U.S. patent number 3,914,045 [Application Number 05/463,634] was granted by the patent office on 1975-10-21 for method and apparatus for removing residual image from photoconductive element of electrophotographic copying machine.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Kabushiki Kaisha Ricoh. Invention is credited to Kazunori Matsuo, Ryoichi Namiki, Mutsuo Watanabe.
United States Patent |
3,914,045 |
Namiki , et al. |
October 21, 1975 |
Method and apparatus for removing residual image from
photoconductive element of electrophotographic copying machine
Abstract
A grounded roller is used to preclean the photoconductive
element of a residual image prior to final cleaning by the same
magnetic brush which was used in the development step. The density
of residual image toner particles resulting from lack of transfer
in areas of the electrostatic image on the photoconductive element
due to undersized paper or the like is reduced to the density of
the toner particles of the normal residual image areas by the
grounded roller.
Inventors: |
Namiki; Ryoichi (Tokyo,
JA), Matsuo; Kazunori (Tokyo, JA),
Watanabe; Mutsuo (Tokyo, JA) |
Assignee: |
Kabushiki Kaisha Ricoh (Tokyo,
JA)
|
Family
ID: |
12817514 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/463,634 |
Filed: |
April 24, 1974 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
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|
|
|
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Apr 30, 1973 [JA] |
|
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48-48949 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
399/149;
399/356 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
21/06 (20130101); G03G 21/0047 (20130101); G03G
15/307 (20130101); G03G 2221/0005 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
21/06 (20060101); G03G 15/30 (20060101); G03G
15/00 (20060101); G03G 21/00 (20060101); G03G
021/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;355/15 ;15/1.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Horan; John M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Jordan; Frank J.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for removing a residual image from a
photoconductive member of an electrophotographic copying machine
after the photoconductive member has been utilized in the steps of
sequentially charging, imaging, developing and transferring, the
apparatus comprising:
a grounded member to partially remove the residual image from the
photoconductive member through physical contact therewith;
a charged member to remove the remainder of the residual image from
the photoconductive member through physical contact therewith,
and
a source of electromotive force to discharge the photoconductive
member after performing the transferring step,
said photoconductive member being a roller, and in which the
grounded member is disposed between the source and the charged
member in the direction of rotation of the photoconductive
member.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, in which the charged member
is a roller in rolling contact with the photoconductive member, the
charged member is a magnetic brush, and the magnetic brush in
contact with both the photoconductive member and the grounded
member to remove the residual image from both the photoconductive
member and the grounded member.
3. An apparatus according to claim 2, in which the grounded member
is formed with a dielectric layer on its surface, and which further
comprises a source of electromotive force to charge the surface of
the dielectric layer.
4. An apparatus according to claim 2, in which a wiper is held in
sliding contact with the magnetic brush.
5. An apparatus according to claim 2, in which the grounded member
and the magnetic brush are housed in a developing tank into which
removed toner particles forming the residual image drop for
recycling.
6. An apparatus according to claim 1, in which the grounded member
is a roller in rolling contact with the photoconductive member, and
further comprising a wiper in sliding contact with the roller.
7. An electrophotographic process comprising the steps of:
a. charging a rotating photoconductive drum to a first
polarity;
b. applying a light image to the drum;
c. applying toner particles of a second polarity opposite to the
first polarity to the drum with a magnetic brush to produce a toner
image;
d. transferring the toner image utilizing an electric field of the
first polarity;
e. pressing a grounded member against the drum;
f. charging the magnetic brush to the first polarity; and
g. pressing the magnetic brush against the drum; whereby toner
particles adhere to the drum after step d as a residual toner
image, some being charged to the first polarity during step d, a
portion of the toner particles being removed by the grounded member
during step e so that the densities of the residual toner particles
of the first and second polarities are substantially equalized, the
remainder of the residual toner particles being removed from the
drum by the charged magnetic brush during step g.
8. A process according to claim 7, in which the magnetic brush is
in a fixed location relative to the drum and is in constant
frictional contact therewith, and in which step a is performed
during one revolution of the drum and step g is performed during a
second revolution of the drum.
9. A process according to claim 7, further comprising the step
of:
h. applying an electric field of the second polarity to the drum
after step e and before step g to convert the residual toner
particles of the first polarity to the second polarity.
