U.S. patent number 3,908,164 [Application Number 05/511,831] was granted by the patent office on 1975-09-23 for corona current measurement and control arrangement.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Delmer G. Parker.
United States Patent |
3,908,164 |
Parker |
September 23, 1975 |
Corona current measurement and control arrangement
Abstract
Apparatus is disclosed in accordance with the teachings of the
present invention for obtaining a true measurement of charging
current supplied by a corona discharge device to a charge receiving
surface. According to the invention, a bridge circuit is formed
which includes the corona device as one arm and a first resistor
connected in the current return path from the corona device to a
power supply as another arm thereof. The remaining arms of the
bridge include a capacitor and a resistor connected in series with
each other across the source to complete the bridge and provide the
signal required to compensate for reactive current through the
corona device. The bridge is first brought into balance with the
power supply below corona onset voltage, then when the power supply
is increased above the corona outset voltage the bridge output
potential is used as a feedback signal to maintain the corona
current constant. The bridge output may also be used in determining
the true corona charging current.
Inventors: |
Parker; Delmer G. (Rochester,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Stamford,
CT)
|
Family
ID: |
24036629 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/511,831 |
Filed: |
October 3, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
323/265; 361/230;
323/231 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/0291 (20130101); G01R 29/24 (20130101); G05F
1/46 (20130101); G03G 15/0266 (20130101); G01R
17/10 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01R
29/24 (20060101); G01R 17/10 (20060101); G01R
17/00 (20060101); G03G 15/02 (20060101); G05F
1/46 (20060101); G05F 1/10 (20060101); G05F
001/10 (); H01T 019/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;323/1,2,3,40,75F,75K,75E ;317/262A ;324/DIG.1,99R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Goldberg; Gerald
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A bridge circuit for measuring the corona charging current
deposited by an A.C. corona discharge device on a charge collecting
surface, said corona device including an electrode spaced from said
surface, said bridge having power input nodes and sensing nodes
comprising
an A.C. voltage source coupled to said input nodes,
a first resistor coupled in series with said device across said
input nodes to form a first current path,
a capacitor and a second resistor connected in series across said
input nodes to form a second current path in parallel with said
first current path across said source,
means coupled to said sensing nodes for measuring the output of
said bridge, and,
means for balancing said bridge when the output of said source is
below the corona onset value whereby when the voltage of said
source is raised above the corona onset potential, said corona
charging current may be determined from the measured value of said
imbalance and the value of said first resistor.
2. The combination recited in claim 1 wherein said source is a
variable source and further including means coupled to said sensing
nodes for providing a control signal to adjust said source in
response to said bridge imbalance.
3. The combination recited in claim 1 wherein said second current
path has an impedence which is much greater than said first current
path.
4. A method of holding constant the corona charging current output
of an A.C. corona discharge device comprising
forming an electrical bridge having input nodes and ouput nodes,
said bridge including said device and a first resistor in series
with each other across said input nodes, and a capacitor and second
resistor in series with each other connected across said input
nodes, said capacitor and corona device forming adjacent arms of
the bridge,
coupling a variable A.C. voltage to said input nodes,
adjusting said source to a value below the corona onset
potential,
adjusting said bridge to a balanced condition at which the voltage
across said output nodes is at a minimum,
re-adjusting said source to a value above the corona onset
potential to thereby generate an imbalance voltage across said
output nodes,
and thereafter continuously adjusting said source to maintain said
imbalance voltage constant.
5. The method recited in claim 4 wherein said device is selected to
include an electrode spaced from a charge collecting surface, and
said first resistance is selected to be small relative to the
impedence of the inherent capacity exhibited between said electrode
and said surface.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to A.C. corona discharge devices
and in particular to circuit arrangements for accurately measuring
the amount of charging current delivered by an A.C. corona
discharge device to a charge receiving surface.
In commercial electrophotographic reproducing devices using
conventional xerographic process, a uniform layer of electrostatic
charge is deposited on the surface of a photoreceptor and is
selectively dissipated in accordance with modulated radiation
imaged thereon to form an electrostatic latent image of an original
document. The electrostatic image is then developed and transferred
to a support surface to form a final copy of the original
document.
The preferred device for depositing the charge on the photoreceptor
surface is the corona discharge device. Such corona discharge
devices may be energized by D.C. and A.C. sources. In addition to
the deposition of a uniform charge on a photoreceptor, it has been
found that many of the D.C. corotrons developed by the prior art
are susceptible to the accumulation of dust and toner particles on
and about the interior of the corotron, such that the corona
current generated thereby substantially decreased as the density of
particle accumulation increases. Accordingly, various A.C.
corotrons which are less affected by toner accumulation have been
proposed to perform the functions previously performed by the D.C.
corotron.
A.C. corona discharge devices are used for a wide variety of other
applications in electrophotography. Among these applications
precleaning a photoreceptor by neutralizing the charge on toner
particles adhering to the surface of the photoreceptor after
transfer of the developed image to a support surface, pretransfer
charging for altering the range of electrostatic charge on toner
prior to transfer, tacking, detacking, and paper charge
neutralization.
