U.S. patent number 7,252,994 [Application Number 10/480,730] was granted by the patent office on 2007-08-07 for human dr4 antibodies and uses thereof.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Genentech, Inc.. Invention is credited to Anan Chuntharapai, Kyung Jin Kim.
United States Patent |
7,252,994 |
Chuntharapai , et
al. |
August 7, 2007 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Human DR4 antibodies and uses thereof
Abstract
Human Death Receptor 4 (DR4) antibodies are provided. The human
DR4 antibodies may be included in pharmaceutical compositions,
articles of manufacture, or kits. Methods of treatment and
diagnosis using the DR4 antibodies are also provided.
Inventors: |
Chuntharapai; Anan (Colma,
CA), Kim; Kyung Jin (Cupertino, CA) |
Assignee: |
Genentech, Inc. (South San
Francisco, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
27734188 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/480,730 |
Filed: |
June 29, 2002 |
PCT
Filed: |
June 29, 2002 |
PCT No.: |
PCT/US02/20712 |
371(c)(1),(2),(4) Date: |
December 12, 2003 |
PCT
Pub. No.: |
WO03/066661 |
PCT
Pub. Date: |
August 14, 2003 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20040147725 A1 |
Jul 29, 2004 |
|
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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60303220 |
Jul 3, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/334; 435/344;
424/143.1; 530/388.15; 530/388.8; 530/391.7; 530/391.3; 530/388.22;
530/350; 424/155.1; 424/142.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K
16/2878 (20130101); A61P 43/00 (20180101); A61P
35/00 (20180101); C07K 2317/76 (20130101); C07K
2317/73 (20130101); C07K 2317/75 (20130101); A61K
2039/505 (20130101); C07K 2319/30 (20130101); C07K
2317/21 (20130101); G01N 2510/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61K
39/395 (20060101); C12N 5/18 (20060101) |
References Cited
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WO 03/038043 |
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May 2003 |
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WO |
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WO 03/042367 |
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May 2003 |
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WO |
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Necrosis Factor." Journal of Experimental Medicine 169:1747-1756
(1989). cited by other .
Yu et al., "Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing
Ligand-mediated Apoptosis in Androgen-independent Prostate Cancer
Cells" Cancer Research 60:2384-2389 (2000). cited by other .
Yun et al., "OPG/FDCR-1, A TNF Receptor Family Member, Is Expressed
in Lymphoid Cells and Is Up-Regulated by Ligating CD40." J.
Immunol. 161:6113-6121 (1998). cited by other .
Zheng et al., "Induction of Apoptosis in Mature T Cells by Tumor
Necrosis Factor" Nature 377:348-351 (1995). cited by other.
|
Primary Examiner: Spector; Lorraine
Assistant Examiner: Kaufman; Claire M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Marschang; Diane L. Sidley Austin
LLP
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An isolated, monoclonal human anti-DR4 receptor antibody that
inhibits binding of Apo-2 ligand to the DR4 receptor, induces
apoptosis upon binding to the DR4 receptor and binds to the same
DR4 receptor epitope to which the monoclonal antibody produced by
the hybridorna deposited as ATCC PTA-3359 binds, wherein said
antibody binds to the DR4 receptor with a binding affinity of at
least 10.sup.-8 M.sup.-1 to 10.sup.-12 M.sup.-1.
2. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 1 which is linked to one
or more non-proteinaceous polymers selected from the group
consisting of polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and
polyoxyalkylene.
3. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 1 which is linked to a
cytotoxic agent or enzyme.
4. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 1 which is linked to a
radioisotope, fluorescent compound or chemiluminescent
compound.
5. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 1 which is
glycosylated.
6. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 1 which is
unglycosylated.
7. The hybridoma deposited as ATCC PTA-3359.
8. The monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma deposited as
ATCC PTA-3359.
9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically
effective amount of the isolated monoclonal human anti-DR4 receptor
antibody of claim 1 in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier.
10. An isolated monoclonal human anti-DR4 receptor antibody that
inhibits binding of Apo-2 ligand to the DR4 receptor, induces
apoptosis upon binding to DR4 receptor, and binds to the same DR4
receptor epitope to which the monoclonal antibody produced by the
hybridoma deposited as ATCC PTA-3360 binds, wherein said antibody
binds to the DR4 receptor with a binding affinity of at least
10.sup.-8 M.sup.-1 to 10.sup.-12 M.sup.-1.
11. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 10 which is linked to
one or more non-proteinaceous polymers selected from the group
consisting of polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and
polyoxyalkylene.
12. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 10 which is linked to a
cytotoxic agent or enzyme.
13. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 10 which is linked to a
radioisotope, fluorescent compound or chemiluminescent
compound.
14. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 10 which is
glycosylated.
15. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 10 which is
unglycosylated.
16. The hybridoma deposited as ATCC PTA-3360.
17. The monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma deposited as
ATCC PTA-3360.
18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising therapeutically
effective amount of the isolated monoclonal human anti-DR4 receptor
antibody of claim 10 in admixture with a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier.
19. An isolated monoclonal human anti-DR4 receptor antibody that
inhibits binding of Apo-2 ligand to the DR4 receptor, induces
apoptosis upon binding to the DR4 receptor and binds to the same
DR4 receptor epitope to which the monoclonal antibody produced by
the hybridoma deposited as ATCC PTA-3361 binds, wherein said
antibody binds to the DR4 receptor with a binding affinity of at
least 10.sup.-8 M.sup.-1 to 10.sup.-12 M.sup.-1.
20. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 19 which is linked to
one or more non-proteinaceous polymers selected from the group
consisting of polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and
polyoxyalkylene.
21. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 19 which is linked to a
cytotoxic agent or enzyme.
22. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 19 which is linked to a
radioisotope, fluorescent compound or chemiluminescent
compound.
23. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 19 which is
glycosylated.
24. The anti-DR4 receptor antibody of claim 19 which is
unglycosylated.
25. The hybridoma deposited as ATCC PTA-3361.
26. The monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma deposited as
ATCC PTA-3361.
27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising therapeutically
effective amount of the isolated monoclonal human anti-DR4 receptor
antibody of claim 19 in admixture with a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to human DR4 antibodies,
including antibodies which may be agonistic, antagonistic or
blocking antibodies.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Various molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor-.alpha.
("TNF-.alpha."), tumor necrosis factor-.beta. ("TNF-.beta." or
"lymphotoxin-.alpha."), lymphotoxin-.beta. ("LT-.beta."), CD30
ligand, CD27 ligand, CD40 ligand, OX-40 ligand, 4-1BB ligand, Apo-1
ligand (also referred to as Fas ligand or CD95 ligand), Apo-2
ligand (also referred to as TRAIL), Apo-3 ligand (also referred to
as TWEAK), APRIL, OPG ligand (also referred to as RANK ligand, ODF,
or TRANCE), and TALL-1 (also referred to as BlyS, BAFF or THANK)
have been identified as members of the tumor necrosis factor
("TNF") family of cytokines [See, e.g., Gruss and Dower, Blood,
85:3378-3404 (1995); Schmid et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 83:1881
(1986); Dealtry et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 17:689 (1987); Pitti et
al., J. Biol. Chem., 271:12687-12690 (1996); Wiley et al.,
Immunity, 3:673-682 (1995); Browning et al., Cell, 72:847-856
(1993); Armitage et al. Nature, 357:80-82 (1992), WO 97/01633
published Jan. 16, 1997; WO 97/25428 published Jul. 17, 1997;
Marsters et al., Curr. Biol., 8:525-528 (1998); Chicheportiche et
al., Biol. Chem., 272:32401-32410 (1997); Hahne et al., J. Exp.
Med., 188:1185-1190 (1998); WO98/28426 published Jul. 2, 1998;
WO98/46751 published Oct. 22, 1998; WO/98/18921 published May 7,
1998; Moore et al., Science, 285:260-263 (1999); Shu et al., J.
Leukocyte Biol., 65:680 (1999); Schneider et al., J. Exp. Med.,
189:1747-1756 (1999); Mukhopadhyay et al., J. Biol. Chem.,
274:15978-15981 (1999)]. Among these molecules, TNF-.alpha.,
TNF-.beta., CD30 ligand, 4-1BB ligand, Apo-1 ligand, Apo-2 ligand
(Apo2L/TRAIL) and Apo-3 ligand (TWEAK) have been reported to be
involved in apoptotic cell death.
Apo2L/TRAIL was identified several years ago as a member of the TNF
family of cytokines. [see, e.g., Wiley et al., Immunity, 3:673-682
(1995); Pitti et al., J. Biol. Chem., 271:12697-12690 (1996)] The
full-length human Apo2L/TRAIL polypeptide is a 281 amino acid long,
Type II transmembrane protein. Some cells can produce a natural
soluble form of the polypeptide, through enzymatic cleavage of the
polypeptide's extracellular region [Mariani et al., J. Cell. Biol.,
137:221-229 (1997)] Crystallographic studies of soluble forms of
Apo2L/TRAIL reveal a homotrimeric structure similar to the
structures of TNF and other related proteins [Hymowitz et al.,
Molec. Cell, 4:563-571 (1999); Hymowitz et al., Biochemistry,
39:633-644 (2000)]. Apo2L/TRAIL, unlike other TNF family members
however, was found to have a unique structural feature in that
three cysteine residues (at position 230 of each subunit in the
homotrimer) together coordinate a zinc atom, and that the zinc
binding is important for trimer stability and biological activity.
[Hymowitz et al., supra; Bodmer et al., J. Biol. Chem.,
275:20632-20637 (2000)]
It has been reported in the literature that Apo2L/TRAIL may play a
role in immune system modulation, including autoimmune diseases
such as rheumatoid arthritis [see, e.g., Thomas et al., J.
Immunol., 161:2195-2200 (1998); Johnsen et al., Cytokine,
11:664-672 (1999); Griffith et al., J. Exp. Med., 189:1343-1353
(1999); Song et al., J. Exp. Med., 191:1095-1103 (2000)].
Soluble forms of Apo2L/TRAIL have also been reported to induce
apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells in vitro, including colon,
lung, breast, prostate, bladder, kidney, ovarian and brain tumors,
as well as melanoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma [see, e.g.,
Wiley et al., supra; Pitti et al., supra; Rieger et al., FEBS
Letters, 427:124-128 (1998); Ashkenazi et al., J. Clin. Invest.,
104:155-162 (1999); Walczak et al., Nature Med., 5:157-163 (1999);
Keane et al., Cancer Research, 59:734-741 (1999); Mizutani et al.,
Clin. Cancer Res., 5:2605-2612 (1999); Gazitt, Leukemia,
13:1817-1824 (1999); Yu et al., Cancer Res., 60:2384-2389 (2000);
Chinnaiyan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97:1754-1759 (2000)]. In
vivo studies in murine tumor models further suggest that
Apo2L/TRAIL, alone or in combination with chemotherapy or radiation
therapy, can exert substantial anti-tumor effects [see, e.g.,
Ashkenazi et al., supra; Walzcak et al., supra; Gliniak et al.,
Cancer Res., 59:6153-6158 (1999); Chinnaiyan et al., supra; Roth et
al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 265:1999 (1999)]. In contrast to
many types of cancer cells, most normal human cell types appear to
be resistant to apoptosis induction by certain recombinant forms of
Apo2L/TRAIL [Ashkenazi et al., supra; Walzcak et al., supra]. Jo et
al. has reported that a polyhistidine-tagged soluble form of
Apo2L/TRAIL induced apoptosis in vitro in normal isolated human,
but not non-human, hepatocytes [Jo et al., Nature Med., 6:564-567
(2000); see also, Nagata, Nature Med., 6:502-503 (2000)]. It is
believed that certain recombinant Apo2L/TRAIL preparations may vary
in terms of biochemical properties and biological activities on
diseased versus normal cells, depending, for example, on the
presence or absence of a tag molecule, zinc content, and % trimer
content [See, Lawrence et al., Nature Med., Letter to the Editor,
7:383-385 (2001); Qin et al., Nature Med., Letter to the Editor,
7:385-386 (2001)].
Various molecules in the TNF family also have purported role(s) in
the function or development of the immune system [Gruss et al.,
Blood, 85:3378 (1995)]. Zheng et al. have reported that TNF-.alpha.
is involved in post-stimulation apoptosis of CD8-positive T cells
[Zheng et al., Nature, 377:348-351 (1995)]. Other investigators
have reported that CD30 ligand may be involved in deletion of
self-reactive T cells in the thymus [Amakawa et al., Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Symposium on Programmed Cell Death, Abstr. No.
10, (1995)]. CD40 ligand activates many functions of B cells,
including proliferation, immunoglobulin secretion, and survival
[Renshaw et al., J. Exp. Med., 180:1889 (1994)]. Another recently
identified TNF family cytokine, TALL-1 (BlyS), has been reported,
under certain conditions, to induce B cell proliferation and
immunoglobulin secretion. [Moore et al., supra; Schneider et al.,
supra; Mackay et al., J. Exp. Med., 190:1697 (1999)].
Mutations in the mouse Fas/Apo-1 receptor or ligand genes (called
lpr and gld, respectively) have been associated with some
autoimmune disorders, indicating that Apo-1 ligand may play a role
in regulating the clonal deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes in
the periphery [Krammer et al., Curr. Op. Immunol., 6:279-289
(1994); Nagata et al., Science, 267:1449-1456 (1995)]. Apo-1 ligand
is also reported to induce post-stimulation apoptosis in
CD4-positive T lymphocytes and in B lymphocytes, and may be
involved in the elimination of activated lymphocytes when their
function is no longer needed [Krammer et al., supra; Nagata et al.,
supra]. Agonist mouse monoclonal antibodies specifically binding to
the Apo-1 receptor have been reported to exhibit cell killing
activity that is comparable to or similar to that of TNF-.alpha.
[Yonehara et al., J. Exp. Med., 169:1747-1756 (1989)].
The TNF-related ligand called OPG ligand (also referred to as RANK
ligand, TRANCE, or ODF) has been reported in the literature to have
some involvement in certain immunoregulatory activities. WO98/28426
published Jul. 2, 1998 describes the ligand (referred to therein as
RANK ligand) as a Type 2 transmembrane protein, which in a soluble
form, was found to induce maturation of dendritic cells, enhance
CD1a+ dendritic cell allo-stimulatory capacity in a MLR, and
enhance the number of viable human peripheral blood T cells in
vitro in the presence of TGF-beta. [see also, Anderson et al.,
Nature, 390:175-179 (1997)]. The WO98/28426 reference also
discloses that the ligand enhanced production of TNF-alpha by one
macrophage tumor cell line (called RAW264.7; ATCC TIB71), but did
not stimulate nitric oxide production by those tumor cells.
The putative roles of OPG ligand/TRANCE/ODF in modulating dendritic
cell activity [see, e.g., Wong et al., J. Exp. Med., 186:2075-2080
(1997); Wong et al., J. Leukocyte Biol., 65:715-724 (1999); Josien
et al., J. Immunol., 162:2562-2568 (1999); Josien et al., J. Exp.
Med., 191495-501 (2000)] and in influencing T cell activation in an
immune response [see, e.g., Bachmann et al., J. Exp. Med.,
189:1025-1031 (1999); Green et al., J. Exp. Med., 189:1017-1020
(1999)] have been explored in the literature. Kong et al., Nature,
397:315-323 (1999) report that mice with a disrupted opgl gene
showed severe osteoporosis, lacked osteoclasts, and exhibited
defects in early differentiation of T and B lymphocytes. Kong et
al. have further reported that systemic activation of T cells in
vivo led to an OPGL-mediated increase in osteoclastogenesis and
bone loss. [Kong et al., Nature, 402:304-308 (1999)].
Induction of various cellular responses mediated by such TNF family
cytokines is believed to be initiated by their binding to specific
cell receptors. Previously, two distinct TNF receptors of
approximately 55-kDa (TNFR1) and 75-kDa (TNFR2) were identified
[Hohman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 264:14927-14934 (1989); Brockhaus
et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:3127-3131 (1990); EP 417,563,
published Mar. 20, 1991; Loetscher et al., Cell, 61:351 (1990);
Schall et al., Cell, 61:361 (1990); Smith et al., Science,
248:1019-1023 (1990); Lewis et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,
88:2830-2834 (1991); Goodwin et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 11:3020-3026
(1991)]. Those TNFRs were found to share the typical structure of
cell surface receptors including extracellular, transmembrane and
intracellular regions. The extracellular portions of both receptors
were found naturally also as soluble TNF-binding proteins [Nophar,
Y. et al., EMBO J., 9:3269 (1990); and Kohno, T. et al., Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 87:8331 (1990); Hale et al., J. Cell.
Biochem. Supplement 15F, 1991, p. 113 (P424)].
The extracellular portion of type 1 and type 2 TNFRs (TNFR1 and
TNFR2) contains a repetitive amino acid sequence pattern of four
cysteine-rich domains (CRDs) designated 1 through 4, starting from
the NH.sub.2-terminus. [Schall et al., supra; Loetscher et al.,
supra; Smith et al., supra; Nophar et al., supra; Kohno et al.,
supra; Banner et al., Cell, 73:431-435 (1993)]. A similar
repetitive pattern of CRDs exists in several other cell-surface
proteins, including the p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR)
[Johnson et al., Cell, 47:545 (1986); Radeke et al., Nature,
325:593 (1987)], the B cell antigen CD40 [Stamenkovic et al., EMBO
J., 8:1403 (1989)], the T cell antigen OX40 [Mallet et al., EMBO
J., 9:1063 (1990)] and the Fas antigen [Yonehara et al., supra and
Itoh et al., Cell, 66:233-243 (1991)]. CRDs are also found in the
soluble TNFR (sTNFR)-like T2 proteins of the Shope and myxoma
poxviruses [Upton et al., Virology, 160:20-29 (1987); Smith et al.,
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 176:335 (1991); Upton et al.,
Virology, 184:370 (1991)]. Optimal alignment of these sequences
indicates that the positions of the cysteine residues are well
conserved. These receptors are sometimes collectively referred to
as members of the TNF/NGF receptor superfamily.
The TNF family ligands identified to date, with the exception of
lymphotoxin-.alpha., are typically type II transmembrane proteins,
whose C-terminus is extracellular. In contrast, most receptors in
the TNF receptor (TNFR) family identified to date are typically
type I transmembrane proteins. In both the TNF ligand and receptor
families, however, homology identified between family members has
been found mainly in the extracellular domain ("ECD"). Several of
the TNF family cytokines, including TNF-.alpha., Apo-1 ligand and
CD40 ligand, are cleaved proteolytically at the cell surface; the
resulting protein in each case typically forms a homotrimeric
molecule that functions as a soluble cytokine. TNF receptor family
proteins are also usually cleaved proteolytically to release
soluble receptor ECDs that can function as inhibitors of the
cognate cytokines.
The TNFR family member, referred to as RANK, has been identified as
a receptor for OPG ligand (see WO98/28426 published Jul. 2, 1998;
Anderson et al., Nature, 390:175-179 (1997); Lacey et al., Cell,
93:165-176 (1998). Another TNFR-related molecule, called OPG
(FDCR-1 or OCIF), has also been identified as a receptor for OPG
ligand. [Simonet et al., Cell, 89:309 (1997); Yasuda et al.,
Endocrinology, 139:1329 (1998); Yun et al., J. Immunol.,
161:6113-6121 (1998)]. Yun et al., supra, disclose that
OPG/FDCR-1/OCIF is expressed in both a membrane-bound form and a
secreted form and has a restricted expression pattern in cells of
the immune system, including dendritic cells, EBV-transformed B
cell lines and tonsillar B cells. Yun et al. also disclose that in
B cells and dendritic cells, expression of OPG/FDCR-1/OCIF can be
up-regulated by CD40, a molecule involved in B cell activation.
However, Yun et al. acknowledge that how OPG/FDCR-1/OCIF functions
in the regulation of the immune response is unknown.
More recently, other members of the TNFR family have been
identified. In von Bulow et al., Science, 278:138-141 (1997),
investigators describe a plasma membrane receptor referred to as
Transmembrane Activator and CAML-Interactor or "TACI". The TACI
receptor is reported to contain a cysteine-rich motif
characteristic of the TNFR family. In an in vitro assay, cross
linking of TACI on the surface of transfected Jurkat cells with
TACI-specific antibodies led to activation of NF-.kappa.B. [see
also, WO 98/39361 published Sep. 18, 1998].
Laabi et al., EMBO J., 11:3897-3904 (1992) reported identifying a
new gene called "BCM" whose expression was found to coincide with B
cell terminal maturation. The open reading frame of the BCM normal
cDNA predicted a 184 amino acid long polypeptide with a single
transmembrane domain. These investigators later termed this gene
"BCMA" [Laabi et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 22:1147-1154 (1994)].
BCMA mRNA expression was reported to be absent in human malignant B
cell lines which represent the pro-B lymphocyte stage, and thus, is
believed to be linked to the stage of differentiation of
lymphocytes [Gras et al., Int. Immunology, 7:1093-1106 (1995)]. In
Madry et al., Int. Immunology, 10:1693-1702 (1998), the cloning of
murine BCMA cDNA was described. The murine BCMA cDNA is reported to
encode a 185 amino acid long polypeptide having 62% identity to the
human BCMA polypeptide. Alignment of the murine and human BCMA
protein sequences revealed a conserved motif of six cysteines in
the N-terminal region, suggesting that the BCMA protein belongs to
the TNFR superfamily [Madry et al., supra].
In Marsters et al., Curr. Biol., 6:750 (1996), investigators
describe a full length native sequence human polypeptide, called
Apo-3, which exhibits similarity to the TNFR family in its
extracellular cysteine-rich repeats and resembles TNFR1 and CD95 in
that it contains a cytoplasmic death domain sequence [see also
Marsters et al., Curr. Biol., 6:1669 (1996)]. Apo-3 has also been
referred to by other investigators as DR3, wsl-1, TRAMP, and LARD
[Chinnaiyan et al., Science, 274:990 (1996); Kitson et al., Nature,
384:372 (1996); Bodmer et al., Immunity, 6:79 (1997); Screaton et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94:4615-4619 (1997)].
Pan et al. have disclosed another TNF receptor family member
referred to as "DR4" [Pan et al., Science, 276:111-113 (1997); see
also WO98/32856 published Jul. 30, 1998]. The DR4 was reported to
contain a cytoplasmic death domain capable of engaging the cell
suicide apparatus. Pan et al. disclose that DR4 is believed to be a
receptor for the ligand known as Apo2L/TRAIL.
In Sheridan et al., Science, 277:818-821 (1997) and Pan et al.,
Science, 277:815-818 (1997), another molecule believed to be a
receptor for Apo2L/TRAIL is described [see also, WO98/51793
published Nov. 19, 1998; WO98/41629 published Sep. 24, 1998]. That
molecule is referred to as DR5 (it has also been alternatively
referred to as Apo-2; TRAIL-R, TR6, Tango-63, hAPO8, TRICK2 or
KILLER [Screaton et al., Curr. Biol., 7:693-696 (1997); Walczak et
al., EMBO J., 16:5386-5387 (1997); Wu et al., Nature Genetics,
17:141-143 (1997); WO98/35986 published Aug. 20, 1998; EP870,827
published Oct. 14, 1998; WO98/46643 published Oct. 22, 1998;
WO99/02653 published Jan. 21, 1999; WO99/09165 published Feb. 25,
1999; WO99/11791 published Mar. 11, 1999]. Like DR4, DR5 is
reported to contain a cytoplasmic death domain and be capable of
signaling apoptosis. The crystal structure of the complex formed
between Apo-2L/TRAIL and DR5 is described in Hymowitz et al.,
Molecular Cell, 4:563-571 (1999).
Yet another death domain-containing receptor, DR6, was recently
identified [Pan et al., FEBS Letters, 431:351-356 (1998)]. Aside
from containing four putative extracellular cysteine rich domains
and a cytoplasmic death domain, DR6 is believed to contain a
putative leucine-zipper sequence that overlaps with a proline-rich
motif in the cytoplasmic region. The proline-rich motif resembles
sequences that bind to src-homology-3 domains, which are found in
many intracellular signal-transducing molecules. In contrast to
other death domain-containing receptors referred to above, DR6 does
not induce cell death in the apoptosis sensitive indicator cell
line, MCF-7, suggesting an alternate function for this receptor.