10. An apparatus for removing a residual image from a
photoconductive member of an electrophotographic copying machine
after the photoconductive member has been utilized in the steps of
sequentially charging, imaging, developing and transferring, the
apparatus comprising:
a grounded member to partially remove the residual image from the
photoconductive member through physical contact therewith, the
grounded member and the photoconductive member being rollers in
rolling contact with each other; and
a charged member to subsequentially remove the remainder of the
residual image from the photoconductive member through physical
contact therewith, the charged member being a magnetic brush which
is used in the developing step during one revolution of the
photoconductive member and to remove the remainder of the residual
image from the photoconductive member during a second revolution of
the photoconductive member.
11. An apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising a source
of electromotive force to discharge the photoconductive member
after performing the transferring step.
12. An apparatus for removing a residual image from a
photoconductive member of an electrophotographic copying machine
after the photoconductive member has been utilized in the steps of
sequentially charging, imaging, developing and transferring, the
apparatus comprising:
a grounded member to partially remove the residual image from the
photoconductive member through physical contact therewith;
a charged member to remove the remainder of the residual image from
the photoconductive memver through physical contact therewith,
and
a source of electromotive force to discharge the photoconductive
member after performing the transferring step,
said photoconductive member being a roller, and in which the
grounded member is disposed between the charged member and the
source in the direction of rotation of the photoconductive
member.
13. An apparatus according to claim 12, in which the grounded
member is arranged to protrude from a tank in which means are
supported in sliding contact with the grounded member to remove
toner particles therefrom.
14. An apparatus for removing a residual image from a
photoconductive member of an electrophotographic copying machine
after the photoconductive member has been utilized in the steps of
sequentially charging, imaging, developing and transferring, the
apparatus comprising:
a grounded member to partially remove the residual image from the
photoconductive member through physical contact therewith and in
which the capacitance of the grounded member is greater than that
of the photoconductive member; and
a charged member to remove the remainder of the residual image from
the photoconductive member through physical contact therewith.
15. A method of removing charged particles from photoconductive
member, comprising the steps of:
removing a portion of the charged particles having a charge of a
first polarity from the photoconductive member through physical
contact with a grounded member;
converting the first polarity of the charge of the remainder of the
portion of the charged particles to a second polarity which is
opposite to the first polarity so that the charge of all the
particles is of the second polarity; and
removing the charge of all the particles of the second polarity
through physical contact with a charged member having a charge of
the first polarity.
Description
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for
removing a residual image in the form of toner particles from a
photoconductive drum of an electrophotographic copying machine.
In the type of electrophotographic copying machine to which the
present invention is applied, a photoconductive drum is charged by
means such as a corona discharge tube. The drum is then rotated
into a position in which an optical image of a document being
copied is projected thereon. Bright areas of the optical image
cause the drum to locally conduct and dissipate the charge thereon
to form an electrostatic pattern on the drum analogous to the
optical image. A developing step is then performed in which charged
toner particles are applied to the drum by a magnetic brush and
adhere to the areas of the surface of the drum in which an
electrostatic charge remains. The particles are then transferred to
a sheet of copy paper and fixed thereto by heat or other means.
The present invention applies to this copy process after the
transferring step. Since it is impossible to transfer all the toner
particles to the copy paper, some will remain in the form of a
residual image. If the residual image is not removed from the drum,
it will be transferred to the next copy sheet in the form of
undesirable double printing.
In the above described copying machine, the steps of charging,
imaging, transferring, and a subsequent step of discharging the
drum are performed during one revolution of the drum. During a
second revolution of the drum, the charging, transfer and
discharging units are de-energized, and a voltage is applied to the
magnetic brush which is opposite in polarity to the charge of the
charged toner particles. The residual toner particles are thereby
removed from the drum by the magnetic brush. Although this cleaning
method requires two complete revolutions of the drum to make one
copy, it is preferable to prior art cleaning methods using feather
brushes or scrapers. In the former case, toner particles will
adhere to the feather brush and accumulate. The cleaning efficiency
of the feather brush thus becomes very low, and the accumulated
toner particles must be manually removed which is troublesome for
the copying machine operator. The major disadvantage with a scraper
is that it has a tendency to damage the sensitive surface of the
photoconductive drum. Thus, the advantages of using a single
magnetic brush for both developing and cleaning of the drum will be
clearly understood, especially since the cleaning efficiency of the
magnetic brush is much higher than a feather brush or a scraper and
the toner particles removed from the drum can be automatically
recycled into the developing tank.
