U.S. patent number 6,879,578 [Application Number 10/077,509] was granted by the patent office on 2005-04-12 for single user detection user equipment.
This patent grant is currently assigned to InterDigital Technology Corporation. Invention is credited to Parthapratim De, Jung-Lin Pan, Ariela Zeira.
United States Patent |
6,879,578 |
Pan , et al. |
April 12, 2005 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Single user detection user equipment
Abstract
A time division duplex using code division multiple access user
equipment receives a plurality of data signals in a time slot. Each
data signal experiences a similar channel response. The user
equipment receives a combined signal over the shared spectrum in a
time slot. The combined signal comprises the plurality of data
signals. The combined signal is sampled at a multiple of a chip
rate of the combined signal. The similar channel response is
estimated. A channel response matrix or a channel correlation
matrix is constructed based on in part the estimated channel
response. A spread data vector is determined based on in part a
fast fourier transform (FFT) decomposition of a circulant version
of the channel response or channel correlation matrix. The spread
data vector is despread to recover data from the matrix.
Inventors: |
Pan; Jung-Lin (Selden, NY),
De; Parthapratim (Plainview, NY), Zeira; Ariela
(Huntington, NY) |
Assignee: |
InterDigital Technology
Corporation (Wilmington, DE)
|
Family
ID: |
27401920 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/077,509 |
Filed: |
February 15, 2002 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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814346 |
Mar 22, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
370/342; 370/210;
370/335; 370/441; 375/147; 375/E1.026 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04B
1/71052 (20130101); H04B 1/71055 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04B
1/707 (20060101); H04B 007/216 () |
Field of
Search: |
;370/206,210,211,335,320,342,441,321,337,442,146,147
;375/146,147 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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WO9940698 |
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Nov 1998 |
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WO |
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9940698 |
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Dec 1999 |
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WO |
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Other References
Gini, Dario, "Toeplitz Matrices, Algorithms and Applications",
ERCIM News No. 22, Jul. 1995.* .
Circulant Matrices,
http://www.mai.iiv.se/nevion/pub/lic/node9.html.* .
Fast Matrix-vector Multiplication for Structured Matrices,
www.cs.utk.edu/ndongarra/etemplales/node384.html.* .
Toepl.tz Matrix,
http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/toeplitzmatrix.html.* .
Anja Klein, Ghassan Kawas Kaleh and Paul Walter Baier, "Zero
Forcing and Minimum Mean-Square-Error Equalization for Multiuser
Detection in Code-Division Multiple-Access Channels," IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 45, No. 2, May 1996.
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Anja Klein, "Data Detection Algorithms Specially Designed for the
Downlink of CDMA Mobile Radio Systems," IEEE 47th Vehicular
Technology Conference, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, May 4-7, 1997. .
H.R. Karimi and N.W. Anderson, "A Novel and Efficient Solution to
Block-Based Joint-Detection Using Approximate Cholesky
Factorization," Motorola GSM Products Division, Swindon, UK, 1998.
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PA Consulting Group/Racal Instruments Ltd., "Low Cost MMSE-BLE-SD
Algorithm for UTRA TDD Mode Downlink," ETSI STC SMG2 Layer 1 Expert
Group, Helsinki, Finland Sep. 8-11, 1998. .
Anja Klein and Paul W. Baier, "Linear Unbiased Data Estimation in
Mobile Radio Systems Applying CDMA," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas
in Communications, vol. 11, No. 7, Sep. 1993. .
Benvenuto et al., "Joint Detection With Low Computational
Complexity For Hybrid TD CDMA Systems" IEEE VTS 50.sup.th Vehicular
Technology Conference, Amsterdam, Sep. 19-22, 1999. .
Benvenuto, N. et al., entitled: "Joint Detection with Low
Computational Complexity for Hybrid TD-CDMA Systems", VTC, Fall
1999. IEEE VTS 50.sup.th, Vehicular Technology Conference,
Amsterdam, Sep. 19, 1999, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, NY,
NY IEEE US, vol. 1 Conf. 50, pp. 618-622..
|
Primary Examiner: Vanderpuye; Kenneth
Assistant Examiner: Blount; Steven A
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Volpe and Koenig, P.C.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 09/814,346, filed Mar. 22, 2001, which claims priority to U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 60/266,932, filed Feb. 6, 2001
and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/268,587, filed Feb.
