pipes of the oil cooler, of the tank.
FIGS. 10A and 10B show how the tank is deformed after the heat
treatment.
In order to easily insert the oil cooler 05, with the connecting
pipes P01 and P02 projecting outwardly therefrom, into the tank 03,
the tank 03 is usually divided into a first tank body 03A fixed
with and a second tank body 03A.
The first tank body 03A is formed with a pair of through-holes for
passing the connecting pipes P01 and P02, and the second tank body
03B is formed so as to be coupled with the first tank body 03B.
This needs brazing of the connecting pipes P01 and P02 and a wall
of the first tank body 03A and another brazing of the first tank
body 03A and the second tank body 03B. It is preferable to carry
out the both brazing at the same time, because its production time
and manufacturing costs can be decreased by removing twice-heating,
twice taking in-and-out and cooling the first tank body 03A and the
oil cooler 05 after they are brazed.
As shown in FIG. 10A, the oil cooler 05 is temporally assembled
with the first tank body 03A in a state where its connecting pipes
P01 and P02 penetrate through a wall portion of the first tank body
03A to be fixed. Then the first tank body 03 is temporally coupled
with the second tank body 03B. The tank 03 containing the oil
cooler 05 is temporally assembled with a core part and others, and
then they are placed in a heating furnace to be heated.
In this heat treatment of the radiator, heating temperature and
heating hours are usually set, allowing for appropriate ones for
mainly those of brazing the core part, the first tank body 03A and
the second tank body 03B. Wall portions of the first and second
tank bodies 03A and 03B are exposed to an ambient atmosphere in the
heating furnace and are directly heated, while the oil cooler 05 is
kept out of the direct heat of the heating furnace because the wall
portions of the first and second tank bodies 03A and 03B prevent
the oil cooler 05 from being directly heated. The temperature of
the wall portions rises more rapidly than that of the oil cooler
05, which causes the wall portions to expand with heat, more
largely than the oil cooler 05. Accordingly, an intermediate
portion 03a, sandwiched between the connecting pipes P01 and P02
which penetrate the wall portion of the first tank body 03A, of the
wall portion of the first tank body 03A deforms outwardly due to a
thermal expansion difference between the first tank body 03A and
the oil cooler 05 with the connecting pipes P01 and P02 as shown
FIG. 8B. The wall portion is liable to easily deform because of a
division into the first and second tank bodies 03A and 03B. The
outward deformation of the first tank body 03A may cause a leakage
of coolant flowing through the tank 03, deteriorating product
quality and reliability of the radiator.
The above-described problem similarly occurs when the oil cooler 05
and the tank 03 are brazed in advance of the heat treatment of the
other parts.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a
radiator containing an oil cooler which overcomes the foregoing
drawbacks and can prevent a wall portion, through which connecting
pipes of an oil cooler penetrate, of a tank from being deformed
beyond permissible limit when the tank body and the oil cooler
contained therein are brazed by a heat treatment, improving product
quality and reliability of a radiator.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a
radiator including a core part having a plurality of tubes and
fins, a tank fluidically connected with the core part, an oil
cooler contained in the tank, the oil cooler being provided with a
pair of connecting pipes which fluidically communicate with an
interior of the oil cooler and penetrate a wall portion of the
tank. The wall portion is formed with a projecting reinforcement
portion which projects inwardly therefrom, and it is formed in a
shape like a rectangle which extends between both side end portions
of the oil cooler and at least between the connecting pipes to
contact the oil cooler.
Therefore, the radiator of the invention can prevent the wall
portion, through which connecting pipes of the oil cooler
penetrate, of the tank from being deformed beyond permissible limit
because of the projecting reinforcement portion when the tank body
and the oil cooler contained therein are brazed by the heat
treatment, improving the product quality and reliability of the
radiator.
In addition, it can decrease a thermal difference between the tank
and the oil cooler due to easier thermal transfer therebetween
because of contact of the projecting reinforcement portion and the
oil cooler.
Further, the projecting reinforcement portion can increase bending
strength of the tank against thermal stress of an intermediate
portion of the wall between the tank and the oil cooler because the
projecting reinforcement portion extends in a longitudinal
direction of the tank.
Preferably, the tank includes a first tank body and a second tank
body to be joined with the first tank body to contain the oil
cooler therein, the first tank body being provided with the
connecting pipes and the projecting reinforcement portion.
Therefore, the oil cooler with the connecting pipes can be easily
inserted in and be assembled with the tank.
