U.S. patent number 6,245,717 [Application Number 09/610,252] was granted by the patent office on 2001-06-12 for suppression of auxin in higher plants.
Invention is credited to Frank Dean, Tim Loy, T. Regina Vamvakias.
United States Patent |
6,245,717 |
Dean , et al. |
June 12, 2001 |
Suppression of auxin in higher plants
Abstract
The present invention is directed to methods for control of
auxin production, expression, and/or auxin movement in higher
plants. In these methods 4-phenylbutyric acid is applied to a
plant, seed, or surrounding soil.
Inventors: |
Dean; Frank (Spring, TX),
Loy; Tim (Spring, TX), Vamvakias; T. Regina (Spring,
TX) |
Family
ID: |
26840043 |
Appl.
No.: |
09/610,252 |
Filed: |
July 5, 2000 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
504/321 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N
37/10 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A01N
37/10 (20060101); A01N 037/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;504/321 |
Other References
Davies, Plant Harmones, Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular
Biology, Kewler Academic Press, pp. 4-5,235, 1988.* .
Davranov et al, Effect of organic acids on the activity of malate
dehydrogenase of cotton seeds, Inst. Khim Prir. Soedin, vol. 2, pp.
234-6, 1972..
|
Primary Examiner: Clardy; S. Mark
Assistant Examiner: Pryor; Alton
Parent Case Text
This patent application is based in part on U.S. Provisional patent
application No. 60/142,372, filed Jul. 6, 1999.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of improving crop yield comprising the application of a
composition comprising the antiauxin 4-phenylbutyric acid to plants
or soil.
2. A method of improving crop yield comprising the application of a
composition comprising the antiauxin 4-phenylbutyric acid and an
admix component to plants or soil.
3. A method for controlling auxin in plants by applying a
composition comprising 4-PHENYLBUTYRIC acid to the said plant or
the soil of said plant.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Bursts of vegetative growth often compete with the source-sink
relationships between the vegetative parts and the reproductive
organs of higher plants. Those skilled in the art have often turned
to Gibberellic acid transport or synthesis inhibition to control a
flush of growth, i.e., plant height. While those measures are
successful in controlling plant height they do not normally
contribute to yield.
Auxins are known to regulate many of the physiological events in a
plants life cycle. Some of these regulated events are phototropism,
gravitropism, apical dominance, leaf and fruit abscission, and root
initiation.
Plant shoots display positive phototropism. When plants are
illuminated from one direction the shoot grows in that direction.
Auxin is synthesized at the tip and translocated down along the
shady side of the shoot. Auxin stimulates elongation of the cells
on the shady side causing the shoot to bend toward the light.
Gravitropism is a plant growth response to gravity. Plant shoots
exhibit negative gravitropism. When a plant is laid on its side a
plant shoot will grow up. The opposite is true of roots. Roots show
positive gravitropism because they grow down. When a root is placed
on its side amyloplasts (organelles containing starch grains)
settle to the bottom of cells in the root tip. Auxin sent down from
the shoot arrives in the central tissues of the root tip and is
then translocated back along the under side of the root. This
inhibits root cell elongation on the lower side of the root. The
cells at the top surface of the root elongate causing the root to
grow down.
Growth of the shoot apex (terminal shoot) usually inhibits the
development of the lateral buds on the stem beneath. This
phenomenon is called apical dominance. If the terminal shoot of a
plant is pruned the inhibition is lifted and lateral buds begin
growth. The release from apical dominance enables lateral branches
to develop and the plant becomes bushier. Apical dominance results
from the downward transport of auxin produced in the apical
meristem. In fact, if the apical meristem is removed and
indole-3-acetic acid is applied to the plant's pruned apex
inhibition of the lateral buds is maintained.
Auxin plays a role in the abscission of leaves and fruits. Young
leaves and fruits produce auxin and they remain attached to the
stem. When the level of auxin declines an abscission layer forms at
the base of the petiole. Soon the petiole or fruit stalk breaks
free. Fruit growers often apply auxin sprays to cut down the loss
of fruit from premature dropping.