15, 2001.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A time division duplex using code division multiple access user
equipment, the user equipment for receiving a plurality of data
signals in a time slot, each data signal experiencing a similar
channel response, the user equipment comprising: an antenna for
receiving radio frequency signals including the plurality of data
signals; a demodulator for demodulating radio frequency signals to
produce a baseband signal; a channel estimation device for
estimating the similar channel response at a multiple of a chip
rate of the combined signal; and a data detector device for
constructing a channel response matrix representing a channel of
the data signals based on in part the estimated channel response,
determining a spread data vector based on in part a fast fourier
transform (FFT) decomposition of a circulant version of the channel
response matrix, and despreading the spread data vector to recover
data from the received combined signal.
2. The user equipment of claim 1 wherein the multiple of the chip
rate is twice the chip rate.
3. A time division duplex using code division multiple access user
equipment, the user equipment receiving a plurality of data signals
in a time slot, each data signal experiencing a similar channel
response, the user equipment comprising: an antenna for receiving
radio frequency signals including the plurality of data signals; a
demodulator for demodulating radio frequency signals to produce a
baseband signal; a channel estimation device for estimating the
similar channel response; and a data detector device for
constructing a channel correlation matrix representing a channel of
the data signals based on in part the estimated channel response,
determining a spread data vector based on in part a fast fourier
transform (FFT) decomposition of a circulant version of the channel
correlation matrix, and despreading the spread data vector to
recover data from the received combined signal.
4. The user equipment of claim 3 wherein the combined signal is
sampled at a multiple of a chip rate of the combined signal and the
sampled combined signal is input into the channel estimation and
data detector device.
5. The user equipment of claim 4 wherein the multiple of the chip
rate is twice the chip rate.
6. The user equipment of claim 3 wherein the combined signal is
sampled at a chip rate of the combined signal and the sampled
combined signal is input into the channel estimation and data
detection device.
7. The user equipment of claim 3 wherein the FFT decomposition is
performed using a permuted first row of the channel correlation
matrix.
8. The user equipment of claim 3 wherein the FFT decomposition is
performed using a defining row of the channel correlation
matrix.
9. A time division duplex using code division multiple access user
equipment, the user equipment for receiving a plurality of data
signals in a time slot, each data signal experiencing a similar
channel response, the user equipment comprising: means for
receiving a combined signal over the shared spectrum in the time
slot, the combined signal comprising the plurality of data signals;
means for sampling the combined signal at a multiple of a chip rate
of the combined signal; means for estimating the similar channel
response; means for determining a spread data vector based on in
part a fast fourier transform (FFT) decomposition of a circulant
version of the channel response matrix; and means for despreading
the spread data vector to recover data from the channel response
matrix.
10. The user equipment of claim 9 wherein the multiple of the chip
rate is twice the chip rate.
11. A time division duplex using code division multiple access user
equipment, the user equipment receiving a plurality of data signals
in a time slot, each data signal experiencing a similar channel
response, the user equipment comprising: means for receiving a
combined signal over the shared spectrum in the time slot, the
combined signal comprising the plurality of data signals; means for
estimating the similar channel response; means for constructing a
channel correlation matrix based on in part the estimated channel
response; means for determining a spread data vector based on in
part a fast fourier transform (FFT) decomposition of a circulant
version of the channel correlation matrix; and means for
despreading the spread data vector to recover data from the
received combined signal.
12. The user equipment of claim 11 wherein the combined signal is
sampled at a multiple of a chip rate of the combined signal and the
sampled combined signal is input into the estimating and
determining means.
13. The user equipment of claim 12 wherein the multiple of the chip
rate is twice the chip rate.
14. The user equipment of claim 11 wherein the combined signal
sampled at a chip rate of the combined signal and the sampled
combined signal is input into the estimating and determining
means.