However, in severe cases, not even a magnetic brush is sufficient
to completely clean the drum. Prior art efforts to increase the
cleaning effectiveness of a magnetic brush include the application
of an extremely high voltage to the brush to attract the toner
particles from the drum. This method, however, requires the use of
an expensive high voltage source and may damage the surface of the
drum by perforating the photoconductive layer thereof or other
means.
Another problem exists in a case in which some toner particles do
not contact the copy paper. An example is the use of an undersized
copy paper which is smaller than the electrostatic image on the
drum. In this case, the density of the toner particles in the outer
areas of the drum which do not contact the copy paper will not be
at all reduced, and will be much greater than the density of the
normal residual toner particles in the inner areas of the drum
which do contact the copy paper. It is especially difficult to
remove toner particles from these outer areas of the drum,
especially since during the transfer step, a voltage is applied to
the copy paper which is opposite to the polarity of the charge of
the toner particles. The charge of the toner particles in the outer
areas of the drum will thereby be reversed. It is extremely
difficult or impossible to completely remove toner particles from
the drum in these outer areas using a magnetic brush alone, even if
a high voltage is applied to the magnetic brush.
It is therefore an important object of the present invention to
provide a method of removing residual toner particles from the
photoconductive drum of an electrophotographic copying machine to
an extent at which double printing is practically eliminated.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method
of removing residual toner particles from the photoconductive drum
of an electrophotographic copying machine by which a high voltage
is not required to be applied to the magnetic brush and a high
voltage source is not required.
It is another important object of the present invention to provide
a method of removing residual toner particles from the
photoconductive drum of an electrophotographic copying machine by
which both positively and negatively charged particles are
effectively removed.
It is another important object of the present invention to provide
a method of removing residual toner particles from the
photoconductive drum of an electrophotographic copying machine by
which toner particles which do not contact the copy paper during
the transfer step are effectively removed.
It is still another important object of the present invention to
provide an apparatus for carrying out the above mentioned method of
removing residual toner particles from the photoconductive drum of
an electrophotographic copying machine.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present
invention will become clear from the following description taken
with the accompanying drawings in which directions such as
"clockwise" and "right" refer to the invention as viewed in the
respective drawings and in which:
FIG. 1 is a side schematic view illustrating a method and apparatus
according to the present invention;
FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d and 2e illustrate steps in the method of FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary side schematic view illustrating a
modification of the method of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary side view illustrating another modification
of the method of FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 1, an apparatus embodying a method according
to the present invention for removing residual toner particles from
a photoconductive drum 10 is illustrated, in which the drum 10 is
fixed to a shaft 12 through which it is rotated by drive means (not
shown). The drum 10 is grounded through the shaft 12, and has a
photoconductive layer 14 formed on its surface. The nature of the
layer 14 is such that its electrical resistance decreases in
proportion to the intensity of light incident thereon. An optical
system 16 is arranged to project an optical image of an original
document 18 to be copied onto the surface of the drum 10. A
charging unit 20 is arranged adjacent to the layer 14 of the drum
10 and comprises a corona discharge element 22 in a reflector or
shield 24. A developing unit 26 includes a developing tank 28
housing a magnetic brush 30 which is mounted by means of a
conductive roller on a shaft and is rotatable as shown by an arrow
by driving means (not shown). A voltage may be applied to the
magnetic brush 30 by means of a voltage source 32. The developing
tank 28 contains a developing mixture consisting of charged toner
particles and a carrier such as iron particles which is applied
onto the surface of the layer 14 of the drum 10 by the magnetic
brush 30.
A transfer unit 34 is identical in construction to the charging
unit 20 and comprises a corona discharge element 36 and a shield
38. A sheet of copy paper 40 is fed between the drum 10 and
transfer unit 34 with its upper surface in close contact with the
layer 14 by feed means (not shown) in the direction indicated by an
arrow. After passing through the transfer unit 34, the paper 40
passes through a fixing unit (not shown).
