U.S. patent number 3,897,591 [Application Number 02/456,322] was granted by the patent office on 1975-07-29 for secret transmission of intelligence.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated. Invention is credited to Alexis A. Lundstrom, Luther G. Schimpf.
United States Patent |
3,897,591 |
Lundstrom , et al. |
July 29, 1975 |
Secret transmission of intelligence
Abstract
1. In a signal privacy system, means to convert a gradually
varying signal current wave into a stepped wave, means to superpose
on said stepped wave a masking current varying in magnitude in a
manner unrelated to the signal to produce a stepped summation
current wave for transmission, and means to eliminate short
portions of the summation wave at the points where the steps occur
to further conceal the signal.
Inventors: |
Lundstrom; Alexis A. (East
Orange, NJ), Schimpf; Luther G. (St. George, NY) |
Assignee: |
Bell Telephone Laboratories,
Incorporated (Murray Hill, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
23812290 |
Appl.
No.: |
02/456,322 |
Filed: |
August 27, 1942 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
380/253;
380/41 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04K
1/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04K
1/02 (20060101); H04l 009/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;179/1.5,1.5R,1.5M |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wilbur; Maynard R.
Assistant Examiner: Birmiel; H. A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Burgess; H. A.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a signal privacy system, means to convert a gradually varying
signal current wave into a stepped wave, means to superpose on said
stepped wave a masking current varying in magnitude in a manner
unrelated to the signal to produce a stepped summation current wave
for transmission, and means to eliminate short portions of the
summation wave at the points where the steps occur to further
conceal the signal.
2. In a signal privacy system, means to convert a gradually varying
signal current wave into a stepped wave, means to add thereto a
masking wave, means to subtract from the resultant wave a fixed
amplitude whenever the resultant wave exceeds in amplitude the
maximum amplitude of the signal wave, to provide a stepped wave for
transmission, and means to eliminate short portions of said last
wave prior to its transmission, such eliminated portions including
the points at which the steps occur.
3. In speech privacy transmission, means to derive from speech
waves a number of low frequency component current waves, means to
convert said current waves to stepped waves, means to add key
impulses to the stepped waves to disguise the latter, and means to
suppress the portions of the resultant waves occurring at the
beginnings and ends of the steps.
4. In speech privacy transmission, means to derive from speech
message waves a number of low frequency component waves of
gradually varying amplitude, means to convert said latter waves to
waves whose amplitudes change suddenly in abrupt steps, means to
add a masking current to the stepped waves to produce resultant
stepped waves, and means to interrupt transmission of the resultant
wave during the times that the amplitude is changing from one
stepped value to the next.
5. In a secret transmission system for signals, trigger tubes and
means to apply the signals thereto, a timing circuit for triggering
said tubes on and off at timed intervals to transmit segments of
the signal differing in amplitude from one segment to the next,
means to add a masking current to said current segments, said
masking current also consisting of current segments of
substantially the same duration as the segments produced from the
signals to produce a resultant current for transmission consisting
of segments, and means to suppress the beginnings and ends of the
segments of the resultant current prior to transmission.
6. In a secret transmission system for signals, a source of signal
waves, a stepper circuit for producing from said signal waves
output waves varying in abrupt steps, a source of key waves, means
to combine said key waves with said output waves to produce stepped
resultant waves, a reentry circuit for restricting the total
amplitude range of variation of said resultant waves to a range of
the same order as the maximum range of signal variation, and a
curbing circuit for deleting portions of the resultant waves
including the beginning and end of each step.
7. In a secret transmission system having a transmitter and
receiver with sources for supplying duplicate key waves at both
transmitter and receiver, a message coder at the transmitter
comprising a message stepper, key stepper, reentry circuit and
curbing circuit and at the receiver a message decoder comprising a
message stepper, key stepper, reentry circuit and curbing circuit
for recovering the original message.
8. A receiving circuit for secret coded message waves resulting
from combination of message waves and a secret key wave; said
receiving circuit comprising a message stepper, a source of
duplicate key waves, a combining circuit for stepped message waves
and key waves, and a circuit for suppressing portions of the
combined waves during which transitions occur from an amplitide
representing one step to an amplitude representing another
step.
9. In a system of speech transmission including analysis of speech
waves into low frequency defining waves at a transmitting point and
synthesis of speech waves at a receiving point under control of
said defining waves, duplicate key wave sources at both points,
means to convert the defining waves each to a stepped wave before
transmission, means to combine the key wave with the stepped wave
to produce resultant waves, means to reduce peak portions of the
resultant waves where necessary to confine their total amplitude
range to the normal range of said stepped wave alone, and means to
suppress transmission of the portions of said last waves within
which transitions occur from one stepped value to another to
conceal evidence of peak reductions.
10. In a secret speech transmission system, means to analyze speech
message waves into low frequency defining waves, a stepper circuit
for each defining wave comprising a respective group of gas
discharge tubes, means to set said tubes to break down individually
at different instantaneous amplitudes of the given defining waves,
a timing circuit for subjecting said steppers periodically to
control by the respective defining wave, a source of key waves for
each defining wave, means to combine the stepped defining waves and
key waves to produce resultant coded waves and a reentry circuit
and a curbing for each coded wave.