Auxins stimulate the formation of adventitious roots in many plant
species. Adventitious roots grow from stems or leaves rather than
from the regular root system of the plant. Horticulturists may
propagate desirable plants by cutting pieces of stem and placing
them base down in moist soil. Eventually adventitious roots grow
out at the base of the cutting. The process can often be hastened
by treating the cuttings with a solution or powder containing a
natural or synthetic auxin.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Plant hormones are currently used for initiating growth,
controlling growth, to promoting flowering, thinning flowers,
providing drought protection, ripening fruit and various other
responses. The present invention is directed to methods for control
of auxin, a class of growth regulators. More specifically the
present invention is directed to controlling the production and/or
movement of auxin in higher plants. Higher plants display the
influence of auxins. In the methods of the invention
4-phenylbutyric acid is applied to a plant, seed, or surrounding
soil. The treatment can be applied in solution with an adequate
carrier or as a dry material.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention is directed toward methods for control of
auxin--a class of growth regulators; more specifically, the present
invention is directed to methods for suppressing of the production
and/or movement of auxin in higher plants. Higher plants display
the influence of auxins. This influence prohibits the branching at
axil buds. When the ail buds are released from this hormonal
dominance branching occurs. Each axil branch has the potential to
produce it's own flowers, fruiting points, and seed. In multiple
fruiting crops the number of fruiting points on a plant dictate the
commercial yield.
Because so much of a plant's physiology is regulated by the auxin
hormones, and because prior art, methods to limit, or effect, the
growth regulating abilities of the auxins involved pruning or some
other mechanical means, there is a genuine desire for an improved
method of eliciting a pruning response.
The method of the invention employs the use of 4-penylbutyric acid,
or its salts, for application to plants to release the plant from
auxin influence. In multiple fruiting plants, the application of an
antiauxin will promote branching These branches will in turn
produce flowers, fruiting points and seed.
The relative auxin concentration ratio to other plant hormones that
control these biological events can also be influenced with the
application of an auxin inhibitor blended with natural or synthetic
plant growth regulators.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
In a preliminary trial four sets of 8 soybean plants were grown to
8 to 10 nodes. Control plants were untreated. A second set was
pruned. The third and forth sets were treated with 7.0e-3M and
0.024M concentrations of 4-phenylbutyric acid respectively. The
compound was dissolved in ethyl alcohol, blended with a surfactant,
and diluted in water. While the control plants maintained their
apical dominance the pruned plants did show branching at the axil
nodes. Both sets of the plants treated with the 4-phenylbutyric
acid compound also had branching at the axils as if they had been
pruned. The lowest effective or optimum dose is still to be
determined.
Example 2
A soybean germination trial was set up to determine the effects of
4-phenylbutyric acid on seed germination. Ten seed imbibed in water
were set as controls. A second set of ten seed was imbibed in water
and 4-phenylbutyric acid. The treated seed radicals emerged
simultaneously with the control set and the gravitropic response
was apparently affected. The embryonic radicals had no propensity
to grow in a downward direction, in fact, some radicals grew in an
upward direction.
Example 3
Jalapeno pepper plants were transplanted into one-gallon pots into
a soil medium. On the day of transplant the plants were foliar
sprayed with 4-phenylbutyric acid at one gram per liter with a
nonionic surfactant added. Results of the treatment follow.
FIRST FRUIT HARVEST Number of Number Total weight avg. fruit number
fruit avg. fruit weight % plants of fruit g of fruit weight g/fruit
per plant g per plant change Control 6 50 330 6.6 8.3 55.0 0.0%
Treated 7 56 404 7.2 8.0 57.7 4.9%
FIRST FRUIT HARVEST Number of Number Total weight avg. fruit number
fruit avg. fruit weight % plants of fruit g of fruit weight g/fruit
per plant g per plant change Control 6 50 330 6.6 8.3 55.0 0.0%
Treated 7 56 404 7.2 8.0 57.7 4.9%
Because the transplants were flowering when they were treated the
effects of the treatment were not seen until the second harvest.
The increased number of fruit came from the branching of the axil
buds. Those branches produced flowers and fruit for the second
harvest. The branches were expressed at each node above the
cotyledons.
Example 4
A growth chamber had the following settings:
Twenty four hours of daylight
Temperature set at 15.degree. C. for four hours and twenty hours
set at 20.degree. C. 60% humidity
Five soybean seeds were planted in a soil medium in one-gallon
pots. One set of pots were watered with deionized water while
another set was watered with the addition of 4-phenylbutyric acid
at 0.1 g per liter with a surfactant added. Essentially all the
seed germinated. The treated pots continued to thrive after five
weeks, however, the plants in the untreated soil died. The plants
first showed the browning of leaves followed by leaf abscission.
