U.S. patent number 5,088,822 [Application Number 07/580,104] was granted by the patent office on 1992-02-18 for meat freshness measuring apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.. Invention is credited to Masahiko Kanda.
United States Patent |
5,088,822 |
Kanda |
February 18, 1992 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Meat freshness measuring apparatus
Abstract
A meat freshness measuring apparatus measures the freshness of
meat by detecting changes in a pigment contained in the meat. For
this purpose, the meat (2) is exposed to rays of light of different
wavelengths applied from a light source (1), and the rays obtained
from the meat are separated into spectra for the respective
wavelengths, which are received by a photoelectric conversion
element (4). Spectrum data for each wavelength are amplified and
then the amplified data are converted to a digital signal by an A/D
converter (7), whereby the digital signal is stored in a RAM (12).
Based on the stored spectrum data and using a prescribed equation
of calculation, a content of the pigment in the meat is calculated
and outputted by a CPU (10).
Inventors: |
Kanda; Masahiko (Osaka,
JP) |
Assignee: |
Sumitomo Electric Industries,
Ltd. (Osaka, JP)
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Family
ID: |
16970187 |
Appl.
No.: |
07/580,104 |
Filed: |
September 7, 1990 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
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Sep 8, 1989 [JP] |
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1-234386 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
356/326;
356/407 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N
33/12 (20130101); G01N 21/314 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01N
33/02 (20060101); G01N 33/12 (20060101); G01N
21/31 (20060101); G01J 003/42 (); G01J
003/50 () |
Field of
Search: |
;356/320,326,328,402,407 |
Foreign Patent Documents
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0221642 |
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May 1987 |
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EP |
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59-107256 |
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Jun 1984 |
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JP |
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59-130200 |
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Jul 1984 |
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JP |
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59-232097 |
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Dec 1984 |
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JP |
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1-156664 |
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Jun 1989 |
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JP |
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Other References
Watanabe et al.; pp. 233-248. .
Bulletin of thee Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 36,
No. 2, 1970, p. 177; "Significance in Measuring Volatile Base and
Trimethylamine Nitrogen and Nucleotides in Fish Muscle . . . " by
Uchiyama et al. (4/8/91). .
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 36,
No. 9, 1970, p. 977, "The Current Studies on the Freshness of Fish
with Special Reference to Nucleid Acids and their Related
Compounds" by Uchiyama et al., 4/8/91. .
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24,
No. 9, 1959, pp. 749 & 750 "A New Method for Estimating the
Freshness of Fish" by Saito et al. .
Kato et al., pp. 1039-1044..
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Primary Examiner: F. L. Evans
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Fasse; W. G. Kane, Jr.; D. H.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A meat freshness measuring apparatus for measuring meat
freshness by detecting changes in a pigment contained in the meat,
comprising: light source means (1) for applying rays of light of
different wavelengths to said meat; spectroscopic means (3) for
spectrally separating the rays applied to said meat by said light
source means and reflected or transmitted from said meat into
spectra for the respective wavelengths; light receiving means (4)
for receiving the rays of the respective wavelengths separated by
said spectroscopic means; storage means (12) for storing spectrum
data for each of the wavelengths received by said light receiving
means; calculating means for calculating a content of the pigment
in said meat according to the spectrum data for each of the
wavelengths stored in said storage means and a prescribed equation
of calculation; output means (14) for providing the content of the
pigment in said meat calculated by said calculating means,
calibration mode selecting means (16) for selecting a calibration
mode, said calculating means including means (SP11 to SP14)
responsive to the selection of the calibration mode by said
calibration mode selecting means, for detecting a plurality of
spectrum data as a reference for each wavelength, for averaging the
data for each wavelength, and for storing the averaged data as
calibratrion data, measurement mode selecting means (17) for
selecting a measurement mode, and wherein said calculating means
include means (SP9) responsive to the selection of the measurement
mode by said measurement mode selecting means, for detecting a
plurality of spectrum data for each wavelength provided from said
light receiving means, averaging the spectrum data and subtracting
said averaged data from said calibration data, and calculating a
content of the pigment in said meat according to said equation of
calculation.