A conductive roller 42 is maintained in physical rolling contact
with the drum 10 by a shaft 44, and the roller 42 is electrically
grounded through the shaft 44. If desired, the roller 42 may be
arranged to protrude from a tank 46 supporting a brush or wiper 48
in sliding contact with the roller 42, although the tank 46 and
wiper 48 may be omitted if desired.
A discharge unit 50 is identical in construction to the charging
unit 20 and comprises a corona discharge element 52 and a shield
54. The corona discharge elements 22 and 36 of the charging unit 20
and the transfer unit 34 respectively are connected to a positive
voltage source (not shown), and the corona discharge element 52 of
the discharge unit 50 is connected to a negative voltage source
(not shown).
The operation of the invention will now be described.
As the drum 10 is rotated by the drive means, the surface of the
layer 14 is charged to a positive polarity by the charging unit 20
at a point A. Since the drum 10 has not yet been exposed to light,
the layer 14 will have low electrical conductivity and the positive
charge will be retained thereon. When the drum 10 rotates to a
position B, an optical image of the surface of the document 18 will
be projected thereonto by the optical system 16. The arrangement is
such that an electrostatic image will be formed on the surface of
the layer 14 because the conductivity of the layer 14 will increase
in proportion to the intensity of light incident thereon. For
example, in a bright area, the conductivity of the layer 14 will
decrease tremendously, and the charge in the bright area will be
shorted to ground through the layer 14, the drum 10 and the shaft
12. In a dark area, however, the conductivity of the layer 14 will
remain low, and the positive charge will remain on the surface of
the layer 14.
The drum 10 is then rotated to a position C, at which toner
particles from the tank 28 are applied onto the surface of the
layer 14 by the magnetic brush 30. The toner particles are arranged
to have a negative charge, and the carrier particles may be neutral
or have a positive charge. Since the toner particles have a
negative charge, they are attracted to the positively charged areas
of the layer 14 of the drum 10 and adhere thereto to form a toner
image.
The drum 10 is then rotated to a position D, at which the paper 40
is fed in physical contact therewith by the feed means. As the drum
10 and paper 40 move together in surface to surface contact, the
toner image is transferred to the paper 40. This operation is
ensured by the transfer unit 34, which applies a positive potential
to the bottom surface of the paper 40. The negatively charged toner
particles are attracted to the upper surface of the paper 40 by the
positive potential of the transfer unit 34, and adhere to the paper
40. The paper 40 is then fed through the fixing means in which the
toner image is thermally or otherwise fixed to the paper 40.
The drum 10 is then advanced to a position E, at which it rolls in
contact with the roller 42. Since the roller 42 is grounded, toner
particles are attracted and adhere thereto, and are thereby removed
from the drum 10. Toner particles carried on the surface of the
roller 42 are discharged to ground therethrough, and are removed
therefrom by the wiper 48 and drop down into the tank 46 for
recycling. However, not all of the toner particles will be removed
by the roller 42, and the drum 10 will rotate to a position F
adjacent to the discharging unit 50 with toner particles still
adhered thereto.
Since the polarity of the electromotive force of the discharging
unit 50 applied to the drum 10 is negative, the original positive
charge on the surface of the layer 14 will neutralized and the
electrostatic image will be erased from the surface of the layer
14. The toner particles will then electrically float on the surface
of the layer 14. The drum 10 will then rotate past the position A
and begin another complete revolution.
During the second revolution, the charging unit 20, transfer unit
34 and discharging unit 50 are de-energized. During the first
revolution, no voltage was applied to the magnetic brush 30, but
during the second revolution, a positive voltage is applied thereto
by the source 32. The optical system 16 is also inoperative. As the
drum 10 rotates to the position C, the negatively charged floating
toner particles are removed from the drum 10 by a combination of
physical contact and the positive charge on the magnetic brush 30.
After the final cleaning operation is completed, the toner
particles will automatically be deposited in the tank 28 for
recycling.
This operation will now be examined in more detail to distinctly
point out the advantages of the present invention with reference to
FIGS. 2.