Consistent with this observation, DR6 is presently believed not to
associate with death-domain containing adapter molecules, such as
FADD, RAIDD and RIP, that mediate downstream signaling from
activated death receptors [Pan et al., FEBS Lett., 431:351
(1998)].
A further group of recently identified receptors are referred to as
"decoy receptors," which are believed to function as inhibitors,
rather than transducers of signaling. This group includes DCR1
(also referred to as TRID, LIT or TRAIL-R3) [Pan et al., Science,
276:111-113 (1997); Sheridan et al., Science, 277:818-821 (1997);
McFarlane et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272:25417-25420 (1997); Schneider
et al., FEBS Letters, 416:329-334 (1997); Degli-Esposti et al., J.
Exp. Med., 186:1165-1170 (1997); and Mongkolsapaya et al., J.
Immunol., 160:3-6 (1998)] and DCR2 (also called TRUNDD or TRAIL-R4)
[Marsters et al., Curr. Biol., 7:1003-1006 (1997); Pan et al., FEBS
Letters, 424:41-45 (1998); Degli-Esposti et al., Immunity,
7:813-820 (1997)], both cell surface molecules, as well as OPG
[Simonet et al., supra; Emery et al., infra] and DCR3 [Pitti et
al., Nature, 396:699-703 (1998)], both of which are secreted,
soluble proteins.
Additional newly identified members of the TNFR family include
CAR1, HVEM, GITR, ZTNFR-5, NTR-1, and TNFL1 [Brojatsch et al.,
Cell, 87:845-855 (1996); Montgomery et al., Cell, 87:427-436
(1996); Marsters et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272:14029-14032 (1997);
Nocentini et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:6216-6221 (1997);
Emery et al., J. Biol. Chem., 273:14363-14367 (1998); WO99/04001
published Jan. 28, 1999; WO99/07738 published Feb. 18, 1999;
WO99/33980 published Jul. 8, 1999].
As reviewed recently by Tewari et al., TNFR1, TNFR2 and CD40
modulate the expression of proinflammatory and costimulatory
cytokines, cytokine receptors, and cell adhesion molecules through
activation of the transcription factor, NF-.kappa.B [Tewari et al.,
Curr. Op. Genet. Develop., 6:39-44 (1996)]. NF-.kappa.B is the
prototype of a family of dimeric transcription factors whose
subunits contain conserved Rel regions [Verma et al., Genes
Develop., 9:2723-2735 (1996); Baldwin, Ann. Rev. Immunol.,
14:649-681 (1996)]. In its latent form, NF-.kappa.B is complexed
with members of the I.kappa.B inhibitor family; upon inactivation
of the I.kappa.B in response to certain stimuli, released
NF-.kappa.B translocates to the nucleus where it binds to specific
DNA sequences and activates gene transcription. As described above,
the TNFR members identified to date either include or lack an
intracellular death domain region. Some TNFR molecules lacking a
death domain, such as TNFR2, CD40, HVEM, and GITR, are capable of
modulating NF-.kappa.B activity. [see, e.g., Lotz et al., J.
Leukocyte Biol., 60:1-7 (1996)].
For a review of the TNF family of cytokines and their receptors,
see Ashkenazi and Dixit, Science, 281:1305-1308 (1998); Golstein,
Curr. Biol., 7:750-753 (1997); Gruss and Dower, supra, Nagata,
Cell, 88:355-365 (1997); and Locksley et al., Cell, 104:487-501
(2001).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides human DR4 antibodies which are capable of
specifically binding to human DR4 and/or are capable of modulating
biological activities associated with DR4 and/or its ligand(s), in
particular, apoptosis, and thus are useful in the treatment of
various diseases and pathological conditions, including cancer or
immune related diseases.
The invention disclosed herein has a number of embodiments. A
typical embodiment of the invention is an isolated anti-DR4
antibody having the same biological characteristics of a monoclonal
antibody produced by a hybridoma cell line selected from the group
consisting of American Type Culture Collection Accession Numbers:
PTA-3359, PTA-3360 and PTA-3361. A related embodiment includes an
isolated anti-DR4 receptor monoclonal antibody, comprising an
antibody which binds to DR4 receptor comprising amino acids 1 to
218 of SEQ ID NO:1 and competitively inhibits binding of a
monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma deposited as PTA-3359,
PTA-3360 or PTA-3361 to the DR4 receptor. Other related embodiments
of the invention include an anti-DR4 receptor antibody comprising
an antibody which binds to the same DR4 receptor epitope to which a
monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma deposited as PTA-3359,
PTA-3360 or PTA-3361 binds. Specific embodiments of the invention
include the hybridomas deposited as ATCC PTA-3359, PTA-3360 and
PTA-3361. Related specific embodiments of the invention include the
monoclonal antibodies produced by the hybridomas deposited as ATCC
PTA-3359, PTA-3360 and PTA-3361. Optionally such anti-DR4 receptor
antibodies have a binding affinity to the DR4 receptor of least
10.sup.8 M.sup.-1 to 10.sup.12 M.sup.-1. In preferred embodiments,
the anti-DR4 receptor antibodies of the invention are human
antibodies.
The antibodies disclosed herein have a number of biological
properties. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the anti-DR4
receptor antibodies disclosed herein inhibit binding of Apo-2
ligand comprising amino acids 114 to 281 of SEQ ID NO: 3 to DR4
receptor comprising amino acids 1 to 218 of SEQ ID NO:1. Typically
the anti-DR4 receptor antibodies of the invention block Apo-2
ligand induced apoptosis in at least one type of mammalian cells.
In an optional embodiment, the anti-DR4 receptor antibodies of the
invention neutralize the apoptotic activity of Apo-2 ligand
comprising amino acids 114-281 of SEQ ID NO:3 in at least one type
of mammalian cancer cells. Preferably the mammalian cancer cells
are colon or colorectal cancer cells, breast cancer cells, or lung
cancer (small cell or non-small cell) cells.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the anti-DR4 receptor
antibodies disclosed herein induce apoptosis in at least one type
of mammalian cell. Typically the anti-DR4 receptor antibodies
disclosed herein, upon binding to DR4 receptor expressed in or on a
mammalian cell, activate one or more molecules selected from the
group consisting of caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 10 and FADD in
the cytoplasm of the mammalian cell. Highly preferred embodiments
of the invention include an isolated anti-DR4 receptor monoclonal
antibody, comprising an antibody which binds to DR4 receptor
comprising amino acids 1 to 218 of SEQ ID NO:1, competitively
inhibits binding of the monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma
deposited as ATCC PTA-3359, PTA-3360 or PTA-3361 to the DR4
receptor and induces apoptosis in at least one type of mammalian
cell. In representative embodiments, the mammalian cells are cancer
cells, typically colon or colorectal cancer, breast cancer cells,
or lung (small cell or non-small cell) cancer cells. In a specific
embodiment, the mammalian cells are 9D cells.
Another embodiment of the invention is an isolated anti-DR4
receptor monoclonal antibody, comprising an antibody which binds to
DR4 receptor comprising amino acids 1 to 218 of SEQ ID NO:1,
wherein the antibody competitively inhibits binding of the
monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma deposited as ATCC
PTA-3359, PTA-3360 or PTA-3361 to the DR4 receptor, and wherein the
antibody inhibits binding of Apo-2 ligand comprising amino acids
114 to 281 of SEQ ID NO:3 to DR4 receptor comprising amino acids 1
to 218 of SEQ ID NO:1, and further wherein, upon binding to DR4
receptor expressed in or on a mammalian cell, activates one or more
molecules selected from the group consisting of caspase 3, caspase
8, caspase 10 and FADD in the cytoplasm of a mammalian cell.
Additional embodiments of the invention include an anti-DR4
receptor antibody disclosed herein which is linked to one or more
non-proteinaceous polymers selected from the group consisting of
polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and polyoxyalkylene. In
an alternative embodiment, an anti-DR4 receptor antibody disclosed
herein is linked to a cytotoxic agent or enzyme. In yet another
embodiment, an anti-DR4 receptor antibody disclosed herein is
linked to a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound or a
chemiluminescent compound. Optionally, an anti-DR4 receptor
antibody disclosed herein is glycosylated or alternatively,
unglycosylated.
Another embodiment of the invention includes a method of inducing
apoptosis in mammalian cells comprising exposing mammalian cells
expressing DR4 receptor to a therapeutically effective amount of an
isolated anti-DR4 receptor monoclonal antibody, comprising an
antibody which binds to DR4 receptor comprising amino acids 1 to
218 of SEQ ID NO:1 and competitively inhibits binding of a
monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma deposited as PTA-3359,
PTA-3360 or PTA-3361 to the DR4 receptor. In such methods the
mammalian cells are typically cancer cells. In preferred
embodiments, the anti-DR4 receptor antibody used in these methods
is a human antibody.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of inducing
apoptosis in mammalian cells comprising exposing mammalian cells
expressing DR4 receptor to a therapeutically effective amount of an
isolated anti-DR4 receptor monoclonal antibody, comprising an
antibody which binds to DR4 receptor comprising amino acids 1 to
218 of SEQ ID NO:1, wherein the antibody competitively inhibits
binding of a monoclonal antibody produced by one or more of the
hybridomas deposited as PTA-3359, PTA-3360 and PTA-3361 to the DR4
receptor.
The invention also provides compositions comprising one or more DR4
antibodies and a carrier, such as a pharmaceutically-acceptable
carrier. In one embodiment, such composition may be included in an
article of manufacture or kit.
In addition, therapeutic and diagnostic methods for using DR4
antibodies are provided.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A-1B show the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) of a cDNA
for full length human DR4 and its derived amino acid sequence (SEQ
ID NO:1). The respective nucleotide and amino acid sequences for
human DR4 are also reported in Pan et al., Science, 276:111
(1997).
FIG. 2 is a graph showing results of an ELISA testing the titer of
endogenous DR4 and CD4-IgG antibodies in xenomouse sera.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are graphs showing the reactivity of the 1E10,
1G11, and 2A2 anti-DR4 antibodies with DR4-IgG and Apo-2-IgG.
FIG. 4 shows the results of a {poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase} (PARP)
assay. In this assay, 9D cells were incubated with 1.0 .mu.g of
human anti DR4 and cross linked with anti Human IgG Fc. During
apoptosis PARP is cleaved from 116 kD to 85 and 26 kD. The cleavage
of PARP is considered to be an early marker of apoptosis.
FIGS. 5A-5F show FACS analysis of the 4H6 and 1G11 anti-DR4
antibodies in an apoptosis assay by Annexin V staining.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the induction of apoptosis in 9D cells by
varying concentrations of murine 4H6 and hulG11 anti-DR4
antibodies.
FIGS. 7A-7B are bar graphs showing the results of an ELISA
evaluating the epitope mapping of 1E10, 1G11 and 2A2 anti-DR4
antibodies to mu4H6.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing results of an ELISA testing the ability
of DR4 antibodies 1E10, 2A2 and 1G11 to block the binding of
biotin-Apo2L to DR4-IgG.
FIGS. 9A-9C are graphs showing the induction of cell death in
SK-MES cells by varying concentrations of 2A2, 1G11, and 1E10
anti-DR4 antibodies.
FIGS. 10A-10C are graphs showing the induction of cell death in
H460 cells by varying concentrations of 2A2, 1G11, and 1E10
anti-DR4 antibodies.
FIGS. 11A-11C are graphs showing the induction of cell death in
Colo205 cells by varying concentrations of 2A2, 1G11, and 1E10
anti-DR4 antibodies.
FIGS. 12A-12C are graphs showing the induction of cell death in
MDA-MB-231 cells by varying concentrations of 2A2, 1G11, and 1E10
anti-DR4 antibodies.
FIGS. 13A-13C are graphs showing the induction of cell death in
KYM-1 rhabdomyosarcoma cells by varying concentrations of 2A2,
1G11, and 1E10 anti-DR4 antibodies.
FIG. 14 shows the results of a caspase activation assay and western
blot illustrating DR4 antibody activation of caspases 8 and 3.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
I. Definitions
As used herein, the term "Apo-2 ligand" or "Apo-2L" (also known as
TRAIL) refers to a specific member of the tumor necrosis factor
(TNF) ligand family that, among other things, induces apoptosis in
a variety of cancer cells [see WO 97/25428 published Jul. 17, 1997;
WO97/01633 published Jan. 16, 1997; Pitti et al., J. Biol. Chem,
271:12687 (1996); Marsters et al., Curr. Biol., 6:79 (1997); Wiley,
S. et al., Immunity, 3:637 (1995)]. The term Apo-2L as used herein
includes polypeptides disclosed in those references as well as
additional fragments and variants thereof which are biologically
active in terms of binding to at least one of the DR4, Apo-2
(DR-5), DcR1 or DcR2 receptors or capable of inducing apoptosis in
at least one type of mammalian cell. Optionally, for purposes of
the biological assays described herein, the Apo-2 ligand is a
polypeptide having amino acids 114-211 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and does not
include an epitope tag sequence (see, e.g., the Apo-2 ligand
described in Ashkenazi et al., J. Clin. Invest. 104: 155-162
(1999).
A receptor for Apo-2L has been identified and referred to as DR4, a
member of the TNF-receptor family that contains a cytoplasmic
"death domain" capable of engaging the cell suicide apparatus [see
Pan et al., Science, 276:111 (1997)]. DR4 has also been described
in WO98/32856 published Jul. 30, 1998. The term "Death Receptor 4"
or "DR4" when used herein encompasses native sequence DR4 and DR4
variants (which are further defined herein). These terms encompass
DR4 expressed in a variety of mammals, including humans. DR4 may be
endogenously expressed as occurs naturally in a variety of human
tissue lineages, or may be expressed by recombinant or synthetic
methods. A "native sequence DR4" comprises a polypeptide having the
same amino acid sequence as a DR4 derived from nature. Thus, a
native sequence DR4 can have the amino acid sequence of
naturally-occurring DR4 from any mammal. Such native sequence DR4
can be isolated from nature or can be produced by recombinant or
synthetic means. The term "native sequence DR4" specifically
encompasses naturally-occurring truncated or secreted forms of the
DR4 (e.g., a soluble form containing, for instance, an
extracellular domain sequence), naturally-occurring variant forms
(e.g., alternatively spliced forms) and naturally-occurring allelic
variants of the DR4. In one embodiment of the invention, the native
sequence DR4 is a mature or full-length native sequence DR4
comprising amino acids 1 to 468 of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1).
The terms "extracellular domain" or "ECD" herein refer to a form of
DR4 which is essentially free of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic
domains of DR4. Ordinarily, DR4 ECD will have less than 1% of such
transmembrane and/or cytoplasmic domains and preferably, will have
less than 0.5% of such domains. Optionally, DR4 ECD will comprise
amino acid residues 1 to 218 or residues 24 to 218 of FIG. 1 (SEQ
ID NO:1).
"DR4 variant" means a biologically active DR4 having at least about
80% or 85% amino acid sequence identity with the DR4 having the
deduced amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1) for a
full-length native sequence or extracellular domain sequence of
human DR4. Such DR4 variants include, for instance, DR4
polypeptides wherein one or more amino acid residues are added, or
deleted (i.e., fragments), at the N- or C-terminus of the sequence
of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1). Ordinarily, an DR4 variant will have at
least about 80% amino acid sequence identity, more preferably at
least about 90% amino acid sequence identity, and even more
preferably at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity with the
amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1).
"Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity" with respect to the DR4
sequences (or DR4 antibody sequences) identified herein is defined
as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence
that are identical with the amino acid residues in the DR4 sequence
(or DR4 antibody sequence), after aligning the sequences and
introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent
sequence identity, and not considering any conservative
substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for
purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be
achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for
instance, using publicly available computer software such as
ALIGN.TM., Megalign (DNASTAR), or ALIGN-2 (authored by Genentech,
Inc. and filed with the U.S. Copyright Office on Dec. 10, 1991).
The ALIGN-2 software is publicly available from Genentech, Inc. The
ALIGN-2 program should be compiled for use on a UNIX operating
system, preferably digital UNIX V4.0D. All sequence comparison
parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary. Those
skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for
measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve
maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being
compared.
"Isolated," when used to describe the various polypeptides
disclosed herein, means polypeptide that has been identified and
separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural
environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are
materials that would typically interfere with diagnostic or
therapeutic uses for the polypeptide, and may include enzymes,
hormones, and other proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous solutes. In
preferred embodiments, the polypeptide will be purified (1) to a
degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or
internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator,
or (2) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing or reducing
conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain.
Isolated polypeptide includes polypeptide in situ within
recombinant cells, since at least one component of the DR4 or DR4
antibody natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily,
however, isolated polypeptide will be prepared by at least one
purification step.
An "isolated" nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule that
is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic
acid molecule with which it is ordinarily associated in the natural
source of the polypeptide nucleic acid. An isolated nucleic acid
molecule is other than in the form or setting in which it is found
in nature. Isolated nucleic acid molecules therefore are
distinguished from the nucleic acid molecule as it exists in
natural cells. However, an isolated nucleic acid molecule includes
a nucleic acid molecule contained in cells that ordinarily express
the polypeptide where, for example, the nucleic acid molecule is in
a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells.
"Stringency" of hybridization reactions is readily determinable by
one of ordinary skill in the art, and generally is an empirical
calculation dependent upon probe length, washing temperature, and
salt concentration. In general, longer probes require higher
temperatures for proper annealing, while shorter probes need lower
temperatures. Hybridization generally depends on the ability of
denatured DNA to re-anneal when complementary strands are present
in an environment below their melting temperature. The higher the
degree of desired identity between the probe and hybridizable
sequence, the higher the relative temperature which can be used. As
a result, it follows that higher relative temperatures would tend
to make the reaction conditions more stringent, while lower
temperatures less so. For additional details and explanation of
stringency of hybridization reactions, see Ausubel et al., Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience Publishers,
(1995).
"Stringent conditions" or "high stringency conditions", as defined
herein, are identified by those that: (1) employ low ionic strength
and high temperature for washing, for example 0.015 M sodium
chloride/0.0015 M sodium citrate/0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at
50.degree. C.; (2) employ during hybridization a denaturing agent,
such as formamide, for example, 50% (v/v) formamide with 0.1%
bovine serum albumin/0.1% Ficoll/0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone/50 mM
sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 with 750 mM sodium chloride, 75
mM sodium citrate at 42.degree. C.; or (3) employ 50% formamide,
5.times.SSC (0.75 M NaCl, 0.075 M sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium
phosphate (pH 6.8), 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 5.times. Denhardt's
solution, sonicated salmon sperm DNA (50 .mu.g/ml), 0.1% SDS, and
10% dextran sulfate at 42.degree. C., with washes at 42.degree. C.
in 0.2.times.SSC (sodium chloride/sodium citrate) and 50% formamide
at 55.degree. C., followed by a high-stringency wash consisting of
0.1.times.SSC containing EDTA at 55.degree. C.
"Moderately stringent conditions" are identified as described by
Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, New York:
Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1989, and include the use of washing
solution and hybridization conditions (e.g., temperature, ionic
strength and % SDS) less stringent that those described above. An
example of moderately stringent conditions is overnight incubation
at 37.degree. C. in a solution comprising: 20% formamide,
5.times.SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium
phosphate (pH 7.6), 5.times. Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran
sulfate, and 20 mg/ml denatured sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed
by washing the filters in 1.times.SSC at about 37-50.degree. C. The
skilled artisan will recognize how to adjust the temperature, ionic
strength, etc. as necessary to accommodate factors such as probe
length and the like.
The expression "control sequences" refers to DNA sequences
necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence
in a particular host organism. The control sequences that are
suitable for prokaryotes, for example, include a promoter,
optionally an operator sequence, and a ribosome binding site.
Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation
signals, and enhancers.
Nucleic acid is "operably linked" when it is placed into a
functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For
example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably
linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein
that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter
or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects
the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is
operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to
facilitate translation. Generally, "operably linked" means that the
DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a
secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase. However,
enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking is accomplished by
ligation at convenient restriction sites. If such sites do not
exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used
in accordance with conventional practice.
The terms "amino acid" and "amino acids" refer to all naturally
occurring L-alpha-amino acids. This definition is meant to include
norleucine, ornithine, and homocysteine. The amino acids are
identified by either the single-letter or three-letter
designations:
TABLE-US-00001 Asp D aspartic acid Ile I isoleucine Thr T threonine
Leu L leucine Ser S serine Tyr Y tyrosine Glu E glutamic acid Phe F
phenylalanine Pro P proline His H histidine Gly G glycine Lys K
lysine Ala A alanine Arg R arginine Cys C cysteine Trp W tryptophan
Val V valine Gln Q glutamine Met M methionine Asn N asparagine
In the Sequence Listing and Figures, certain other single-letter or
three-letter designations may be employed to refer to and identify
two or more amino acids or nucleotides at a given position in the
sequence.
The terms "agonist" and "agonistic" when used herein refer to or
describe a molecule which is capable of, directly or indirectly,
substantially inducing, promoting or enhancing DR4 biological
activity or activation. Optionally, an "agonist DR4 antibody" is an
antibody which has activity comparable to the ligand for DR4, known
as Apo-2 ligand (TRAIL), or is capable of activating DR4 receptor
which results in an activation of one or more intracellular
signalling pathways which may include activation of caspase 3,
caspase 8, caspase 10 or FADD.
The terms "antagonist" and "antagonistic" when used herein refer to
or describe a molecule which is capable of, directly or indirectly,
substantially counteracting, reducing or inhibiting DR4 biological
activity or DR4 activation. Optionally, an antagonist is a molecule
which neutralizes the biological activity resulting from DR4
activation or formation of a complex between DR4 and its ligand,
such as Apo-2 ligand.
The term "antibody" is used in the broadest sense and specifically
covers single anti-DR4 monoclonal antibodies (including agonist,
antagonist, and neutralizing or blocking antibodies) and anti-DR4
antibody compositions with polyepitopic specificity. "Antibody" as
used herein includes intact immunoglobulin or antibody molecules,
polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (i.e., bispecific
antibodies formed from at least two intact antibodies) and
immunoglobulin fragments (such as Fab, F(ab').sub.2, or Fv), so
long as they exhibit any of the desired agonistic or antagonistic
properties described herein.
Antibodies are typically proteins or polypeptides which exhibit
binding specificity to a specific antigen. Native antibodies are
usually heterotetrameric glycoproteins, composed of two identical
light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. Typically,
each light chain is linked to a heavy chain by one covalent
disulfide bond, while the number of disulfide linkages varies
between the heavy chains of different immunoglobulin isotypes. Each
heavy and light chain also has regularly spaced intrachain
disulfide bridges. Each heavy chain has at one end a variable
domain (V.sub.H) followed by a number of constant domains. Each
light chain has a variable domain at one end (V.sub.L) and a
constant domain at its other end; the constant domain of the light
chain is aligned with the first constant domain of the heavy chain,
and the light chain variable domain is aligned with the variable
domain of the heavy chain. Particular amino acid residues are
believed to form an interface between the light and heavy chain
variable domains [Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol., 186:651-663
(1985); Novotny and Haber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:4592-4596
(1985)]. The light chains of antibodies from any vertebrate species
can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa
and lambda, based on the amino acid sequences of their constant
domains. Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant
domain of their heavy chains, immunoglobulins can be assigned to
different classes. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins:
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, and several of these may be further
divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG-1, IgG-2, IgG-3, and
IgG-4; IgA-1 and IgA-2. The heavy chain constant domains that
correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called
alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively.
"Antibody fragments" comprise a portion of an intact antibody,
generally the antigen binding or variable region of the intact
antibody. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab',
F(ab')2, and Fv fragments, diabodies, single chain antibody
molecules, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody
fragments.
