U.S. patent number 3,898,017 [Application Number 05/351,277] was granted by the patent office on 1975-08-05 for pump.
Invention is credited to Harold Mandroian.
United States Patent |
3,898,017 |
Mandroian |
August 5, 1975 |
Pump
Abstract
Disclosed is an improved device for pumping fluids, i.e. gasses
and liquids. The pump comprises a substantially enclosed chamber
having ingress and egress means for the substance being pumped.
Within the chamber is a gas which may or may not be the substance
being pumped. Means are provided to heat the gas. Means are
provided for selective activation of the heating means. Heating
causes expansion of the gas forcing the substance through the
egress means. Means, such as mechanical valves or duct
constrictions, are provided in some embodiments to restrict
upstream flow.
Inventors: |
Mandroian; Harold (La Canada,
CA) |
Family
ID: |
23380290 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/351,277 |
Filed: |
April 16, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
417/65;
417/209 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H03K
17/725 (20130101); F04B 19/24 (20130101); F04B
53/1077 (20130101); F04F 1/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F04B
19/00 (20060101); F04B 53/10 (20060101); H03K
17/725 (20060101); H03K 17/72 (20060101); F04F
1/02 (20060101); F04F 1/00 (20060101); F04B
19/24 (20060101); F04b 019/24 (); F04f 001/18 ();
F04b 047/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;417/52,207,383,65,279
;119/5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Freeh; William L.
Assistant Examiner: Gluck; Richard E.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Nilsson, Robbins, Bissell, Dalgarn
& Berliner
Claims
I claim:
1. A pump, comprising: a substantially enclosed chamber containing
a gaseous substance, said chamber having ingress and egress means
for the fluid to be pumped thereby;
means to restrict ingress through said egress means;
means to restrict egress through said ingress means;
means within said chamber including a metallic ribbon which upon
the passage of electrical current there through will become
activated to heat the gaseous substance contained in said chamber,
said heating means adapted, upon activation thereof, to heat
substantially only that portion of the gaseous substance which is
sufficiently displaced from that fluid to be pumped so that the
temperature of the fluid will remain substantially unaffected by
said activation; and
means to intermittently provide electrical current flow through
said ribbon to activate said heating means.
2. A pump comprising: a substantially enclosed chamber containing a
gaseous substance, said chamber having ingress and egress means for
the fluid to be pumped thereby;
means in said egress means to restrict ingress through said egress
means including a tube, at least a portion of which has a
progressively decreasing internal cross-sectional area along the
direction away from the interior of said chamber;
means to restrict egress through said ingress means;
means to heat the gaseous substance contained in said chamber, said
heating means adapted, upon activation thereof, to heat
substantially only that portion of the gaseous substance which is
sufficiently displaced from the fluid to be pumped so that the
temperature of the fluid will remain substantially unaffected by
said activation; and
means to intermittently activate said heating means.
3. A pump, comprising: a substantially enclosed chamber containing
a gaseous substance, said chamber having ingress and egress means
for the fluid to be pumped thereby;
means to restrict ingress through said egress means;
means in said ingress means to restrict egress through said ingress
means including a tube, at least a portion of which has a
progressively decreasing internal cross-sectional area along the
direction toward the interior of said chamber;
means to heat the gaseous substance contained in said chamber, said
heating means adapted, upon activation thereof, to heat
substantially only that portion of the gaseous substance which is
sufficiently displaced from the fluid to be pumped so that the
temperature of the fluid will remain substantially unaffected by
said activation; and
means to intermittently activate said heating means.
4. Pump as in claim 2, wherein a plurality of said tubes is
provided in series.
5. Pump as in claim 3, wherein a plurality of said tube is provided
in series.
Description
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
A. Field of Invention
This invention relates to the field of fluid pumps.
B. Description of Prior Art
Fluid pumps commonly in use are typically based on the use of a
rotating device such as an impeller which must be bearing-mounted
and driven by some motive means such as an electric motor.
While most such mechanical pumps are reasonably efficient in terms
of power output v. power input, they uniformly suffer from the
problem of wear of their moving parts. Furthermore, as in the case
of all rotating and reciprocating machinery, mechanical pumps are
noisy. In addition, because the substance pumped must pass through
a mechanical structure of the pump, sealing of the pump and seal
wear frequently create problems in operation. Finally, mechanical
pumps are simply not adapted to transfer certain types of
substances, such as blood, which cannot withstand the turbulence,
mechanical stresses and the like inherent in such devices.