Preferably, the first tank body has a flat main wall portion
provided with the connecting pipes and the projecting reinforcement
portion and two side wall portions integrally connected with the
main wall portion and bent vertically therefrom, and the second
tank body has a flat main wall portion and two side wall portions
integrally connected with the main wall portion and bent vertically
therefrom. A height of the side wall portions of the first tank
body is smaller than a height of the side wall portions of the
second tank body.
Therefore, the oil cooler with the connecting pipes can be more
easily inserted in and be assembled with the tank.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The objects, features and advantages of the present invention will
become apparent as the description proceeds when taken in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a front view showing a radiator, containing an oil
cooler, of a first embodiment according to the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged and exploded perspective view of the oil
cooler of the first embodiment and a tank of the radiator;
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of the oil cooler of the first
embodiment, taken along a line S3-S3 in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the oil cooler of the first
embodiment, taken along a line S4-S4 in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5A is an enlarged and exploded view of an element which
includes a first shell, a second shell and an inner fin and is used
for the oil cooler, and FIG. 5B is a view of the elements which are
piled up on and fluidically connected with each other;
FIG. 6 is a front view of a wall portion of a first tank body
constituting the tank shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of the wall portion of the first
tank body, taken along a line S7-S7 in FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the oil cooler and the wall portion
of the first tank body when they are heat treated;
FIG. 9 is a front view of a first tank body which is used for a
radiator of a second embodiment according to the present invention
and is a modified example of the first tank body shown in FIG. 6;
and
FIG. 10A is a view showing an oil cooler and a tank body of a
conventional radiator when they are heat-treated, and FIG. 10b is a
view illustrating occurrence of an undesirable deformation of the
tank body after the heat treatment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Throughout the following detailed description, similar reference
characters and numbers refer to similar elements in all figures of
the drawings, and their descriptions are omitted for eliminating
duplication.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a radiator 1 of a first
embodiment according to the present invention.
The radiator 1 is mounted on a front body of a motor vehicle for
example, is connected with a not-shown engine.
The radiator 1 includes a pair of tanks, namely a first tank 3 and
a second tank 4, arranged at its both sides and a core part 2
arranged therebetween. The core part 2 has a plurality of flat
tubes 2a and corrugated fins 2b. The tubes 2a are connected with
the tanks 3 and 4 at their both end portions, respectively, and the
fins 2b are disposed between the adjacent tubes 2a. The top and
bottom portions of the core part 2 is reinforced by an upper
reinforcement beam 2c and a lower reinforcement beam 2d, whose both
end portions are inserted into and fixed to the first and second
tanks 3 and 4.
An inlet-port pipe 4a is provided on an upper portion of the second
tank 4 for receiving hot coolant from the engine to conduct it into
an interior of the tank 4. An outlet-port pipe 3a is provided on a
lower portion of the first tank 2 for discharging the coolant
cooled by the core part 2 toward the engine.
The tank 3 contains an oil cooler 5, which is connected with a
not-shown automatic transmission, for example, to cool its oil.
In this embodiment, all parts of the radiator 1 including the core
part 2, the first and second tanks 3 and 4 and the oil cooler 5 are
made of aluminum, and the parts to be joined with each other are
provided with a clad layer, namely a brazing sheet made of brazing
filler material, on one-side parts thereof so as to be brazed.
Referring to FIGS. 2 to 4, the oil cooler 5 is made by vertically
piling up a plurality of elements 6 which sandwich circular spacer
sheets S1 between the adjacent elements 6, so that the elements 6
are fluidically connected with each other through a first oil
passage R1 and a second oil passage R2 respectively formed at their
both end portions as shown in FIG. 4. A first connecting pipe P1
and a second connecting pipe P2 are provided on the elements 6 so
that the first connecting pipe P1 projects vertically from an
one-side outermost element 6a to be communicated with one-side
opening of the first oil passage R1, and a second connecting pipe
P2 projects vertically from the outermost element 6a to be
communicated with one-side opening of the second oil passage R2.
The other-side outermost element 6b is fixed with a first patch
plate PT1 and a second patch plate PT2 so that they block out the
other-side openings of the first and second oil passages R1 and R2,
respectively.
As shown in FIG. 5A, each element 6 consists of a first shell 8, a
second shell 9 to be joined with the first shell 8, and a
corrugated inner fin 10 disposed in a space, acting as an oil
passage connecting the first and second oil passages R1 and R2,
formed between the first and second shells 8 and 9.