The term "variable" is used herein to describe certain portions of
the variable domains which differ in sequence among antibodies and
are used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody
for its particular antigen. However, the variability is not usually
evenly distributed through the variable domains of antibodies. It
is typically concentrated in three segments called complementarity
determining regions (CDRs) or hypervariable regions both in the
light chain and the heavy chain variable domains. The more highly
conserved portions of the variable domains are called the framework
(FR). The variable domains of native heavy and light chains each
comprise four FR regions, largely adopting a .beta.-sheet
configuration, connected by three CDRs, which form loops
connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the .beta.-sheet
structure. The CDRs in each chain are held together in close
proximity by the FR regions and, with the CDRs from the other
chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen binding site of
antibodies [see Kabat, E. A. et al., Sequences of Proteins of
Immunological Interest, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Md. (1987)]. The constant domains are not involved directly in
binding an antibody to an antigen, but exhibit various effector
functions, such as participation of the antibody in
antibody-dependent cellular toxicity.
The term "monoclonal antibody" as used herein refers to an antibody
obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies,
i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are
identical except for possible naturally-occurring mutations that
may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly
specific, being directed against a single antigenic site.
Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody
preparations which typically include different antibodies directed
against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody
is directed against a single determinant on the antigen.
The monoclonal antibodies herein include chimeric, hybrid and
recombinant antibodies produced by splicing a variable (including
hypervariable) domain of an anti-DR4 antibody with a constant
domain (e.g. "humanized" antibodies), or a light chain with a heavy
chain, or a chain from one species with a chain from another
species, or fusions with heterologous proteins, regardless of
species of origin or immunoglobulin class or subclass designation,
as well as antibody fragments (e.g., Fab, F(ab').sub.2, and Fv), so
long as they exhibit the desired biological activity or properties.
See, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567 and Mage et al., in Monoclonal
Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp. 79-97 (Marcel
Dekker, Inc.: New York, 1987).
Thus, the modifier "monoclonal" indicates the character of the
antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous
population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring
production of the antibody by any particular method. For example,
the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present
invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by
Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495 (1975), or may be made by
recombinant DNA methods such as described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,816,567. The "monoclonal antibodies" may also be isolated from
phage libraries generated using the techniques described in
McCafferty et al., Nature, 348:552-554 (1990), for example.
"Humanized" forms of non-human (e.g. murine) antibodies are
specific chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains, or
fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab').sub.2 or other
antigen-binding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal
sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. For the most part,
humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody)
in which residues from a complementary determining region (CDR) of
the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human
species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, or rabbit having the
desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some instances, Fv
framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are
replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore, the
humanized antibody may comprise residues which are found neither in
the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework
sequences. These modifications are made to further refine and
optimize antibody performance. In general, the humanized antibody
will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two,
variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR
regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all
or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human
immunoglobulin consensus sequence. The humanized antibody optimally
also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant
region or domain (Fc), typically that of a human
immunoglobulin.
A "human antibody" is one which possesses an amino acid sequence
which corresponds to that of an antibody produced by a human and/or
has been made using any of the techniques for making human
antibodies known in the art or as disclosed herein. This definition
of a human antibody includes antibodies comprising at least one
human heavy chain polypeptide or at least one human light chain
polypeptide, for example an antibody comprising murine light chain
and human heavy chain polypeptides. Human antibodies can be
produced using various techniques known in the art. In one
embodiment, the human antibody is selected from a phage library,
where that phage library expresses human antibodies (Vaughan et al.
Nature Biotechnology, 14:309-314 (1996): Sheets et al. PNAS, (USA)
95:6157-6162 (1998)); Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol., 227:381
(1991); Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581 (1991)). Human
antibodies can also be made by introducing human immunoglobulin
loci into transgenic animals, e.g., mice in which the endogenous
immunoglobulin genes have been partially or completely inactivated.
Upon challenge, human antibody production is observed, which
closely resembles that seen in humans in all respects, including
gene rearrangement, assembly, and antibody repertoire. This
approach is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,807;
5,545,806; 5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,661,016, and in the
following scientific publications: Marks et al., Bio/Technology,
10: 779-783 (1992); Lonberg et al., Nature, 368: 856-859 (1994);
Morrison, Nature, 368:812-13 (1994); Fishwild et al., Nature
Biotechnology, 14: 845-51 (1996); Neuberger, Nature Biotechnology,
14: 826 (1996); Lonberg and Huszar, Intern. Rev. Immunol., 13:65-93
(1995). Alternatively, the human antibody may be prepared via
immortalization of human B lymphocytes producing an antibody
directed against a target antigen (such B lymphocytes may be
recovered from an individual or may have been immunized in vitro).
See, e.g., Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy,
Alan R. Liss, p. 77 (1985); Boerner et al., J. Immunol., 147
(1):86-95 (1991); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,373.
The term "Fc region" is used to define the C-terminal region of an
immunoglobulin heavy chain which may be generated by papain
digestion of an intact antibody. The Fc region may be a native
sequence Fc region or a variant Fc region. Although the boundaries
of the Fc region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain might vary, the
human IgG heavy chain Fc region is usually defined to stretch from
an amino acid residue at about position Cys226, or from about
position Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus of the Fc region (using
herein the numbering system according to Kabat et al., supra). The
Fc region of an immunoglobulin generally comprises two constant
domains, a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, and optionally comprises a
CH4 domain.
By "Fc region chain" herein is meant one of the two polypeptide
chains of an Fc region.
The "CH2 domain" of a human IgG Fc region (also referred to as
"C.gamma.2" domain) usually extends from an amino acid residue at
about position 231 to an amino acid residue at about position 340.
The CH2 domain is unique in that it is not closely paired with
another domain. Rather, two N-linked branched carbohydrate chains
are interposed between the two CH2 domains of an intact native IgG
molecule. It has been speculated that the carbohydrate may provide
a substitute for the domain-domain pairing and help stabilize the
CH2 domain. Burton, Molec. Immunol. 22:161-206 (1985). The CH2
domain herein may be a native sequence CH2 domain or variant CH2
domain.
The "CH3 domain" comprises the stretch of residues C-terminal to a
CH2 domain in an Fc region (i.e. from an amino acid residue at
about position 341 to an amino acid residue at about position 447
of an IgG). The CH3 region herein may be a native sequence CH3
domain or a variant CH3 domain (e.g. a CH3 domain with an
introduced "protroberance" in one chain thereof and a corresponding
introduced "cavity" in the other chain thereof; see U.S. Pat. No.
5,821,333). Such variant CH3 domains may be used to make
multispecific (e.g. bispecific) antibodies as herein described.
"Hinge region" is generally defined as stretching from about
Glu216, or about Cys226, to about Pro230 of human IgG1 (Burton,
Molec. Immunol. 22:161-206 (1985)). Hinge regions of other IgG
isotypes may be aligned with the IgG1 sequence by placing the first
and last cysteine residues forming inter-heavy chain S--S bonds in
the same positions. The hinge region herein may be a native
sequence hinge region or a variant hinge region. The two
polypeptide chains of a variant hinge region generally retain at
least one cysteine residue per polypeptide chain, so that the two
polypeptide chains of the variant hinge region can form a disulfide
bond between the two chains. The preferred hinge region herein is a
native sequence human hinge region, e.g. a native sequence human
IgG1 hinge region.
A "functional Fc region" possesses at least one "effector function"
of a native sequence Fc region. Exemplary "effector functions"
include C1q binding; complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC); Fc
receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
(ADCC); phagocytosis; down regulation of cell surface receptors
(e.g. B cell receptor; BCR), etc. Such effector functions generally
require the Fc region to be combined with a binding domain (e.g. an
antibody variable domain) and can be assessed using various assays
known in the art for evaluating such antibody effector
functions.
A "native sequence Fc region" comprises an amino acid sequence
identical to the amino acid sequence of an Fc region found in
nature. A "variant Fc region" comprises an amino acid sequence
which differs from that of a native sequence Fc region by virtue of
at least one amino acid modification. Preferably, the variant Fc
region has at least one amino acid substitution compared to a
native sequence Fc region or to the Fc region of a parent
polypeptide, e.g. from about one to about ten amino acid
substitutions, and preferably from about one to about five amino
acid substitutions in a native sequence Fc region or in the Fc
region of the parent polypeptide. The variant Fc region herein will
preferably possess at least about 80% sequence identity with a
native sequence Fc region and/or with an Fc region of a parent
polypeptide, and most preferably at least about 90% sequence
identity therewith, more preferably at least about 95% sequence
identity therewith.
"Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity" and "ADCC" refer to
a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that
express Fc receptors (FcRs) (e.g. Natural Killer (NK) cells,
neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target
cell and subsequently cause lysis of the target cell. The primary
cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells, express Fc.gamma.RIII only,
whereas monocytes express Fc.gamma.RI, Fc.gamma.RII and
Fc.gamma.RIII. FcR expression on hematopoietic cells is summarized
in Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol.,
9:457-92 (1991). To assess ADCC activity of a molecule of interest,
an in vitro ADCC assay, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,500,362 or 5,821,337 may be performed. Useful effector cells for
such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and
Natural Killer (NK) cells. Alternatively, or additionally, ADCC
activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g.,
in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. PNAS
(USA), 95:652-656 (1998).
"Human effector cells" are leukocytes which express one or more
FcRs and perform effector functions. Preferably, the cells express
at least Fc.gamma.RIII and perform ADCC effector function. Examples
of human leukocytes which mediate ADCC include peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMC), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes,
cytotoxic T cells and neutrophils; with PBMCs and NK cells being
preferred. The effector cells may be isolated from a native source
thereof, e.g. from blood or PBMCs as described herein.
The terms "Fc receptor" and "FcR" are used to describe a receptor
that binds to the Fc region of an antibody. The preferred FcR is a
native sequence human FcR. Moreover, a preferred FcR is one which
binds an IgG antibody (a gamma receptor) and includes receptors of
the Fc.gamma.RI, Fc.gamma.RII, and Fc.gamma.RIII subclasses,
including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these
receptors. Fc.gamma.RII receptors include Fc.gamma.RIIA (an
"activating receptor") and Fc.gamma.RIIB (an "inhibiting
receptor"), which have similar amino acid sequences that differ
primarily in the cytoplasmic domains thereof. Activating receptor
Fc.gamma.RIIA contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation
motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic domain. Inhibiting receptor
Fc.gamma.RIIB contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition
motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain (reviewed in Daeron, Annu.
Rev. Immunol., 15:203-234 (1997)). FcRs are reviewed in Ravetch and
Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 9:457-92 (1991); Capel et al.,
Immunomethods, 4:25-34 (1994); and de Haas et al., J. Lab. Clin.
Med., 126:330-41 (1995). Other FcRs, including those to be
identified in the future, are encompassed by the term "FcR" herein.
The term also includes the neonatal receptor, FcRn, which is
responsible for the transfer of maternal IgGs to the fetus (Guyer
et al., J. Immunol., 117:587 (1976); and Kim et al., J. Immunol.,
24:249 (1994)).
"Complement dependent cytotoxicity" and "CDC" refer to the lysing
of a target in the presence of complement. The complement
activation pathway is initiated by the binding of the first
component of the complement system (C1q) to a molecule (e.g. an
antibody) complexed with a cognate antigen. To assess complement
activation, a CDC assay, e.g. as described in Gazzano-Santoro et
al., J. Immunol. Methods, 202:163 (1996), may be performed.
An "affinity matured" antibody is one with one or more alterations
in one or more CDRs thereof which result an improvement in the
affinity of the antibody for antigen, compared to a parent antibody
which does not possess those alteration(s). Preferred affinity
matured antibodies will have nanomolar or even picomolar affinities
for the target antigen. Affinity matured antibodies are produced by
procedures known in the art. Marks et al. Bio/Technology,
10:779-783 (1992) describes affinity maturation by VH and VL domain
shuffling. Random mutagenesis of CDR and/or framework residues is
described by: Barbas et al. Proc Nat. Acad. Sci, USA 91:3809-3813
(1994); Schier et al. Gene, 169:147-155 (1995); Yelton et al. J.
Immunol., 155:1994-2004 (1995); Jackson et al., J. Immunol.,
154(7):3310-9 (1995); and Hawkins et al, J. Mol. Biol., 226:889-896
(1992).
The term "immunospecific" as used in "immunospecific binding of
antibodies" for example, refers to the antigen specific binding
interaction that occurs between the antigen-combining site of an
antibody and the specific antigen recognized by that antibody.
"Biologically active" and "desired biological activity" for the
purposes herein mean having the ability to modulate DR4 activity or
DR4 activation, including, by way of example, apoptosis (either in
an agonistic or stimulating manner or in an antagonistic or
blocking manner) in at least one type of mammalian cell in vivo or
ex vivo, binding to Apo-2 ligand (TRAIL), or modulating activation
of one or more molecules in the intracellular signalling pathway
such as caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 10 or FADD. Assays for
determining activation of such intracellular molecules are known in
the art, see, e.g., Boldin et al., J. Biol. Chem., 270:7795-7798
(1995); Peter, Cell Death Differ., 7:759-760 (2000); Nagata, Cell,
88:355-365 (1998); Ashkenazi et al., Science, 281:1305-1308
(1999).
The terms "apoptosis" and "apoptotic activity" are used in a broad
sense and refer to the orderly or controlled form of cell death in
mammals that is typically accompanied by one or more characteristic
cell changes, including condensation of cytoplasm, loss of plasma
membrane microvilli, segmentation of the nucleus, degradation of
chromosomal DNA or loss of mitochondrial function. This activity
can be determined and measured, for instance, by cell viability
assays, annexin V binding assays, PARP assays, FACS analysis or DNA
electrophoresis, all of which are known in the art. Optionally,
apoptotic activity will be determined by way of an annexin V or
PARP assay.
The terms "cancer," "cancerous," and "malignant" refer to or
describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically
characterized by unregulated cell growth. Examples of cancer
include but are not limited to, carcinoma, including
adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, melanoma, glioma, sarcoma,
myeloma (such as multiple myeloma) and leukemia. More particular
examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer, small-cell
lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, lung
squamous cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal cancer, Hodgkin's and
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical
cancer, glioma, ovarian cancer, liver cancer such as hepatic
carcinoma and hepatoma, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon
cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma,
salivary gland carcinoma, kidney cancer such as renal cell
carcinoma and Wilms' tumors, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma,
prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, testicular cancer,
esophageal cancer, and various types of head and neck cancer.
The term "immune related disease" means a disease in which a
component of the immune system of a mammal causes, mediates or
otherwise contributes to a morbidity in the mammal. Also included
are diseases in which stimulation or intervention of the immune
response has an ameliorative effect on progression of the disease.
Included within this term are autoimmune diseases, immune-mediated
inflammatory diseases, non-immune-mediated inflammatory diseases,
infectious diseases, and immunodeficiency diseases. Examples of
immune-related and inflammatory diseases, some of which are immune
or T cell mediated, which can be treated according to the invention
include systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
juvenile chronic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, systemic
sclerosis (scleroderma), idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
(dermatomyositis, polymyositis), Sjogren's syndrome, systemic
vasculitis, sarcoidosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (immune
pancytopenia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), autoimmune
thrombocytopenia (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,
immune-mediated thrombocytopenia), thyroiditis (Grave's disease,
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, atrophic
thyroiditis), diabetes mellitus, immune-mediated renal disease
(glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis), demyelinating
diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems such as
multiple sclerosis, idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy or
Guillain-Barre syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyneuropathy, hepatobiliary diseases such as infectious hepatitis
(hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-hepatotropic viruses),
autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis,
granulomatous hepatitis, and sclerosing cholangitis, inflammatory
and fibrotic lung diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease
(ulcerative colitis: Crohn's disease), gluten-sensitive
enteropathy, and Whipple's disease, autoimmune or immune-mediated
skin diseases including bullous skin diseases, erythema multiforme
and contact dermatitis, psoriasis, allergic diseases such as
asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food hypersensitivity
and urticaria, immunologic diseases of the lung such as
eosinophilic pneumonias, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and
hypersensitivity pneumonitis, transplantation associated diseases
including graft rejection and graft-versus-host-disease. Infectious
diseases include AIDS (HIV infection), hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E,
bacterial infections, fungal infections, protozoal infections and
parasitic infections.
"Autoimmune disease" is used herein in a broad, general sense to
refer to disorders or conditions in mammals in which destruction of
normal or healthy tissue arises from humoral or cellular immune
responses of the individual mammal to his or her own tissue
constituents. Examples include, but are not limited to, lupus
erythematous, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis,
multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diabetes, and inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD).
A "growth inhibitory agent" when used herein refers to a compound
or composition which inhibits growth of a cell in vitro and/or in
vivo. Thus, the growth inhibitory agent may be one which
significantly reduces the percentage of cells in S phase. Examples
of growth inhibitory agents include agents that block cell cycle
progression (at a place other than S phase), such as agents that
induce G1 arrest and M-phase arrest. Classical M-phase blockers
include the vincas (vincristine and vinblastine), TAXOL.RTM., and
topo II inhibitors such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin,
etoposide, and bleomycin. Those agents that arrest G1 also spill
over into S-phase arrest, for example, DNA alkylating agents such
as tamoxifen, prednisone, dacarbazine, mechlorethamine, cisplatin,
methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and ara-C. Further information can be
found in The Molecular Basis of Cancer, Mendelsohn and Israel,
eds., Chapter 1, entitled "Cell cycle regulation, oncogenes, and
antineoplastic drugs" by Murakami et al. (W B Saunders:
Philadelphia, 1995), especially p. 13.
The term "prodrug" as used in this application refers to a
precursor or derivative form of a pharmaceutically active substance
that is less cytotoxic to cancer cells compared to the parent drug
and is capable of being enzymatically activated or converted into
the more active parent form. See, e.g., Wilman, "Prodrugs in Cancer
Chemotherapy" Biochemical Society Transactions, 14, pp. 375-382,
615th Meeting Belfast (1986) and Stella et al., "Prodrugs: A
Chemical Approach to Targeted Drug Delivery," Directed Drug
Delivery, Borchardt et al., (ed.), pp. 247-267, Humana Press
(1985). The prodrugs of this invention include, but are not limited
to, phosphate-containing prodrugs, thiophosphate-containing
prodrugs, sulfate-containing prodrugs, peptide-containing prodrugs,
D-amino acid-modified prodrugs, glycosylated prodrugs,
beta-lactam-containing prodrugs, optionally substituted
phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs or optionally substituted
phenylacetamide-containing prodrugs, 5-fluorocytosine and other
5-fluorouridine prodrugs which can be converted into the more
active cytotoxic free drug. Examples of cytotoxic drugs that can be
derivatized into a prodrug form for use in this invention include,
but are not limited to, those chemotherapeutic agents described
below.
The term "cytotoxic agent" as used herein refers to a substance
that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes
destruction of cells. The term is intended to include radioactive
isotopes (e.g. At.sup.211, I.sup.131, I.sup.125, y.sup.90,
Re.sup.186, Re.sup.188, Sm.sup.153, Bi.sup.212, p.sup.32 and
radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents, and toxins
such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of
bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments
and/or variants thereof.
A "chemotherapeutic agent" is a chemical compound useful in the
treatment of conditions like cancer. Examples of chemotherapeutic
agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and
cyclosphosphamide (CYTOXAN.TM.); alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan,
improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa,
carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and
methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine,
trietylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphaoramide and
trimethylolomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin and
bullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue
topotecan); bryostatin; callystatin; CC-1065 (including its
adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogues);
cryptophycins (particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8);
dolastatin; duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogues, KW-2189
and CBI-TMI); eleutherobin; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin;
spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil,
chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide,
mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan,
novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil
mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin,
fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, ranimustine; antibiotics such as
the enediyne antibiotics (e.g. calicheamicin, especially
calicheamicin .gamma..sub.1.sup.I and calicheamicin
.theta..sup.I.sub.1, see, e.g., Agnew Chem Intl. Ed. Engl.,
33:183-186 (1994); dynemicin, including dynemicin A; an
esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related
chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromophores), aclacinomysins,
actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin,
carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycins, dactinomycin,
daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin
(including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin,
2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin,
esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins, mycophenolic
acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin,
puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin,
tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such
as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogues
such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine
analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine,
thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine,
6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine,
enocitabine, floxuridine, 5-FU; androgens such as calusterone,
dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane,
testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane,
trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid;
aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid;
amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine;
demecolcine; diaziquone; elformithine; elliptinium acetate; an
epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan;
lonidamine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins;
mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidamol; nitracrine; pentostatin;
phenamet; pirarubicin; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide;
procarbazine; PSK.RTM.; razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran;
spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone;
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2
toxin, verracurin A, roridin A and anguidine); urethan; vindesine;
dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman;
gacytosine; arabinoside ("Ara-C"); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa;
taxoids, e.g. paclitaxel (TAXOL.RTM., Bristol-Myers Squibb
Oncology, Princeton, N.J.) and doxetaxel (TAXOTERE.RTM.,
Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France); chlorambucil; gemcitabine;
6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum analogs such
as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide
(VP-16); ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone; vincristine;
vinorelbine; navelbine; novantrone; teniposide; daunomycin;
aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor
RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO); retinoic acid;
capecitabine; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or
derivatives of any of the above. Also included in this definition
are anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone
action on tumors such as anti-estrogens including for example
tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibiting 4(5)-imidazoles,
4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone,
and toremifene (Fareston); and anti-androgens such as flutamide,
nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of
the above.
The term "cytokine" is a generic term for proteins released by one
cell population which act on another cell as intercellular
mediators. Examples of such cytokines are lymphokines, monokines,
and traditional polypeptide hormones. Included among the cytokines
are growth hormone such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human
growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone;
thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; glycoprotein
hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid
stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); hepatic
growth factor; fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental
lactogen; tumor necrosis factor-alpha and -beta;
mullerian-inhibiting substance; mouse gonadotropin-associated
peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor;
integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factors such as
NGF-alpha; platelet-growth factor; transforming growth factors
(TGFs) such as TGF-alpha and TGF-beta; insulin-like growth factor-I
and -II; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factors; interferons
such as interferon-alpha, -beta and -gamma colony stimulating
factors (CSFs) such as macrophage-CSF (M-CSF);
granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF); and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF);
interleukins (ILs) such as IL-1, IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5,
IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12; a tumor necrosis
factor such as TNF-alpha or TNF-beta; and other polypeptide factors
including LIF and kit ligand (KL). As used herein, the term
cytokine includes proteins from natural sources or from recombinant
cell culture and biologically active equivalents of the native
sequence cytokines.
The terms "treating," "treatment," and "therapy" as used herein
refer to curative therapy, prophylactic therapy, and preventative
therapy.
The term "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount of
a drug effective to treat a disease or disorder in a mammal. In the
case of cancer, the therapeutically effective amount of the drug
may reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the tumor size;
inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell
infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., slow to some
extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit, to some
extent, tumor growth; and/or relieve to some extent one or more of
the symptoms associated with the disorder. To the extent the drug
may prevent growth and/or kill existing cancer cells, it may be
cytostatic and/or cytotoxic. For cancer therapy, efficacy in vivo
can, for example, be measured by assessing tumor burden or volume,
the time to disease progression (TTP) and/or determining the
response rates (RR).
The term "mammal" as used herein refers to any mammal classified as
a mammal, including humans, cows, horses, dogs and cats. In a
preferred embodiment of the invention, the mammal is a human.
II. Compositions and Methods of the Invention
A. DR4 Antibodies
In one embodiment of the invention, DR4 antibodies are provided.
Exemplary antibodies include polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized,
bispecific, and heteroconjugate antibodies. These antibodies may be
agonists, antagonists or blocking antibodies.
1. Polyclonal Antibodies
The antibodies of the invention may comprise polyclonal antibodies.
Methods of preparing polyclonal antibodies are known to the skilled
artisan. Polyclonal antibodies can be raised in a mammal, for
example, by one or more injections of an immunizing agent and, if
desired, an adjuvant. Typically, the immunizing agent and/or
adjuvant will be injected in the mammal by multiple subcutaneous or
intraperitoneal injections. The immunizing agent may include the
DR4 polypeptide (or a DR4 ECD) or a fusion protein thereof. It may
be useful to conjugate the immunizing agent to a protein known to
be immunogenic in the mammal being immunized. Examples of such
immunogenic proteins include but are not limited to keyhole limpet
hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, and soybean
trypsin inhibitor. Examples of adjuvants which may be employed
include Freund's complete adjuvant and MPL-TDM adjuvant
(monophosphoryl Lipid A, synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate). The
immunization protocol may be selected by one skilled in, the art
without undue experimentation. The mammal can then be bled, and the
serum assayed for DR4 antibody titer. If desired, the mammal can be
boosted until the antibody titer increases or plateaus.