The trial was terminated and there were no visual differences in
the root system physiology. It is suspected the treatment had
affected the allopathic response somehow.
Example 5
A second soybean germination trial was set up to determine the
effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid on seed germination. Ten seed
imbibed in water were set as controls. A second set of ten seed was
imbibed in water and 4-phenylbutyric acid. Still another set were
imbibed in water with sodium formate buffer. All of treated all
seed radicals emerged simultaneously with the control set, and, the
gravitropic response was apparently affected. However, the addition
of formate buffer did affect the emergence somewhat.; there was a
uniformity in the growth of the radicals in that treatment. Again
the embryonic radicals had no propensity to grow in a downward
direction.
This patent application is intended to cover the use of
4-phenylbutyric acid and it's salts for use in agriculture. It
should be understood that it is the biological events and
biochemistry of living organisms that are acted upon. It may be
that these compounds or techniques will be extended to organisms
outside the plant kingdom.
Let it also be understood that it is the molecular structure of the
compound that initiates or inhibits certain biological events. It
is understood that the 4-phenylbutyric acid may be changed via
chemical reaction as an addition, subtraction, oxidation,
reduction, or substitution of the core molecule. Whilst an
addition, subtraction, or change in functionality may alter the
biological response this applicant envisions those types of
modifications. It is assumed any structural change may produce a
herbicide, pesticide, defoliant or unlisted growth regulating
response when applied to a higher plant.
The preferred compositions of the invention may include one or more
surfactants, which have been found to aid in preparation of other
compositions of this invention and may assist in penetration of the
active components. Many types of surfactants can aid in the
preparation of the composition including anionic, cationic, and
amphoteric surfactants. Nonionic surfactants include: Polyoxy
propylene polyoxyethylene block copolymers, Alkyl aryl ethoxylates
and or alkoxylates, Fatty acid ethoxylates and or alkoxylates,
Fatty alcohol ethoxylates and or alkoxylates, Fatty amine
ethoxylates and or alkoxylates, Vegetable or seed oil ethoxylates
and or alkoxylates, Sorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylates and or
alkoxylates, and Alkyl polysaccharides.
The composition of the invention may be formulated in a wide range
of forms known in the art. The composition may, for example, be in
the form of a concentrate to be diluted prior to application or it
may be in the form of a granule, powder or liquid with a suitable
solid or liquid carrier. For example, the composition of this
invention may be in the form of an emulsion, or dispersion in
water, and, may comprise solvents or agricultural chemicals.
Alternatively formulations of this invention may be adapted to form
an emulsion when diluted with water prior to use.
Higher concentrations of growth regulating compound may be present
in the composition when, for example, in a form suitable for use as
an ultra low volume spray, which may merely contain the active
agents.
Often those skilled in the art find synergistic combinations when
blending or admixing growth regulating compounds found during
delivery of the growth regulating compounds. Frequently the active
component is not acting synergistically but merely in combination
with compounds known for producing a response.
Discussion of Possible Components for Admixes:
For their practical application, the compounds according to the
invention are rarely used on their own. Instead they generally form
part of formulations which, as a rule, contain a support and/or a
surfactant in addition to the active material according to the
invention.
In the context of the invention, a support is an organic or
mineral, natural or synthetic material with which the active
material is associated to facilitate its application to the plant,
to seeds or to soil, or its transportation or handling. The support
can be solid (e.g, clays, natural or synthetic silicates, resins,
waxes, solid fertilizers) or fluid (water, alcohols, ketones,
petroleum fractions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, liquefied gases,
liquid fertilizers).
The surfactant can be an ionic or non-ionic emulsifier, dispersant
or wetting agent such as, for example, salts of polyacrylic acids
and lignin-sulphonic acids, condensates of ethylene oxide with
fatty alcohols, fatty acids or fatty amines.
The compositions according to the invention can be prepared in the
form of wettable powders, soluble powders, dusting powders,
granulates, solutions, emulsifiable concentrates, emulsions,
suspended concentrates and aerosols.
The wettable powders according to the invention can be prepared in
such a way that they contain the active material, and they normally
contain, in addition to a solid support, a wetting agent, a
dispersant and, when necessary, one or more stabilizers and/or
other additives, such as penetration agents, adhesives or
anti-lumping agents, colorants etc.