The first and second shells 8 and 9 are respectively formed with a
pair of circular projecting portions 8a and 9a which outwardly
project therefrom by using a burring process, where an inner
diameter D1 of the circular projecting portions 8a formed on the
first shell 8 is formed slightly larger than an outer diameter D2
of the circular projecting portions 9a of the second shell 9.
Incidentally, the first and second shells 8 and 9 are also formed
with a plurality of rimples (or beadings) 11 arranged in an oblique
direction on their outer surfaces.
The first shell 8 and the second shell 9 are joined with each
other, containing the corrugated inner fin 10 to form the element
6. Then the circular projecting portions 9a of the second shell 9
are inserted and fitted into the circular projecting portion 8a of
the first shell 8 adjacent to the second shell 9 to be joined with
each other, so that the elements 6, five ones in this embodiment,
are piled up to form a core part 7 of the oil cooler 5. The spacer
sheets S1 are disposed between the first shell 8 and the second
shell 9 which are adjacent to each other, and around the circular
projecting portions 8a. The circular projecting portions 8a and 9a
form the first and second oil passages R1 and R2, and these
passages R1 and R2 are fluidically communicated with each other
through the interiors of the elements 6 as shown in FIG. 4. Note
that FIG. 4 is illustrated omitting the corrugated inner fins 10 in
the elements 6.
The outermost element 6a is respectively provided around its
circular projecting portions 8a with spacer sheets S2. The spacer
sheets S2 are set higher than the spacer sheets S1. The lower
portions of the connecting pipes P1 and P2 are inserted through
pipe connectors 12 into the circular projecting portions 8a of the
first shell 8 of the outer most element 6a.
The spacer sheets S1 are disposed between the first patch plate PT1
and the second shell 9 of the outermost element 6b and PT2 and
between the second patch plate PT2 and the second shell 9,
respectively.
As shown in FIG. 2, the first tank 3 consists of a first tank body
13 and a second tank body 14. The first tank body 13 includes a
main wall portion 13c and two side wall portions 13a and 13b which
are bent vertically to the main wall portion 13c at both end
portions thereof. The main wall portion 13c is formed with two
through-holes 13d and 13e for passing through the first and second
connecting pipes P1 and P2, respectively. It is also formed near
the through-hole 13e with a through-hole and is provided with the
outlet-port pipe 3a at the through-hole.
As shown in FIGS. 2, 6, 7 and 8, the main wall portion 13c of the
first tank body 13 is formed between the first and second
connecting pipes P1 and P2 with a beading portion 17, which
projects inwardly and is shaped in rectangle. The beading portion
17 extends along a line connecting the first and second pipes P1
and P2 (in a longitudinal direction), and consists of four slanted
portions 17a surrounding and integrally connected with a flat
bottom portion 17b. Referring to FIG. 7, in this embodiment, a
length L, a width W and a projection height H of the beading
portion 17 are set as follows: L=approximately 230 mm, W=30 mm and
H=2 mm. A projecting angle .alpha. of the slanted portion 17a is
set to be 45.degree..
Incidentally, the beading portion 17 corresponds to a projecting
reinforcement portion of the present invention.
A part of the inner surface of the bottom portion 17b is secured on
the first shell 8 of the outermost element 6a in this embodiment.
It is preferable to at least contact them each other, although the
securing is not necessary in the invention.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the second tank body 14 includes a main
wall portion 14d and two side wall portions 14a and 14b which are
bent vertically to the main wall portion 14d at both end portions
thereof. The top portions of the side wall portions 14a and 14b are
bent inwardly and in parallel to the main wall portion 14d. A
width, defined by a distance between the outer surfaces of the side
wall portions 14a and 14b, of the second tank body 14 is slightly
smaller than a length, defined by a distance between the inner
surfaces of the side wall portions 13a and 13b, of the first tank
body 3. Accordingly, the side wall portions 14a and 14b of the
second tank body 14 can be fitted into the side wall portions of
the first tank body 13, so that they can be joined with each other.
A height hl of the side wall portions 13a and 13b of the first tank
body 13 is set smaller than that of the side wall portions 14a and
14b of the second tank body 14, so as to easily assemble the first
and second connecting pipes P1 and P2 and the main wall portion 13a
of the first tank body 13. Note that the oil tank 3 has two
openings at its both ends so that the coolant of the radiator 1 can
flow therethrough.
The radiator 1 with the oil cooler 5 is manufactured as
follows.
The parts of the radiator 1 are formed by using pressing
processes.
