U.S. patent number 3,901,311 [Application Number 05/323,150] was granted by the patent office on 1975-08-26 for self-filling hollow core arterial heat pipe.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Grumman Aerospace Corporation. Invention is credited to Robert Kosson, Burton Swerdling.
United States Patent |
3,901,311 |
Kosson , et al. |
August 26, 1975 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Self-filling hollow core arterial heat pipe
Abstract
An arterial heat pipe is disclosed which is self-filling and has
a high capacity. It comprises a porous structure that is disposed
around a hollow core.
Inventors: |
Kosson; Robert (Massapequa,
NY), Swerdling; Burton (Hauppauge, NY) |
Assignee: |
Grumman Aerospace Corporation
(Bethpage, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
23257921 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/323,150 |
Filed: |
January 12, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
165/104.26;
138/178; 122/366; 138/40 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F28D
15/046 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F28D
15/04 (20060101); F28d 015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;165/105 ;261/92,94,99
;62/511,494 ;138/40,44 ;122/366 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Davis, Jr.; Albert W.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Morgan, Finnigan, Pine, Foley &
Lee
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A heat pipe having a closed casing, a wall capillary and a
vaporizable liquid carried thereby and including an axially
disposed artery formed by a porous structure disposed around a
hollow core, said porous structure having a controlled porosity
which permits capillary filling of said porous structure and
pressure priming of the hollow core, with said artery and said
hollow core providing longitudinal flow of vaporizable liquid, said
axially disposed artery being supported in said heat pipe by a
plurality of legs.
2. A heat pipe having a closed casing, a wall capillary and a
vaporizable liquid carried thereby and including a supported
axially disposed artery formed by a plurality of screen layers that
are disposed around a hollow core and are separated by spacing
means to provide a spacing of said screen layers which will permit
capillary filling of said screen layers and pressure priming of the
hollow core, with both providing longitudinal flow of vaporizable
liquid, said supported axially disposed artery being supported in
said heat pipe by a plurality of legs.
3. the heat pipe of claim 2 wherein the plurality of screen layers
are formed by a spirally wound screen.
4. The heat pipe of claim 2 wherein the plurality of screen layers
are concentrically disposed annular rings.
5. The heat pipe of claim 2 wherein the spacing means comprise a
plurality of elongated rods.
6. The heat pipe of claim 5 wherein the elongated rods have the
same cross-sectional area.
7. The heat pipe of claim 2 wherein the axially diposed artery is
supported in the heat pipe by a plurality of screen mesh legs.
8. The heat pipe of claim 2 wherein the wall capillary system has a
configuration which matches the screening components of the
supported axially disposed artery.
9. The heat pipe of claim 2 wherein the casing of said heat pipe
has a substantially linear configuration.
10. The heat pipe of claim 9 wherein said heat pipe is
substantially circular in cross-section.
11. The heat pipe of claim 9 wherein said heat pipe has a
cross-section with at least one flat side.
12. The heat pipe of claim 2 wherein said screen layers are formed
of woven metal wire mesh.
13. The heat pipe of claim 2 wherein the screen layers are formed
of from about 50 to about 350 mesh stainless steel woven wire
screening.
14. The heat pipe of claim 2 wherein the plurality of screen layers
are formed of a knitted wire structure.
15. The heat pipe of claim 2 wherein the wall capillary is a spiral
groove which is cut into the wall of the closed casing.
16. The heat pipe of claim 2 wherein the wall capillary is a series
of unconnected, grooves which extend around the internal wall of
the heat pipe.
17. The heat pipe of claim 7 wherein the axially disposed artery is
supported by at least two legs that are constructed of screen mesh.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Heat pipes have been described in the prior art which have arteries
which could be filled by immersing the artery in the vaporizable
liquid which was used in the heat pipe. After filling, these prior
art heat pipes were easily drained of the vaporizable liquid which
would collect at the lower part of the heat pipe. This draining
phenomenon was apparently caused by a pressure differential between
vapor and liquid at a given point on the artery surface where said
pressure differential exceeds the value which can be sustained by
surface tension. If the heat pipe is tilted or transient pressure
variations are induced by vibration, the liquid pressure will drop.
This may occur due to manufacturing defects in the artery surface.
Also, heat pipes have been limited in the heat transfer
capabilities by the design of the artery configuration.
It is therefore a primary object of this invention to provide a new
and novel heat pipe which is self-filling and has a high capacity
for heat exchange which is provided by a porous artery that is
disposed around a hollow core. The structure of this heat pipe
includes an outer casing and a supported axially disposed artery
which is preferably formed by a plurality of screen layers which
are formed around a supporting means which results in an axially
disposed free space within the artery.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is an elevation of a section of a heat pipe of this
invention which shows in partial cutaway, the wall capillary which
is a grooved surface on the internal wall of the casing.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a heat pipe according to the
present invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-section of a heat pipe of this invention which is
generally square in cross-section.