Aqueous dispersions and emulsions, such as: for example
compositions obtained by diluting with water a wettable powder or
an emulsifiable concentrate according to the invention, are
included within the general scope of the invention. These emulsions
can be of the water-in-oil type or of the oil-in-water type, and
can have a thick consistency resembling that of a "mayonnaise".
The compositions according to the invention can contain other
ingredients, for example protective colloids, adhesives or
thickeners, thioxtropic agents, stabilizers or sequestrants, as
well as other active materials. A modest list of possible
formulation components follows.
A Carbon Skeleton/Energy (CSE) Component:
The supposed function of this component is to supply carbon
skeleton for synthesis of proteins and other molecules or to supply
energy for metabolism. Water-soluble carbohydrates such as sucrose,
fructose, glucose and other di- and monosaccharides are suitable,
commonly in the form of molasses or other byproducts of food
manufacture. Commercially available lignosulfonates, discussed
below under the heading "Complexing Agents," are also suitable as a
CSE source inasmuch as they commonly contain sugars. CSE
Components:
sugar--mannose, lactose, dextrose, arythrose, fructose, fucose,
galactose, glucose, gulose, maltose, polysaccharide, raffinose,
ribose, ribulose, rutinose, saccharose, stachyose, trehalose,
xylose, xylulose, adonose, amylose, arabinose, fructose phosphate,
fucose-p, galactose-p, glucose-p, lactose-p, maltose-p, mannose-p,
ribose-p, ribulose-p, xylose-p, xylulose-p, deoxyribose, corn steep
liquor, whey, corn sugar, corn syrup, maple syrup, grape sugar,
grape syrup, beet sugar, sorghum molasses, cane molasses, calcium
lignosulfonate sugar alcohol--adonitol, galactitol, glucitol,
maltitol, mannitol, mannitol-p, ribitol, sorbitol, sorbitol-p,
xylitol organic acids--glucuronic acid, a-ketoglutaric acid,
galactonic acid, glucaric acid, gluconic acid, pyruvic acid,
polygalacturonic acid, saccharic acid, citric acid, succinic acid,
malic acid, oxaloacetic acid, aspartic acid, phosphoglyceric acid,
fulvic acid, ulmic acid, humic acid, gultamic acid. nucleotides and
bases--adenosine, adenosine-p, adenosine-p-glucose, uridine,
uridine-p, uridine-p-glucose, thymine, thymine-p, cytosine,
cytosine-p, guanosine, guanosine-p, guanosine-p-glucose, guanine,
guanine-p, NADPH, NADH, FMN, FADH
(2) The Macronutrient Component:
The macronutrients are essential to nutrition and growth.. The most
important macronutrients are N, P and K.. Some Nitrogen compounds
are: ammonium nitrate, monoammonium phosphate, ammonium phosphate
sulfate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphatenitrate, diammonium
phosphate, ammoniated single superphosphate, ammoniated triple
superphosphate, nitric phosphates, ammonium chloride, aqua ammonia,
ammonia-ammonium nitrate solutions, calcium ammonium nitrate,
calcium nitrate, calcium Cyanamid, sodium nitrate, urea,
urea-formaldehyde, urea-ammonium nitrate solution, nitrate of soda
potash, potassium nitrate, amino acids, proteins, nucleic
acids.
Phosphate sources include: superphosphate (single, double and/or
triple), phosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate, ammonium phosphate
sulfate, ammonium phosphate nitrate, diammonium phosphate,
ammoniated single superphosphate, ammoniated single superphosphate,
ammoniated triple superphosphate, nitric phosphates, potassium
pyrophosphates, sodium pyrophosphate, nucleic acid phosphates
phosphorous acid salts and Phosphonic acid derivatives.
The potassium ion can be found in: potassium chloride, potassium
sulfate, potassium gluconate, sulfate of potash magnesia, potassium
carbonate, potassium acetate, potassium citrate, potassium
hydroxide, potassium manganate, potassium phosphate, potassium
molybdate, potassium thiosulfate, potassium zinc sulfate and the
like.
Calcium sources include: calcium ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate,
calcium Cyanamid, calcium acetate, calcium acetylsalicylate,
calcium borate, calcium borogluconate, calcium carbonate, calcium
chloride, calcium citrate, calcium ferrous citrate, calcium
glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, calcium oxide, calcium
pantothenate, calcium proprionate, calcium saccharate, calcium
sulfate, calcium tartrate and the like.
