U.S. patent number 4,508,192 [Application Number 06/479,143] was granted by the patent office on 1985-04-02 for microphone diaphragm.
This patent grant is currently assigned to AKG Akustische u.Kino-gerate gesellschaft mbH. Invention is credited to Werner Fidi, Richard Pribyl, Konrad Wolf.
United States Patent |
4,508,192 |
Fidi , et al. |
April 2, 1985 |
Microphone diaphragm
Abstract
A diaphragm for electrostatic and electrodynamic microphones
which has a distinct directional pattern comprises a taut diaphragm
having a thickness of less than 8 microns and a diameter of 10
millimeters at most and which is made of an elastically extensible
rubber base material which has a natural frequency of 1,200 Hz to
1,500 Hz at most. A diaphragm is particularly for microphones of
the cardioid, supercardioid and hypercardioid and figure eight
type.
Inventors: |
Fidi; Werner (Baden,
AT), Pribyl; Richard (Vienna, AT), Wolf;
Konrad (Bad Voslau, AT) |
Assignee: |
AKG Akustische u.Kino-gerate
gesellschaft mbH (AT)
|
Family
ID: |
3513113 |
Appl.
No.: |
06/479,143 |
Filed: |
March 28, 1983 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
Current U.S.
Class: |
181/158;
181/167 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04R
7/24 (20130101); H04R 7/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04R
7/24 (20060101); H04R 7/02 (20060101); H04R
7/00 (20060101); H04R 007/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;181/157,160,161,164,165,168,170,167,158,172,174,173,137,132 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Hix; L. T.
Assistant Examiner: Brown; Brian W.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: McGlew and Tuttle
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A diaphragm for electrostatic and electrodynamic microphones
which has a distinct directional pattern, comprising a prestressed
diaphragm having a thickness of less than 8 microns and a diameter
of less than 10 millimeters and being made of an elastically
extensible rubber-base material having a natural frequency in the
range of from 1,200 to 1,500 Hz.
2. A diaphragm according to claim 1, wherein said diaphragm is used
for a condenser microphone, said rubber-base material of said
diaphragm including additive making it conductive.
3. A microphone according to claim 2, wherein said additive
comprises a metallic powder.
4. A microphone according to claim 2, wherein said diaphragm
material includes a soot.
5. A diaphragm according to claim 1, wherein said elastically
extensible rubber-base material includes a metal coated thereon by
evaporation.
6. A diaphragm according to claim 1, wherein said elastically
extensible rubber-base material comprises butyl rubber material
having a strong internal friction.
7. A diaphragm according to claim 1, wherein said diaphragm is made
of a material selected from the group consisting of: chloroprene
rubber; neoprene rubber; silicone rubber; natural rubber.
Description
FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates in general to diaphragms for microphones and
in particular to a diaphragm for electrostatic and electrodynamic
microphones which have a distinct directional pattern.
German Pat. No. 452,961 discloses a so-called resonance-free
diaphragm designed as a unstretched or non-taut skin of rubber or
the like, to which carbon grains of various size are fixed by an
adhesive. The indicated thickness of the rubber skin is 0.1 mm.
Such a diaphragm is usable only for carbon microphones. German OS
No. 30 11 056 deals with a molding material allegedly suitable also
for diaphragms of electroacoustic transducers. More particularly,
this prior art molding material is a mixture of plastics to which
acrylnitrile-butadiene rubber (about 20% of the total mass) may be
admixed. Since even pickup arms, housings, etc. may be formed from
this material, no elastic diaphragm material is concerned. It is
therefore impossible in practice to make electrostatic or
electrodynamic microphones of the above-mentioned kind with the
above prior art diaphragms. In German Pat. No. 452,961, the
diaphragm is usable only in carbon microphones while in the other
reference, the molding material is suitable only for loudspeaker
diaphragms.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is directed to microphones having a particular
directional characteristic and equipped with a diaphragm of
improved construction. With the sound incoming frontally at right
angles to the microphone, these microphones have an exclusively
horizontal frequency response in the audible range of 20 Hz to 20
kHz.
Pressure-gradient receivers, however, with one of the
above-mentioned directional patterns, require diaphragms having
different acoustic properties, depending on whether they are
electrostatic or electrodynamic. Electrostatic microphones need a
diaphragm having a natural frequency between 1,000 Hz and 1,500 Hz.
In electrodynamic microphones, a satisfactory frequency response
requires a diaphragm with a natural resonance frequency at the
lower end of the frequency range to be transmitted. In addition, a
very small mass and a very small modulus of elasticity of the
diaphragm are required. A small diaphragm mass is further needed
for extending the transmission range of electrostatic microphones
to the highest frequencies to be transmitted with the microphone.