15. The user equipment of claim 11 wherein the FFT decomposition is
performed using a permuted first row of the channel correlation
matrix.
16. The user equipment of claim 11 wherein the FFT decomposition is
performed using a defining row of the channel correlation matrix.
Description
BACKGROUND
The invention generally relates to wireless communication systems.
In particular, the invention relates to data detection in a
wireless communication system.
FIG. 1 is an illustration of a wireless communication system 10.
The communication system 10 has base stations 12.sub.1 to 12.sub.5
which communicate with user equipments (UEs) 14.sub.1 to 14.sub.3.
Each base station 12.sub.1 has an associated operational area,
where it communicates with UEs 14.sub.1 to 14.sub.3 in its
operational area.
In some communication systems, such as code division multiple
access (CDMA) and time division duplex using code division multiple
access (TDD/CDMA), multiple communications are sent over the same
frequency spectrum. These communications are differentiated by
their channelization codes. To more efficiently use the frequency
spectrum, TDD/CDMA communication systems use repeating frames
divided into time slots for communication. A communication sent in
such a system will have one or multiple associated codes and time
slots assigned to it. The use of one code in one time slot is
referred to as a resource unit.
Since multiple communications may be sent in the same frequency
spectrum and at the same time, a receiver in such a system must
distinguish between the multiple communications. One approach to
detecting such signals is multiuser detection. In multiuser
detection, signals associated with all the UEs 14.sub.1 to
14.sub.3, users, are detected simultaneously. Approaches for
implementing multiuser detection include block linear equalization
based joint detection (BLE-JD) using a Cholesky or an approximate
Cholesky decomposition.
Another approach is single user detection. In single user
detection, data is only recovered for a single user (one UE
14.sub.1). Based on the application, the single user detected data
may have been sent using one or multiple codes. Approaches for
implementing single user detection include block linear
equalization using a Cholesky or an approximate Cholesky
decomposition. These approaches have a high complexity. The high
complexity leads to increased power consumption, which at the UE
14.sub.1 results in reduced battery life. Accordingly, it is
desirable to have alternate approaches to detecting received
data.
SUMMARY
A time division duplex using code division multiple access user
equipment receives a plurality of data signals in a time slot. Each
data signal experiences a similar channel response. The user
equipment receives a combined signal over the shared spectrum in a
time slot. The combined signal comprises the plurality of data
signals. The combined signal is sampled at a multiple of a chip
rate of the combined signal. The similar channel response is
estimated. A channel response matrix or a channel correlation
matrix is contsructed based on in part the estimated channel
response. A spread data vector is determined based on in part a
fast fourier transform (FFT) decomposition of a circulant version
of the channel response or channel correlation matrix. The spread
data vector is despread to recover data from the matrix.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING(S)
FIG. 1 is a wireless communication system.
FIG. 2 is a simplified transmitter and a single user detection
receiver.
FIG. 3 is an illustration of a communication burst.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of low complexity data detection.
FIGS. 5-15 are graphs of the performance of low complexity data
detection.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified transmitter 26 and receiver 28
using low complexity data detection in a TDD/CDMA communication
system. In a typical system, a transmitter 26 is in each UE
14.sub.1 to 14.sub.3 and multiple transmitting circuits 26 sending
multiple communications are in each base station 12.sub.1 to
12.sub.5. The low complexity data detector receiver 28 may be at a
base station 12.sub.1, UEs 14.sub.1 to 14.sub.3 or both. The
receiver 28 can be used at a UE 14.sub.1 for either multiuser or
single user detection of a medium to high data rate service, such
as a 2 megabits per second (Mbs). The receiver 28 can also be used
at a base station 12.sub.1, when only a single UE 14.sub.1
transmits in a time slot.
The transmitter 26 sends data over a wireless radio channel 30. A
data generator 32 in the transmitter 26 generates data to be
communicated to the receiver 28. A modulation/spreading sequence
insertion device 34 spreads the data and makes the spread reference
data time-multiplexed with a midamble training sequence in the
appropriate assigned time slot and codes for spreading the data,
producing a communication burst or bursts.