2. The meat freshness measuring apparatus in accordance with claim
1, wherein said calculation means includes means (SP9) for
calculating contents of myoglobin (Mb), oxymyoglobin (MbO), and
metmyoglobin (MMb) as the content of said pigment.
3. The meat freshness apparatus in accordance with claim 2, wherein
said calculating means calculate the following equations:
C.sup.MbO is the concentration of oxymyoglobin,
C.sup.MMb is the concentration of metmyoglobin, and wherein
A.sub.525 : absorbance of light at a wavelength 525 nm;
K.sub.525 : respective absorption coefficients of Mb, MbO, MMb at
the wavelength 525 nm;
D: length of optical path at the time of reflection spectrum
measurement;
L.sup.Mb.sub.474 : absorption coefficient of Mb at a wavelength 474
nm;
A.sub.474 : absorbance of light at the wavelength 474 nm;
K.sup.MbO.sub.614 : absorption coefficient of MbO at a wavelength
614 nm;
A.sub.614 : absorbance of light at the wavelength 614 nm;
K.sup.MMb.sub.572 : absorption coefficient of MMb at a wavelength
572 nm; and
A.sub.572 : absorbance of light at the wavelength 572 nm.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to a meat freshness
measuring apparatus. More particularly, the present invention
relates to a meat freshness measuring apparatus for exposing meat
to light from a light source and for analyzing a specific pigment
component representing freshness in the meat based on light
reflected or transmitted from the meat.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Freshness of beef or other meat is an important factor in quality
control in a meat distribution process, or in a meat supply
business. There have been proposed various methods or apparatus for
measuring the freshness of meat. One of such apparatus is a meat
freshness measuring apparatus described in Japanese Patent
Laying-Open No. 1-156664. According to this Japanese Patent
Document, it was made clear by studies of Saito et al (Transactions
of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Vol. 24, pp.
749-750: 1957) and Uchiyama, Ehira et al (Transactions of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Vol. 36, pp. 177-187,
977-992: 1970) that a composition ratio of nucleic acid compounds
contained in beef or other animal meat has a close relation with
freshness. More specifically, since ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in
beef or other animal meat decomposes, after the death, in the order
of ATP.fwdarw.ADP (adenosine triphosphate).fwdarw.AMP (adenosine
monophosphate).fwdarw.IMP (inosinic acid).fwdarw.Hx R
(inosine).fwdarw.Hx (buxanthine), the following K value is used as
an index of freshness.
In addition, it was found as a result of the study by Watanabe et
al (Papers on Polymers, Vol. 41, pp. 233-248: 1984) that ATP and
ADP decompose rapidly after death, and that there is a very small
quantity of AMP. Thus, it was found that there is no practical
problem if the terms of ATP, ADP and AMP are omitted from the
above-mentioned expression K value.
The K value has been conventionally measured by various methods
such as a column chromatographic method (Kato et al, Transactions
of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, Vol. 39, pp.
1039-1044: 1973), an oxygen method (Uda et al, Japanese Patent
Publication No. 59-130200), and a sensor method (Watanabe et al,
Japanese Patent Publication No. 59-107256, or Arai et al, Japanese
Patent Publication No. 59-232097).
Another method conventionally used is a spectral method utilizing
reflected or transmitted light, in which conditions of a meat
pigment can be directly detected. Thus, this method is useful for
determining what influence the handling and processing of meat
exert on the stability of the meat pigment. For this method an
application of a laser beam may be considered. However, measuring
apparatus using this method are suited for use in laboratories but
not suited for practical use in meat processing factories.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, the principal object of the present invention is to
provide a meat freshness measuring apparatus capable of measuring
freshness of meat by spectral analysis based on changes of a
pigment (such as myoglobin) in the meat in real time utilizing
reflected or transmitted light from the meat.