Moreover, a smaller diaphragm mass reduces the sensitivity of the
microphone to mechanical vibrations and shock-like impacts and
blows.
In electrostatic microphones, also known as condenser microphones,
diaphragms made from thin polyester or polycarbonate foils have
been used, having a thickness of 3 to 6 microns. Such plastic foils
are stamped in patterns, to reduce their bending strength and
increase their flexibility. The modulus of elasticity, as a measure
of the elasticity of the material, of the plastic foils is about
0.002.multidot.10.sup.5N/mm.spsp.2. With this kind of diaphragm,
diaphragm resonance frequencies of about 1,500 Hz can be obtained
only with diaphragm diameters not smaller than 15 mm. In diaphragms
of lesser diameter, the resonance frequency increases approximately
linearly with the decreasing diameter, so that in diaphragms having
a diameter below 10 mm, the freqency exceeds 2,000 Hz. However, in
directional condenser microphones having a diaphragm resonance
frequency exceeding 2,000 Hz, the level drops continually in the
low frequency range, and this drop may amount to 20 db at 100 Hz
relative to the 1,000 Hz level. This is a substantial limitation to
the transmission range and thus an impairment of the transducer
function.
Very thin plastic foils, primarily foils of polycarbonate under 8
microns of thickness, have a non-homogeneous microstructure caused
by the manufacturing process and manifested by an unsymmetrical
crystalline aspect of the stretched foil. In consequence, the
modulus of elasticity varies in the various directions in the plane
of the material. This means that such a foil, when employed for a
diaphragm in an electroacoustic transducer, will have unequal
tensile strengths in different directions and there will be no
uniform internal stress .sigma. (sigma) for all directions. Such an
irregular internal stressing of the diaphragm may cause asymmetries
in the directional pattern of the microphone. In other words, the
directional pattern of a rotationally symmetrical microphone having
a diaphragm in which stresses are oriented irregularly, is not
rotationally symmetrical, and the directional patterns in the
individual meridional planes are not congruent. This is a great
disadvantage affecting the quality of reception of the
microphone.
The same applies to electrodynamic microphones, and quite
particularly to orthodynamic ones, having conducting tracks applied
to the diaphragm surface. With these microphones, however, the
requirement of a low natural resonance frequency of the diaphragm
having a very small diameter is much more critical, since this
frequency must be at the low frequency end of the transmission
range, thus at about 150 Hz.
The invention is directed to a diaphragm having no such
disadvantages. To this end, a diaphragm is provided which is made
of a rubber-base elastically stretchable material and has a natural
resonance frequency of from 1,200 Hz to 1,500 Hz at most.
The advantage of such material is that the modulus of elasticity
thereof is smaller than that of the hitherto used polyester or
polycarbonate foils, and that at the same time, due to its high
flexibility, the oscillating diaphragm is well damped. The very low
modulus of elasticity of rubber-base base materials makes it
possible to manufacture very thin diaphragms, with diameters of
less than 10 mm, having an extremely small mass and a natural
resonance frequency below 1,200 Hz. Therefore, a directional
condenser microphone can now be manufactured having a horizontal
frequency characteristic in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz,
and minimized dimensions which are far below those hitherto known
in the assortment of condenser microphones of equal quality.
A great advantage is further the greater expansibility of rubber as
compared with plastic foils, the respective ratio being up to 400%,
to about 10%. Another advantage is the excellent directional
homogeneity of rubber permitting to manufacture microphone
diaphragms in which equal internal stresses develop in every
direction, so that in a circular diaphragm, for example, firmly
secured all around the edge, always the same internal stress
.sigma. (sigma) is obtained in any radial direction. A diaphragm
thus clamped oscillates so uniformly that the directional pattern
of the microphone is strictly axially symmetrical, which could not
be achieved with the use of conventional microphone diaphragm
materials. The very substantial advantage of a small bending
strength of diaphragms made of rubber-base materials manifests
itself in a substantially more homogeneous oscillation of the
diaphragm at high frequencies, which primarily results in a smooth
frequency response. Notwithstanding the hitherto mentioned
advantages, quite particular attention must be drawn to the fact
that the extent of linear distortions of the sound fields is
determined by the external dimensions of the microphone. For
example, at low frequencies, sound diffraction occurs around the
microphone, while at high frequencies, the dynamic pressure rises.