A typical communication burst 16 has a midamble 20, a guard period
18 and two data bursts 22,24, as shown in FIG. 3. The midamble 20
separates the two data bursts 22, 24 and the guard period 18
separates the communication bursts to allow for the difference in
arrival times of bursts transmitted from different transmitters 26.
The two data bursts 22, 24 contain the communication burst's
data.
The communication burst(s) are modulated by a modulator 36 to radio
frequency (RF). An antenna 38 radiates the RF signal through the
wireless radio channel 30 to an antenna 40 of the receiver 28. The
type of modulation used for the transmitted communication can be
any of those known to those skilled in the art, such as quadrature
phase shift keying (QPSK) or an N-ary quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM).
The antenna 40 of the receiver 28 receives various radio frequency
signals. The received signals are demodulated by a demodulator 42
to produce a baseband signal. The baseband signal is processed,
such as by a channel estimation device 44 and a low complexity data
detection device 46, in the time slot and with the appropriate
codes assigned to the received bursts. The channel estimation
device 44 uses the midamble training sequence component in the
baseband signal to provide channel information, such as channel
impulse responses. The channel information is used by the data
detection device 46 to estimate the transmitted data of the
received communication bursts as hard symbols.
The data detection device 46 uses the channel information provided
by the channel estimation device 44 and the known spreading codes
used by the transmitter 26 to estimate the data of the desired
received communication burst(s). Low complexity data detection is
explained in conjunction with the flowchart of FIG. 4. Although low
complexity data detection is explained using the third generation
partnership project (3GPP) universal terrestrial radio access
(UTRA) TDD system as the underlying communication system, it is
applicable to other systems. That system is a direct sequence
wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) system, where the uplink and downlink
transmissions are confined to mutually exclusive time slots.
The receiver 28 receives using its antenna 40 a total of K bursts
that arrive simultaneously, 48. The K bursts are superimposed on
top of each other in one observation interval. Some or all of the K
bursts may arise from or go to the same users for higher data rate
services. For the 3GPP UTRA TDD system, each data field of a time
slot corresponds to one observation interval.
A k.sup.th burst of the K bursts uses a code of C.sup.(k) of length
Q chips to spread each of its N.sub.s symbols to yield a sequence
of length Q.multidot.N.sub.s chips. The k.sup.th burst passes
through a channel with a known or estimated channel response,
h.sup.(k), of length W chips to form a chip sequence of length,
N.sub.c =(SF.multidot.N.sub.5 +W-1). SF is the spreading factor.
Since uplink signals may originate from multiple UEs 14.sub.1 to
14.sub.3, each h.sup.(k) in the uplink may be distinct. For the
downlink in the absence of transmit diversity, all bursts pass
through the same channel and have the same h.sup.(k). At the
receiver 28, the bursts from all users arrive superimposed as a
single received vector, r. Some or all of the K bursts may be part
of a multi-code transmission. The multi-codes have the same
h.sup.(k), because they originate from the same transmitter 26.
The multi-user signal model consists of N.sub.c known received
chips and K.multidot.N.sub.s unknown information bearing symbols.
The symbol response, s.sup.(k), of the k.sup.th burst is the
convolution of C.sup.(k) with h.sup.(k). Accordingly, s.sup.(k) is
of length (SF+W-1) chips. W is the impulse response, which
represents the trail of chips left by a unity symbol. The N.sub.s
unknown symbols of the k.sup.th burst form a column vector
d.sup.(k).multidot.r.sup.(k) is the contribution of the k.sup.th
burst to the overall received chip vector, r.multidot.dd.sup.(k) is
the data vector for the k.sup.th burst. d.sup.(k) and r.sup.(k) are
related by Equation 1.