Briefly stated, in the apparatus of the present invention, meat is
exposed to rays of different wavelengths and the rays of the
respective wavelengths from the meat are separated into spectra of
the respective wavelengths. The rays of the spectra of the
respective wavelengths are received and spectrum data is stored for
each wavelength. Based on the spectrum data for each wavelength
thus stored and a prescribed calculation equation, a content of a
pigment in the meat is calculated and outputted.
Consequently, according to the present invention, the contents of
pigments in meat are calculated according to spectrum data for each
wavelength obtained from the meat. Thus, the apparatus can be
compact and light, which makes it possible to measure the freshness
of meat efficiently and in a handy manner in various places as
required.
The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages
of the present invention will become more apparent from the
following detailed description of the present invention when taken
in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the present
invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing spectra in specimens of refrigerated meat
blocks in three different conditions.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing absorption spectra of Mb, MbO and
MMb.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing a calibration curve of an absorbance
A.sub.525 of a wavelength 525 nm and a content of Mb.
FIG. 5 is a view showing a fiber probe.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing data stored in the RAM shown in FIG.
1.
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of spectrum data measured
according to the embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 8 to 10 are flow charts for explaining specific operations of
the embodiment of the invention. Particularly, FIG. 8 represents a
main routine; FIG. 9 represents a calibration subroutine; and FIG.
10 represents a spectrum measurement subroutine.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring first to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, the general principles on
which the present invention is based will now be described. A
surface of a carcass refrigerated one night after slaughter
presents a color inherent in oxymyoglobin (hereinafter referred to
as MbO). An internal portion thereof cut by a knife presents a
color inherent in myoglobin (hereinafter referred to as Mb). A
surface of a carcass stocked for a very long period presents a
color of metmyoglobin (hereinafter referred to as MMb). According
to the present invention, freshness of meat is measured by
analyzing spectral changes of Mb, MbO and MMb. FIG. 3 shows
absorption spectra of Mb, MbO and MMb with absorption coefficients
thereof being set in equal ranges. In this figure, 525 nm
represents an isosbestic point of Mb, MbO and MMb. Therefore, the
absorbance A.sub.525 of a wavelength 525 nm is as follows.
where
K.sub.525 absorption coefficients of Mb, MbO, MMb at the wavelength
525 nm
C.sup.Mb : concentration of Mb (myoglabin)
C.sup.MbO : concentration of MbO (oxymyoglobin)
C.sup.MMb : concentration of MMb (metmyozlabin)
D: optical path at the time of reflection spectrum measurement.
First, C.sup.Mb will be obtained. A wavelength 474 nm is an
isosbestic point of MbO and MMb, and absorbance A.sub.474 thereof
is as follows.
From the equations (1) and (2), the following equation is
obtained.
Therefore, C.sup.Mb is obtained by the following equation.
Next, as for MbO, a wavelength 614 nm represents an isosbestic
point of Mb and MMb, and accordingly absorbance A.sub.614 thereof
is as follows.
Therefore, in the same manner as in the case of Mb, from the
equations (1) and (4), C.sup.MbO is obtained by the following
equation.
As for MMb, a wavelength 572 nm represents an isosbestic point of
Mb and MbO and thus, in the same manner, C.sup.MMb is obtained by
the following equation.
The above-mentioned wavelengths may be within certain ranges. For
instance, the wavelength 474 nm for Mb may be 370 nm or 597 nm; the
wavelength 614 nm for MbO may be 675 nm or 460 nm; and the
wavelength 572 nm for MMb may be 460 nm, 507 nm, 555 nm or 597
nm.
In addition, from the equation (1), the following equation is
obtained.
If a calibration curve of A.sub.525 and the Mb content is prepared
as shown in FIG. 4, the following equation (8) is obtained.
A percentage of Mb is, from the equations (3) and (7), as follows.