When A.C. corona devices are used in situations wherein the process
speed is such that the surface collecting the corona current
travels an appreciable distance during one alternation of the A.C.
cycle, then a strobed charge pattern emerges which is undesirable.
To avoid strobing the trend has been to use A.C. power supplies
operating at higher frequencies. Commercial machines are now on the
market which employ power supplies with output frequencies of 400,
600, and 800 hertz.
It has also been popular over the past few years to use constant
current power supplies to minimize shifts in the electrical
characteristics of corona generating devices caused by changes in
ambient temperature, air pressure, and humidity. Constant current
power supplies are also used to combat long term changes in the
uniformity of the corona output as toner accumulates on the surface
of the corona generating apparatus.
The arrangement presently used commercially to achieve constant
current characteristics may best be explained by reference to FIG.
1. Charging current received by the grounded plate 2 from the
corona generator 3 creates a voltage drop across a feedback
resistor 4 in series with the current return path to the power
supply 5. This voltage drop across the feedback resistor is sensed
to generate a control signal on line 7 to regulate the power supply
output voltage so that the current remains constant.
The method shown in FIG. 1, however, is not an effective way to
obtain constant current characteristics from AC corotrons when the
frequency of the applied high voltage source is more than a few
hundred hertz. Measurements made on actual corotrons have shown
that the presence of the reactive component of the current can lead
to significant errors between the measured value and the true
corona current. The reasons why this is so can be explained with
the aid of the equivalent electrical circuit for an AC corotron
shown in FIG. 2.
In this circuit zener diodes CR.sub.1 and CR.sub.2 have
characteristic zener breakdown voltages that correspond to the
negative and positive corona threshold voltages respectively. As is
well known, these breakdown voltages are generally somewhat
different. R.sub.1 is a non-linear resistance representing the
corona resistance and C.sub.1 is the capacity between the corona
wire and the current collecting surfaces. R.sub.2 is the series
feedback resistor in series with the power supply and is selected
to have a value so that R.sub.2 << R.sub.1. The current
passing through R.sub.2 is the vector sum of the corona current
I.sub.c (the current through R.sub.1) and displacement current,
I.sub.x (the current through C.sub.1). Only the corona current
I.sub.c is important in xerographic processes since it alone
represents the free charge transported per unit time by ions
impinging on the collecting surface.
The problem is both components I.sub.c and I.sub.x will contribute
to the feedback signal appearing across R.sub.2. To illustrate how
this can be a problem, consider a typical corotron which delivers a
corona current 30.mu.a to the shield and photoreceptor for each
inch of its length when the wire potential is 6.5 KV. The corona
resistance in this instance is:
R(ohms) = 6.5 .times. 10.sup.3 volts/30 .times. 10.sup..sup.-6
amps/in.
= 2.16 .times. 10.sup.8 ohms/in.
If the capacity of the corona generating device is on the order of
1 picofarad for each inch of length then its reactance at 60 hz
will be:
X.sub.c (ohms) - 1/(377 .times. 1 .times. 10.sup..sup.-12) = 2.65
.times. 10.sup.9 ohms/in.
Since the reactive current will be an order of magnitude smaller
and 90.degree. out of phase with the corona current, its
contribution to the voltage drop across the feedback resistor is
small and can be neglected with very little error.
The situation is much different when the supply frequency is
increased to 600 hz. Now the reactive current becomes comparable
with the corona current and if the method in FIG. 1 is used, it is
the total current (through R.sub.2) that will be kept constant and
not necessarily the corona current I.sub.c.
The reactive current is linear with the applied voltage whereas the
corona current is non-linear with the applied voltage.
Consequently, the phase angle of the current through the feedback
resistor with respect to the applied voltage is not constant as
voltage changes. Furthermore, since the capacitive coupling and
corona resistance vary within wide limits and in a non-linear
fashion as a function of the spacing between the corona device and
the collecting surface it is clear that a given voltage across the
feedback resistor may not correspond to a unique corona
current.
In addition, as shown in FIG. 3, the distributed capacity C.sub.3
between ground and the high tension lead connecting the corotron to
the remote power supply will be in shunt with the corona resistance
and will also contribute to the voltage developed across the
feedback resistor R.sub.2. In practice, the high tension cable
capacity may be orders magnitude larger than that of the corotron
itself. Hence, the signal in the feedback resistor due to the
corona current may be swamped or masked by the much larger reactive
current. As a result, large excursions in the corona current may
represent only a small perturbation in the total power supply
current which is beyond the ability of the control circuit to
resolve. Therefore, the constant corona current characteristics are
not realized.
OBJECTS & SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide a method
for measuring the true corona current deposited by an A.C. corotron
on a charge collecting surface.
A further object is to provide a means for regulating the current
output of a corona device to supply a constant charging current to
a charge receiving surface.