The use of a non-mechanical pump having no moving parts other than
valves would virtually eliminate all these difficulties.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a
non-mechanical fluid pump requiring no moving parts except, in some
embodiments, mechanical valves.
Briefly, the pump of the present invention comprises a
substantially enclosed chamber having ingress and egress means for
the substance being pumped thereby. Within the chamber is a gaseous
substance which, in applications where the pump is adapted to
transmit liquids, the gas occupies the space above the liquid
within the chamber.
Within or external to the portion of the chamber containing the gas
is a device for heating the gas, ordinarily a resistance device
contained within the gas itself. Means are provided for selectively
activating and de-activating the device. Activation, in the case of
a resistance element, consists in sending a current through the
element, whereby it generates heat, causing the gas to expand,
forcing the substance to be pumped out through the egress means.
The activation means ordinarily comprises an electrical
timing/switching circuit in conjunction with a source of electrical
energy, although other means could be used for controlling the
operation of the heating device.
In the particular embodiments of the present invention, various
means are provided to restrict upstream flow of the substance
through the pump. In some embodiments, mechanical valves, such as
ball-check valves or flapper valves, are utilized in the inlet and
outlet ducting. In other embodiments constriction of the ducts in
the downstream direction is employed for this purpose. In yet other
embodiments the timing of the activation and de-activation periods
of the heating elements plays an important role in furnishing the
deisred restrictive effect.
The pumps may be utilized singly, in parallel or in series with
other pumps (presumably of like design), and the heating device
activation means may be adapted to sequence or otherwise
synchronize the operations for the particular application
desired.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a schematic, partially sectional, view of a pump
according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a duct constriction.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a series of duct constrictions.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the pump of this invention, for a
particular application, showing a particular embodiment of the
means provided for restricting upstream flow of the gaseous
substance being pumped.
FIG. 5 is an electrical circuit diagram of an embodiment of the
present invention.
FIG. 6 is an electrical circuit diagram of another embodiment of
the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a metallic ribbon resistance
element employed in an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic, partially sectional view of a pump according
to an alternative embodiment of the invention, wherein
electromagnetic heating means, wholly external to the pump chamber
is employed.
FIG. 9 is a schematic, partially sectional view of a
double-chambered pump oriented so that the pump chambers operate in
parallel, according to yet another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 10 is a schematic, partially sectional, view of a
single-chambered pump according to an embodiment of the present
invention, incorporating features shown in FIGS. 1, 3, 5 and 7.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The "working chamber" of the preferred embodiment of the pump 10 of
the present invention consists of a substantially enclosed chamber
15 having a base 17 and envelope 19. While the chamber may be
constructed of any reasonably substantial material, I have found
that particularly satisfactory results may be obtained if the
envelope 19 is constructed of glass and the base 17 consists of a
rubber stopper, metallic cap or the like inserted into the lower
portion of the envelope.
Chamber 15 contains a gaseous substance 25. In the embodiments of
this pump 10 which are adapted to transmit gaseous substances, such
as air, this gas would, of course, be the substance being pumped.
In embodiments where the pump is adapted to transmit liquids, the
gas could be air or any other gaseous material which is reasonably
inert with respect to the liquid 20 being pumped.
The substance being pumped enters the chamber 15 by means of
ingress means 30, which, in the case of the preferred embodiment of
this invention, consists of a hollow tube or other duct inserted
through the base 19 into the chamber. The substance is transferred
from the pump through egress means 35, which may be similar, in
construction and relative disposition, to the ingress means 30.
In order to restrict upstream flow of the substance being pumped,
egress restriction means 40 and ingress restriction means 45 are
provided. The nature of these means in the preferred embodiments of
this invention will be more fully described below. Suffice to say
at this juncture, that these means will insure that, for the most
part, the flow of the substance being pumped will be in the
direction of the arrows shown in FIG. 1.