A.sup.(k) is the channel response matrix for the k.sup.th burst,
which is an N.sub.c.times.N.sub.s matrix whose j.sup.th column is
the symbol-response of the element of d.sup.(k). Assuming a
time-invariant symbol-response, each column of A.sup.(k) has the
same support, s.sup.(k), and successive columns are zero-padded and
shifted versions of the first column. The overall, chip-rate,
received vector is per Equation 2. ##EQU1##
n is a zero-mean noise vector with independent identical
distribution (i.i.d.) components of the variance, .sigma..sup.2.
Equation 2 becomes Equation 3, when written as a single matrix
equation.
A is the overall channel response matrix, which is a matrix of size
N.sub.c.times.K.multidot.N.sub.s. d is the data vector, which is a
column vector of length K.multidot.N.sub.s. Equation 2 and Equation
3 model the inter-symbol interference (ISI) and multiple-access
interference (MAI) in the received vector, r.
The signal models of Equations 1, 2 and 3 are formulated for chip
rate sampling, such as 3.84 Mega chips per second (Mcps) in 3GPP
UTRA system. For increased statistical accuracy, a receiver 28 may
use over-sampling, such as a multiple chip rate sampling. A typical
multiple chip rate sampling is twice the chip rate, although other
multiples may be used. When using multiple chip rate sampling, the
received signal burst will be over-sampled generating multiple
sampled sequences. Each sequence is sampled at the chip rate with
different time offsets with respect to one another. The k.sup.th
burst passes through a channel with a known or estimated channel
response, hh.sub.m.sup.(k), for the m.sup.th sampled sequence.
r.sub.m.sup.(k) is the contribution of the k.sup.th burst to the
m.sup.th overall sampled chip vector, r.sub.m. The data symbol
vectors d.sup.(k) and the m.sup.th sampled chip vector
rr.sub.m.sup.(k) are related by Equation 4.
A.sub.m.sup.(k) is the symbol response matrix for the m.sup.th
sequence. It is a matrix of size N.sub.c.times.N.sub.s, whose
j.sup.th column is the m.sup.th sampled symbol-response of the
j.sup.th element of d.sup.(k).
Equation 5 is the overall, chip-rate, received vector, rr.sub.m, of
the m.sup.th sampled sequence. ##EQU2##
For an M multiple of chip rate sampling, a single matrix expression
is per Equation 6.
rr' is the received signal vector and is defined as per Equation 7.
##EQU3##
A' is defined as per Equation 8. ##EQU4##
Equation 9 is Equation 6 rewritten as a summation form of K bursts.
##EQU5##
Equation 9 can be rewritten as Equation 10. ##EQU6##
C.sup.(k) is code sequence of the k.sup.th burst. H'.sup.(k) is the
channel response for the k.sup.th sequence, which is defined for M
multiple chip rate sampling per Equation 11. ##EQU7##
When all the signal bursts in a time slot arise from the same user
in the uplink or go to the same user in the downlink, the bursts
pass through the same propagation path and, accordingly, the same
fading channel. As a result, H'.sup.(k) is the same for all bursts
(H'.sup.(k) =H'.sup.(j) =H.sub.c ', for all k and j) and is
replaced in Equation 10 with H.sub.c ' as per Equation 12.
##EQU8##
Equation 13 is Equation 12 rewritten as a single matrix
expression.
C is the code matrix. For M chip rate sampling, H.sub.c ' is per
Equation 14. ##EQU9##
For an m.sup.th chip rate sample, H.sub.cm is the channel response
for the m.sup.th sampled sequence. Each H.sub.cm, m=1 . . . M, is
determined by the channel estimation device 44, 50. The matrix
structure of each H.sub.cm is per Equation 15, 52. ##EQU10##
The overall signal model of data detection is represented as per
Equations 16 and 17.
s is the spread data chip vector. C is the code vector. One
approach to determine sis to use a zero forcing (ZF) solution of
Equation 16 as per Equation 18.
H.sub.c '.sup.H is the hermitian of H.sub.c '. Another approach is
to use a minimum mean square error (MMSE) solution as per Equation
19.
.sigma..sup.2 is the noise variance. I is the identity matrix.
After solving either Equation 17 or 18 for s, the solution of
Equation 17 is obtained by despreading, as represented by Equation
20, 56.