2. Monoclonal Antibodies
The antibodies of the invention may, alternatively, be monoclonal
antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies may be prepared using hybridoma
methods, such as those described by Kohler and Milstein, Nature,
256:495 (1975). In a hybridoma method, a mouse, hamster, or other
appropriate host animal, is typically immunized with an immunizing
agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of
producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing
agent. Alternatively, the lymphocytes may be immunized in
vitro.
The immunizing agent will typically include the DR4 polypeptide (or
a DR4 ECD) or a fusion protein thereof, such as a DR4 ECD-IgG
fusion protein. The immunizing agent may alternatively comprise a
fragment or portion of DR4 having one or more amino acids that
participate in the binding of Apo-2L to DR4. In a preferred
embodiment, the immunizing agent comprises an extracellular domain
sequence of DR4 fused to an IgG sequence, such as described in
Example 1.
Generally, either peripheral blood lymphocytes ("PBLs") are used if
cells of human origin are desired, or spleen cells or lymph node
cells are used if non-human mammalian sources are desired. The
lymphocytes are then fused with an immortalized cell line using a
suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a
hybridoma cell [Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and
Practice, Academic Press, (1986) pp. 59-103]. Immortalized cell
lines are usually transformed mammalian cells, particularly myeloma
cells of rodent, bovine and human origin. Usually, rat or mouse
myeloma cell lines are employed. The hybridoma cells may be
cultured in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one
or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the
unfused, immortalized cells. For example, if the parental cells
lack the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
(HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybridomas typically
will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine ("HAT
medium"), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient
cells.
Preferred immortalized cell lines are those that fuse efficiently,
support stable high level expression of antibody by the selected
antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT
medium. More preferred immortalized cell lines are murine myeloma
lines, which can be obtained, for instance, from the Salk Institute
Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, Calif. and the American Type
Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. An example of such a murine
myeloma cell line is P3X63Ag8U.1, (ATCC CRL 1580) described in
Example 2 below. Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell
lines also have been described for the production of human
monoclonal antibodies [Kozbor, J. Immunol., 133:3001 (1984);
Brodeur et al., Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and
Applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, (1987) pp. 51-63].
The culture medium in which the hybridoma cells are cultured can
then be assayed for the presence of monoclonal antibodies directed
against DR4. Preferably, the binding specificity of monoclonal
antibodies produced by the hybridoma cells is determined by
immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as
radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
(ELISA). Such techniques and assays are known in the art. The
binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example, be
determined by the Scatchard analysis of Munson and Pollard, Anal.
Biochem., 107:220 (1980).
After the desired hybridoma cells are identified, the clones may be
subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard
methods [Goding, supra]. Suitable culture media for this purpose
include, for example, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium or
RPMI-1640 medium. Alternatively, the hybridoma cells may be grown
in vivo as ascites in a mammal.
The monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones may be isolated
or purified from the culture medium or ascites fluid by
conventional immunoglobulin purification procedures such as, for
example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel
electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.
The monoclonal antibodies may also be made by recombinant DNA
methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. DNA
encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and
sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using
oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to
genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the monoclonal
antibodies). The hybridoma cells serve as a preferred source of
such DNA. Once isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression
vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as E. coli
cells, simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or
myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein,
to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant
host cells. The DNA also may be modified, for example, by
substituting the coding sequence for human heavy and light chain
constant domains in place of the homologous murine sequences,
Morrison, et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 81, 6851 (1984), or by
covalently joining to the immunoglobulin coding sequence all or
part of the coding sequence for a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide.
In that manner, "chimeric" or "hybrid" antibodies are prepared that
have the binding specificity of an anti-DR4 monoclonal antibody
herein.
Typically such non-immunoglobulin polypeptides are substituted for
the constant domains of an antibody of the invention, or they are
substituted for the variable domains of one antigen-combining site
of an antibody of the invention to create a chimeric bivalent
antibody comprising one antigen-combining site having specificity
for DR4 and another antigen-combining site having specificity for a
different antigen.
Chimeric or hybrid antibodies also may be prepared in vitro using
known methods in synthetic protein chemistry, including those
involving crosslinking agents. For example, immunotoxins may be
constructed using a disulfide exchange reaction or by forming a
thioether bond. Examples of suitable reagents for this purpose
include iminothiolate and methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate.
Single chain Fv fragments may also be produced, such as described
in Iliades et al., FEBS Letters, 409:437-441 (1997). Coupling of
such single chain fragments using various linkers is described in
Kortt et al., Protein Engineering, 10:423-433 (1997). A variety of
techniques for the recombinant production and manipulation of
antibodies are well known in the art. Illustrative examples of such
techniques that are typically utilized by skilled artisans are
described in greater detail below.
(i) Humanized Antibodies
Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues
introduced into it from a non-human source. These non-human amino
acid residues are often referred to as "import" residues, which are
typically taken from an "import" variable domain. Humanization can
be essentially performed following the method of Winter and
co-workers [Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et
al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science,
239:1534-1536 (1988)], by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences
for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody.
Accordingly, such "humanized" antibodies are chimeric antibodies
wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has
been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human
species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human
antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues
are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent
antibodies.
It is important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high
affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties.
To achieve this goal, according to a preferred method, humanized
antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis of the parental
sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three
dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three
dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are
familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are
available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional
conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin
sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the
likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate
immunoglobulin sequence, i.e. the analysis of residues that
influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its
antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from
the consensus and import sequence so that the desired antibody
characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target
antigen(s), is achieved. In general, the CDR residues are directly
and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding.
(ii) Human Antibodies
Human monoclonal antibodies can be made by the hybridoma method.
Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines for the
production of human monoclonal antibodies have been described, for
example, by Kozbor, J. Immunol. 133, 3001 (1984), and Brodeur, et
al., Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications,
pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987).
It is now possible to produce transgenic animals (e.g. mice) that
are capable, upon immunization, of producing a repertoire of human
antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production.
For example, it has been described that the homozygous deletion of
the antibody heavy chain joining region (J.sub.H) gene in chimeric
and germ-line mutant mice results in complete inhibition of
endogenous antibody production. Transfer of the human germ-line
immunoglobulin gene array in such germ-line mutant mice will result
in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge. See,
e.g. Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 2551-255
(1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature 362, 255-258 (1993).
Mendez et al. (Nature Genetics 15: 146-156 [1997)) have further
improved the technology and have generated a line of transgenic
mice designated as "Xenomouse II" that, when challenged with an
antigen, generates high affinity fully human antibodies. This was
achieved by germ-line integration of megabase human heavy chain and
light chain loci into mice with deletion into endogenous J.sub.H
segment as described above. The Xenomouse II harbors 1,020 kb of
human heavy chain locus containing approximately 66 V.sub.H genes,
complete D.sub.H and J.sub.H regions and three different constant
regions (.mu., .delta. and .chi.), and also harbors 800 kb of human
.kappa. locus containing 32 V.kappa. genes, J.kappa. segments and
C.kappa. genes. The antibodies produced in these mice closely
resemble that seen in humans in all respects, including gene
rearrangement, assembly, and repertoire. The human antibodies are
preferentially expressed over endogenous antibodies due to deletion
in endogenous J.sub.H segment that prevents gene rearrangement in
the murine locus.
Alternatively, the phage display technology (McCafferty et al.,
Nature 348, 552-553 (1990]) can be used to produce human antibodies
and antibody fragments in vitro, from immunoglobulin variable (V)
domain gene repertoires from unimmunized donors. According to this
technique, antibody V domain genes are cloned in-frame into either
a major or minor coat protein gene of a filamentous bacteriophage,
such as M13 or fd, and displayed as functional antibody fragments
on the surface of the phage particle. Because the filamentous
particle contains a single-stranded DNA copy of the phage genome,
selections based on the functional properties of the antibody also
result in selection of the gene encoding the antibody exhibiting
those properties. Thus, the phage mimicks some of the properties of
the B-cell. Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats;
for their review see, e.g. Johnson, Kevin S. and Chiswell, David
J., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3, 564-571 (1993).
Several sources of V-gene segments can be used for phage display.
Clackson et al., Nature 352, 624-628 (1991) isolated a diverse
array of anti-oxazolone antibodies from a small random
combinatorial library of V genes derived from the spleens of
immunized mice. A repertoire of V genes from unimmunized human
donors can be constructed and antibodies to a diverse array of
antigens (including self-antigens) can be isolated essentially
following the techniques described by Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol.
222, 581-597 (1991), or Griffith et al., EMBO J. 12, 725-734
(1993). In a natural immune response, antibody genes accumulate
mutations at a high rate (somatic hypermutation). Some of the
changes introduced will confer higher affinity, and B cells
displaying high-affinity surface immunoglobulin are preferentially
replicated and differentiated during subsequent antigen challenge.
This natural process can be mimicked by employing the technique
known as "chain shuffling" (Marks et al., Bio/Technol. 10, 779-783
[1992]). In this method, the affinity of "primary" human antibodies
obtained by phage display can be improved by sequentially replacing
the heavy and light chain V region genes with repertoires of
naturally occurring variants (repertoires) of V domain genes
obtained from unimmunized donors. This techniques allows the
production of antibodies and antibody fragments with affinities in
the nM range. A strategy for making very large phage antibody
repertoires (also known as "the mother-of-all libraries") has been
described by Waterhouse et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 21, 2265-2266
(1993). Gene shuffling can also be used to derive human antibodies
from rodent antibodies, where the human antibody has similar
affinities and specificities to the starting rodent antibody.
According to this method, which is also referred to as "epitope
imprinting", the heavy or light chain V domain gene of rodent
antibodies obtained by phage display technique is replaced with a
repertoire of human V domain genes, creating rodent-human chimeras.
Selection on antigen results in isolation of human variable capable
of restoring a functional antigen-binding site, i.e. the epitope
governs (imprints) the choice of partner. When the process is
repeated in order to replace the remaining rodent V domain, a human
antibody is obtained (see PCT patent application WO 93/06213,
published 1 Apr. 1993). Unlike traditional humanization of rodent
antibodies by CDR grafting, this technique provides completely
human antibodies, which have no framework or CDR residues of rodent
origin.
As discussed in detail below, the antibodies of the invention may
optionally comprise monomeric, antibodies, dimeric antibodies, as
well as multivalent forms of antibodies. Those skilled in the art
may construct such dimers or multivalent forms by techniques known
in the art and using the DR4 antibodies herein. Methods for
preparing monovalent antibodies are also well known in the art. For
example, one method involves recombinant expression of
immunoglobulin light chain and modified heavy chain. The heavy
chain is truncated generally at any point in the Fc region so as to
prevent heavy chain crosslinking. Alternatively, the relevant
cysteine residues are substituted with another amino acid residue
or are deleted so as to prevent crosslinking.
(iii) Bispecific Antibodies
Bispecific antibodies are monoclonal, preferably human or
humanized, antibodies that have binding specificities for at least
two different antigens. In the present case, one of the binding
specificities is for the DR4 receptor, the other one is for any
other antigen, and preferably for another receptor or receptor
subunit. For example, bispecific antibodies specifically binding a
DR4 receptor and another apoptosis/signalling receptor are within
the scope of the present invention.
Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art.
Traditionally, the recombinant production of bispecific antibodies
is based on the coexpression of two immunoglobulin heavy
chain-light chain pairs, where the two heavy chains have different
specificities (Millstein and Cuello, Nature 305, 537-539 (1983)).
Because of the random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light
chains, these hybridomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture of
10 different antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct
bispecific structure. The purification of the correct molecule,
which is usually done by affinity chromatography steps, is rather
cumbersome, and the product yields are low. Similar procedures are
disclosed in PCT application publication No. WO 93/08829 (published
13 May 1993), and in Traunecker et al., EMBO 10, 3655-3659
(1991).
According to a different and more preferred approach, antibody
variable domains with the desired binding specificities
(antibody-antigen combining sites) are fused to immunoglobulin
constant domain sequences. The fusion preferably is with an
immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain, comprising at least
part of the hinge, CH2 and CH3 regions. It is preferred to have the
first heavy chain constant region (CH1) containing the site
necessary for light chain binding, present in at least one of the
fusions. DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain fusions and,
if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into
separate expression vectors, and are cotransfected into a suitable
host organism. This provides for great flexibility in adjusting the
mutual proportions of the three polypeptide fragments in
embodiments when unequal ratios of the three polypeptide chains
used in the construction provide the optimum yields. It is,
however, possible to insert the coding sequences for two or all
three polypeptide chains in one expression vector when the
expression of at least two polypeptide chains in equal ratios
results in high yields or when the ratios are of no particular
significance. In a preferred embodiment of this approach, the
bispecific antibodies are composed of a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy
chain with a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid
immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pair (providing a second
binding specificity) in the other arm. It was found that this
asymmetric structure facilitates the separation of the desired
bispecific compound from unwanted immunoglobulin chain
combinations, as the presence of an immunoglobulin light chain in
only one half of the bispecific molecule provides for a facile way
of separation. This approach is disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO
94/04690, published on Mar. 3, 1994.
For further details of generating bispecific antibodies see, for
example, Suresh et al., Methods in Enzymology 121, 210 (1986).
(iv) Heteroconjugate Antibodies
Heteroconjugate antibodies are also within the scope of the present
invention. Heteroconjugate antibodies are composed of two
covalently joined antibodies. Such antibodies have, for example,
been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells (U.S.
Pat. No. 4,676,980), and for treatment of HIV infection (PCT
application publication Nos. WO 91/00360 and WO 92/200373; EP
03089). Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient
cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents are well known
in the art, and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980, along
with a number of cross-linking techniques.
(v) Antibody Fragments
In certain embodiments, the anti-DR4 antibody (including murine,
human and humanized antibodies, and antibody variants) is an
antibody fragment. Various techniques have been developed for the
production of antibody fragments. Traditionally, these fragments
were derived via proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies (see,
e.g., Morimoto et al., J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 24:107-117
(1992) and Brennan et al., Science 229:81 (1985)). However, these
fragments can now be produced directly by recombinant host cells.
For example, Fab'-SH fragments can be directly recovered from E.
coli and chemically coupled to form F(ab').sub.2 fragments (Carter
et al., Bio/Technology 10:163-167 (1992)). In another embodiment,
the F(ab').sub.2 is formed using the leucine zipper GCN4 to promote
assembly of the F(ab').sub.2 molecule. According to another
approach, Fv, Fab or F(ab').sub.2 fragments can be isolated
directly from recombinant host cell culture. A variety of
techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be
apparent to the skilled practitioner. For instance, digestion can
be performed using papain. Examples of papain digestion are
described in WO 94/29348 published Dec. 22, 1994 and U.S. Pat. No.
4,342,566. Papain digestion of antibodies typically produces two
identical antigen binding fragments, called Fab fragments, each
with a single antigen binding site, and a residual Fc fragment.
Pepsin treatment yields an F(ab').sub.2 fragment that has two
antigen combining sites and is still capable of cross-linking
antigen.
The Fab fragments produced in the antibody digestion also contain
the constant domains of the light chain and the first constant
domain (CH.sub.1) of the heavy chain. Fab' fragments differ from
Fab fragments by the addition of a few residues at the carboxy
terminus of the heavy chain CH.sub.1 domain including one or more
cysteines from the antibody hinge region. Fab'-SH is the
designation herein for Fab' in which the cysteine residue(s) of the
constant domains bear a free thiol group. F(ab').sub.2 antibody
fragments originally were produced as pairs of Fab' fragments which
have hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of
antibody fragments are also known.
(vi) Amino Acid Sequence Variants of Antibodies
Amino acid sequence variants of the anti-DR4 antibodies are
prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the
anti-DR4 antibody DNA, or by peptide synthesis. Such variants
include, for example, deletions from, and/or insertions into and/or
substitutions of, residues within the amino acid sequences of the
anti-DR4 antibodies of the examples herein. Any combination of
deletion, insertion, and substitution is made to arrive at the
final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the
desired characteristics. The amino acid changes also may alter
post-translational processes of the humanized or variant anti-DR4
antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation
sites.
A useful method for identification of certain residues or regions
of the anti-DR4 antibody that are preferred locations for
mutagenesis is called "alanine scanning mutagenesis," as described
by Cunningham and Wells Science, 244:1081-1085 (1989). Here, a
residue or group of target residues are identified (e.g., charged
residues such as arg, asp, his, lys, and glu) and replaced by a
neutral or negatively charged amino acid (most preferably alanine
or polyalanine) to affect the interaction of the amino acids with
DR4 antigen. Those amino acid locations demonstrating functional
sensitivity to the substitutions then are refined by introducing
further or other variants at, or for, the sites of substitution.
Thus, while the site for introducing an amino acid sequence
variation is predetermined, the nature of the mutation per se need
not be predetermined. For example, to analyze the performance of a
mutation at a given site, ala scanning or random mutagenesis is
conducted at the target codon or region and the expressed anti-DR4
antibody variants are screened for the desired activity.
Amino acid sequence insertions include amino- and/or
carboxyl-terminal fusions ranging in length from one residue to
polypeptides containing a hundred or more residues, as well as
intrasequence insertions of single or multiple amino acid residues.
Examples of terminal insertions include an anti-DR4 antibody with
an N-terminal methionyl residue or the antibody fused to an epitope
tag. Other insertional variants of the anti-DR4 antibody molecule
include the fusion to the N- or C-terminus of the anti-DR4 antibody
of an enzyme or a polypeptide which increases the serum half-life
of the antibody (see below).
Another type of variant is an amino acid substitution variant.
These variants have at least one amino acid residue in the anti-DR4
antibody molecule removed and a different residue inserted in its
place. The sites of greatest interest for substitutional
mutagenesis include the hypervariable regions, but FR alterations
are also contemplated. Conservative substitutions are shown in
Table 1 under the heading of "preferred substitutions". If such
substitutions result in a change in biological activity, then more
substantial changes, denominated "exemplary substitutions" in Table
1, or as further described below in reference to amino acid
classes, may be introduced and the products screened.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Original Exemplary Preferred Residue
Substitutions Substitutions Ala (A) val; leu; ile Val Arg (R) lys;
gln; asn Lys Asn (N) gln; his; asp, Gln lys; arg Asp (D) glu; asn
Glu Cys (C) ser; ala Ser Gln (Q) asn; glu Asn Glu (E) asp; gln Asp
Gly (G) Ala Ala His (H) asn; gln; lys; Arg arg Ile (I) leu; val;
met; Leu ala; phe; norleucine Leu (L) Norleucine; ile; Ile val;
met; ala; phe Lys (K) arg; gln; asn Arg Met (M) leu; phe; ile Leu
Phe (F) leu; val; ile; Tyr ala; tyr Pro (P) Ala Ala Ser (S) Thr Thr
Thr (T) Ser Ser Trp (W) tyr; phe Tyr Tyr (Y) trp; phe; thr; Phe ser
Val (V) ile; leu; met; Leu phe; ala; norleucine
Substantial modifications in the biological properties of the
antibody are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ
significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of
the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for
example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or
hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk
of the side chain. Naturally occurring residues are divided into
groups based on common side-chain properties:
(1) hydrophobic: norleucine, met, ala, val, leu, ile;
(2) neutral hydrophilic: cys, ser, thr;
(3) acidic: asp, glu;
(4) basic: asn, gin, his, lys, arg;
(5) residues that influence chain orientation: gly, pro; and
(6) aromatic: trp, tyr, phe.
Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of
one of these classes for another class.
Any cysteine residue not involved in maintaining the proper
conformation of the humanized or variant anti-DR4 antibody also may
be substituted, generally with serine, to improve the oxidative
stability of the molecule and prevent aberrant crosslinking.
Conversely, cysteine bond(s) may be added to the antibody to
improve its stability (particularly where the antibody is an
antibody fragment such as an Fv fragment).
A particularly preferred type of substitutional variant involves
substituting one or more hypervariable region residues of a parent
antibody (e.g. a humanized or human antibody). Generally, the
resulting variant(s) selected for further development will have
improved biological properties relative to the parent antibody from
which they are generated. A convenient way for generating such
substitutional variants is affinity maturation using phage display.
Briefly, several hypervariable region sites (e.g. 6-7 sites) are
mutated to generate all possible amino substitutions at each site.
The antibody variants thus generated are displayed in a monovalent
fashion from filamentous phage particles as fusions to the gene III
product of M13 packaged within each particle. The phage-displayed
variants are then screened for their biological activity (e.g.
binding affinity) as herein disclosed. In order to identify
candidate hypervariable region sites for modification, alanine
scanning mutagenesis can be performed to identify hypervariable
region residues contributing significantly to antigen binding.
Alternatively, or in addition, it may be beneficial to analyze a
crystal structure of the antigen-antibody complex to identify
contact points between the antibody and human DR4. Such contact
residues and neighboring residues are candidates for substitution
according to the techniques elaborated herein. Once such variants
are generated, the panel of variants is subjected to screening as
described herein and antibodies with superior properties in one or
more relevant assays may be selected for further development.
(vii) Glycosylation Variants of Antibodies
Antibodies are glycosylated at conserved positions in their
constant regions (Jefferis and Lund, Chem. Immunol. 65:111-128
[1997); Wright and Morrison, TibTECH 15:26-32 [1997]). The
oligosaccharide side chains of the immunoglobulins affect the
protein's function (Boyd et al., Mol. Immunol. 32:1311-1318 [1996);
Wittwe and Howard, Biochem. 29:4175-4180 [1990]), and the
intramolecular interaction between portions of the glycoprotein
which can affect the conformation and presented three-dimensional
surface of the glycoprotein (Hefferis and Lund, supra; Wyss and
Wagner, Current Opin. Biotech. 7:409-416 [1996]). Oligosaccharides
may also serve to target a given glycoprotein to certain molecules
based upon specific recognition structures. For example, it has
been reported that in agalactosylated IgG, the oligosaccharide
moiety `flips` out of the inter-CH2 space and terminal
N-acetylglucosamine residues become available to bind mannose
binding protein (Malhotra et al., Nature Med. 1:237-243 (1995]).
Removal by glycopeptidase of the oligosaccharides from CAMPATH-1H
(a recombinant humanized murine monoclonal IgG1 antibody which
recognizes the CDw52 antigen of human lymphocytes) produced in
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells resulted in a complete reduction
in complement mediated lysis (CMCL) (Boyd et al., Mol. Immunol.
32:1311-1318 [1996]), while selective removal of sialic acid
residues using neuraminidase resulted in no loss of DMCL.
Glycosylation of antibodies has also been reported to affect
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In particular, CHO
cells with tetracycline-regulated expression of
.beta.(1,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTIII), a
glycosyltransferase catalyzing formation of bisecting GlcNAc, was
reported to have improved ADCC activity (Umana et al., Mature
Biotech. 17:176-180 [1999]).
Glycosylation variants of antibodies are variants in which the
glycosylation pattern of an antibody is altered. By altering is
meant deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in the
antibody, adding one or more carbohydrate moieties to the antibody,
changing the composition of glycosylation (glycosylation pattern),
the extent of glycosylation, etc. Glycosylation variants may, for
example, be prepared by removing, changing and/or adding one or
more glycosylation sites in the nucleic acid sequence encoding the
antibody.
Glycosylation of antibodies is typically either N-linked or
O-linked. N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate
moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue. The tripeptide
sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X
is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for
enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine
side chain. Thus, the presence of either of these tripeptide
sequences in a polypeptide creates a potential glycosylation site.
O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the
sugars N-aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino
acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline
or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.
Addition of glycosylation sites to the antibody is conveniently
accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it
contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences
(for N-linked glycosylation sites). The alteration may also be made
by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or
threonine residues to the sequence of the original antibody (for
O-linked glycosylation sites).
Nucleic acid molecules encoding amino acid sequence variants of the
anti-DR4 antibody are prepared by a variety of methods known in the
art. These methods include, but are not limited to, isolation from
a natural source (in the case of naturally occurring amino acid
sequence variants) or preparation by oligonucleotide-mediated (or
site-directed) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, and cassette
mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variant or a non-variant version
of the anti-DR4 antibody.