##EQU1##
In the same manner, percentages of MbO and MMb are obtained as
follows.
According to the present invention, Mb%, MbO%, MMb% are measured on
the basis of the above mentioned principles. In the following, a
more detailed description will be made in connection with an
embodiment.
The foregoing terms are defined as follows:
A.sub.525 : absorbance of light at a wavelength 525 nm;
K.sub.525 : respective absorption coefficients of Mb, MbO, MMb at
the wavelength 525 nm;
D: length of optical path at the time of reflection spectrum
measurement;
Mb%: percentage of Mb content ##EQU2## K.sup.Mb : absorption
coefficient of Mb at a wavelength 474 nm; A.sub.474 : absorbance of
light at the wavelength 474 nm;
MbO%: percentage of MbO content ##EQU3## K.sup.MbO.sub.614 :
absorption coefficient of MbO at a wavelength 614 nm; A.sub.614 :
absorbance of light at the wavelength 614 nm;
MMb%: percentage of MMb content ##EQU4## K.sup.MMb.sub.572 :
absorption coefficient of MMb at a wavelength 472 nm; and
A.sub.572 : absorbance of light at the wavelength 572 nm.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the present
invention. A light source 1 irradiates an object 2 to be measured
such as meat. Reflected or transmitted light from the object 2
enters spectroscopic means 3, where it is spectrally separated. A
beam of a prescribed wavelength thus obtained is supplied to a
photoelectric conversion element 4, where it is converted to an
electric signal. The electric signal is amplified by an amplifier 5
and the amplified signal is supplied to a log amplifier 6, where it
is converted to a light quantity signal. The light quantity signal
is supplied to an A/D converter 7, where it is converted to a
digital signal. The digital signal thus obtained is supplied as
light quantity data of the prescribed wavelength to a CPU 10
through an I/O port 8 and an I/O bus.
The CPU 10 is connected with a ROM 11, a RAM 12, a video RAM 13,
and an operation unit 15 through the I/O bus. Necessary programs
for processing by the CPU 10 are stored in the ROM 11. These are
based for example, on the below-described flow charts as shown in
FIGS. 7 to 9. The RAM 12 stores various data necessary for
processing by the CPU 10 as will be described in detail below with
reference to FIG. 5. The video RAM 13 temporarily stores data
processed by the CPU 10 and displays the data on a CRT display
14.
The operation unit 15 includes a calibration key 16, a spectrum
measurement key 17 and an analysis prohibition indicator 18. The
calibration key 16 is provided to give an instruction for obtaining
a reference spectrum at the time of obtaining an absorption
spectrum. The spectrum measurement key 17 is provided to initiate
the measurement of spectrum data. The analysis prohibition
indicator 18 indicates that sampling data cannot be analyzed. The
calibration key 16 and the spectrum measurement key 17 can
individually provide instructions to the CPU 10. By operating those
keys, an operation as described below based on the flow charts
shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 is executed.
A clock generator 9 supplies clock pulses to the photoelectric
conversion element 4, the A/D converter 7 and the I/O bus.
FIG. 5 shows a fiber probe 20 for transmitting light from the light
source 1 to the object 2 to be measured and for transmitting the
light reflected from the object 2 to the spectroscopic means 3. The
fiber probe 2 includes a light transmitting fiber bundle 21 and a
light receiving fiber bundle 22, which are joined together in an
intermediate portion to form a fiber bundle 23. An end of the light
transmitting fiber bundle 21 receives the light from the light
source 1. An end of the fiber bundle 23 on the other side contacts
the object 2. The light transmitted through the light transmitting
fiber bundle 21 is reflected by the object 2 and is communicated to
the spectroscopic means 3 through the light receiving fiber bundle
22. If the probe is of a transmission type, the transmitted light
may be communicated to the spectroscopic means 3 through the light
receiving bundle 22 without integrally forming the light
transmitting fiber bundle 21 and the light receiving fiber bundle
22.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing data stored in the RAM 12 shown in FIG.