FIG. 4 is a cross-section of a heat pipe of this invention which is
ovoid in cross-section.
FIG. 5 is a cross-section of a heat pipe of the invention which has
flat sides and more than one artery.
FIG. 6 is a cross-section of a heat pipe of the invention which has
one flat side.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The heat pipe of this invention comprises a closed outer casing
having a wall capillary and a vaporizable liquid carried therein
and having an axially disposed artery formed by a porous structure
that is disposed around a means which forms an axially disposed
hollow core.
The porous structure may be made of felt, open-celled foamed
materials, sintered metal structures which are formed, for example,
by powder metallurgy or by the sintering of multi-layered knitted
or woven multi-layered screen structures or most preferably by a
plurality of screen layers, said screen layers being separated by
spacing means to provide a spacing of said screen layers which will
permit capillary filling of said artery and longitudinal flow of
vaporizable liquid. The artery may be formed by wrapping screens
and spacers on a mandrel. Once the predetermined size is reached,
the mandrel is removed.
The artery of said heat pipe may be formed by winding a screen in a
spiral around a hollow perforate mandrel to build up a
multi-layered structure. The mandrel may be made of screening or
any other perforate material which will provide structural support
for the artery with substantially unrestricted liquid flow from the
screen layers to the inner part of said hollow mandrel. As the
multi-layered plurality of screen layers are formed around the
hollow core, spacer means may be placed at predetermined intervals
to form an artery structure which will fill by capillary
action.
Whether the artery is made of a supported screen layered structure
or of other materials, the porosity will be controlled so as to
permit capillary filling of the artery and longitudinal flow of
vaporizable liquid in the portion of the artery surrounding the
axially disposed hollow core. The operable degree of porosity may
be readily ascertained by adjustment of the density of the selected
material to suit the physical characteristics of the selected
vaporizable liquid.
Similarly when a screen-type artery is employed, the selection of
the dimensions of the spacer means must be matched to the
particular vaporizable liquid in order to make a self-filling
artery. The spacer means may be round, square, oval or rectangular
elongated rods. It is also contemplated that elevated points at
spaced intervals on the surface of the screen may be used as
spacing means. These elevated points may be in the form of dimples
formed by deformation of the screen material itself or that are
applied by bolting, welding, soldering or adhesively bonding an
appropriate metal, plastic or other suitable type of material to
the surface of the screen. An alternate spacing means may comprise
strips of screening that are fastened to the screen layers or held
by friction within the layered structure.
As specific materials there may be used open-celled foamed,
sintered, powdered, woven or knitted metal or felt material or
polymeric structures such as selected polyurethane foams in
addition to the screen spacer rod structures. Metals may be ferrous
or non-ferrous or alloys thereof. The selected material should be
inert with respect to the selected vaporizable liquid and should be
readily wettable thereby. Those skilled in the art will appreciate
that capillarity is a result of the attractive force between unlike
molecules which is shown by the wetting of a solid surface by a
liquid and is dependent on the nature of the liquid and the solid
as well as the particular configuration of the solid material.
A typical artery according to this invention may have a hollow
internal space with 1-20 percent of the total cross-sectional area
of the heat pipe. The spacers which separate the layers will be
sized to achieve a layer separation in the range of about 0.005
inch to about 0.020 inch. When liquid ammonia is used as the
vaporizable liquid, circular rods having a diameter of from about
0.009 inch to about 0.020 inch, preferably about 0.016 inch have
been found to be operable.
Rods or spacing means may be provided in graded sizes with slightly
larger spaces being provided toward the outer area of the
artery.
Other usable vaporizable liquids include water, acetone; methyl
alcohol and low molecular weight halogenated hydrocarbons such as
dichloromonofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane,
monochlorodifluoromethane, carbontetrafluoride and the like.
It is contemplated that the heat pipes of this invention will by
usable from low to moderately high temperatures as for example,
from cryogenic levels to about 300.degree.F.
The screen layers may be made of stainless steel, aluminum,
fiberglass or any metal alloy or any material which is compatible
with the selected vaporizable liquid.
The screen layers may also be made of spaced annular rings of
different sizes. The screen itself may be of a woven, knitted or
perforated type of construction. Mesh sizes (U.S. standard mesh) in
the order of about 50 to about 350 mesh, preferably about 100 mesh
may be used depending on the particular vaporizable liquid. A
variety of homogeneous porous materials such as compressed steel
wool may also be used in place of the multiple layers of
screen.
In a preferred embodiment the hollow core artery will be supported
by a plurality of radially disposed legs or webs which will space
the artery at approximately equal distances from the internal
surface of the heat pipe. These legs may be made of screening and
will preferably extend along the entire length of the artery. Two
or more legs (i.e., up to about 16) may be employed for this
purpose. The legs or webs may have openings therein. These openings
may be from about 1/20 to about 2/3 of the total area of the leg.