The glycosylation (including glycosylation pattern) of antibodies
may also be altered without altering the underlying nucleotide
sequence. Glycosylation largely depends on the host cell used to
express the antibody. Since the cell type used for expression of
recombinant glycoproteins, e.g. antibodies, as potential
therapeutics is rarely the native cell, significant variations in
the glycosylation pattern of the antibodies can be expected (see,
e.g. Hse et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:9062-9070 [1997]). In addition
to the choice of host cells, factors which affect glycosylation
during recombinant production of antibodies include growth mode,
media formulation, culture density, oxygenation, pH, purification
schemes and the like. Various methods have been proposed to alter
the glycosylation pattern achieved in a particular host organism
including introducing or overexpressing certain enzymes involved in
oligosaccharide production (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,047,335; 5,510,261 and
5.278,299). Glycosylation, or certain types of glycosylation, can
be enzymatically removed from the glycoprotein, for example using
endoglycosidase H (Endo H). In addition, the recombinant host cell
can be genetically engineered, e.g. make defective in processing
certain types of polysaccharides. These and similar techniques are
well known in the art.
The glycosylation structure of antibodies can be readily analyzed
by conventional techniques of carbohydrate analysis, including
lectin chromatography, NMR, Mass spectrometry, HPLC, GPC,
monosaccharide compositional analysis, sequential enzymatic
digestion, and HPAEC-PAD, which uses high pH anion exchange
chromatography to, separate oligosaccharides based on charge.
Methods for releasing oligosaccharides for analytical purposes are
also known, and include, without limitation, enzymatic treatment
(commonly performed using peptide-N-glycosidase
F/endo-.alpha.-galactosidase), elimination using harsh alkaline
environment to release mainly O-linked structures, and chemical
methods using anhydrous hydrazine to release both N- and O-linked
oligosaccharides.
(viii) Exemplary Antibodies
The invention disclosed herein has a number of exemplary
embodiments. A variety of the typical embodiments of the invention
are described below. The following embodiments are offered for
illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope
of the present invention in any way.
As described in the Examples below, a number of human anti-DR4
monoclonal antibodies have been identified and prepared. Certain of
those antibodies referred to as 1G11, 1E10 and 2A2, have been
deposited with ATCC (PTA-3361, PTA-3359 and PTA-3360 respectively).
In one embodiment, the monoclonal antibodies of the invention will
have the same biological characteristics as the monoclonal
antibodies secreted by the hybridoma cell line(s) referred to above
which have been deposited with ATCC. The term "biological
characteristics" is used to refer to the in vitro and/or in vivo
activities or properties of the monoclonal antibody, such as the
ability to specifically bind to DR4 or to block, induce or enhance
DR4 activation (or DR4-related activities). By way of example, a
blocking antibody may block binding of Apo-2 ligand to DR4 or block
Apo-2 ligand-induced apoptosis in a mammalian cell (such as a
cancer cell); optionally such Apo-2 ligand will consist of amino
acids 114-281 (SEQ ID NO: 3). As disclosed in the present
specification (see e.g. FIGS. 3, 6 and 8), the monoclonal antibody
1G11is characterized as specifically binding to DR4, capable of
inducing apoptosis, and capable of blocking Apo-2 ligand binding to
DR4. This observation suggests that an anti-DR4 antibody having an
epitope which is the same as the Apo-2 ligand binding site on DR4,
or alternatively, either overlaps with the Apo-2 ligand binding
site on DR4 or creates a steric conformation which prevents Apo-2
ligand from binding DR4, is not essential or required for apoptotic
or anti-tumor activity. However, a DR4 antibody having such an
epitope or steric conformation may exhibit enhanced efficiency or
potency of such apoptotic or anti-tumor activity. The properties
and activities of the human DR4 antibodies are further described in
the Examples below (and also referred to in Table 2). Optionally,
the monoclonal antibodies of the present invention will bind to the
same epitope(s) as the 1 G11, 1E10 and 2A2 antibodies disclosed
herein. This can be determined by conducting various assays, such
as described herein and in the Examples. For instance, to determine
whether a monoclonal antibody has the same specificity as the DR4
antibodies specifically referred to herein, one can compare its
activity in DR4 blocking assays or apoptosis induction assays, such
as those described in the Examples below.
Human, chimeric, hybrid or recombinant anti-DR4 antibodies (as well
as, for instance, diabodies or triabodies described herein) may
comprise an antibody having full length heavy and light chains or
fragments thereof, such as a Fab, Fab', F(ab').sub.2 or Fv
fragment, a monomer or dimer of such light chain or heavy chain, a
single chain Fv in which such heavy or light chain(s) are joined by
a linker molecule, or having variable domains (or hypervariable
domains) of such light or heavy chain(s) combined with still other
types of antibody domains.
The DR4 antibodies, as described herein, will optionally possess
one or more desired biological activities or properties. Such DR4
antibodies may include but are not limited to chimeric, humanized,
human, and affinity matured antibodies. As described above, the DR4
antibodies may be constructed or engineered using various
techniques to achieve these desired activities or properties. In
one embodiment, the DR4 antibody will have a DR4 receptor binding
affinity of at least 10.sup.5 M.sup.-1, preferably at least in the
range of 10.sup.6 M.sup.-1 to 10.sup.7 M.sup.-1, more preferably,
at least in the range of 10.sup.8 M.sup.-1 to 10.sup.12 M.sup.-1
and even more preferably, at least in the range of 10.sup.9
M.sup.-1 to 10.sup.12 M.sup.-1. The binding affinity of the DR4
antibody can be determined without undue experimentation by testing
the DR4 antibody in accordance with techniques known in the art,
including Scatchard analysis (see Munson et al., supra).
In another embodiment, the DR4 antibody of the invention may bind
the same epitope on DR4 to which Apo-2L binds, or bind an epitope
on DR4 which coincides or overlaps with the epitope on DR4 to which
Apo-2L binds. The DR4 antibody may also interact in such a way to
create a steric conformation which prevents Apo-2 ligand binding to
DR4. The epitope binding property of a DR4 antibody of the present
invention may be determined using techniques known in the art. For
instance, the DR4 antibody may be tested in an in vitro assay, such
as a competitive inhibition assay, to determine the ability of the
DR4 antibody to block or inhibit binding of Apo-2L to DR4.
Optionally, the DR4 antibody may be tested in a competitive
inhibition assay to determine the ability of the DR4 antibody to
inhibit binding of an Apo-2L polypeptide to a DR4-IgG construct or
to a cell expressing DR4. Optionally, the DR4 antibody will be
capable of blocking or inhibiting binding of Apo-2L to DR4 by at
least 50%, preferably by at least 75% and even more preferably by
at least 90%, which may be determined, by way of example, in an in
vitro competitive inhibition assay using a soluble form of Apo-2
ligand (TRAIL) (such as the 114-281 extracellular domain sequence
described in Pitti et al., J. Biol. Chem., supra) and a DR4 ECD-IgG
(such as described in Example 1). The epitope binding property of a
DR4 antibody may also be determined using in vitro assays to test
the ability of the DR4 antibody to block Apo-2L induced apoptosis.
Optionally, the DR4 antibody will be capable of blocking or
inhibiting Apo-2L induced apoptosis in a selected mammalian cancer
cell type by at least 50%, preferably by at least 75% and even more
preferably, by at least 90% or 95%, which may be determined, for
example, in an in vitro assay.
In a further embodiment, the DR4 antibody will comprise an agonist
antibody having activity comparable to Apo-2 ligand (TRAIL).
Preferably, such an agonist DR4 antibody will induce apoptosis in
at least one type of cancer or tumor cell line or primary tumor.
The apoptotic activity of an agonist DR4 antibody may be determined
using known in vitro or in vivo assays. Examples of a variety of
such in vitro and in vivo assays are well known in the art. In
vitro, apoptotic activity can be determined using known techniques
such as Annexin V binding. In vivo, apoptotic activity may be
determined, e.g., by measuring reduction in tumor burden or
volume.
As noted above, the antibodies disclosed herein have a number of
properties including the ability to modulate certain physiological
interactions and/or processes. As shown in Examples 5 and 7,
antibodies disclosed herein are able to induce DR4 mediated
apoptosis. In a typical embodiment of the invention, antibodies
disclosed herein agonistically induce DR4 mediated apoptosis in 9D
cells (a human B lymphoid cell line expressing DR4) as measured by
annexin V staining. In a specific embodiment of the invention, the
agonistic activity of the antibody is enhanced by crosslinking the
antibodies with anti-human IgG Fc. In a preferred embodiment of the
invention, this enhanced apoptosis is comparable to the apoptotic
activity of Apo-2L in 9D cells. In a highly preferred embodiment,
9D cells exposed to DR4 antibody exhibit a level of apoptosis that
is within about 20% and most preferably within about 10% of the
level of apoptosis observed in 9D cells exposed to Apo-2L.
As shown in Example 6, antibodies disclosed herein are also able to
inhibit the binding of Apo-2 ligand to human DR4. In an
illustrative embodiment, antibodies disclosed herein block the
binding of biotinylated Apo-2 ligand to human DR4-IgG as measured
in an enzyme linked immunoadsorbant assay.
As observed in the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) assay shown in
Example 8, cells treated with the human DR4 antibodies disclosed
herein generate a degraded (85 Kd) PARP. In a typical embodiment of
this property that is illustrated in FIG. 4, 9D cells treated with
human anti-DR4 antibody and crosslinked with anti-human IgG Fc
demonstrate the presence of a cleaved 85 Kd PARP. In highly
preferred embodiments of the invention, the relative ratio of
intact (116 Kd) PARP to degraded (85 Kd) PARP observed in 9D cells
treated with human anti-DR4 antibody cells is comparable to the
relative ratio of intact (116 Kd) PARP to degraded (85 Kd) PARP
observed in 9D cells treated with Apo-2 ligand (see, e.g. FIG.
4).
The antibodies disclosed herein also exhibit a number of
characteristics related to their ability to immunospecifically bind
to DR4 epitopes. For example, the antibodies disclosed herein have
the ability to bind to specific epitopes on the human DR4 molecule.
In addition, antibodies disclosed herein comprise specific amino
acid sequences that allow their binding to these human DR4
epitopes. Antibodies disclosed herein also have the ability to
competitively inhibit the immunospecific binding of antibodies that
recognize an identical or nearly identical epitope on the DR4
molecule. In a typical embodiment illustrated in Example 2,
antibody competition for the binding of DR4 epitopes is evaluated
in a competition ELISA. In a preferred embodiments of the
invention, DR4 epitope binding of a first unlabelled antibody
competes with DR4 epitope binding of a second unlabelled antibody.
In this embodiment, if the labelled antibody and unlabeled antibody
both recognize the same or an overlapping epitope, the unlabelled
antibody will compete with the labelled antibody for DR4 epitope
binding resulting in a decreased binding of the labelled
antibody.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention include DR4
antibodies exhibiting more than one of the physiological and/or
immunospecific binding properties disclosed herein. In a typical
embodiment, the invention disclosed herein provides an antibody
having a first characteristic selected from the group comprising an
ability to block the binding of Apo-2 ligand to DR4, an ability to
induce apoptosis in 9D cells and an ability to generate a degraded
(85 Kd) PARP in a poly ADP-ribose polymerase assay, and in addition
exhibit a second characteristic selected from the group comprising
the recognition of a specific epitope on the DR4 molecule, the
ability to competitively inhibit the immunospecific binding of
antibodies that recognize an identical or nearly identical epitope
on the DR4 molecule and/or a specific amino acid sequence having at
least a portion of the antigen binding site that recognizes the
specific epitope on the human DR4 molecule. In highly preferred
embodiments, the antibodies disclosed herein exhibit more than one
such physiological and/or immunospecific binding properties
disclosed herein.
A typical embodiment of the invention is an isolated anti-DR4
antibody having the same biological characteristics of a monoclonal
antibody produced by a hybridoma cell line selected from the group
consisting of American Type Culture Collection Accession Numbers:
PTA-3359, PTA-3360 and PTA-3361. A related embodiment includes an
isolated anti-DR4 receptor monoclonal antibody, comprising an
antibody which binds to DR4 receptor comprising amino acids 1 to
218 of SEQ ID NO:1 and competitively inhibits binding of a
monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma deposited as PTA-3359,
PTA-3360 or PTA-3361 to the DR4 receptor. Other related embodiments
of the invention include an anti-DR4 receptor antibody comprising
an antibody which binds to the same DR4 receptor epitope to which a
monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma deposited as PTA-3359,
PTA-3360 or PTA-3361 binds. Specific embodiments of the invention
include the hybridomas deposited as ATCC PTA-3359, PTA-3360 and
PTA-3361. Related specific embodiments of the invention include the
monoclonal antibodies produced by the hybridomas deposited as ATCC
PTA-3359, PTA-3360 and PTA-3361. Optionally such anti-DR4 receptor
antibodies have a binding affinity to the DR4 receptor of least
10.sup.8 M.sup.-1 to 10.sup.12 M.sup.-1. In preferred embodiments,
the anti-DR4 receptor antibodies of the invention are human
antibodies.
The antibodies disclosed herein have a number of biological
properties. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the anti-DR4
receptor antibodies disclosed herein inhibit binding of Apo-2
ligand comprising amino acids 114 to 281 of SEQ ID NO: 3 to DR4
receptor comprising amino acids 1 to 218 of SEQ ID NO:1. Typically
the anti-DR4 receptor antibodies of the invention block Apo-2
ligand induced apoptosis in at least one type of mammalian cells.
In a preferred embodiment, the anti-DR4 receptor antibodies of the
invention neutralize the apoptotic activity of Apo-2 ligand
comprising amino acids 114-281 of SEQ ID NO:3 in at least one type
of mammalian cancer cells. Preferably the mammalian cancer cells
are colon cells or lung cells.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the anti-DR4 receptor
antibodies disclosed herein induce apoptosis in at least one type
of mammalian cell. Typically the anti-DR4 receptor antibodies
disclosed herein, upon binding to DR4 receptor expressed in or on a
mammalian cell, activate one or more molecules selected from the
group consisting of caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 10 and FADD in
the cytoplasm of the mammalian cell. Highly preferred embodiments
of the invention include an isolated anti-DR4 receptor monoclonal
antibody, comprising an antibody which binds to DR4 receptor
comprising amino acids 1 to 218 of SEQ ID NO:1, competitively
inhibits binding of the monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma
deposited as ATCC PTA-3359, PTA-3360 or PTA-3361 to the DR4
receptor and induces apoptosis in at least one type of mammalian
cell. In representative embodiments, the mammalian cells are cancer
cells, typically colon or lung cancer cells. In a specific
embodiment, the mammalian cells are 9D cells.
Another embodiment of the invention is an isolated anti-DR4
receptor monoclonal antibody, comprising an antibody which binds to
DR4 receptor comprising amino acids 1 to 218 of SEQ ID NO:1,
wherein the antibody competitively inhibits binding of the
monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma deposited as ATCC
PTA-3359, PTA-3360 or PTA-3361 to the DR4 receptor, and wherein the
antibody inhibits binding of Apo-2 ligand comprising amino acids
114 to 281 of SEQ ID NO:3 to DR4 receptor comprising amino acids 1
to 218 of SEQ ID NO:1, and further wherein, upon binding to DR4
receptor expressed in or on a mammalian cell, activates one or more
molecules selected from the group consisting of caspase 3, caspase
8, caspase 10 and FADD in the cytoplasm of a mammalian cell.
Additional embodiments of the invention include an anti-DR4
receptor antibody disclosed herein which is linked to one or more
non-proteinaceous polymers selected from the group consisting of
polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and polyoxyalkylene. In
an alternative embodiment, an anti-DR4 receptor antibody disclosed
herein which is linked to a cytotoxic agent or enzyme. In yet
another embodiment, an anti-DR4 receptor antibody disclosed herein
is linked to a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound or a
chemiluminescent compound. Optionally, an anti-DR4 receptor
antibody disclosed herein is glycosylated or alternatively,
unglycosylated.
As discussed in detail below, the antibodies of the invention can
be used in a variety of methods of modulating physiological
processes. One such embodiment of the invention includes a method
of inducing apoptosis in mammalian cells comprising exposing
mammalian cells expressing DR4 receptor to a therapeutically
effective amount of an isolated anti-DR4 receptor monoclonal
antibody, comprising an antibody which binds to DR4 receptor
comprising amino acids 1 to 218 of SEQ ID NO:1 and competitively
inhibits binding of a monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma
deposited as PTA-3359, PTA-3360 or PTA-3361 to the DR4 receptor. In
such methods the mammalian cells are typically cancer cells. In
preferred embodiments, the anti-DR4 receptor antibody used in these
methods is a human antibody. Yet another embodiment of the
invention is a method of inducing apoptosis in mammalian cells
comprising exposing mammalian cells expressing DR4 receptor to a
therapeutically effective amount of an isolated anti-DR4 receptor
monoclonal antibody, comprising an antibody which binds to DR4
receptor comprising amino acids 1 to 218 of SEQ ID NO:1, wherein
the antibody competitively inhibits binding of the monoclonal
antibody produced by the hybridomas deposited as PTA-3359, PTA-3360
and PTA-3361 to the DR4 receptor.
3. Triabodies
Triabodies are also within the scope of the invention. Such
antibodies are described for instance in Iliades et al., supra and
Kortt et al., supra.
4. Other Modifications
Other modifications of the DR4 antibodies are contemplated herein.
The antibodies of the present invention may be modified by
conjugating the antibody to a cytotoxic agent (like a toxin
molecule) or a prodrug-activating enzyme which converts a prodrug
(e.g. a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see WO81/01145) to an
active anti-cancer drug. See, for example, WO 88/07378 and U.S.
Pat. No. 4,975,278. This technology is also referred to as
"Antibody Dependent Enzyme Mediated Prodrug Therapy" (ADEPT).
The enzyme component of the immunoconjugate useful for ADEPT
includes any enzyme capable of acting on a prodrug in such a way so
as to covert it into its more active, cytotoxic form. Enzymes that
are useful in the method of this invention include, but are not
limited to, alkaline phosphatase useful for converting
phosphate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; arylsulfatase useful
for converting sulfate-containing prodrugs into free drugs;
cytosine deaminase useful for converting non-toxic 5-fluorocytosine
into the anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil; proteases, such as
serratia protease, thermolysin, subtilisin, carboxypeptidases and
cathepsins (such as cathepsins B and L), that are useful for
converting peptide-containing prodrugs into free drugs; caspases
such as caspase-3; D-alanylcarboxypeptidases, useful for converting
prodrugs that contain D-amino acid substituents;
carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes such as beta-galactosidase and
neuraminidase useful for converting glycosylated prodrugs into free
drugs; beta-lactamase useful for converting drugs derivatized with
beta-lactams into free drugs; and penicillin amidases, such as
penicillin V amidase or penicillin G amidase, useful for converting
drugs derivatized at their amine nitrogens with phenoxyacetyl or
phenylacetyl groups, respectively, into free drugs. Alternatively,
antibodies with enzymatic activity, also known in the art as
"abzymes", can be used to convert the prodrugs of the invention
into free active drugs (see, e.g., Massey, Nature 328: 457-458
(1987)). Antibody-abzyme conjugates can be prepared as described
herein for delivery of the abzyme to a tumor cell population.
The enzymes can be covalently bound to the antibodies by techniques
well known in the art such as the use of heterobifunctional
crosslinking reagents. Alternatively, fusion proteins comprising at
least the antigen binding region of an antibody of the invention
linked to at least a functionally active portion of an enzyme of
the invention can be constructed using recombinant DNA techniques
well known in the art (see, e.g., Neuberger et al., Nature, 312:
604-608 (1984).
Further antibody modifications are contemplated. For example, the
antibody may be linked to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous
polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol,
polyoxyalkylenes, or copolymers of polyethylene glycol and
polypropylene glycol. The antibody also may be entrapped in
microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or
by interfacial polymerization (for example, hydroxymethylcellulose
or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate)
microcapsules, respectively), in colloidal drug delivery systems
(for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions,
nano-particles and nanocapsules), or in macroemulsions. Such
techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
16th edition, Oslo, A., Ed., (1980). To increase the serum half
life of the antibody, one may incorporate a salvage receptor
binding epitope into the antibody (especially an antibody fragment)
as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,277, for example. As used
herein, the term "salvage receptor binding epitope" refers to an
epitope of the Fc region of an IgG molecule (e.g., IgG.sub.1,
IgG.sub.2, IgG.sub.3, or IgG.sub.4) that is responsible for
increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule.
The anti-DR4 antibodies disclosed herein may also be formulated as
immunoliposomes. Liposomes containing the antibody are prepared by
methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3688 (1985); Hwang et al., Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4030 (1980); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045
and 4,544,545. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,556. Particularly useful liposomes
can be generated by the reverse phase evaporation method with a
lipid composition comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and
PEG-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are
extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes
with the desired diameter. Fab' fragments of the antibody of the
present invention can be conjugated to the liposomes as described
in Martin et al., J. Biol. Chem. 257:286-288 (1982) via a disulfide
interchange reaction. A chemotherapeutic agent (such as
Doxorubicin) is optionally contained within the liposome. See
Gabizon et al., J. National Cancer Inst. 81 (19):1484 (1989).
The antibodies of the invention include "cross-linked" DR4
antibodies. The term "cross-linked" as used herein refers to
binding of at least two IgG molecules together to form one (or
single) molecule. The DR4 antibodies may be cross-linked using
various linker molecules, preferably the DR4 antibodies are
cross-linked using an anti-IgG molecule, complement, chemical
modification or molecular engineering. It is appreciated by those
skilled in the art that complement has a relatively high affinity
to antibody molecules once the antibodies bind to cell surface
membrane. Accordingly, it is believed that complement may be used
as a cross-linking molecule to link two or more anti-DR4 antibodies
bound to cell surface membrane. Cross-linking of the human anti-DR4
antibodies is also described in the Examples using either goat
anti-mouse IgG Fc or goat anti-human IgG Fc.
5. Recombinant Methods
The invention also provides isolated nucleic acids encoding DR4
antibodies as disclosed herein, vectors and host cells comprising
the nucleic acid, and recombinant techniques for the production of
the antibody.
For recombinant production of the antibody, the nucleic acid
encoding it is isolated and inserted into a replicable vector for
further cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression. DNA
encoding the antibody is readily isolated and sequenced using
conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that
are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the
antibody). Many vectors are available. The vector components
generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of the
following: a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more
marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription
termination sequence.
The methods herein include methods for the production of chimeric
or recombinant anti-DR4 antibodies which comprise the steps of
providing a vector comprising a DNA sequence encoding an anti-DR4
antibody light chain or heavy chain (or both a light chain and a
heavy chain), transfecting or transforming a host cell with the
vector, and culturing the host cell(s) under conditions sufficient
to produce the recombinant anti-DR4 antibody product.
(i) Signal Sequence Component
The anti-DR4 antibody of this invention may be produced
recombinantly not only directly, but also as a fusion polypeptide
with a heterologous polypeptide, which is preferably a signal
sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at
the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide. The
heterologous signal sequence selected preferably is one that is
recognized and processed (i.e., cleaved by a signal peptidase) by
the host cell. For prokaryotic host cells that do not recognize and
process the native antibody signal sequence, the signal sequence is
substituted by a prokaryotic signal sequence selected, for example,
from the group of the alkaline phosphatase, penicillinase, lpp, or
heat-stable enterotoxin II leaders. For yeast secretion the native
signal sequence may be substituted by, e.g., the yeast invertase
leader, .alpha. factor leader (including Saccharomyces and
Kluyveromyces .alpha.-factor leaders), or acid phosphatase leader,
the C. albicans glucoamylase leader, or the signal described in WO
90/13646. In mammalian cell expression, mammalian signal sequences
as well as viral secretory leaders, for example, the herpes simplex
gD signal, are available.
The DNA for such precursor region is ligated in reading frame to
DNA encoding the antibody.