Within the chamber 15 of this embodiment of this invention, is a
heating means 50. In the preferred embodiment, the heating means
consists of a resistance heating element, such as a wire 50 (see
FIG. 1) or ribbon 50' (see FIG. 7) of nickel, nichrome or any other
of the various materials well known to those familiar with the art
of resistance heating. It should be noted that the resistance means
50 is for the most part contained within the gaseous substance 25
contained within the chamber 15. Expansion of this gaseous
substance by the heat radiated and conducted from the heating means
50 creates the forces which drive the substance being pumped from
the chamber 15 through the egress means 35. Likewise, cooling of
the gas within the chamber 15 creates a net pressure differential
between the chamber and the ambient, causing a "replacement charge"
of the material being pumped to be drawn through the ingress means
30 into the chamber 15.
Lead wires 52 from the heating means 50 project through the base 19
for electrical communication between the heating means and the
timing/switching means 55. In the preferred embodiment of this
invention in which the heating means 50 consists of a resistance
heating element, the switching/timing means 55 consists of
electrical circuitry which regulates the flow of electrical current
from a source 60 to the heating element 50 through the lead wires
52. While purely mechanical switching/timing means could be
employed in connection with the pump of this invention, purely
electrical circuitry means are considered superior since they need
contain no moving parts. Examples of specific electrical circuitry
adapted for this purpose will be given below.
It should be noted that other means, some of which are external to
the chamber 15, may be employed for heating the gas. Examples are
means to create an electrical discharge through the gas, as in a
neon tube, and means, external to the chamber, for generating
electromagnetic energy directed at the gas, e.g., an infrared heat
lamp 54 (see FIG. 8) or coils, lasers, and the like where the heat
source is external to the chamber, it is preferable to place,
within the upper region of the chamber, a heat absorbing structure,
such as a metallic mesh 51, as shown in FIG. 8. Operation of all
these devices may be controlled similarly to the resistance element
50, employed in the preferred embodiment of this invention.
Before specifying the exact nature of the egress restriction means
40, the ingress restriction means 45 and the switching/timing means
55 employed in the various preferred embodiments of the present
invention, it is worthwhile to note the sequence of events
comprising one complete cycle of operation of the pump 10. For the
purpose of this example, it will be assumed that the substance
being pumped is a liquid 20 operated on by atmospheric pressure and
that the gaseous substance 25 filling the remainder of the chamber
15 is air and/or another gas. Those skilled in the art will note,
however, that the steps are substantially identical in the case
where it is air which is being pumped.
During the first step, the heating element 50 is deactivated and,
as it cools, the surrounding gaseous substance 25 likewise cools.
This creates a pressure differential between the interior of the
chamber 15 and the ambient which, because of the operation of the
ingress restriction means 45, causes additional water to be forced,
by atmospheric pressure, through the ingress means (a duct) 30 into
chamber 15.
During the remaining step, the switching/timing means 55 causes an
electrical current to flow through one of the lead wires 52 into
the heating element 50 causing the latter to radiate heat into the
gas 25 surrounding it. This causes the gas to expand and, because
of the operation of the egress restrictions means 40, causes the
water 20 to be pumped through the egress means (another duct)
35.
Subsequent deactivation of the heating element 50 by the
switching/timing means 55 causes a resumption of the first
step.
Consideration will be now given to the nature of the various egress
restriction means 40 and ingress restriction means 45 which may be
utilized in connection with the pump of the present invention. It
should be noted that the following are given only as examples of
means which may be used. Doubtless, there are many others which
might be utilized by those skilled in the art without departing
from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
As a first example, either the egress restriction means 40 or the
ingress restriction means s 45, or both, may be any sort of
commonly used mechanical valve, for example, a ball-check valve,
flapper valve or poppet valve having correct orientation with
respect to the flow of material through the pump.
As a second example, either the egress restriction means 40 or the
ingress restrictions means 45, or both, might consist of a tube
constriction 65 in which the upstream diameter D1 is greater than
the downstream diameter D2. As will be readily apparent to those
skilled in the art and science of gaseous and fluid flow, such a
constriction will promote the smooth flow of material in the
direction of the arrow shown in FIG. 2 while restricting flow in
the opposite or upstream direction, owing to the creation of
turbulence resulting from the inherent viscosity of the material
and similar factors. Such a constriction 65 may be used singly as
shown in FIG. 2 or in series with other similar constrictions as
shown in FIG. 3. The effect of this series of constrictions 65a,
65b, 65c is to compound the effect obtained from the use of a
single constriction 65.
In the embodiment of the present invention wherein the substance
being pumped is air drawn from the ambient which, upon pumping, is
discharged into a liquid (such as water contained in a home
aquarium), a third means may be employed to restrict upstream flow.