1, and FIG. 7 is a graph showing an example of spectrum data
measured in the embodiment of the present invention.
In the above-described measurement apparatus shown in FIG. 1, the
light from the light source 1 is applied to the object 2 through
the light transmitting fiber bundle 21 of the fiber probe 20 shown
in FIG. 5 and the reflected or transmitted light therefrom is
directed to the spectroscopic means 3 through the light receiving
fiber bundle 22, by which a spectrum is produced, and then it is
converted to an electric signal by the photoelectric conversion
element 4. The electric signal is amplified by the amplifier 5 and
the amplified signal is converted to a light quantity signal by the
log amplifier 6, whereby the light quality signal is sampled by the
A/D converter 7. Then, results E.sub.11, E.sub.12, E.sub.13, . . .
, E.sub.1m of the sampling with respective wavelengths
.lambda..sub.1, .lambda..sub.2, .lambda..sub.3, . . .
.lambda..sub.m are stored as spectrum data in an area 12a1 of the
RAM 12 shown in FIG. 6. Distribution of those spectrum data is as
shown in FIG. 7.
Referring to FIG. 6, the data stored in the RAM 12 will be
described. The RAM 12 includes areas 12a1, 12a2 . . . 12ak . . .
12an, 12b, 12c1 to 12c4, 12d and 12e. Spectrum data the number of
which is n are stored in the areas 12a1 to 12an. Average spectrum
matrix data E.sub.1, E.sub.2 . . . E.sub.m are stored in the area
12b. The total Mb content, respective percentages of Mb%, MbO%,
MMb% analyzed by absorption spectra are stored in the areas 12c1 to
12c4. Measured calibration data is stored in the area 12d, and
absorption spectrum data are stored in the area 12e.
FIGS. 8 to 10 are flow charts for explaining a specific operation
of the embodiment of the present invention. Particularly, FIG. 8
represents a main routine; FIG. 9 represents a calibration
subroutine; and FIG. 10 represents a spectrum measurement
subroutine. Referring to FIGS. 1 to 10, the specific operation of
the embodiment will bc described. First, in the main routine shown
in FIG. 8, when measurement is started, the program proceeds to a
calibration mode in step SP1, in which the calibration subroutine
shown in FIG. 9 is executed. In the calibration mode, the top end
of the fiber probe 20 shown in FIG. 5 is in contact with a material
such as a reference white plate having a fixed reflectance with
respect to a measured wavelength range instead of the object 2 to
be measured. In the case of a probe of a transmission type, light
from the light transmitting fiber bundle 21 may be directly applied
to the light receiving fiber bundle 22.
The CPU 10 waits for the turn-on of the calibration key 16 in step
SP11 shown in FIG. 9 and when it is determined that the calibration
key 16 is on, the CPU 10 sets the number k of measurements to 1 in
step SP12. Then, the CPU 10 executes the spectrum measurement
subroutine in step SP13. In the spectrum measurement subroutine,
the number i of measurements is set to 1 in step SP51 as shown in
FIG. 10 so as to sample the first light quantity. In step SP52, a
clock pulse corresponding to the wavelength .lambda..sub.1 is
generated from the clock generator 9. When this clock pulse is
generated from the clock generator 9, the photoelectric conversion
element 4 photoelectrically converts a spectral component
corresponding to the wavelength .lambda..sub.1 provided by the
spectroscopic means 3 in step SP53.
In step SP54, the amplifier 5 amplifies an output of the
photoelectric conversion element 4 and the log amplifier 6 converts
the output of the amplifier 5 to a light quantity signal. In step
SP55, the A/D converter 7 converts the light quantity signal to a
digital signal in response to the clock pulse supplied from the
clock generator 9. The digital signal obtained by the A/D converter
7 is supplied to the CPU 10 from the I/O port 8 through the I/O
bus. The CPU 10 accepts digital data E.sub.k1 corresponding to the
wavelength .lambda..sub.1 in step SP56, and stores the data
E.sub.k1 in the area 12ak of the the RAM 12 in step SP57. The CPU
10 determines in step SP58 whether the number i is smaller than m.