With an understanding of the problems involved in obtaining true
corona current measurements noted hereinbefore, the invention
provides an arrangement for discriminating between true corona
current and (the current associated with the flow of charge to the
surface to be charged) and reactive current capacitatively shunting
the collecting surface. Essentially, a corrective signal, equal in
magnitude and 180.degree. out of phase with the reactive component
of the corotron current is added to the normal signal to eliminate
the reactive component from the current reading. According to the
invention, a bridge circuit is formed which includes the corona
device as one arm and a first resistor connected in the current
return path from the corona device to a power supply as another arm
thereof. The remaining arms of the bridge include a capacitor and a
resistor connected in series with each other across the source to
complete the bridge and provide the signal required to compensate
for reactive current through the corona device. The bridge is first
brought into balance with the power supply below corona onset
voltage, then when the power supply is increased above the corona
outset voltage the bridge output potential is used as a feedback
signal to maintain the corona current constant. The bridge output
may also be used in determining the true corona charging
current.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical commercial circuit arrangement for
obtaining constant current charging.
FIGS. 2 and 3 are equivalent circuits of the corona discharge
arrangement of FIG. 1, and
FIG. 4 shows a bridge arrangement of the invention for obtaining
accurate corona charging current measurements and for obtaining
constant corona charging current.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The practical solution of this invention to the above discussed
problem of obtaining a true corona charging current measurement is
provided by the bridge arrangement of FIG. 4.
In the bridge arrangement of FIG. 4, the R.sub.1, CR.sub.1,
CR.sub.2 and C.sub.1 parallel combination represents the equivalent
electrical circuit of the corona arrangement, discussed in
connection with FIG. 2. Shown in dotted lines is the corona device
and charge collecting plate to indicate the physical connections
which are made to implement this circuit in a practical
environment. The feedback resistor R.sub.2 which is selected to be
much smaller than R.sub.1 and the impedence of C.sub.1 discussed
with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 is connected as another arm of the
bridge. The reservoir R.sub.2 is connected into the current return
path of the power supply in order to measure corona charging
current.
The remaining arms of the bridge are formed by the capacitor
C.sub.0 and the variable resistor R.sub.3. Capacitor C.sub.0 and
resistor R.sub.3 are added to obtain the necessary compensating
signal and to complete the bridge circuit. The A.C. power supply 5
is connected across the bridge in the conventional fashion and a
high impedence voltmeter is coupled between the nodes A and B on
the bridge to provide a reading of the condition thereof.
The nodes A and B of the bridge are also coupled to the input
terminals of an amplifier 16 via conductors 14 and 15. The
amplifier 16 generates a signal on line 17 which is feed back to
the control terminal of the power supply 5 to thereby maintain a
constant corona current by varying the voltage supplied by the
source in response to the output of the bridge.
In order to utilize the arrangement of FIG. 4, the bridge is first
balanced by setting the power supply to a magnitude below the
corona onset voltage and varying R.sub.3 until a minimum or zero
reading is noted on the voltmeter. The same effect may be obtained
by using a fixed R.sub.3 and a variable C.sub.0. Once balanced, the
bridge will remain in this condition until the power supply voltage
exceeds the corona onset value. In this balanced condition, the
current through the CBD side of the bridge (i.e., through C.sub.1
and R.sub.2) will be different than, but in phase with the current
through the CAD side of the bridge (C.sub.0 and R.sub.3). The
voltage across C.sub.1 will equal the voltage across C.sub.0 and
the drop across R.sub.3 will equal to the drop across R.sub.2.
Since R.sub.2 was selected to be much smaller than R.sub.1 and
X.sub.c1, most of the applied voltage will be dropped across
C.sub.1 and R.sub.1.
Now, when the voltage applied to the bridge by the source is
increased above the critical corona onset voltage, the current in
R.sub.2 is increased by the amount of the corona current and the
voltage drop across R.sub.2 is greater than that across R.sub.3 by
the amount of the corona current drop across R.sub.2. This voltage
difference appears across the nodes A and B and may be used as a
control signal to hold the corona current constant by feedback to
the control terminal of the power supply. Since this voltage change
is small, an amplifier 16 is used to step it up before application
to the variable supply. The true corona current value may be
determined by dividing the voltmeter reading by the value of
resistance R.sub.2 and in this way the corona charging current may
be adjusted accurately during the initial set up of the
machine.
The following values for the components of FIG. 4 are typical where
a 600 hz supply is used:
R.sub.2 = 1000 ohm
C.sub.1 = 15 picofarads (assuming 1 pf/in. of electrode length)
C.sub.0 = 5 picofarads
R.sub.3 = 3,000 ohm
R.sub.1 = 2 .times. 10.sup.8 ohm
While the charge collecting surface has been described hereinbefore
as a grounded metal place, in a practical xerographic environment
it is a photoreceptor drum or surface carried by a grounded metal
substrate. The arrangement of the invention would operate equally
satisfactorily in either case.
While the invention has been particularly shown with reference to a
specific embodiment thereof, it will be obvious to those skilled in
the art that various changes and modifications in form and details
may be made, without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention. It is therefore intended that the appended claims be
interpreted as including such changes and modifications.
* * * * *