As shown in FIG. 4, this means consists of providing an ingress
means 30 consisting of an inlet duct having, at least somewhere, an
internal cross-sectional area of rather small value; and providing
an egress means 35 consisting of an outlet duct whose minimum
internal cross-sectional area is greater than that of the inlet
duct. In addition, the exit 39 of the outlet duct 35 is immersed in
the liquid 64 contained within a container 62, the surface level of
the liquid being below the entrance 37 of the outlet duct 35.
Finally, the swtiching/timing means is adapted to cause the periods
of non-activation of the heating means to exceed the duration of
periods of activation thereof.
To illustrate the operation of this latter embodiment, it will be
assumed that the period of non-activation during each pump cycle is
10 seconds whereas, the period of activation is only 1 second.
Accordingly, for 10 seconds air is drawn into the chamber 15 of the
pump 10 through the rather narrow inlet duct 30. At the same time,
the ambient pressure acting on the water 64 drives the water up
through the outlet duct 35 toward its entrance 37. However, because
of the specific gravity of water, as compared with that of air, the
level of the water within the outlet duct 35 does not reach its
entrance 37. During the short period of activation of the pump, the
air is forcibly ejected from the chamber 15. However, due to the
fact that the minimum internal cross-sectional area of the outlet
duct 35 exceeds that of the inlet duct 30 much more air is
discharged through the outlet than through the inlet.
It can be immediately seen that this latter embodiment of the
present invention is particularly adaptable for use in connection
with aeration of home aquariums.
Having now described in detail the structural features of the
various preferred embodiments of the present invention, attention
will now be focussed on the electrical aspects thereof,
specifically the switching/timing means 55. It should be again
noted at this juncture that mechanical means and electrical means
other than those about to be described may be employed for this
purpose without departing from the spirit and scope of the present
invention. Such alternative means will doubtless be apparent to
those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains.
FIG. 5 shows the circuit diagram of the switching/timing means 55
utilized in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
There, the flow of current from a source of alternating current 70
to the pump 10 is regulated by the circuitry shown. In that
circuitry D1 and D2 represents diodes; SCR1 represents a silicon
controlled rectifier; R1, R2, R3 and R4 represent resistors; and C1
represents a capacitor. The cycle time of the pump increases as the
value of resistor R2 or capacitor C1 increases; the duration of
activation of the heating element 50 within each cycle increases
with the increase of the value of resistor R3 or capacitor C1. In
particular, I have found that highly satisfactory results and a
cycle time of approximately 2 seconds (which varies somewhat with
the characteristics of the particular SCR) can be obtained if the
values are set as follows:
R1 = 33,000 ohmns
R2 = 500,000 ohmns
R3 = 500 ohmns
R4 = 50,000 ohmns
C1 = 100 microfarad.
In any event, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention
the timing and switching means causes current to flow from the
current source through the resistance heating element 50 at
specified times and for specified durations depending on the nature
of the circuitry employed and the specific values of the circuit
components incorporated therein. In particular, with circuitry as
shown in FIG. 5, each cycle of the pump is of substantially
constant duration, both the activation periods and non-activation
periods thereof being likewise substantially constant. With circuit
components having the values given above, the non-activation period
within each cycle exceeds the activation period.
For optimum results, the structural aspects should be "tuned" to
the various time constants of the circuitry. I. e., the internal
cross-sectional areas of the inlet duct 30 and outlet duct 35, the
volume of the chamber 15 and the nature of the heating means 50 can
be adjusted so that a maximum amount of material can be drawn into
the chamber 15 during the deactivation period of heating element 50
and pumped out during the activation period thereof. This will
require only a small amount of optimization, well within the skill
of those familiar with this art. It should be noted, in addition,
that this adjustment is only required if the efficiency of the pump
is to be maximized, since satisfactory results may be obtained
almost without regard to the exact values of the quantities.
For some applications, it is desirable to employ a pump having more
than one chamber 15 and associated ingress means 30 and egress
means 35. For example, a pump may be constructed according to the
present invention having two such chambers in series or in parallel
(see FIG. 9). This may be easily visualized by reference to FIG.
9.
For series applications, the egress means 35 of the first chamber
15 would constitute the ingress means 30 of the second chamber 15.