(ii) Origin of Replication Component
Both expression and cloning vectors contain a nucleic acid sequence
that enables the vector to replicate in one or more selected host
cells. Generally, in cloning vectors this sequence is one that
enables the vector to replicate independently of the host
chromosomal DNA, and includes origins of replication or
autonomously replicating sequences. Such sequences are well known
for a variety of bacteria, yeast, and viruses. The origin of
replication from the plasmid pBR322 is suitable for most
Gram-negative bacteria, the 2.mu. plasmid origin is suitable for
yeast, and various viral origins (SV40, polyoma, adenovirus, VSV or
BPV) are useful for cloning vectors in mammalian cells. Generally,
the origin of replication component is not needed for mammalian
expression vectors (the SV40 origin may typically be used only
because it contains the early promoter).
(iii) Selection Gene Component
Expression and cloning vectors may contain a selection gene, also
termed a selectable marker. Typical selection genes encode proteins
that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g.,
ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement
auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not
available from complex media, e.g., the gene encoding D-alanine
racemase for Bacilli.
One example of a selection scheme utilizes a drug to arrest growth
of a host cell. Those cells that are successfully transformed with
a heterologous gene produce a protein conferring drug resistance
and thus survive the selection regimen. Examples of such dominant
selection use the drugs neomycin, mycophenolic acid and
hygromycin.
Another example of suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells
are those that enable the identification of cells competent to take
up the antibody nucleic acid, such as DHFR, thymidine kinase,
metallothionein-I and -II, preferably primate metallothionein
genes, adenosine deaminase, ornithine decarboxylase, etc.
For example, cells transformed with the DHFR selection gene are
first identified by culturing all of the transformants in a culture
medium that contains methotrexate (Mtx), a competitive antagonist
of DHFR. An appropriate host cell when wild-type DHFR is employed
is the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line deficient in DHFR
activity.
Alternatively, host cells (particularly wild-type hosts that
contain endogenous DHFR) transformed or co-transformed with DNA
sequences encoding the anti-DR4 antibody, wild-type DHFR protein,
and another selectable marker such as aminoglycoside
3'-phosphotransferase (APH) can be selected by cell growth in
medium containing a selection agent for the selectable marker such
as an aminoglycosidic antibiotic, e.g., kanamycin, neomycin, or
G418. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,199.
A suitable selection gene for use in yeast is the trp1 gene present
in the yeast plasmid YRp7 (Stinchcomb et al., Nature, 282:39
(1979)). The trp1 gene provides a selection marker for a mutant
strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in tryptophan, for
example, ATCC No. 44076 or PEP4-1. Jones, Genetics, 85:12 (1977).
The presence of the trp1 lesion in the yeast host cell genome then
provides an effective environment for detecting transformation by
growth in the absence of tryptophan. Similarly, Leu2-deficient
yeast strains (ATCC 20,622 or 38,626) are complemented by known
plasmids bearing the Leu2 gene.
In addition, vectors derived from the 1.6 .mu.m circular plasmid
pKD1 can be used for transformation of Kluyveromyces yeasts.
Alternatively, an expression system for large-scale production of
recombinant calf chymosin was reported for K. lactis. Van den Berg,
Bio/Technology, 8:135 (1990). Stable multi-copy expression vectors
for secretion of mature recombinant human serum albumin by
industrial strains of Kluyveromyces have also been disclosed. Fleer
et al., Bio/Technology, 9:968-975 (1991).
(iv) Promoter Component
Expression and cloning vectors usually contain a promoter that is
recognized by the host organism and is operably linked to the
antibody nucleic acid. Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic
hosts include the phoA promoter, .beta.-lactamase and lactose
promoter systems, alkaline phosphatase, a tryptophan (trp) promoter
system, and hybrid promoters such as the tac promoter. However,
other known bacterial promoters are suitable. Promoters for use in
bacterial systems also will contain a Shine-Dalgarno (S.D.)
sequence operably linked to the DNA encoding the anti-DR4
antibody.
Promoter sequences are known for eukaryotes. Virtually all
eukaryotic genes have an AT-rich region located approximately 25 to
30 bases upstream from the site where transcription is initiated.
Another sequence found 70 to 80 bases upstream from the start of
transcription of many genes is a CNCAAT region where N may be any
nucleotide. At the 3' end of most eukaryotic genes is an AATAAA
sequence that may be the signal for addition of the poly A tail to
the 3' end of the coding sequence. All of these sequences are
suitably inserted into eukaryotic expression vectors.
Examples of suitable promoting sequences for use with yeast hosts
include the promoters for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase or other
glycolytic enzymes, such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase,
phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase,
3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate
isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase.
Other yeast promoters, which are inducible promoters having the
additional advantage of transcription controlled by growth
conditions, are the promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2,
isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, degradative enzymes associated
with nitrogen metabolism, metallothionein,
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and enzymes responsible
for maltose and galactose utilization. Suitable vectors and
promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in EP
73,657. Yeast enhancers also are advantageously used with yeast
promoters.
Anti-DR4 antibody transcription from vectors in mammalian host
cells is controlled, for example, by promoters obtained from the
genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus, adenovirus
(such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma
virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus and most
preferably Simian Virus 40 (SV40), from heterologous mammalian
promoters, e.g., the actin promoter or an immunoglobulin promoter,
from heat-shock promoters, provided such promoters are compatible
with the host cell systems.
The early and late promoters of the SV40 virus are conveniently
obtained as an SV40 restriction fragment that also contains the
SV40 viral origin of replication. The immediate early promoter of
the human cytomegalovirus is conveniently obtained as a HindIII E
restriction fragment. A system for expressing DNA in mammalian
hosts using the bovine papilloma virus as a vector is disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,446. A modification of this system is described
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,978. See also Reyes et al., Nature
297:598-601 (1982) on expression of human .beta.-interferon cDNA in
mouse cells under the control of a thymidine kinase promoter from
herpes simplex virus. Alternatively, the rous sarcoma virus long
terminal repeat can be used as the promoter.
(v) Enhancer Element Component
Transcription of a DNA encoding the anti-DR4 antibody of this
invention by higher eukaryotes is often increased by inserting an
enhancer sequence into the vector. Many enhancer sequences are now
known from mammalian genes (globin, elastase, albumin,
.alpha.-fetoprotein, and insulin). Typically, however, one will use
an enhancer from a eukaryotic cell virus. Examples include the SV40
enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (bp 100-270),
the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer
on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus
enhancers. See also Yaniv, Nature 297:17-18 (1982) on enhancing
elements for activation of eukaryotic promoters. The enhancer may
be spliced into the vector at a position 5' or 3' to the
antibody-encoding sequence, but is preferably located at a site 5'
from the promoter.
(vi) Transcription Termination Component
Expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells (yeast, fungi,
insect, plant, animal, human, or nucleated cells from other
multicellular organisms) will also contain sequences necessary for
the termination of transcription and for stabilizing the mRNA. Such
sequences are commonly available from the 5' and, occasionally 3',
untranslated regions of eukaryotic or viral DNAs or cDNAs. These
regions contain nucleotide segments transcribed as polyadenylated
fragments in the untranslated portion of the mRNA encoding the
multivalent antibody. One useful transcription termination
component is the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation region. See
WO94/11026 and the expression vector disclosed therein.
(vii) Selection and Transformation of Host Cells
Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the
vectors herein are the prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells
described above. Suitable prokaryotes for this purpose include
eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for
example, Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia, e.g., E. coli,
Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, e.g.,
Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia, e.g., Serratia marcescans, and
Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B.
licheniformis (e.g., B. licheniformis 41P disclosed in DD 266,710
published 12 Apr. 1989), Pseudomonas such as P. aeruginosa, and
Streptomyces. One preferred E. coli cloning host is E. coli 294
(ATCC 31,446), although other strains such as E. coli B, E. coli
X1776 (ATCC 31,537), and E. coli W3110 (ATCC 27,325) are suitable.
These examples are illustrative rather than limiting.
In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous
fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or expression hosts for DR4
antibody-encoding vectors. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or common
baker's yeast, is the most commonly used among lower eukaryotic
host microorganisms. However, a number of other genera, species,
and strains are commonly available and useful herein, such as
Schizosaccharomyces pombe; Kluyveromyces hosts such as, e.g., K.
lactis, K. fragilis (ATCC 12,424), K. bulgaricus (ATCC 16,045), K.
wickeramii (ATCC 24,178), K. waltii (ATCC 56,500), K. drosophilarum
(ATCC 36,906), K. thermotolerans, and K. marxianus; yarrowia (EP
402,226); Pichia pastoris (EP 183,070); Candida; Trichoderma reesia
(EP 244,234); Neurospora crassa; Schwanniomyces such as
Schwanniomyces occidentalis; and filamentous fungi such as, e.g.,
Neurospora, Penicillium, Tolypocladium, and Aspergillus hosts such
as A. nidulans and A. niger.
Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated antibody are
derived from multicellular organisms. Examples of invertebrate
cells include plant and insect cells. Numerous baculoviral strains
and variants and corresponding permissive insect host cells from
hosts such as Spodoptera frugiperda (caterpillar), Aedes aegypti
(mosquito), Aedes albopictus (mosquito), Drosophila melanogaster
(fruitfly), and Bombyx mori have been identified. A variety of
viral strains for transfection are publicly available, e.g., the
L-1 variant of Autographa californica NPV and the Bm-5 strain of
Bombyx mori NPV, and such viruses may be used as the virus herein
according to the present invention, particularly for transfection
of Spodoptera frugiperda cells.
Plant cell cultures of cotton, corn, potato, soybean, petunia,
tomato, and tobacco can also be utilized as hosts.
However, interest has been greatest in vertebrate cells, and
propagation of vertebrate cells in culture (tissue culture) has
become a routine procedure. Examples of useful mammalian host cell
lines are monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC
CRL 1651); human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned
for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al., J. Gen Virol.
36:59 (1977)); baby hamster kidney cells (BHK, ATCC CCL 10);
Chinese hamster ovary cells-DHFR(CHO, Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216 (1980)); mouse sertoli cells (TM4, Mather,
Biol. Reprod. 23:243-251 (1980)); monkey kidney cells (CV1 ATCC CCL
70); African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76, ATCC CRL-1587);
human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA, ATCC CCL 2); canine kidney
cells (MDCK, ATCC CCL 34); buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A, ATCC
CRL 1442); human lung cells (W138, ATCC CCL 75); human liver cells
(Hep G2, HB 8065); mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51);
TR1 cells (Mather et al., Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 383:44-68 (1982));
MRC 5 cells; FS4 cells; a human hepatoma line (Hep G2); and myeloma
or lymphoma cells (e.g. Y0, J558L, P3 and NSO cells) (see U.S. Pat.
No. 5,807,715).
Host cells are transformed with the above-described expression or
cloning vectors for antibody production and cultured in
conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing
promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes
encoding the desired sequences.
(viii) Culturing the Host Cells
The host cells used to produce the antibody of this invention may
be cultured in a variety of media. Commercially available media
such as Ham's F10 (Sigma), Minimal Essential Medium ((MEM),
(Sigma), RPMI-1640 (Sigma), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
((DMEM), Sigma) are suitable for culturing the host cells. In
addition, any of the media described in Ham et al., Meth. Enz.
58:44 (1979), Barnes et al., Anal. Biochem. 102:255 (1980), U.S.
Pat. Nos. 4,767,704; 4,657,866; 4,927,762; 4,560,655; or 5,122,469;
WO 90/03430; WO 87/00195; or U.S. Pat. No. Re. 30,985 may be used
as culture media for the host cells. Any of these media may be
supplemented as necessary with hormones and/or other growth factors
(such as insulin, transferrin, or epidermal growth factor), salts
(such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate),
buffers (such as HEPES), nucleotides (such as adenosine and
thymidine), antibiotics (such as GENTAMYCIN.TM. drug), trace
elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final
concentrations in the micromolar range), and glucose or an
equivalent energy source. Any other necessary supplements may also
be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to
those skilled in the art. The culture conditions, such as
temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the
host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the
ordinarily skilled artisan.
(ix) Purification
When using recombinant techniques, the antibody can be produced
intracellularly, in the periplasmic space, or directly secreted
into the medium. If the antibody is produced intracellularly, as a
first step, the particulate debris, either host cells or lysed
fragments, is removed, for example, by centrifugation or
ultrafiltration. Carter et al., Bio/Technology 10:163-167 (1992)
describe a procedure for isolating antibodies which are secreted to
the periplasmic space of E. coli. Briefly, cell paste is thawed in
the presence of sodium acetate (pH 3.5), EDTA, and
phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) over about 30 min. Cell debris
can be removed by centrifugation. Where the antibody is secreted
into the medium, supernatants from such expression systems are
generally first concentrated using a commercially available protein
concentration filter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon
ultrafiltration unit. A protease inhibitor such as PMSF may be
included in any of the foregoing steps to inhibit proteolysis and
antibiotics may be included to prevent the growth of adventitious
contaminants.
The antibody composition prepared from the cells can be purified
using, for example, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel
electrophoresis, dialysis, and affinity chromatography, with
affinity chromatography being the preferred purification technique.
The suitability of protein A as an affinity ligand depends on the
species and isotype of any immunoglobulin Fc region that is present
in the antibody. Protein A can be used to purify antibodies that
are based on human .gamma.1, .gamma.2, or .gamma.4 heavy chains
(Lindmark et al., J. Immunol. Meth. 62:1-13 (1983)). Protein G is
recommended for all mouse isotypes and for human .gamma.3 (Guss et
al., EMBO J. 5:15671575 (1986)). The matrix to which the affinity
ligand is attached is most often agarose, but other matrices are
available. Mechanically stable matrices such as controlled pore
glass or poly(styrenedivinyl)benzene allow for faster flow rates
and shorter processing times than can be achieved with agarose.
Where the antibody comprises a C.sub.H3 domain, the Bakerbond
ABX.RTM. resin (J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, N.J.) is useful for
purification. Other techniques for protein purification such as
fractionation on an ion-exchange column, ethanol precipitation,
Reverse Phase HPLC, chromatography on silica, chromatography on
heparin SEPHAROSE.TM. chromatography on an anion or cation exchange
resin (such as a polyaspartic acid column), chromatofocusing,
SDS-PAGE, and ammonium sulfate precipitation are also available
depending on the antibody to be recovered.
B. Uses for DR4 Antibodies
The DR4 antibodies of the invention have various utilities. For
example, DR4 agonistic antibodies may be employed in methods for
treating pathological conditions in mammals such as cancer or
immune-related diseases. In the methods, the DR4 antibody,
preferably an agonistic antibody, is administered to a mammal,
alone or in combination with still other therapeutic agents or
techniques.
Diagnosis in mammals of the various pathological conditions
described herein can be made by the skilled practitioner.
Diagnostic techniques are available in the art which allow, e.g.,
for the diagnosis or detection of cancer or immune related disease
in a mammal. For instance, cancers may be identified through
techniques, including but not limited to, palpation, blood
analysis, x-ray, NMR and the like. Immune related diseases can also
be readily identified. In systemic lupus erythematosus, the central
mediator of disease is the production of auto-reactive antibodies
to self proteins/tissues and the subsequent generation of
immune-mediated inflammation. Multiple organs and systems are
affected clinically including kidney, lung, musculoskeletal system,
mucocutaneous, eye, central nervous system, cardiovascular system,
gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and blood.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune
inflammatory disease that mainly involves the synovial membrane of
multiple joints with resultant injury to the articular cartilage.
The pathogenesis is T lymphocyte dependent and is associated with
the production of rheumatoid factors, auto-antibodies directed
against self IgG, with the resultant formation of immune complexes
that attain high levels in joint fluid and blood. These complexes
in the joint may induce the marked infiltrate of lymphocytes and
monocytes into the synovium and subsequent marked synovial changes;
the joint space/fluid if infiltrated by similar cells with the
addition of numerous neutrophils. Tissues affected are primarily
the joints, often in symmetrical pattern. However, extra-articular
disease also occurs in two major forms. One form is the development
of extra-articular lesions with ongoing progressive joint disease
and typical lesions of pulmonary fibrosis, vasculitis, and
cutaneous ulcers. The second form of extra-articular disease is the
so called Felty's syndrome which occurs late in the RA disease
course, sometimes after joint disease has become quiescent, and
involves the presence of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and
splenomegaly. This can be accompanied by vasculitis in multiple
organs with formations of infarcts, skin ulcers and gangrene.
Patients often also develop rheumatoid nodules in the subcutis
tissue overlying affected joints; the nodules late stage have
necrotic centers surrounded by a mixed inflammatory cell
infiltrate. Other manifestations which can occur in RA include:
pericarditis, pleuritis, coronary arteritis, interstitial
pneumonitis with pulmonary fibrosis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca,
and rheumatoid nodules.
Juvenile chronic arthritis is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory
disease which begins often at less than 16 years of age. Its
phenotype has some similarities to RA; some patients which are
rheumatoid factor positive are classified as juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis. The disease is sub-classified into three major
categories: pauciarticular, polyarticular, and systemic. The
arthritis can be severe and is typically destructive and leads to
joint ankylosis and retarded growth. Other manifestations can
include chronic anterior uveitis and systemic amyloidosis.
Spondyloarthropathies are a group of disorders with some common
clinical features and the common association with the expression of
HLA-B27 gene product. The disorders include: ankylosing sponylitis,
Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis), arthritis associated with
inflammatory bowel disease, spondylitis associated with psoriasis,
juvenile onset spondyloarthropathy and undifferentiated
spondyloarthropathy. Distinguishing features include sacroileitis
with or without spondylitis; inflammatory asymmetric arthritis;
association with HLA-B27 (a serologically defined allele of the
HLA-B locus of class I MHC); ocular inflammation, and absence of
autoantibodies associated with other rheumatoid disease. The cell
most implicated as key to induction of the disease is the CD8+ T
lymphocyte, a cell which targets antigen presented by class I MHC
molecules. CD8+ T cells may react against the class I MHC allele
HLA-B27 as if it were a foreign peptide expressed by MHC class I
molecules. It has been hypothesized that an epitope of HLA-B27 may
mimic a bacterial or other microbial antigenic epitope and thus
induce a CD8+ T cells response.
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) has an unknown etiology. A
hallmark of the disease is induration of the skin; likely this is
induced by an active inflammatory process. Scleroderma can be
localized or systemic; vascular lesions are common and endothelial
cell injury in the microvasculature is an early and important event
in the development of systemic sclerosis; the vascular injury may
be immune mediated. An immunologic basis is implied by the presence
of mononuclear cell infiltrates in the cutaneous lesions and the
presence of anti-nuclear antibodies in many patients. ICAM-1 is
often upregulated on the cell surface of fibroblasts in skin
lesions suggesting that T cell interaction with these cells may
have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Other organs
involved include: the gastrointestinal tract: smooth muscle atrophy
and fibrosis resulting in abnormal peristalsis/motility; kidney:
concentric subendothelial intimal proliferation affecting small
arcuate and interlobular arteries with resultant reduced renal
cortical blood flow, results in proteinuria, azotemia and
hypertension; skeletal muscle: atrophy, interstitial fibrosis;
inflammation; lung: interstitial pneumonitis and interstitial
fibrosis; and heart: contraction band necrosis,
scarring/fibrosis.
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies including dermatomyositis,
polymyositis and others are disorders of chronic muscle
inflammation of unknown etiology resulting in muscle weakness.
Muscle injury/inflammation is often symmetric and progressive.
Autoantibodies are associated with most forms. These
myositis-specific autoantibodies are directed against and inhibit
the function of components, proteins and RNA's, involved in protein
synthesis.
Sjogren's syndrome is due to immune-mediated inflammation and
subsequent functional destruction of the tear glands and salivary
glands. The disease can be associated with or accompanied by
inflammatory connective tissue diseases. The disease is associated
with autoantibody production against Ro and La antigens, both of
which are small RNA-protein complexes. Lesions result in
keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia, with other manifestations
or associations including bilary cirrhosis, peripheral or sensory
neuropathy, and palpable purpura.
Systemic vasculitis are diseases in which the primary lesion is
inflammation and subsequent damage to blood vessels which results
in ischemia/necrosis/degeneration to tissues supplied by the
affected vessels and eventual end-organ dysfunction in some cases.
Vasculitides can also occur as a secondary lesion or sequelae to
other immune-inflammatory mediated diseases such as rheumatoid
arthritis, systemic, sclerosis, etc., particularly in diseases also
associated with the formation of immune complexes. Diseases in the
primary systemic vasculitis group include: systemic necrotizing
vasculitis: polyarteritis nodosa, allergic angiitis and
granulomatosis, polyangiitis; Wegener's granulomatosis;
lymphomatoid granulomatosis; and giant cell arteritis.
Miscellaneous vasculitides include: mucocutaneous lymph node
syndrome (MLNS or Kawasaki's disease), isolated CNS vasculitis,
Behet's disease, thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) and
cutaneous necrotizing venulitis. The pathogenic mechanism of most
of the types of vasculitis listed is believed to be primarily due
to the deposition of immunoglobulin complexes in the vessel wall
and subsequent induction of an inflammatory response either via
ADCC, complement activation, or both.
Sarcoidosis is a condition of unknown etiology which is
characterized by the presence of epithelioid granulomas in nearly
any tissue in the body; involvement of the lung is most common. The
pathogenesis involves the persistence of activated macrophages and
lymphoid cells at sites of the disease with subsequent chronic
sequelae resultant from the release of locally and systemically
active products released by these cell types.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia including autoimmune hemolytic anemia,
immune pancytopenia, and paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria is a
result of production of antibodies that react with antigens
expressed on the surface of red blood cells (and in some cases
other blood cells including platelets as well) and is a reflection
of the removal of those antibody coated cells via complement
mediated lysis and/or ADCC/Fc-receptor-mediated mechanisms.
In autoimmune thrombocytopenia including thrombocytopenic purpura,
and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in other clinical settings,
platelet destruction/removal occurs as a result of either antibody
or complement attaching to platelets and subsequent removal by
complement lysis, ADCC or FC-receptor mediated mechanisms.
Thyroiditis including Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis,
juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis, and atrophic thyroiditis, are the
result of an autoimmune response against thyroid antigens with
production of antibodies that react with proteins present in and
often specific for the thyroid gland. Experimental models exist
including spontaneous models: rats (BUF and BB rats) and chickens
(obese chicken strain); inducible models: immunization of animals
with either thyroglobulin, thyroid microsomal antigen (thyroid
peroxidase).
Type I diabetes mellitus or insulin-dependent diabetes is the
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet .beta. cells; this
destruction is mediated by auto-antibodies and auto-reactive T
cells. Antibodies to insulin or the insulin receptor can also
produce the phenotype of insulin-non-responsiveness.
Immune mediated renal diseases, including glomerulonephritis and
tubulointerstitial nephritis, are the result of antibody or T
lymphocyte mediated injury to renal tissue either directly as a
result of the production of autoreactive antibodies or T cells
against renal antigens or indirectly as a result of the deposition
of antibodies and/or immune complexes in the kidney that are
reactive against other, non-renal antigens. Thus other
immune-mediated diseases that result in the formation of
immune-complexes can also induce immune mediated renal disease as
an indirect sequelae. Both direct and indirect immune mechanisms
result in inflammatory response that produces/induces lesion
development in renal tissues with resultant organ function
impairment and in some cases progression to renal failure. Both
humoral and cellular immune mechanisms can be involved in the
pathogenesis of lesions.
Demyelinating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous
systems, including Multiple Sclerosis; idiopathic demyelinating
polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barr syndrome; and Chronic Inflammatory
Demyelinating Polyneuropathy, are believed to have an autoimmune
basis and result in nerve demyelination as a result of damage
caused to oligodendrocytes or to myelin directly. In MS there is
evidence to suggest that disease induction and progression is
dependent on T lymphocytes. Multiple Sclerosis is a demyelinating
disease that is T lymphocyte-dependent and has either a
relapsing-remitting course or a chronic progressive course. The
etiology is unknown; however, viral infections, genetic
predisposition, environment, and autoimmunity all contribute.
Lesions contain infiltrates of predominantly T lymphocyte mediated,
microglial cells and infiltrating macrophages; CD4+T lymphocytes
are the predominant cell type at lesions. The mechanism of
oligodendrocyte cell death and subsequent demyelination is not
known but is likely T lymphocyte driven.
Inflammatory and Fibrotic Lung Disease, including Eosinophilic
Pneumonias; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, and Hypersensitivity
Pneumonitis may involve a disregulated immune-inflammatory
response. Inhibition of that response would be of therapeutic
benefit.