If it is determined that the number i is smaller than m, the CPU 10
returns to step SP52.
In step SP52, a clock pulse corresponding to the wavelength
.lambda..sub.2 is generated from the clock generator 9.
Subsequently, in the same manner as described above, the operation
in steps SP53 to SP57 is executed, whereby the sampling data
E.sub.k2 of the wavelength .lambda..sub.2 is stored in the area
12ak of the RAM 12. The CPU 10 repeats this operation, whereby the
spectrum data E.sub.k1, E.sub.k2 . . . E.sub.km having m wavelength
components are stored in the storage area 12ak. Then, the CPU 10
returns to the calibration subroutine shown in FIG. 9.
The CPU 10 stores, in step SP15, the spectrum data stored in the
area 12ak into the area 12a1. Thus, if the initial condition set in
step SP12 is k=1, the measured spectrum data is stored in the area
12a1, and subsequently, each time the number k is set to 2, 3, . .
. , n, the spectrum data is stored successively in the areas 12a2,
12a3, . . . , 12an.
In step SP15, the initial condition is set to k=k+1 and, in step
SP16, it is determined whether k is smaller than n. If k is smaller
than n, the CPU 10 returns to the above-mentioned step SP13. Thus,
sampling for the spectral output from the object 2 is repeated m
times in steps SP13 to SP16. In step SP17, the sampled spectrum
data are averaged and the result is stored as calibration data in
the area 12d. After that, the CPU 10 returns to step SP2 shown in
FIG. 8.
In step SP2, the top end of the fiber probe 20 shown in FIG. 5 is
brought into contact with a specimen of meat as the object 2 to be
measured. In step SP3, the CPU 10 sets the number i of measurements
to 1, and the CPU 10 waits in step SP4 until the spectrum
measurement key 17 is operated. When the spectrum measurement key
17 is operated, the CPU 10 executes the spectrum measurement
subroutine in step SP5. In the spectrum measurement subroutine,
steps SP51 to SP58 shown in FIG. 10 are executed in the same manner
as described above. Through this spectrum measurement subroutine,
the spectrum data of the respective wavelengths are measured, and
the number i+1 is set in step SP6. In step SP7, it is determined
whether the number i of measurements is smaller than n, and if the
number i is smaller than n, the CPU 10 returns to step SP3. Thus,
steps SP3 to SP7 are repeated and the spectrum data for the
respective wavelengths are measured n times.
In step SP8, the measured spectrum data are averaged
and subtraction is performed as to the calibration data C.sub.1 to
C.sub.m stored in the area 12d. Thus, the following equation:
##EQU5## is performed, whereby the absorption spectrum data is
stored in the area 12e. After that, the CPU 10 executes
calculations of the above-mentioned equations (8), (9), (10) and
(11), so as to obtain the entire Mb content, respective percentages
of Mb%, MbO%, MMb% and to store those data in the areas 12c1 to
12c4. The CPU 10 displays the entire Mb content, Mb%, MbO%, MMb%
stored in the areas 12c1 to 12c4 in step SP9, on the CRT display 14
through the video RAM 13.
As described in the foregoing, according to the embodiment of the
invention, meat to be tested is exposed to rays of different
wavelengths and the rays of the respective different wavelengths
obtained from the meat are received for spectrum analysis. Thus,
data representing a pigment of the meat is calculated according to
the spectrum pattern and prescribed calculation equations and the
data is provided as output. The components of the present apparatus
are small so that the apparatus may be compact and light weight,
and the freshness of meat can be measured efficiently and in a
handy manner in various places.
Although the present invention has been described and illustrated
in detail, it is clearly understood that the same is by way of
illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of
limitation, the spirit and scope of the present invention being
limited only by the terms of the appended claims.
* * * * *