The switching/timing means 55 would be adjusted so that during a
single cycle of the pump operation, material would be drawn into
the first chamber then pumped into the second chamber then pumped
out of the second chamber. Modification of the circuitry shown in
FIG. 5 and otherwise described above to accomplish this is well
within the skill of an ordinary electronic engineer. Such a series
pump would most likely be employed in applications where increased
pressure at the outlet were desired.
Another example of a double-chambered pump according to the present
invention is one where the two chambers 15A, 15B are adapted to
operate in parallel as shown in FIG. 9, i.e., where the egress
means 35A, 35B of both chambers transmit material to a single
commercial outlet 37 or other user facility. Such an arrangement
would have at least two general applications. First, it could be
used to pump two different materials from different sources into a
single line for mixing. Second, it could be used to pump the same
material from a single source, in which case the timing/switching
means could be adapted to provide alternate pumping and, therefore,
a more continuous discharge flow.
For the first of these two applications, the basic pump 10 shown in
FIG. 1 would be used in duplicate a as dual elements 10A, 10B, as
shown in FIG. 9 and the two egress means 35A, 35B would be fed into
a single line 37. The switching/timing means 55 of each "pump
element" could be entirely independent or, preferably, could be a
single means 57 operating both heating elements 50A, 50B.
In the second of these application, the two elements would be
functionally related in a similar manner, however, the
switching/timing means 55 would have to be adjusted so that the
activation of the heating elements 50A, 50B would be alternated.
The circuit shown in FIG. 6 accomplishes just this result. Here,
the flow of current from alternating current source 70a to the two
pump elements 10a, 10b is regulated. In FIG. 6, SCR1a and SCR1b
represent silicon-controlled rectifiers; R1a, R1b, R5a and R5b
represent resistors; D2 represents a diode; C2 and C3 represent
capacitors; and N1 and N2 represent neon discharge tubes. Using
circuit elements having the values given below, the
switching/timing means 57 will operate the two pump elements 10a,
10b in alternate fashion, each heating element 50 (a or b) being
activated during one-half the cycle duration of the overall
pump;
R1a = 33,000 ohmns
R1b = 33,000 ohmns
R5a = 2.2 million ohmns
R5b = 2.2 million ohmns
C2 = 0.1 microfarad
C3 = 1 microfarad
It can easily be seen that any number of pump elements may be
employed, each pair of pump elements within any particular grouping
(or, indeed, the totality) being in parallel or in series. This
only requires that the various ingress means 30 and egress means 35
be caused to be in the particular materialtransmissive
communication to accomplish the desired pumping result, and that
the switching/timing means 55 be appropriately modified to regulate
the activation and deactivation of the heating elements 50 of the
various pump elements, the latter being well within the capability
of the ordinary skilled electronic engineer.
In particular, a multiple-element pump of the type described above
may be designed in such a manner as to operate in parallel with
each heating element 50 activated once within each overall pump
cycle (i.e., sequentially). whereby a pump having particularly
smooth and continuous flow is achieved. Likewise, such a pump may
be fashioned to operate in series, whereby the pressure of the
final discharge may be made quite large, owing to the compounding
of the effects of the pump elements in the series. In either case,
the elements may easily be adapted to operate sequentially or
wholly or partially simultaneously, by appropriate modification of
the activation control (switching/timing) means. The duration of
operation of each element during each cycle and the cycle time (in
effect, the elapsed time between successive occurrences of the same
overall pump activation/de-activation configuration) of the pump
may be similarly adjusted.
It might be noted, in passing, that the single-chambered pump 10 of
the preferred embodiment of the present invention is actually a
metering pump. I. e., incorporation of the switching/timing
circuitry shown in FIG. 5 insures that the pump cycle time and the
heating element "on" time (within each cycle) will each be
substantially constant. This, in turn, insures that the quantity of
heat introduced into the gas 25 within the chamber 15 during each
pump cycle will also be substantially constant, resulting in the
fact that the amount of gas expansion during each cycle will be
substantially constant. Accordingly, the quantity of material
pumped during each cycle will likewise be substantially constant.
By substituting a rheostat for the fixed resistor R.sub.3, the
valve of this constant may be selected at will, and the quantity of
material pumped per cycle (or, indeed, per unit time) may be
adjusted as desired.
Similarly, the multiple-chambered embodiments of this invention may
be likewise adapted for metering applications.
* * * * *