Autoimmune or Immune-mediated Skin Disease including Bullous Skin
Diseases, Erythema Multiforme, and Contact Dermatitis are mediated
by auto-antibodies, the genesis of which is T
lymphocyte-dependent.
Psoriasis is a T lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory disease. Lesions
contain infiltrates of T lymphocytes, macrophages and antigen
processing cells, and some neutrophils.
Allergic diseases, including asthma; allergic rhinitis; atopic
dermatitis; food hypersensitivity; and urticaria are T lymphocyte
dependent. These diseases are predominantly mediated by T
lymphocyte induced inflammation, IgE mediated-inflammation or a
combination of both.
Transplantation associated diseases, including Graft rejection and
Graft-Versus-Host-Disease (GVHD) are T lymphocyte-dependent;
inhibition of T lymphocyte function is ameliorative.
Other diseases in which intervention of the immune and/or
inflammatory response have benefit are Infectious disease including
but not limited to viral infection (including but not limited to
AIDS, hepatitis A, B, C, D, E) bacterial infection, fungal
infections, and protozoal and parasitic infections (molecules (or
derivatives/agonists) which stimulate the MLR can be utilized
therapeutically to enhance the immune response to infectious
agents), diseases of immunodeficiency
(molecules/derivatives/agonists) which stimulate the MLR can be
utilized therapeutically to enhance the immune response for
conditions of inherited, acquired, infectious induced (as in HIV
infection), or iatrogenic (i.e. as from chemotherapy)
immunodeficiency), and neoplasia.
The antibody is preferably administered to the mammal in a carrier;
preferably a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. Suitable carriers
and their formulations are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 16th ed., 1980, Mack Publishing Co., edited by Oslo et
al. Typically, an appropriate amount of a
pharmaceutically-acceptable salt is used in the formulation to
render the formulation isotonic. Examples of the carrier include
saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. The pH of the
solution is preferably from about 5 to about 8, and more preferably
from about 7 to about 7.5. Further carriers include sustained
release preparations such as semipermeable matrices of solid
hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in
the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, liposomes or
microparticles. It will be apparent to those persons skilled in the
art that certain carriers may be more preferable depending upon,
for instance, the route of administration and concentration of
antibody being administered.
The antibody can be administered to the mammal by injection (e.g.,
intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular,
intraportal), or by other methods such as infusion that ensure its
delivery to the bloodstream in an effective form. The antibody may
also be administered by isolated perfusion techniques, such as
isolated tissue perfusion, to exert local therapeutic effects.
Local or intravenous injection is preferred.
Effective dosages and schedules for administering the antibody may
be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within
the skill in the art. Those skilled in the art will understand that
the dosage of antibody that must be administered will vary
depending on, for example, the mammal which will receive the
antibody, the route of administration, the particular type of
antibody used and other drugs being administered to the mammal.
Guidance in selecting appropriate doses for antibody is found in
the literature on therapeutic uses of antibodies, e.g., Handbook of
Monoclonal Antibodies, Ferrone et al., eds., Noges Publications,
Park Ridge, N.J., (1985) ch. 22 and pp. 303-357; Smith et al.,
Antibodies in Human Diagnosis and Therapy, Haber et al., eds.,
Raven Press, New York (1977) pp. 365-389. A typical daily dosage of
the antibody used alone might range from about 1 .mu.g/kg to up to
100 mg/kg of body weight or more per day, depending on the factors
mentioned above.
The antibody may also be administered to the mammal in combination
with effective amounts of one or more other therapeutic agents. The
one or more other therapeutic agents or therapies may include, but
are not limited to, chemotherapy (chemotherapeutic agents),
radiation therapy, immunoadjuvants, growth inhibitory agents,
cytotoxic agents, and cytokines. Other agents known to induce
apoptosis in mammalian cells may also be employed, and such agents
include TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, CD30 ligand, 4-1BB ligand and Apo-2
ligand, as well as other antibodies which can induce apoptosis. The
one or more other therapies may include therapeutic antibodies
(other than the DR4 antibody), and such antibodies may include
anti-Her receptor antibodies (such as Herceptin.TM.), anti-VEGF
antibodies, anti-CD20 antibodies (such as Rituxan.RTM.) and
antibodies against other receptors for Apo-2 ligand, such as
anti-Apo-2 (DR5) antibodies, or antibodies against other TNF
receptor family members such as Enbrel.RTM..
Chemotherapies contemplated by the invention include chemical
substances or drugs which are known in the art and are commercially
available, such as Doxorubicin, 5-Fluorouracil, etoposide,
camptothecin, Leucovorin, Cytosine arabinoside, Cyclophosphamide,
Thiotepa, Busulfan, Cytoxin, Taxol, Methotrexate, Cisplatin,
Melphalan, Vinblastine and Carboplatin. Preparation and dosing
schedules for such chemotherapy may be used according to
manufacturer's instructions or as determined empirically by the
skilled practitioner. Preparation and dosing schedules for such
chemotherapy are also described in Chemotherapy Service Ed., M. C.
Perry, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md. (1992).
The chemotherapy is preferably administered in a
pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, such as those described above.
The mode of administration of the chemotherapy may be the same as
employed for the DR4 antibody or it may be administered to the
mammal via a different mode. For example, the DR4 antibody may be
injected while the chemotherapy is administered orally to the
mammal.
Radiation therapy can be administered to the mammal according to
protocols commonly employed in the art and known to the skilled
artisan. Such therapy may include cesium, iridium, iodine or cobalt
radiation. The radiation therapy may be whole body radiation, or
may be directed locally to a specific site or tissue in or on the
body. Typically, radiation therapy is administered in pulses over a
period of time from about 1 to about 2 weeks. The radiation therapy
may, however, be administered over longer periods of time.
Optionally, the radiation therapy may be administered as a single
dose or as multiple, sequential doses.
The antibody may be administered sequentially or concurrently with
the one or more other therapeutic agents. The amounts of antibody
and therapeutic agent depend, for example, on what type of drugs
are used, the pathological condition being treated, and the
scheduling and routes of administration but would generally be less
than if each were used individually.
Following administration of antibody to the mammal, the mammal's
physiological condition can be monitored in various ways well known
to the skilled practitioner.
It is contemplated that the antagonist or blocking DR4 antibodies
may also be used in therapy. For example, a DR4 antibody could be
administered to a mammal (such as described above) to block DR4
receptor binding to Apo-2L, thus increasing the bioavailability of
Apo-2L administered during Apo-2L therapy to induce apoptosis in
cancer cells.
The therapeutic effects of the DR4 antibodies of the invention can
be examined in in vitro assays and using in vivo animal models. A
variety of well known animal models can be used to further
understand the role of the DR4 antibodies identified herein in the
development and pathogenesis of for instance, immune related
disease or cancer, and to test the efficacy of the candidate
therapeutic agents. The in vivo nature of such models makes them
particularly predictive of responses in human patients. Animal
models of immune related diseases include both non-recombinant and
recombinant (transgenic) animals. Non-recombinant animal models
include, for example, rodent, e.g., murine models. Such models can
be generated by introducing cells into syngeneic mice using
standard techniques, e.g. subcutaneous injection, tail vein
injection, spleen implantation, intraperitoneal implantation, and
implantation under the renal capsule.
Animal models, for example, for graft-versus-host disease are
known. Graft-versus-host disease occurs when immunocompetent cells
are transplanted into immunosuppressed or tolerant patients. The
donor cells recognize and respond to host antigens. The response
can vary from life threatening severe inflammation to mild cases of
diarrhea and weight loss. Graft-versus-host disease models provide
a means of assessing T cell reactivity against MHC antigens and
minor transplant antigens. A suitable procedure is described in
detail in Current Protocols in Immunology, unit 4.3.
An animal model for skin allograft rejection is a means of testing
the ability of T cells to mediate in vivo tissue destruction which
is indicative of and a measure of their role in anti-viral and
tumor immunity. The most common and accepted models use murine
tail-skin grafts. Repeated experiments have shown that skin
allograft rejection is mediated by T cells, helper T cells and
killer-effector T cells, and not antibodies. [Auchincloss, H. Jr.
and Sachs, D. H., Fundamental Immunology, 2nd ed., W. E. Paul ed.,
Raven Press, NY, 1989, 889-992]. A suitable procedure is described
in detail in Current Protocols in Immuriology, unit 4.4. Other
transplant rejection models which can be used to test the
compositions of the invention are the allogeneic heart transplant
models described by Tanabe, M. et al., Transplantation, (1994)
58:23 and Tinubu, S. A. et al., J. Immunol., (1994) 4330-4338.
Animal models for delayed type hypersensitivity provides an assay
of cell mediated immune function as well. Delayed type
hypersensitivity reactions are a T cell mediated in vivo immune
response characterized by inflammation which does not reach a peak
until after a period of time has elapsed after challenge with an
antigen. These reactions also occur in tissue specific autoimmune
diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental
autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a model for MS). A suitable
procedure is described in detail in Current Protocols in
Immunology, unit 4.5.
An animal model for arthritis is collagen-induced arthritis. This
model shares clinical, histological and immunological
characteristics of human autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis and is an
acceptable model for human autoimmune arthritis. Mouse and rat
models are characterized by synovitis, erosion of cartilage and
subchondral bone. The DR4 antibodies of the invention can be tested
for activity against autoimmune arthritis using the protocols
described in Current Protocols in Immunology, above, units 15.5.
See also the model using a monoclonal antibody to CD18 and VLA-4
integrins described in Issekutz, A. C. et al., Immunology, (1996)
88:569.
A model of asthma has been described in which antigen-induced
airway hyper-reactivity, pulmonary eosinophilia and inflammation
are induced by sensitizing an animal with ovalbumin and then
challenging the animal with the same protein delivered by aerosol.
Several animal models (guinea pig, rat, non-human primate) show
symptoms similar to atopic asthma in humans upon challenge with
aerosol antigens. Murine models have many of the features of human
asthma. Suitable procedures to test the compositions of the
invention for activity and effectiveness in the treatment of asthma
are described by Wolyniec, W. W. et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol.
Biol., (1998) 18:777 and the references cited therein.
Additionally, the DR4 antibodies of the invention can be tested on
animal models for psoriasis like diseases. The DR4 antibodies of
the invention can be tested in the scid/scid mouse model described
by Schon, M. P. et al., Nat. Med., (1997) 3:183, in which the mice
demonstrate histopathologic skin lesions resembling psoriasis.
Another suitable model is the human skin/scid mouse chimera
prepared as described by Nickoloff, B. J. et al., Am. J. Path.,
(1995) 146:580.
Various animal models are well known for testing anti-cancer
activity of a candidate therapeutic composition. These include
human tumor xenografting into athymic nude mice or scid/scid mice,
or genetic murine tumor models such as p53 knockout mice.
Recombinant (transgenic) animal models can be engineered by
introducing the coding portion of the molecules identified herein
into the genome of animals of interest, using standard techniques
for producing transgenic animals. Animals that can serve as a
target for transgenic manipulation include, without limitation,
mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep, goats, pigs, and non-human
primates, e.g. baboons, chimpanzees and monkeys. Techniques known
in the art to introduce a transgene into such animals include
pronucleic microinjection (Hoppe and Wanger, U.S. Pat. No.
4,873,191); retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into germ lines
(e.g., Van der Putten et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82,
6148-615 [1985]); gene targeting in embryonic stem cells (Thompson
et al., Cell, 56, 313-321 [1989]); electroporation of embryos (Lo,
Mol. Cel. Biol., 3, 1803-1814 [1983]); sperm-mediated gene transfer
(Lavitrano et al., Cell, 57, 717-73 [1989]). For review, see, for
example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,736,866.
For the purpose of the present invention, transgenic animals
include those that carry the transgene only in part of their cells
("mosaic animals"). The transgene can be integrated either as a
single transgene, or in concatamers, e.g., head-to-head or
head-to-tail tandems. Selective introduction of a transgene into a
particular cell type is also possible by following, for example,
the technique of Lasko et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89,
6232-636 (1992).
The expression of the transgene in transgenic animals can be
monitored by standard techniques. For example, Southern blot
analysis or PCR amplification can be used to verify the integration
of the transgene. The level of mRNA expression can then be analyzed
using techniques such as in situ hybridization, Northern blot
analysis, PCR, or immunocytochemistry. The animals may be further
examined for signs of immune disease pathology, for example by
histological examination to determine infiltration of immune cells
into specific tissues or for the presence of cancerous or malignant
tissue.
Alternatively, "knock out" animals can be constructed which have a
defective or altered gene encoding a polypeptide identified herein,
as a result of homologous recombination between the endogenous gene
encoding the polypeptide and altered genomic DNA encoding the same
polypeptide introduced into an embryonic cell of the animal. For
example, cDNA encoding a particular polypeptide can be used to
clone genomic DNA encoding that polypeptide in accordance with
established techniques. A portion of the genomic DNA encoding a
particular polypeptide can be deleted or replaced with another
gene, such as a gene encoding a selectable marker which can be used
to monitor integration. Typically, several kilobases of unaltered
flanking DNA (both at the 5' and 3' ends) are included in the
vector (see e.g., Thomas and Capecchi, Cell, 51:503 (1987) for a
description of homologous recombination vectors]. The vector is
introduced into an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by
electroporation) and cells in which the introduced DNA has
homologously recombined with the endogenous DNA are selected [see
e.g., Li et al., Cell, 69:915 (1992)]. The selected cells are then
injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse or rat) to
form aggregation chimeras [see e.g., Bradley, in Teratocarcinomas
and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, E. J. Robertson,
ed. (IRL, Oxford, 1987), pp. 113-152]. A chimeric embryo can then
be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female foster animal
and the embryo brought to term to create a "knock out" animal.
Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA in their germ
cells can be identified by standard techniques and used to breed
animals in which all cells of the animal contain the homologously
recombined DNA. Knockout animals can be characterized for instance,
for their ability to defend against certain pathological conditions
and for their development of pathological conditions due to absence
of the polypeptide.
In another embodiment of the invention, methods for employing the
antibody in diagnostic assays are provided. For instance, the
antibodies may be employed in diagnostic assays to detect
expression or overexpression of DR4 in specific cells and tissues.
Various diagnostic assay techniques known in the art may be used,
such as in vivo imaging assays, in vitro competitive binding
assays, direct or indirect sandwich assays and immunoprecipitation
assays conducted in either heterogeneous or homogeneous phases
[Zola, Monoclonal Antibodies: A Manual of Techniques, CRC Press,
Inc. (1987) pp. 147-158]. The antibodies used in the diagnostic
assays can be labeled with a detectable moiety. The detectable
moiety should be capable of producing, either directly or
indirectly, a detectable signal. For example, the detectable moiety
may be a radioisotope, such as .sup.3H, .sup.14C, .sup.32P,
.sup.35S, or .sup.125I, a fluorescent or chemiluminescent compound,
such as fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, or luciferin, or an
enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase or
horseradish peroxidase. Any method known in the art for conjugating
the antibody to the detectable moiety may be employed, including
those methods described by Hunter et al., Nature, 144:945 (1962);
David et al., Biochemistry, 13:1014-1021 (1974); Pain et al., J.
Immunol. Meth., 40:219-230 (1981); and Nygren, J. Histochem. and
Cytochem., 30:407-412 (1982).
DR4 antibodies also are useful for the affinity purification of DR4
from recombinant cell culture or natural sources. In this process,
the antibodies against DR4 are immobilized on a suitable support,
such a Sephadex resin or filter paper, using methods well known in
the art. The immobilized antibody then is contacted with a sample
containing the DR4 to be purified, and thereafter the support is
washed with a suitable solvent that will remove substantially all
the material in the sample except the DR4, which is bound to the
immobilized antibody. Finally, the support is washed with another
suitable solvent that will release the DR4 from the antibody.
In a further embodiment of the invention, there are provided
articles of manufacture and kits containing materials useful for
treating pathological conditions or detecting or purifying DR4. The
article of manufacture comprises a container with a label. Suitable
containers include, for example, bottles, vials, and test tubes.
The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as
glass or plastic. The container holds a composition having an
active agent which is effective for treating pathological
conditions or for detecting or purifying DR4. The active agent in
the composition is a DR4 antibody and preferably, comprises
monoclonal antibodies specific for DR4. The label on the container
indicates that the composition is used for treating pathological
conditions or detecting or purifying DR4, and may also indicate
directions for either in vivo or in vitro use, such as those
described above.
The kit of the invention comprises the container described above
and a second container comprising a buffer. It may further include
other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint,
including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and
package inserts with instructions for use.
The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes only,
and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in
any way.
All patent and literature references cited in the present
specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
EXAMPLES
Commercially available reagents referred to in the examples were
used according to manufacturer's instructions unless otherwise
indicated. The source of those cells identified in the following
examples, and throughout the specification, by ATCC accession
numbers is the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. A
number of the reagents and protocols disclosed herein are further
discussed in WO 99/37684, WO 00/73349, WO 98/32856 and WO 99/64461,
the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
Example 1
Expression of DR4 ECD as an Immunoadhesin
A soluble DR4 ECD immunoadhesin construct was prepared. A mature
DR4 ECD sequence (amino acids 1-218 shown in FIG. 1) was cloned
into a pCMV-1 Flag vector (Kodak) downstream of the Flag signal
sequence and fused to the CH1, hinge and Fc region of human
immunoglobulin G.sub.1 heavy chain as described previously [Aruffo
et al., Cell, 61:1303-1313 (1990)]. The immunoadhesin was expressed
by transient transfection into human 293 cells and purified from
cell supernatants by protein A affinity chromatography, as
described by Haak-Frendscho et al., Immunology 79(4): 594-9,
(1993).
Example 2
Production and Characterization of Human anti-DR4 Monoclonal
Antibodies
Production of Antibodies
Transgenic mice producing human IgG2 or IgG4 (Xenomice, described
in Mendez et al., Nature Genetics 15: 146-156 [1997]) were
hyperimmunized via the rear footpad with 2 .mu.g of DR4 ECD
immunoadhesin protein (described in Example 1) in Ribi adjuvant as
described in Mendez et al. (supra). Mice were immunized in this
manner twice a week for 5 weeks. FIG. 2 shows the endogenous sera
titer of xeno mouse vs DR4 and CD4-IgG.
Three days after the final boost, popliteal lymph nodes were
removed from the mice and a single cell suspension was prepared in
DMEM media (obtained from Biowhitakker Corp.) supplemented with 1%
penicillin-streptomycin. The lymph node cells were then fused with
myeloma cells P3X63Ag8U.1 (ATCC CRL 1580) using 35% polyethylene
glycol and cultured in 96-well culture plates. The lymph nodes of 5
Xenomice yielded 28.times.10.sup.6 cells which were plated out at
1.times.10.sup.5 cells/well, with a total of 288 wells. The spleen
of Xenomouse #263 (titer 1:20,000) yielded 42.times.10.sup.6 cells
which were plated out at 2.times.10.sup.5 cells/well, with a total
of 498 wells. Hybridomas resulting from the fusion were selected in
HAT medium. Ten days after the fusion, hybridoma culture
supernatants were screened in an ELISA to test for the presence of
monoclonal antibodies binding to the DR4 ECD immunoadhesin protein
(described in Example 1).
In the ELISA, 96-well microtiter plates (Maxisorp; Nunc, Kamstrup,
Denmark) were coated by adding 50 .mu.l of 2 .mu.g/ml DR4-Ig in
coating buffer (50 mM Carbonate buffer pH 9.6) to each well and
incubating at 4.degree. C. overnight. The plates were then washed
three times with wash buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20). The
wells in the microtiter plates were then blocked with 200 .mu.l of
2.0% bovine serum albumin in PBS and incubated at room temperature
for 1 hour. The plates were then washed again three times with wash
buffer.
Following the wash steps, 100 .mu.l of the hybridoma supernatants
or Protein G-sepharose column purified antibody (10 .mu.g/ml) was
added to designated wells. 100 .mu.l of myeloma cell conditioned
medium was added to other designated wells as controls. The plates
were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour on a shaker apparatus
and then washed three times with wash buffer.
Next, 50 .mu.l HRP-conjugated goat anti-human kappa chain bound
(purchased from Cappel Laboratories), diluted 1:5000 in assay
buffer (0.5% bovine serum albumin, 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS), was
added to each well and the plates incubated for 1 hour at room
temperature on a shaker apparatus. The plates were washed three
times with wash buffer, followed by addition of 50 .mu.l of
substrate (TMB Microwell Peroxidase Substrate; Kirkegaard &
Perry, Gaithersburg, Md.) to each well and incubation at room
temperature for 10 minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding 50
.mu.l of TMB 1-Component Stop Solution (Diethyl Glycol; Kirkegaard
& Perry) to each well, and absorbance at 450 nm was read in an
automated microtiter plate reader.
Hybridoma supernatants initially screened in the ELISA were
considered for their ability to bind to DR4-IgG but not to CD4-IgG.
The supernatants testing positive in the ELISA were further
analyzed by FACS analysis using 9D cells (a human B lymphoid cell
line expressing DR4; Genentech, Inc.) and PE-conjugated goat
anti-human (H & L) IgG. For this analysis, 25 .mu.l of cells
suspended (at 4.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml) in cell sorter buffer (PBS
containing 1% FCS and 0.02% NaN.sub.3) were added to U-bottom
microtiter wells, mixed with 100 .mu.l of culture supernatant or
purified antibody (10 .mu.g/ml) in cell sorter buffer, and
incubated for 30 minutes on ice. The cells were then washed twice,
resuspended in 150 .mu.l of cell sorter buffer and then analyzed by
FACScan (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, Calif.).
Hybridomas producing anti-DR4 antibodies were subcloned by limiting
dilution and then re-assayed to confirm agonist activity.
Anti-DR4 monoclonal antibodies were generated from the xenomouse
fusion and were designated "1E10.16.4" (also referred to herein as
"1E10"), "1G11.14.7" (also referred to herein as "1G11") and
"2A2.16.7" (also referred to herein as "2A2"). 1E10 and 2A2
antibodies have MOPC light chain contamination. 1G11 is a fully
human monoclonal antibody.
To identify and characterize mouse IgG contamination, in an ELISA,
96-well microtiter plates (Maxisorp; Nunc, Kamstrup, Denmark) were
coated by adding 100 .mu.l of Goat anti-mouse Kappa light chain
(Southern biotechnology, Birmingham, Ala.) diluted 1:640 in Coating
Buffer (50 mm Carbonate buffer p 9.6) to each well and incubating
at 4.degree. C. overnight. The plates were then washed three times
with washing buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20). The wells were
then blocked with 200 .mu.l of 2% bovine serum albumin in PBS and
incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The plates were then
washed again three times with wash buffer. Following the wash
steps, 100 .mu.l of purified antibody (1.0 .mu.g/ml) in assay
buffer (0.5% bovine serum albumin, 0.05% Tween 20 in PBS) was added
to designated wells. The plates were incubated at room temperature
for 1 hour on a shaker apparatus and then washed three times with
wash buffer. Next, 100 .mu.l of HRP-goat anti-human IgG Fc specific
(ICN) diluted 1:1000 in assay buffer was added to each well and the
plates incubated for 1 hour at room temperature on a shaker. The
plates were then washed three times with wash buffer, followed by
addition of 5 .mu.l of substrate (TMB Microwell peroxidase
substrate, Kirkegaard & Perry, Gaithersburg, Md.) to each well
and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Adding 50 .mu.l
of TMB-1 component stop solution (Diethyl Glycol; Kirkegaard &
Perry, Gaithersburg, Md.) to each well to stop the reaction and
absorbance at 450 nm was then read in an automated microtiter plate
reader.