Then the elements 6 of the oil cooler 5, the spacer sheets S1 and
S2, the pipe connectors 12, the patch plates PT1 and PT2, the first
tank body 13 and the first and second connecting pipes P1 and P2
are temporally assembled so that the elements 6 are piled up with
the spacer sheets S1 and S2 and the first connecting pipes P1 and
P2 are inserted into the outermost element 6a through the pipe
connectors 12, passing through the through-holes 13d and 13e. These
assembled oil cooler 5 and the first tank body 13 are added with
the brazing filler material on their joining surfaces and placed
into a not-shown heating furnace so that the parts of the oil tank
5 can be brazed and the oil tank 5 and the first tank body 3 can be
brazed at the same time. In this heat treatment, a heating
temperature and a heating time can be set to be appropriate ones,
allowing for mainly those of the core part 7 of the oil cooler 5,
so that the temperatures of the parts of the oil cooler 5 and the
first tank body 13 can rise smoothly. This brings a favorable
brazing thereof.
In the following process, the core part 2, the first and second
tanks 3 and 4, and the upper and lower reinforcement beams 2c and
2d of the radiator 1 are temporally assembled in a state where the
first tank body 13 and the second tank body 14 are temporally
assembled with each other to contain the oil cooler 5 and are
disposed in the first tank 3. They are placed with the brazing
filler material in the heating furnace and are heated to be brazed.
A heating temperature and a heating time are set to be appropriate
ones.
In the above heat treatments, the beading portion 17 increases
strength of the first tank body 13, relative to a first tank body
without a beading portion, which tends to be easily deformed
because its side wall portions 17a and 17b are connected only with
the main wall portion 17c and its height hl is small. In addition,
the beading portion 17 extends in the longitudinal direction, which
can increase bending strength of the first tank body 13 to prevent
its outwardly projecting deformation, as shown in FIG. 10A, of the
intermediate portion, sandwiched between the first and second
connecting pipes P1 and P2, of the first tank body 13.
The bottom portion of the beading portion 17 are joined with the
first shell 8 of the outermost element 6a, which promotes thermal
transfer between the main wall portion 13a and the oil cooler to
lessen a thermal difference therebetween. This decreases a
deformation difference therebetween, due to thermal expansion, and
improve product quality and reliability of the radiator 1.
The operation of the radiator 1 will be described.
The hot coolant outputted from the engine enters the second tank 4
through the inlet-port pipe 4a. It flows through the tubes 2a
toward the first tank 2, being cooled down via the corrugated fin
2b and others by air passing through the core part 2 while it flows
in the tubes 2a. The cooled coolant is discharged through the
outlet-port pipe 3a to be supplied to the engine.
On the other hand, the hot oil outputted from the automatic
transmission enters the first oil passage R1 of the oil cooler 5
through the first connecting pipe P1, and flows toward the second
oil passage R2 through the interior space of the elements 6, being
cooled down by the coolant in the first tank 3 while it flows in
the core part 7 of the oil cooler 5. The cooled oil is discharged
through the second connecting pipe P2 to be supplied to the
automatic transmission.
Next, a radiator with a tank containing an oil cooler of a second
embodiment according to the present invention will be described
with reference to the accompanying drawing.
Referring to FIG. 9, there is shown a first tank body 13 of a tank
adapted for the radiator of the second embodiment.
The first tank body 13 is formed with a beading portion 20, which
extends in a longitudinal direction thereof and surround a
through-hole 13d for a first connecting pipe and a through-hole 13e
for a second connecting pipe. The other parts are constructed
similarly to those of the radiator 1 of the first embodiment, and
their explanation will be omitted.
Incidentally, the beading portion 20 corresponds to a projecting
reinforcement portion of the present invention.
The radiator of the second embodiment can obtain advantages similar
to those of the first embodiment.
While there have been particularly shown and described with
reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood
that various modifications may be made therein, and it is intended
to cover in the appended claims all such modifications as fall
within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
The number and cross-sectional shapes of the projecting
reinforcement portion, such as the beading portions 17, 18, may be
set arbitrarily as long as it is formed between the first and
second connecting pipes P1 and P2. For example, the beading portion
may project outwardly (in a direction away from the oil cooler
5).
The number of the elements may be set arbitrarily according to a
demand for coolability of an oil cooler.
The first and second tanks 3 and 4 may be arranged at an upper side
and a lower side of the core part 2 of the radiator.
The two heat treatments described in the embodiment may be carried
out at the same time.
The oil cooler 5 is not limited for an automatic transmission, and
may be used for other device, an engine for example.
The entire contents of Japanese Patent Applications No. 2006-106265
filed Apr. 7, 2006 are incorporated herein by reference.
* * * * *