The following approaches to solve Equations 18 and 19 for suse a
fast fourier transform (FFT) decomposition of either a circulant
approximation of the channel correlation matrix, R, or the channel
response matrix, H.sub.c ', 54. Using either matrix requires an
approximation; however, using the channel response matrix, H.sub.c
', also requires truncation of the last W-1 rows of the matrix to
make it square. Accordingly, to eliminate degradation due to
truncation, the channel correlation matrix, R, is preferably
used.
A FFT decomposition of the channel correlation matrix, R, is
performed as follows. For a ZF approach, R is defined as per
Equation 21. ##EQU11##
For a MMSE approach, R is defined as per Equation 22.
The structure of the channel correlation matrix, R, is represented
as per Equation 23. ##EQU12##
Equations 18 and 19 are rewritten in terms of R as per Equations 24
and 25, respectively.
The matrix-vector multiplication R scan be viewed as a linear
combination of column vectors of the channel correlation matrix, R,
weighted by the corresponding elements of data chip vector s, as
per Equation 26.
Rs=s.sub.1 g.sub.1 +s.sub.2 g.sub.2 + . . . +s.sub.W g.sub.W
+s.sub.W+1 g.sub.W+1 + . . . +s.sub.N.multidot.SF
g.sub.N.multidot.SF Equation 26
g.sub.1 is the i.sup.th column of the channel correlation matrix R.
s.sub.1 is the i.sup.th element of spread data chip vector s.
By modifying the structure of matrix R, an optimum circulant matrix
approximation of channel correlation matrix, R.sub.cir, can be
determined using Equation 27. ##EQU13##
The first column, q, has the full non-zero elements without any
truncation. The circulant matrix, R.sub.cir, is defined by its
first column q. The first column q of circulant matrix, R.sub.cir,
is obtained by permuting the W.sup.th column g.sub.W of the channel
correlation matrix, R, using the permutation operator or index
vector as defined by Equation 28.
Alternately, a circulant matrix is also defined by the W.sup.th
column g.sub.W of channel correlation matrix, R. In general, any
column greater than W.sup.th column may be used with a proper index
vector (permutation vector).
This alternate approximate circulant channel correlation matrix,
R.sub.cir ', relates to R.sub.cir per Equation 29.
The advantage with this approach is that g.sub.W is used directly
without permutation. However, the solved spread data chip vector
sis required to be inverse permuted by the index vector p as per
Equation 30.
By permuting the first row in the previous approach, the need for
inverse permuting s is eliminated.
Equation 31 is the FFT decomposition of matrix R.sub.cir.
R.sub.cir =D.sub.P.sup.-1.LAMBDA..sub.R D.sub.P Equation 31
D.sub.P is the P-point FFT matrix and .LAMBDA..sub.R is diagonal
matrix, whose diagonal is the FFT of the first column of matrix
R.sub.cir. .LAMBDA..sub.R is defined as .LAMBDA..sub.R
=diag(D.sub.Pq).
Using a FFT decomposition of the channel response matrix, H.sub.c
', is performed as follows. Matched filtering, H.sub.c '.sup.H r',
is represented by Equation 32. ##EQU14##
The channel response matrix that corresponds to each sampled
sequence, H.sub.cm, m=1, 2, . . . , M, are circulant matrixes. Each
matrix can be decomposed into three FFT matrix multiplication as
per Equation 33.
As a result, the decomposition of the channel response matrix is
per Equation 34. ##EQU15##
To recover the data chip vector s, Equation 35 is used.
##EQU16##
In the frequency domain, Equation 35 becomes Equation 36.
##EQU17##
xrepresents the operation of element by element multiplication.
Using Equation 36, F(s) is determined. By taking the inverse
transform of F(s), the spread data vector, s, is determined. If
used for multi-user detection in the downlink or a single user
solely uses one time slot in the uplink, sis despread by using all
of the codes to recover the transmitted data das soft symbols. If
used for single user detection in the downlink, sis despread using
that user's codes to recover that user's data as soft symbols. Hard
decisions are made to convert the soft symbols to hard symbols.