In microphones in accordance with the invention, such sound
distortions occur outside the audible range, thus above 20 kHz if a
microphone diameter is equal to or less than 6 mm. The
miniaturization of the microphone also makes it less conspicuous on
stages, in television pictures, meeting, news coverages, and
similar applications, not the least while wearing them as a
Lavalier microphone which, just for such applications, may be
designed as a directional microphone.
In the invention, the use of chloroprene rubber, neoprene rubber,
silicone rubber, or natural rubber has proved particularly
advantageous. For electrostatic microphones requiring a diaphragm
with some electrical conductivity, it is advisable to make the
rubber-base diaphragm material sufficiently conducting by admixing
metal powder or carbon black. However, the taut or stretched
diaphragm may also be provided with an electrically conducting
coat, in an evaporation or sputtering process, or by applying a
lacquer. Experience has shown that the inventive diaphragm can
advantageously be made electrically conducting, in various
relatively inexpensive ways, to an extent suitable for being used
in electrostatic microphones.
Another advantage of the diaphragm materials provided by the
invention is that they may be made with a great internal friction,
which optimizes the damping of the partial oscillations. Butyl
rubber has proved particularly suitable in this regard.
Accordingly it is an object of the invention to provide a diaphragm
for electrostatic and electrodynamic microphones which has a
distinct directional pattern and which comprises a taut diaphragm
having a thickness of less than 8 microns and a diameter of less
than 10 millimeters which is made of elastically extensible rubber
base material having a natural resonance frequency of 1,200 to
1,500 Hz.
A further object of the invention is to provide a diaphragm for a
microphone which is simple in design, rugged in construction and
economical to manufacture.
The various features of novelty which characterize the invention
are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and
forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of
the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects
attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying
drawings in which preferred embodiments of the invention are
illustrated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the Drawings:
FIG. 1 is a stress diagram of a prior art diaphragm having its
direction-dependent modulus of elasticity;
FIG. 2 is a similar diagram of an inventive diaphragm having its
modulus of elasticity independent of the direction;
FIG. 3 shows the frequency response of a condenser microphone with
a diaphragm of plastic having a natural resonance frequency above
2,000 Hz; and
FIG. 4 shows the frequency response of a condenser microphone with
a diaphragm in accordance with the invention having a diaphragm
frequency between 1,500 Hz and 2,000 Hz.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows the stress field of a diaphragm 10 clamped in a ring
R, such as will develop in a taut foil of plastic in planes
parallel to the surface of the foil. There are two privileged
directions perpendicular to each other, in which the smallest and
highest internal stresses (.delta.), respectively, appear. In the
directions therebetween, the stress sigma continuously increases or
diminishes, depending on the starting preferential direction, so
that, for example, an ellipse forms the locus for all the stress
vectors.
FIG. 2 shows the stress field in a diaphragm 10' which again is
prestressed and clamped in a ring R', but which is made of a
material in accordance with the invention. Due to the homogeneous
structure of the material of diaphragm 10' having a modulus of
elasticity independent of the direction, no direction is
preferential. The stress .sigma. is constant for all
directions.
FIG. 3 shows a frequency response of a condenser microphone with a
diaphragm diameter of less than 10 mm, whose diaphragm is made of a
conventional plastic having a modulus of elasticity permitting a
natural resonance only in a region far above 2,000 Hz. The
frequency characteristic shows that below 1,000 Hz the sensitivity
of the microphone continually decreases so that this frequency
range, which is very important within the audible frequencies, is
transmitted poorly or even not at all.
The frequency response of a condenser microphone equipped with an
inventive diaphragm having a smaller diameter than 10 mm is shown
in FIG. 4. According to curve a, the characteristic is largely
horizontal between 20 Hz and 20 kHz, because the resonance of the
diaphragm lies between 1,000 Hz and 1,500 Hz. This is due to the
inventive diaphragm which has a substantially smaller modulus of
elasticity than the hitherto used materials. The transmission of
such a microphone is very satisfactory, since over the entire range
of audible frequencies, the conversion factor remains constant for
all transmitted frequencies. Curves b and c, representing the
backward damping at a distance of 1 meter (curve b, spherical sound
field), and in a planar sound field (curve c), show that the
directional pattern is thereby not affected.
The same figures illustrate an application of the described
diaphragm to an orthodynamic microphone, only it must be taken-into
account that for this purpose, the diaphragm resonance must lie at
about 150 Hz. Below this resonance frequency the frequency
characteristic drops by 12 db per octave.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and
described in detail to illustrate the application of the principles
of the invention, it will be understood that the invention may be
embodied otherwise without departing from such principles.
* * * * *