A summary of the characteristics of these antibodies is provided in
Table 2 below.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Summary of Human Anti DR4 Antibody
Characteristics ELISA Inhibit ELISA Apo-2 Ap- PARP Apo2L DR4
("DR5") FACS.sup.1 optosis.sup.2 Assay.sup.3 binding 1E10.16.4 + -
++ ++ ++ +++ 1G11.14.7 + - ++ ++ +++ ++ 2A2.16.7 + + + + + +
.sup.1Cell surface staining on human 9D cells .sup.2Apoptosis assay
by annexin V staining on 9D cells .sup.3Cleavage of PARP of 9D
cells
Epitope Mapping
Competition ELISA
A competition ELISA was conducted to examine epitope binding
properties of the anti-DR4 antibodies disclosed above. In this
assay, DR4-Ig (1 .mu.g/ml) as described in Example 1 was used as a
capture antigen to coat microtiter plate. A specific biotinylated
anti-DR4 monoclonal antibody (4H6 murine monoclonal antibody @ 1
.mu.g/ml; ATCC HB-12455) was added to the coated plate either alone
or in presence of another anti-DR4 monoclonal antibody that was
unlabeled and used in excess (50 .mu.g/ml) as compared to the
labeled antibody. If biotinylated antibody and unlabeled antibody
both recognize the same or overlapping epitope, they will compete
for binding to the immobilized DR4, resulting in decreased binding
of the labeled antibody. If they recognize different and
non-overlapping epitopes, there will be no competition between
them, and the binding of the labeled antibody to the immobilized
DR4 will not be affected. The results of this assay are shown in
FIG. 7.
Example 3
Antibody Isotyping
The isotypes of the human anti-DR4 antibodies (as described above)
were determined by coating microtiter plates with isotype specific
goat anti-mouse Ig (Fisher Biotech, Pittsburgh, Pa.) and goat
anti-human Ig (Cappel, ICN Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa Calif.)
overnight at 4.degree. C. The plates were then washed with wash
buffer (as described in Example 2 above). The wells in the
microtiter plates were then blocked with 200 .mu.l of 2% bovine
serum albumin and incubated at room temperature for one hour. The
plates were washed again three times with wash buffer.
Next, 100 .mu.l of 5 .mu.g/ml of purified DR4 antibodies or 100
.mu.l of the hybridoma culture supernatant was added to designated
wells. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes
and then 50 .mu.l HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (as described
above) was added to each well. The plates were incubated for 30
minutes at room temperature. The level of HRP bound to the plate
was detected using HRP substrate as described above.
The isotyping analysis showed that the 1G11, 1E10 and 2A2
antibodies are human IgG.sub.2.
Example 4
ELISA Assay to Test Binding of DR4 Antibodies to Other Apo-2L
Receptors
An ELISA was conducted to determine if the DR4 antibodies described
in Example 2 were able to bind other known Apo-2L receptors beside
DR4. Specifically, the DR4 antibodies were tested for binding to
Apo-2 [see, e.g., Sheridan et al., Science, 277:818-821 (1997)].
The ELISA was performed essentially as described in Example 2
above.
The results are shown in FIG. 3.
Example 5
Assay for Ability of DR4 Antibodies to Agonistically Induce
Apoptosis
Hybridoma supernatants and purified antibodies (as described in
Example 2 above) were tested for activity to induce DR4 mediated 9D
cell apoptosis. Human 9D cells (5.times.10.sup.5) were suspended in
100 microliter complete RPMI medium (RPMI plus 10% FCS, glutamine,
nonessential amino acids, penicillin, streptomycin and sodium
pyruvate) and added to 24 well macrotiter wells (5.times.10.sup.5
cells/0.5 ml/well). The 9D cells (5.times.10.sup.5 cells/0.5 ml)
were incubated with 100 .mu.l of 10 .mu.g/ml purified Mabs(see
Example 2 above) or IgG control antibodies in 200 .mu.l complete
RPMI media at 4.degree. C. for 15 minutes. The cells were then
incubated for 5 minutes at 37.degree. C. with or without 10 .mu.g
of goat anti-human IgG Fc antibody (ICN Pharmaceuticals) in 300
.mu.l of complete RPMI. At this point, the cells were incubated for
6 hours at 37.degree. C. and in the presence of 7% CO.sub.2. The
cells were then harvested and washed once with PBS. The apoptosis
of the cells was determined by staining of FITC-annexin V binding
to phosphatidylserine according to manufacturer recommendations
(Clontech) The cells were washed in PBS and resuspended in 200
.mu.l binding buffer. Ten .mu.l of annexin-V-FITC (1 .mu.g/ml) and
10 .mu.l of propidium iodide were added to the cells. After
incubation for 15 minutes in the dark, the 9D cells were analyzed
by FACS. FIG. 5 shows an apoptosis assay by annexin V staining.
As shown in FIG. 6, DR4 antibody 1G11, induced apoptosis in the 9D
cells as compared to the control antibody 4H6. Agonistic activity
of 1G11 was enhanced by DR4 receptor cross-linking in the presence
of the goat anti-human IgG Fc (FIG. 6). This enhanced apoptosis
(FIG. 6) by both DR4 antibodies is comparable to the apoptotic
activity of Apo-2L in 9D cells.
Example 6
Assay for DR4 Antibody Ability to Block Binding of Apo-2L to
DR4
Purified antibodies (as described in Example 2 above) were tested
for activity to block the binding of Apo-2 ligand to DR4. In the
ELISA, 96-well microtiter plates (Maxisorp; Nunc, Kamstrup,
Denmark) were coated by adding 50 .mu.l of DR4-IgG in Coating
Buffer (50 mM Carbonate buffer pH 9.6) to each well and incubating
at 4.degree. C. overnight. The plates were then washed three times
with washing buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20). The wells were
then blocked with 200 .mu.l of 2% bovine serum albumin in PBS and
incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The plates were then
washed again three times with wash buffer.
Following the wash steps, 100 .mu.l of a two-fold serial dilution
of purified antibody (50 .mu.g/ml) in assay buffer (0.5% bovine
serum albumin, 0.05% Tween 20 in PBS) was added to designated
wells. The plates were then incubated at room temperature for 1
hour on a shaker apparatus and washed three times with wash
buffer.
Next, 100 .mu.l of Biotinylated Apo-2L diluted 1:1000 in assay
buffer was added to each well and the plates incubated for 1 hour
at room temperature on a shaker. The plates were then washed three
times with wash buffer followed by the addition of 100 .mu.l of
Streptavidin-HRP (Zymed, South San Francisco Calif.) diluted 1:1000
in assay buffer and incubated 1 hour at room temperature on a
shaker apparatus and then washed three times with wash buffer.
Followed by addition of 50 .mu.l of substrate (TMB Microwell
peroxidase substrate, Kirkegaard & Perry, Gaithersburg, Md.) to
each well and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. 50
.mu.l of TMB-1 component stop solution (Diethyl Glycol; Kirkegaard
& Perry, Gaithersburg, Md.) was added to each well to stop the
reaction, and absorbance at 450 nm was read in an automated
microtiter plate reader.
The results are shown in FIG. 8.
Example 7
Apoptosis Assay of 9D Cells Using Cross-linked DR4 Antibodies
The apoptotic activity of cross-linked 1 G11 and 4H6 DR4 antibodies
on 9D cells was also examined. The 9D cells (5.times.10.sup.5) were
suspended in 100 microliter complete RPMI medium (RPMI plus 10%
FCS, glutamine, nonessential amino acids, penicillin, streptomycin
and sodium pyruvate) and incubated with 1 microgram of DR4
antibody/100 microliter on ice for 15 minutes. The cells were
incubated with 100 microgram/ml of goat anti-human IgG-Fc (Cappel
Laboratories) in 300 microliter complete medium overnight at
37.degree. C. in the presence of 7% CO2.
At the end of the incubation, cells were washed once with PBS and
suspended in 200 microliter of binding buffer (Clontech). Next, 10
microliter of FITC-Annexin V (Clontech) and 10 microliter of
propidium iodide were added to the cells. [See, Moore et al., Cell
Biol., 57:265 (1998)]. After incubation for 15 minutes in the dark,
the cells were analyzed by FACScan.
The results are shown in FIG. 6. The results show that the 1 G11
and 4H6 anti-DR4 antibodies induced apoptosis of 9D cells when
cross-linked with anti-Fc IgG. The apoptotic activity of the
cross-linked DR4 antibodies (at concentrations of about 1-2
microgram/ml) was comparable to the apoptotic activity of Apo-2L at
similar concentrations.
Example 8
poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) Assay
A PARP assay was conducted to determine whether the activity
induced by the IgG2 anti-DR4 antibodies was achieved by apoptosis
or by conventional complement lysis.
9D cells (5.times.10.sup.5 cells in 100 .mu.l of complete medium)
were incubated with 100 .mu.l of antibody (10 .mu.g/ml) for 15
minutes on ice. Then, 300 .mu.l of goat anti-human IgG Fc (Cappel)
was added to the cells. The cells were then incubated overnight at
37.degree. C. At the end of the incubation, the cells were
microcentrifuged, harvested and washed once in cell wash buffer (50
mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.15 M NaCl, 1 mM CaCl.sub.2, 1 mM
MgCl.sub.2). The cell pellets were then lysed with 50 .mu.l of cell
lysis buffer (cell wash buffer plus 1%. NP40) containing protease
inhibitors, incubated on ice for 30 minutes, and then spun at
13,000 rpm for 10 minutes.
The cell lysate was mixed with an equal volume of 2.times.SDS
reducing buffer. After boiling 2 minutes, proteins were separated
onto a 7.5% SDS PAGE gel and transferred to immunoblot PVDF
membranes (Gelman). After blocking the nonspecific binding sites
with blocking buffer (Boehringer Mannheim),
poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase was detected using HRP-rabbit
anti-poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim). This
antibody will detect the intact (116 Kd) as well as degraded (85
Kd) PARP which is generated as an early step of apoptosis. Bound
anti-HRP-rabbit anti-poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase was detected
using chemiluminescent immunoassay signal reagents according to
manufacturer instructions (Amersham, Arlington Heights, Ill.).
The results are shown in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 4, cells treated
with a number of the human anti-DR4 antibodies and crosslinked with
anti-human IgG Fc demonstrated the presence of cleaved 85 Kd PARP,
indicating that the mechanism of the 9D cell death induced by the
respective antibodies was due to apoptosis.
Example 9
Cell Death Assay Using DR4 mAbs
The effects of several of the DR4 monoclonal antibodies on cell
death was examined in human cancer cell lines (SK-MES-1 and H460
lung adenocarcinoma, COLO 205 colon carcinoma, MDA-MB-231 breast
carcinoma, and KYM-1 rhabdomyosarcoma). Apo2L was also assayed as a
control. Anti-DR4 antibodies (2A2, 1G11, and 1E10) or Apo2L
(114-281 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:3) were serially diluted in
medium and incubated in the absence or presence of mouse anti-human
IgG Fc F(ab')2 fragment (1 .mu.g/mL final concentration) for 30
minutes at 37.degree. C. before addition to the cells. The plates
were then incubated at 37.degree. C. for 24 or 48 hours (as
indicated on each of FIGS. 9-13). AlamarBlue was added to the wells
for the last 3 to 5 hours of the incubation time. At the end of the
incubation period, fluorescence was read using a 96-well
fluorometer with excitation at 530 nm and emission of 590 nm. The
results are expressed in relative fluorescence units (RFU). For
data analysis, a 4-parameter curve fitting program (Kaleidagraph)
was used.
The results are shown in FIGS. 9A-9C; 10A-10C; 11A-11C; 12A-12C and
13A-13C. DR4 antibodies 2A2 and 1G11 demonstrated significant
killing activity against all of the cell lines assayed, while DR4
antibody 1E10 showed significant killing activity against KYM-1
cells, some activity against H460, COLO205, and MDA-MB-231 cells,
and little activity against SK- MES-1 cells. Activity of all three
antibodies was observed particularly upon Fc crosslinking. All of
the cell lines assayed express both DR4 and DR5 receptors, thus is
not unexpected that the antibodies exhibited less cell killing than
Apo2L since Apo2L recognizes and binds to both DR4 and DR5
receptors and the antibodies 2A2, 1G11, and 1E10 are selective for
DR4.
Example 10
Caspase Activation by DR4 mAbs
The DR4 receptor is known to signal apoptosis activation through
the apoptosis-initiator protease, caspase-8, and the apoptosis
executioner protease caspase-3 (Kischkel et al., Immunity, 12:611
(2000)). To test activation of these caspases in cancer cells by
DR4 monoclonal antibodies described herein, three cancer cell lines
(COLO205 colon carcinoma, H460 non-small cell lung carcinoma, and
Kym-1 rhabdomyosarcoma) were examined. The cells (10.sup.7/lane)
were incubated for 4 hours (1) without treatment (UT), (2) with
Apo2L (1 .mu.g/ml), (3) without Apo2L, (4) with cross-linked Apo2L
("Apo2L.XL") (cross-linked using M2 antibody, 1 .mu.g/ml, Sigma,
St. Louis, Mo., directed against an N-terminal Flag tag on the
Apo-2 ligand polypeptide), or (5) with DR4 antibody 4H6 or 1G11 (1
.mu.g/ml), (6) without DR4 antibody, or (7) with cross-linked DR4
antibody (indicated by "4H6.XL" or "1G11.XL", corss-linked using
anti-Fc antibody (1 .mu.g/ml). After one wash with phosphate
buffered saline, the cells were lysed for 30 minutes on ice with
lysis buffer (1% Triton X-100, 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 20 mM
Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 2 mM EDTA, 0.57 mM PMSF, protease inhibitor
cocktail (complete.TM., Roche Molecular Biochemicals) and
centrifuged at 15000.times.g for 15 minutes at 4.degree. C. After
several washes with the lysis buffer, the lysates were analyzed on
10% SDS-PAGE gels followed by electroblotting and detection through
western blot with anti-caspase-8 or anti-caspase-3 antibodies
(Uspstate Biotechnology, NY). The results are shown in FIG. 14.
Deposit of Material
The following materials have been deposited with the American Type
Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va., USA
(ATCC):
TABLE-US-00004 Material ATCC Dep. No. Deposit Date 4H6.17.8
HB-12455 Jan. 13, 1998 1E10.14.7 PTA-3359 May 8, 2001 2A2.16.7
PTA-3360 May 8, 2001 1G11.14.7 PTA-3361 May 8, 2001
This deposit was made under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty
on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms
for the Purpose of Patent Procedure and the Regulations thereunder
(Budapest Treaty). This assures maintenance of a viable culture of
the deposit for 30 years from the date of deposit. The deposit will
be made available by ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty,
and subject to an agreement between Genentech, Inc. and ATCC, which
assures permanent and unrestricted availability of the progeny of
the culture of the deposit to the public upon issuance of the
pertinent U.S. patent or upon laying open to the public of any U.S.
or foreign patent application, whichever comes first, and assures
availability of the progeny to one determined by the U.S.
Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto
according to 35 USC Section 122 and the Commissioner's rules
pursuant thereto (including 37 CFR Section 1.14 with particular
reference to 8860G 638).
The assignee of the present application has agreed that if a
culture of the materials on deposit should die or be lost or
destroyed when cultivated under suitable conditions, the materials
will be promptly replaced on notification with another of the same.
Availability of the deposited material is not to be construed as a
license to practice the invention in contravention of the rights
granted under the authority of any government in accordance with
its patent laws.
The foregoing written specification is considered to be sufficient
to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention. The
present invention is not to be limited in scope by the construct
deposited, since the deposited embodiment is intended as a single
illustration of certain aspects of the invention and any constructs
that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this
invention. The deposit of material herein does not constitute an
admission that the written description herein contained is
inadequate to enable the practice of any aspect of the invention,
including the best mode thereof, nor is it to be construed as
limiting the scope of the claims to the specific illustrations that
it represents. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in
addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent
to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and fall
within the scope of the appended claims.
SEQUENCE LISTINGS
1
3 1 468 PRT Homo sapiens 1 Met Ala Pro Pro Pro Ala Arg Val His Leu
Gly Ala Phe Leu Ala 1 5 10 15 Val Thr Pro Asn Pro Gly Ser Ala Ala
Ser Gly Thr Glu Ala Ala 20 25 30 Ala Ala Thr Pro Ser Lys Val Trp
Gly Ser Ser Ala Gly Arg Ile 35 40 45 Glu Pro Arg Gly Gly Gly Arg
Gly Ala Leu Pro Thr Ser Met Gly 50 55 60 Gln His Gly Pro Ser Ala
Arg Ala Arg Ala Gly Arg Ala Pro Gly 65 70 75 Pro Arg Pro Ala Arg
Glu Ala Ser Pro Arg Leu Arg Val His Lys 80 85 90 Thr Phe Lys Phe
Val Val Val Gly Val Leu Leu Gln Val Val Pro 95 100 105 Ser Ser Ala
Ala Thr Ile Lys Leu His Asp Gln Ser Ile Gly Thr 110 115 120 Gln Gln
Trp Glu His Ser Pro Leu Gly Glu Leu Cys Pro Pro Gly 125 130 135 Ser
His Arg Ser Glu Arg Pro Gly Ala Cys Asn Arg Cys Thr Glu 140 145 150
Gly Val Gly Tyr Thr Asn Ala Ser Asn Asn Leu Phe Ala Cys Leu 155 160
165 Pro Cys Thr Ala Cys Lys Ser Asp Glu Glu Glu Arg Ser Pro Cys 170
175 180 Thr Thr Thr Arg Asn Thr Ala Cys Gln Cys Lys Pro Gly Thr Phe
185 190 195 Arg Asn Asp Asn Ser Ala Glu Met Cys Arg Lys Cys Ser Thr
Gly 200 205 210 Cys Pro Arg Gly Met Val Lys Val Lys Asp Cys Thr Pro
Trp Ser 215 220 225 Asp Ile Glu Cys Val His Lys Glu Ser Gly Asn Gly
His Asn Ile 230 235 240 Trp Val Ile Leu Val Val Thr Leu Val Val Pro
Leu Leu Leu Val 245 250 255 Ala Val Leu Ile Val Cys Cys Cys Ile Gly
Ser Gly Cys Gly Gly 260 265 270 Asp Pro Lys Cys Met Asp Arg Val Cys
Phe Trp Arg Leu Gly Leu 275 280 285 Leu Arg Gly Pro Gly Ala Glu Asp
Asn Ala His Asn Glu Ile Leu 290 295 300 Ser Asn Ala Asp Ser Leu Ser
Thr Phe Val Ser Glu Gln Gln Met 305 310 315 Glu Ser Gln Glu Pro Ala
Asp Leu Thr Gly Val Thr Val Gln Ser 320 325 330 Pro Gly Glu Ala Gln
Cys Leu Leu Gly Pro Ala Glu Ala Glu Gly 335 340 345 Ser Gln Arg Arg
Arg Leu Leu Val Pro Ala Asn Gly Ala Asp Pro 350 355 360 Thr Glu Thr
Leu Met Leu Phe Phe Asp Lys Phe Ala Asn Ile Val 365 370 375 Pro Phe
Asp Ser Trp Asp Gln Leu Met Arg Gln Leu Asp Leu Thr 380 385 390 Lys
Asn Glu Ile Asp Val Val Arg Ala Gly Thr Ala Gly Pro Gly 395 400 405
Asp Ala Leu Tyr Ala Met Leu Met Lys Trp Val Asn Lys Thr Gly 410 415
420 Arg Asn Ala Ser Ile His Thr Leu Leu Asp Ala Leu Glu Arg Met 425
430 435 Glu Glu Arg His Ala Lys Glu Lys Ile Gln Asp Leu Leu Val Asp
440 445 450 Ser Gly Lys Phe Ile Tyr Leu Glu Asp Gly Thr Gly Ser Ala
Val 455 460 465 Ser Leu Glu 2 1407 DNA Homo sapiens 2 atggcgccac
caccagctag agtacatcta ggtgcgttcc tggcagtgac 50 tccgaatccc
gggagcgcag cgagtgggac agaggcagcc gcggccacac 100 ccagcaaagt
gtggggctct tccgcgggga ggattgaacc acgaggcggg 150 ggccgaggag
cgctccctac ctccatggga cagcacggac ccagtgcccg 200 ggcccgggca
gggcgcgccc caggacccag gccggcgcgg gaagccagcc 250 ctcggctccg
ggtccacaag accttcaagt ttgtcgtcgt cggggtcctg 300 ctgcaggtcg
tacctagctc agctgcaacc atgatcaatc aattggcaca 350 aattggcaca
cagcaatggg aacatagccc tttgggagag ttgtgtccac 400 caggatctca
tagatcagaa cgtcctggag cctgtaaccg gtgcacagag 450 ggtgtgggtt
acaccaatgc ttccaacaat ttgtttgctt gcctcccatg 500 tacagcttgt
aaatcagatg aagaagagag aagtccctgc accacgacca 550 ggaacacagc
atgtcagtgc aaaccaggaa ctttccggaa tgacaattct 600 gctgagatgt
gccggaagtg cagcacaggg tgccccagag ggatggtcaa 650 ggtcaaggat
tgtacgccct ggagtgacat cgagtgtgtc cacaaagaat 700 caggcaatgg
acataatata tgggtgattt tggttgtgac tttggttgtt 750 ccgttgctgt
tggtggctgt gctgattgtc tgttgttgca tcggctcagg 800 ttgtggaggg
gaccccaagt gcatggacag ggtgtgtttc tggcgcttgg 850 gtctcctacg
agggcctggg gctgaggaca atgctcacaa cgagattctg 900 agcaacgcag
actcgctgtc cactttcgtc tctgagcagc aaatggaaag 950 ccaggagccg
gcagatttga caggtgtcac tgtacagtcc ccaggggagg 1000 cacagtgtct
gctgggaccg gcagaagctg aagggtctca gaggaggagg 1050 ctgctggttc
cagcaaatgg tgctgacccc actgagactc tgatgctgtt 1100 ctttgacaag
tttgcaaaca tcgtgccctt tgactcctgg gaccagctca 1150 tgaggcagct
ggacctcacg aaaaatgaga tcgatgtggt cagagctggt 1200 acagcaggcc
caggggatgc cttgtatgca atgctgatga aatgggtcaa 1250 caaaactgga
cggaacgcct cgatccacac cctgctggat gccttggaga 1300 ggatggaaga
gagacatgca aaagagaaga ttcaggacct cttggtggac 1350 tctggaaagt
tcatctactt agaagatggc acaggctctg ccgtgtcctt 1400 ggagtga 1407 3 281
PRT Homo sapiens 3 Met Ala Met Met Glu Val Gln Gly Gly Pro Ser Leu
Gly Gln Thr 1 5 10 15 Cys Val Leu Ile Val Ile Phe Thr Val Leu Leu
Gln Ser Leu Cys 20 25 30 Val Ala Val Thr Tyr Val Tyr Phe Thr Asn
Glu Leu Lys Gln Met 35 40 45 Gln Asp Lys Tyr Ser Lys Ser Gly Ile
Ala Cys Phe Leu Lys Glu 50 55 60 Asp Asp Ser Tyr Trp Asp Pro Asn
Asp Glu Glu Ser Met Asn Ser 65 70 75 Pro Cys Trp Gln Val Lys Trp
Gln Leu Arg Gln Leu Val Arg Lys 80 85 90 Met Ile Leu Arg Thr Ser
Glu Glu Thr Ile Ser Thr Val Gln Glu 95 100 105 Lys Gln Gln Asn Ile
Ser Pro Leu Val Arg Glu Arg Gly Pro Gln 110 115 120 Arg Val Ala Ala
His Ile Thr Gly Thr Arg Gly Arg Ser Asn Thr 125 130 135 Leu Ser Ser
Pro Asn Ser Lys Asn Glu Lys Ala Leu Gly Arg Lys 140 145 150 Ile Asn
Ser Trp Glu Ser Ser Arg Ser Gly His Ser Phe Leu Ser 155 160 165 Asn
Leu His Leu Arg Asn Gly Glu Leu Val Ile His Glu Lys Gly 170 175 180
Phe Tyr Tyr Ile Tyr Ser Gln Thr Tyr Phe Arg Phe Gln Glu Glu 185 190
195 Ile Lys Glu Asn Thr Lys Asn Asp Lys Gln Met Val Gln Tyr Ile 200
205 210 Tyr Lys Tyr Thr Ser Tyr Pro Asp Pro Ile Leu Leu Met Lys Ser
215 220 225 Ala Arg Asn Ser Cys Trp Ser Lys Asp Ala Glu Tyr Gly Leu
Tyr 230 235 240 Ser Ile Tyr Gln Gly Gly Ile Phe Glu Leu Lys Glu Asn
Asp Arg 245 250 255 Ile Phe Val Ser Val Thr Asn Glu His Leu Ile Asp
Met Asp His 260 265 270 Glu Ala Ser Phe Phe Gly Ala Phe Leu Val Gly
275 280
* * * * *