FIG. 2a illustrates the process when the drum 10 is between the
positions C and D, in which toner particles 100 have been deposited
onto and are adhering to the layer 14.
In FIG. 2b, the drum 10 is at the position D, and a positive
potential is applied to the top of the paper 40 through the
transfer unit 34 by a source 60. It will be assumed that the paper
40 is smaller than the toner image on the layer 14, and that toner
particles 100a of the toner image will contact the paper 40 and
toner particles 100b of the image will not contact the paper 40. In
this case, some upper toner particles 100a will be transferred to
the paper 40 to provide a visual copy of the document 18, and some
lower toner particles 100a will remain adhered to the layer 14 of
the drum 10 as a residual image but will retain their negative
charge. The toner particles 100b, on the other hand, will all
remain adhered to the layer 14 and will furthermore be exposed
directly to the positive potential of the transfer unit 34. The
charge of the toner particles 100b will thereby be converted to
positive.
It will be understood from the above description that all of the
toner particles 100b cannot be removed from the drum 10 by the
magnetic brush 30 alone, since their density is much greater than
that of the toner particles 100a. The present invention provides
novel means in the form of the roller 42 to remove toner particles
100b from the layer 14 to the extent that their density will be
reduced to approximately that of the toner particles 100a. This is
possible since the roller 42 is grounded and will attract positive
toner particles 100b as well as negative toner particles 100a as
shown in FIG. 2c, in which the drum 10 is in the position E in
contact with the roller 42.
As shown in FIG. 2d, the drum 10 has rotated past the position E to
the position F, in which it is adjacent to the discharging unit 50.
A negative potential is applied to the transfer unit 50 by a source
70, which discharges the layer 14 and converts the polarity of the
charge of the toner particles 100b to negative. When the drum 10
has rotated through the positions A and B to the position C, all
toner particles 100a and 100b will be of negative polarity and will
be removed from the layer 14 of the drum 10 by the positively
charged magnetic brush 30 in a manner as shown in FIG. 2e.
In order to enhance the effectiveness of the invention, the
capacitance C.sub.2 of the roller 42 may be higher than the
capacitance C.sub.1 of the drum 10. The resistivity of the roller
42 may be a selected value between 10.sup.6 .OMEGA.cm and 10.sup.10
.OMEGA.cm.
FIG. 3 shows a modification of the present invention, in which the
roller 42 is disposed inside of or above the tank 28 and is in
brushing contact with the magnetic brush 30. The wiper 48 is held
in sliding contact with the roller 42 but it may be dispensed with
if preferred. As shown, the magnetic brush 30 is able to remove
toner particles from both the layer 14 of the drum 10 and from the
roller 42, and the removed toner particles may be removed from the
magnetic brush 30 by a modified wiper 48' and drop into the tank 28
for recycling.
In FIG. 4, a further modification of the present invention is
useful in cases in which a magnetic toner is used. A source 80
applies a voltage opposite in polarity to that of the toner
particles, in this case positive, to a corona discharge unit 82
comprising a corona discharge element 84 and a shield 86, and
thereby to a dielectric layer 42' formed on the surface of the
roller 42. The efficiency of removing toner particles from the
layer 14 of the drum 10 is thereby increased. If desired, the
source 80 may apply a negative potential to the layer 42' in order
to attract positive toner particles 100b rather than negative toner
particles 100a.
Regarding the embodiment of FIG. 3, it has been determined
experimentally that if the roller 42 is so disposed that the first
cleaning step is performed after the discharging step is completed,
it will be easier to remove the toner particles 100b and harder to
remove the toner particles 100a. However, all forms of the present
invention herein shown and described have been experimentally
proven to be workable and useful assuming that a proper balance
between the potentials applied by the units 20, 34, 50 and 82. In
understanding the present invention, it might be useful to consider
the transfer of the usable toner image onto the paper 40 at the
position D as a first transfer operation, and the transfer of the
residual image to the roller 42 a second transfer operation. Using
this concept, it will be realized that the second transfer
operation can be performed either between the first transfer step
at the position D and the discharging step at the position F, or
between the discharging step at the position F and the final
removal or cleaing step at the position C during the second
revolution of the drum 10 with the minor variation in performance
as described above.
* * * * *