Two approaches to implement the FFT composition are a prime factor
algorithm (PFA) and a radix-2 algorithm. Although a PFA is
considered more efficient than a radix-2 algorithm when a
non-power-of-two number of FFT points is used, the following
complexity analysis is based on a radix-2 FFT implementation for
simplicity. The complexity based on radix-2 algorithm can be
considered as the worst case. Additional improvement in complexity
is obtainable when PFA is used. Zero-padding radix-2 FFT
implementation entails the zero-padding the first column of
H.sub.cm, m=1 . . . M, the vectors r.sub.m, m=1 . . . M and q. The
zero-padding makes their length equal to the nearest radix-2
integer that is greater than or equal to the length of a data
field. For example, the length of a data field is 976 chips for
burst type 1 in a TDD burst specified by 3GPP W-CDMA standard. The
nearest radix-2 integer of 976 is 1024 (P=1024). P is the radix-2
integer.
Four types of radix-2 FFT computations are required: D.sub.p
rr.sub.m, D.sub.p hh.sub.m, D.sub.p g.sub.1 and ##EQU18##
Two of the computations are computed M times for all sampled
sequences: D.sub.p r.sub.m, m=1 . . . M and D.sub.p h.sub.m, m=1 .
. . M. The other two are performed only once for the sampled
sequences. D.sub.p h.sub.m, m=1 . . . M and D.sub.p g.sub.1 are
computed once per time slot. D.sub.p r.sub.m, m=1 . . . M
##EQU19##
are computed twice per time slot. As a result, a total of 3(M+1)
radix-2 FFT computations are required. Each needs Plog.sub.2 P
complex operations. By assuming each complex operation requires
four real operations, the complexity for radix-2 FFT computations
in terms of million real operations per second (MROPS) is per
Equation 37.
For the complexity of the vector multiplications, there are M
element-to-element vector multiplications and one
element-to-element vector division, which are performed twice per
time slot. As a result, the complexity for the vector operations in
terms of MROPS is per Equation 38.
C.sub.2 =2(M+1)P.multidot.4.multidot.100.multidot.10.sup.-6 MROPS
Equation 38
For the complexity of calculating the vector q, it requires
MW.sup.2 complex operations, which are performed once per time
slot. The complexity in terms of MROPS is per Equation 39.
The total complexity except for the despreading in MROPS is per
Equation 40.
Despreading is performed twice per time slot. The complexity of
despreading in terms of MROPS is per Equation 41.
As a result, the total complexity of the data detection including
despreading is per Equations 42 or 43.
The following tables show the complexity in MROPS for a 1024-point
radix-2 (P=1024) computation. Complexity is shown in Tables 1 at
the chip rate and at Table 2 at twice the chip rate sampling. A
complexity comparison is made in MROPS between BLE-JD using
approximate Cholesky decomposition and low complexity data
detection, as shown in Tables 3 and 4. Table 5 is a complexity
comparison showing the complexity of low complexity data detection
as a percentage of the complexity of BLE-JD using approximate
Cholesky decomposition. As shown, low complexity data detection has
a much lower complexity than approximate Cholesky based BLE-JD.
Depending on the number of bursts transmitted and spreading
factors, for most cases, low complexity data detection is 25% at
the chip rate, and 30% at twice the chip rate, of the complexity of
approximate Cholesky based BLE-JD.