Magnesium can be found in: magnesium oxide, dolomite, magnesium
acetate, magnesium bensoate, magnesium bisulfate, magnesium borate,
magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium
phosphate, magnesium salicylate, magnesium sulfate. Sulfur
containing compounds include: ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate
sulfate, calcium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate,
sulfuric acid, cobalt sulfate, copper sulfate, ferric sulfate,
ferrous sulfate, sulfur, cysteine, methionine and elemental
sulfur.
(3) Micronutrient Component:
The most important micronutrients are Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B, Co, and
Mo.
(4) Vitamin/Cofactor Component:
The most important are folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid,
nicotinic acid, riboflavin and thiamine. Thiamine--thiamine
pyrophosphate, thiamine monophosphate, thiamine disulfide, thiamine
mononitrate, thiamine phosphoric acid ester chloride, thiamine
phosphoric acid ester phosphate salt, thiamine 1,5 salt, thiamine
triphosphoric acid ester, thiamine triphosphoric acid salt, yeast,
yeast extract Riboflavin--riboflavin acetyl phosphate, flavin
adenine dinucleotide, flavin adenine mononucleotide, riboflavin
phosphate, yeast, yeast extract. Nicotinic acid--nicotinic acid
adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid amide, nicotinic acid benzyl
ester, nicotinic acid monoethanolamine salt, yeast, yeast extract,
nicotinic acid hydrazide, nicotinic acid hydroxamate, nicotinic
acid-N-(hydroxymethyl)amide, nicotinic acid methyl ester, nicotinic
acid mononucleotide, nicotinic acid nitrile. Pyridoxine--pyridoxal
phosphate, yeast, yeast extract Folic acid--yeast, yeast extract,
folinic acid. Biotin--biotin sulfoxide, yeast, yeast extract,
biotin 4-amidobenzoic acid, biotin amidocaproate
N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, biotin 6-amidoquinoline, biotin
hydrazide, biotin methyl ester, d-biotin-N-hydroxysuccinimide
ester, biotin-maleimide, d-biotin p-nitrophenyl ester, biotin
propranolal, 5-(N-biotinyl)-3 aminoallyl)-uridine 5'-triphosphate,
biotinylated uridine 5'-triphosphate, N-e-biotinyl-lysine.
Pantothenic acid--yeast, yeast extract, coenzyme
A,Cyanocobalamin--yeast, yeast extract. Phosphatidylcholine-soybean
oil, eggs bovine heart, bovine brain, bovine liver,
L-a-phosphatidylcholine, B-acetyl-g-O-alkyl,
D-a-phosphatidylcholine(PTCn), B-acetyl-g-O-hexadecyl, DL-a-PTCh,
B-acetyl-g-O-hexadecyl, L-a-PTCh,
B-acetyl-g-O-(octadec-9-cis-enyl), L-a-PTCh, B-arachidonoyl,
g-stearoyl, L-a-PTCh, diarachidoyl, L-a-PTCh, dibehenoyl
(dibutyroyl, dicaproyl, dicapryloyl, didecanoyl, dielaidoyl, 12
diheptadecanoyl, diheptanoyl), DL-a-PTCh dilauroyl, L-a-PTCh
dimyristoyl (dilauroyl, dilinoleoyl, dinonanoyl, dioleoyl,
dipentadeconoyl, dipalmitoyl, distearoyl, diundecanoyl, divaleroyl,
B-elaidoyl-a-palmitoyl, B-linoleoyl-a-palmitoyl) DL-a-PTCh
di-O-hexadecyl (dioleoyl, dipalmitoyl, B-O-methyl-g-O-hexadecyl,
B-oleoyl-g-O-hexadecyl, B-palmitoyl-g-O-hexadecyl), D-a-PTCh
dipalmitoyl, L-a-PTCh, B-O-methyl-g-O-octadecyl, L-a-PTCh,
B-(NBD-aminohexanoyl)-g-palmitoyl, L-a-PTCh, B-oleoyl-g-O-palmitoyl
(stearoyl), L-a-PTCh, B-palmitoyl-g-oleoyl, L-a-PTCh,
B-palmitoyl-a-(pyren 1-yl) hexanoyl, L-a-PTCh,
B(pyren-1-yl)-decanoyl-g-palmitoyl, L-a-PTCh,
B-(pyren-1-yl)-hexanoyl-g-palmitoyl, L-a-PTCh, B-stearoyl-g-oleoyl.