Only a small number of these are required if it is desired to
equalize vapor pressure cirumferentially in the heat pipe. This
vapor pressure corresponds to the saturation pressure of the
vaporizable liquid at the temperature of the evaporator (hot) end
of the heat pipe. The hollow core, when it is not filled with
liquid, will contain vapor at a pressure which corresponds to the
saturation pressure of the vaporizable liquid at a temperature only
slightly above the temperature of the condenser (cold) end of the
heat pipe. The vapor pressure in the hollow core will be lower than
the vapor pressure on the outside of the artery, hence liquid will
flow into the artery, condensing the vapor in the hollow core,
until the artery core is completely filled with liquid. The filling
process has been termed "Clapeyron" or "pressure" priming and has
been used to fill artery cores having diameters too large to fill
by surface tension (capillary) forces alone. The hollow core
constitutes a liquid flow passage with low viscous losses compared
with the surrounding annulus. In this type of heat pipe it is
believed that upwards of 90 percent of total fluid flow is obtained
in said hollow core which accounts for the high heat transfer
capability.
The annulus surrounding the hollow core is essential to the
pressure priming process. It provides enough liquid flow to
establish and maintain the temperature differences within the pipe
needed to initiate the pressure priming process.
The heat pipe may have a casing which is substantially linear or
one which extends through an arcuate path to form a generally
curved type of structure. These curved type structures may be
either generally toroidal, e.g., semi-circular or U-shaped. Either
of these types of heat pipes may be circular, square, rectangular
or ovoid in crosssection.
Other embodiments of the heat pipe may be shaped with
cross-sections having one or more flat sides or a plurality of
arteries may be arranged side-by-side with appropriate dividing
walls to form a multiple heat pipe type of assembly. Such heat
pipes may be used for special purposes, for instance, as the means
for cooling a large surface area which is exposed to high
temperatures.
The wall capillary may be a brazed screen or liner which is affixed
to the internal wall or it may be a spiral groove which is cut or
etched into the wall of the heat pipe. The grooves may also be a
series of unconnected grooves which extend around the internal wall
of the heat pipe.
The width of these grooves should be small enough to fill under
surface tension forces. This is to insure that longitudinal flow
will be maintained along the internal walls of the heat pipe and
localized "hot spots" due to drying out of the wall will be
avoided.
The grooves may be spaced so that these are about 60 to about 300
per inch, preferably about 250 per inch and are cut about 0.0015
inch - 0.0075 inch wide, preferably about 0.0050 inch wide and
about 0.010 inch in depth. It is preferred to cut these grooves so
that they are trapezoidal in cross-section.
The grooves should be sized so that their geometrical capillary
characteristics match those of the leg or web screening components
used to fabricate the supporting parts of the artery and that said
parts communicate with substantially all of the wall capillary. An
aluminum screen of 120 U.S. standard mesh has been found useful for
a screen wall capillary when brazed to the internal wall of the
heat pipe.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
An eight ft., one inch I.D. aluminum tube was provided with 150
circumferential wall grooves 8 per inch, with a depth of 0.005
inch, an opening of 0.002 inch and a root of 0.001 inch. A solid
mandrel 0.200 inch in diameter was wrapped with 100 mesh woven
stainless steel screening, each wrap being separated by 0.013 inch
spacer wires 10 which are spaced so as to separate the screen
layers 12. Thereafter, an annular mesh screen sock or sleeve may be
placed around the artery to maintain geometric continuity and the
mandrel is withdrawn leaving the hollow core 14. The sleeve, if
used, may be made by soft soldering or welding a seam on an
annularly formed screen which is sized to cover the outside of the
artery. Thereafter, the ends of the artery are covered with 100
mesh caps (not shown). The artery legs 16 or webs which also act as
supports, are formed by spot welding three sections of wire
screening so that a circular tube retaining assembly is formed with
three double screen sections extending outwardly at 120.degree.
intervals on the surface of said circular tube. The double screen
outwardly extending projections are trimmed so that they are long
enough to touch the internal walls of the heat pipe but not long
enough to prevent proper installation in the heat pipe by
frictional engagement with the threaded internal wall.
Thereafter, the artery is placed in the circular tube retainer
assembly and this is then fitted into the heat pipe casing. The
pipe is then capped, with one cap having a small diameter fill tube
attached. The heat pipe is then charged with ammonia through the
fill tube, which is then sealed by welding.
In another embodiment, an aluminum screen was brazed to the wall of
the tube to form the wall capillary which engaged with an artery
supported by eight legs.
Although the invention has been particularly shown and described
with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be
understood by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in
the form and details therein without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention.
* * * * *