TABLE 1 MROPS of a full-burst using low complexity data detection
for burst type 1 at chip rate sampling. Funcs Executed once per
burst Funcs executed twice per half-burst ##EQU20## ##EQU21##
##EQU22## ##EQU23## ##EQU24## ##EQU25## ##EQU26## Total 1 1.3 4.1
4.1 8.2 8.2 0.78 26.7 8 1.3 4.1 4.1 8.2 8.2 6.25 32.2 12 1.3 4.1
4.1 8.2 8.2 9.4 35.3 13 1.3 4.1 4.1 8.2 8.2 10.1 36 14 1.3 4.1 4.1
8.2 8.2 10.9 36.8 16 1.3 4.1 4.1 8.2 8.2 12.5 38.4
TABLE 2 MROPS of a full-burst using low complexity data detection
for burst type 1 and twice the chip rate sampling. Funcs Executed
once per burst Funcs executed twice per half-burst ##EQU27##
##EQU28## ##EQU29## ##EQU30## ##EQU31## ##EQU32## ##EQU33## Total 1
2.6 8.2 8.2 16.4 16.4 0.78 52.6 8 2.6 8.2 8.2 16.4 16.4 6.25 58.1
12 2.6 8.2 8.2 16.4 16.4 9.4 61.2 13 2.6 8.2 8.2 16.4 16.4 10.1
61.9 14 2.6 8.2 8.2 16.4 16.4 10.9 62.7 16 2.6 8.2 8.2 16.4 16.4
12.5 64.3
TABLE 3 Comparison in MROPS between BLE-JD (approximate Cholesky
decomposition) and low complexity data detection at chip rate
sampling. # of bursts, Spreading Factor, Q K Proposed algorithm
BLE-JD 1 1 26.7 318.2 16 8 32.2 81.1 12 35.3 174.6 13 36 205.5 14
36.8 239.4 16 38.4 318.2
TABLE 4 Comparison in MROPS between BLE-JD (approximate Cholesky
decomposition) and low complexity data detection at twice the chip
rate sampling. # of bursts, Spreading Factor, Q K Proposed
algorithm BLE-JD 1 1 52.6 427.6 16 8 58.1 124.8 12 61.2 248.3 13
61.9 287.7 14 62.7 330.4 16 64.3 427.6
TABLE 5 Complexity of FFT of the channel correlation matrix as a
percentage of the complexity of approximate Cholesky based BLE-JD.
Approximate Cholesky based BLE-JD is set at 100% complexity. # of
bursts, Twice the chip Spreading Factor, Q K Chip rate sampling
rate sampling 1 1 8% 12% 16 8 39% 47% 12 20% 25% 13 18% 22% 14 15%
19% 16 12% 15%
FIGS. 5-15 are graphs of the performance of low complexity data
detection. Two high date services are simulated. One is single-code
transmission with SF=1 and the other is multi-code transmission
with twelve codes and spreading factor 16 for each. Low complexity
data detection is tested under various delay spread types including
3GPP working group four (WG4) defined delay spread channel cases 1,
2 and 3. The simulations are set for both chip rate and twice the
chip rate sampling. The length of delay spread is assumed W=57.
Zero timing error is assumed through the whole simulations. The
channel impulse response is assumed to be exactly known. In
general, the bit error rate (BER) performance of the multi-code
case is better than its corresponding single-code counterpart in
the simulation. For the particular example used in the simulation,
single-code transmission uses 16 resource units per time slot while
the multi-code transmission uses only 12 resource units in each
time slot. Using only 12 codes produces less interference and
therefore better BER. As compared with BLE-JD, only little or
limited performance degradation are observed for proposed algorithm
based on FFT decomposition of the channel correlation matrix
(FFT-R) in both single-code and multi-code cases. In single-code
case, the FFT-R based approach is identical to the block linear
equalization structure. The proposed FFT-R based approach and the
approach based on FFT of the channel response matrix (FFT-H) are
identical to each other at the chip rate sampling.
The performance of low complexity data detection using FFT-R and
FFT-H is compared to an ideal single user bond, a worst case
matched filtering, BLE-JD and single user detection with BLE using
an approximate Cholesky decomposition. For the working points of
interest, the BER range was typically between 1% and 10%. Only a
little or limited signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance
degradations are observed for low complexity data detection as
compared with BLE-JD, and significant SNR performance enhancement
over matched filtering (MF). Low complexity data detection also
performs well in an additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel
environment. FIGS. 5-15 show that low complexity data detection
offers very comparable performance in BER or SNR at much lower
complexity and power consumption as compared to BLE-JD using
approximate Cholesky decomposition.
* * * * *
References