Inositol--inositol monophosphate, inositol macinate, myo-inositol,
epi-inositol, myo-inositol 2,2'anhydro-2-c-hydroxymethyl
(2-c-methylene-myoinositol oxide), D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate,
DL-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic monophosphate, myo-inositol
dehydrogenase, myo-inositol hexanicotinate, inositol hexaphosphate,
myo-inositol hexasulfate, myo-inositol 2-monophosphate,
D-myo-inositol 1-monophosphate, DL-myo-inositol 1-monophosphate,
D-myo-inositol triphosphate, scyllo-inositol
PABA--m-aminobenzoic acid, 0-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid
butyl ester, PABA ethyl ester, 3-ABA ethyl ester.
(5) Complexing Agents:
The function of this component, aside from its proposed use as a
Carbon skeleton agent, is to solubilize other components of the
composition which otherwise may precipitate and become assailable
or may immobilize minerals in the soil which might otherwise be
unavailable to flora and fauna. Complexing agents such as citric
acid, humic acids, lignosulfonate, etc. serve to tie up ions such
as iron and prevent them from forming precipitates. In some cases
this complexing is by way of chelation. These agents may form
complexes with the following compounds: Citric acid; Ca, K, Na and
ammonium lignosulfonates, fulvic acid, ulmic acid, humic acid,
Katy-J, EDTA, EDDA, EDDHA, HEDTA, CDTA, PTPA, NTA, MEA IDS and
4-phenylbutyric acid. Al and its salts, Zn--zinc oxide, zinc
acetate, zinc bensoate, zinc chloride, zinc citrate, zinc nitrate,
zinc saticylate, ziram Fe--ferric chloride, ferric citrate, ferric
fructose, ferric glycerophosphate, ferric nitrate, ferric oxide
(saccharated), ferrous chloride, ferrous citrate ferrous fumarate,
ferrous gluconate, ferrous succinate. Mn--manganese acetate,
manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, manganese phosphate
Cu--cupric acetate, cupric butyrate, cupric chlorate, cupric
chloride, cupric citrate, cupric gluconate, cupric glycinate,
cupric nitrate, cupric salicylate, cuprous acetate, cuprous
chloride. B--calcium borate, potassium borohydride, borax, boron
trioxide, potassium borotartrate, potassium tetraborate, sodium
borate, sodium borohydride, sodium tetraborate and boric acid.
Mo--molybdic acid, calcium molybdate, potassium molybdate, sodium
molybdate. Co--cobaltic acetate, cobaltous acetate, cobaltous
chloride, cobaltous oxalate, cobaltous potassium sulfate, cobaltous
sulfate.
GrowthRegulators:
Seaweed extract--kelp extract, kinetin, Kinetin riboside,
benzyladenine, zeatin riboside, zeatin, extract of corn cockle,
isopentenyl adenine, dihydrozeatin, indoleacetic acid, phenylacetic
acid, IBA, indole ethanol, indole acetaldehyde, indoleacetonitrile,
indole derivitives, gibberellins (e.g. GA1, GA2, GA3, GA4, GA7,
GA38 etc.) polyamines, monoethanolamine, allopurinol, GA
inhibitors, ethylene inducing compounds, ethylene biosynthesis
inhibitors, GABA, anticytokinins and antiauxins, ABA inducers and
inhibitors, and other known growth regulators .
Gum Components:
Xanthan gum--guar gum, gum agar, gum accroides, gum arabic, gum
carrageenan, gum damar, gum elemi, gum ghatti, gum guaiac, gum
karya, locust bean gum, gum mastic, gum pontianak, gum rosin, gum
storax, gum tragacanth.
Microbialstats, Proprionic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid and
amino acids.
Buffers
Phosphate buffer, formate or acetate buffer, AMP buffer, calcium
tartrate, glycine buffer, phosphate citrate buffer, tris buffer,
ECT.
If it is desired a formulation may employ such a composition
including beneficial microorganisms. The compounds thus defined may
be applied to the plants by conventional methods including seed
application techniques.
* * * * *