11. In a privacy system, a source of message waves, a source of key
waves, a message stepper and a key stepper each comprising a group
of gas discharge tubes having stepped break-down characteristics
from tube to tube, a timing circuit, means under control of said
timing circuit for generating timed impulses and applying the same
to said groups of gas discharge devices in common, said impulses
during their occurrence exposing said steppers to the influence of
said message waves and key waves respectively, and means for
restoring said gas discharge tubes to normal at a given time after
the end of each exposure period.
12. In a secret signaling system, means to convert message waves
into waves varying in amplitude in abrupt steps, means to add
thereto a secret key wave also varying in abrupt steps to produce
summation currents varying in abrupt steps, means to reduce the
amplitude range of said summation currents to substantially the
amplitude range represented by the message waves, and means to
transmit the central portion only of each summation current
step.
13. In a secret signaling system, means at a transmitting point for
automatically coding a message wave to render the transmission
secret comprising a message stepper, a source of key waves and
means to add the key waves to the stepped message waves to produce
a stepped summation wave, means to reduce by a fixed quantity the
amplitude of the summation wave having peak amplitudes in excess of
a given maximum, and means to invert the resultant waves, a source
of duplicate key waves at a receiving point, means to add the key
waves from said latter source to the received waves to produce
summation waves, means to reduce by a fixed quantity the amplitude
of the last-mentioned summation waves having peak amplitudes in
excess of a given maximum, and means to invert the resultant waves
to recover the message waves.
Description
The present invention relates to the transmission of intelligence
with privacy or secrecy. The invention is concerned with the
securing of a high degree of privacy or secrecy of transmission and
is especially directed to speech transmission, although it is not
limited to speech transmission and particularly is this true as to
some of its aspects and features.
The specific disclosure of the invention contained in this
application is based upon the vocoder, a system of transmission and
reception of speech disclosed and claimed in H. W. Dudley's U.S.
Pat. No. 2,151,091, dated Mar. 21, 1939 and the invention is in the
nature of an improvement upon the systems disclosed in applications
of R. C. Mathes Ser. No. 412,054, filed Sept. 24, 1941 and H. W.
Dudley Ser. No. 423,437, filed Dec. 18, 1941.
In the vocoder, speech is analyzed by subdivision of the frequency
band into narrow bands and by integration of the energy in each
band, giving a number of slowly varying speech-defining currents in
separate paths, each current requiring for its transmission a band
no wider than about 25 cycles. These low frequency currents are
simultaneously transmitted to the receiving point. Speech is
synthesized under control of these low frequency speech-defining
currents with the aid of a source of energy having a frequency
distribution covering the essential speech range. This energy is
subdivided in frequency into narrow bands and the energy in each
band is passed through a circuit whose admittance is made a
function of the corresponding low frequency speech-defining wave.
The outputs of all of these circuits are combined. For a more
complete understanding of the vocoder, reference may be had to the
Dudley patent cited.
While the vocoder itself gives a certain degree of privacy of
transmission, a much greater and entirely different order of
secrecy of transmission can be realized by operating upon the low
frequency signal-defining waves to render their reception and
recognition difficult in absence of knowledge of the particular way
in which these waves are operated upon.
One manner of disguising these speech-defining signals is to add to
them a current varying with time in some manner unrelated to the
signal to produce an unrecognizable wave for transmission. At the
cooperating receiver, an identical current is, in effect,
subtracted from the transmitted wave leaving as residue the signal
current. Some means is provided at both stations for furnishing the
identical waves used for masking the signal, one such means
comprising records prepared in advance. It has been shown in the
Mathes and Dudley applications referred to that the secrecy can be
greatly increased by use of reentrant coding, by which the total
range of variation of the signal-plus-masking wave is reduced to,
for example, the range represented by the signal alone or to an
even smaller range. For example, if the signal has a range of
variation from 0 to S and the masking current has a range of
variation from 0 to M, the summation wave would have a total range
of 0 to M + S, or if M = S, a total range of 0 to 2S. In using
reentrant coding, the summation wave is used for transmission so
long as its instantaneous value is not in excess of S, but whenever
the summation wave rises above the value S, there is subtracted
from it by suitable means a fixed value sufficient to bring the
resultant into the range 0 to S, which is the range transmitted.
This results in greater secrecy since it effectively conceals
knowledge of the signal that might otherwise be gained from
particular values such as the value 2S, which value could only mean
that M and S were both at their maximum value, assuming M = S. For
a further understanding of reentrant coding and its advantages,
reference can be had to the Mathes and Dudley applications
cited.
The process of subtracting the fixed value from the summation wave
when its instantaneous magnitude exceeds the maximum value of the
signal, that is, S, can be carried out in different ways. In the
Mathes disclosure such subtraction is made on a frequency basis
while in the Dudley application disclosure the subtraction is made
on an amplitude basis. When the subtraction involves some type of
switching or sudden transition, transients are likely to occur
which might reveal the instants at which reentry is used, thus
giving possible useful information to an outsider interested in
cracking the coded message.
One object of the invention is to prevent indications from
occurring in the transmitted waves of the points at which reentry
takes place.
A more general object of the invention is to improve upon prior
secrecy systems by use of a number of features operating together
to give more positive and reliable operation.
Features of the invention comprise improved exciter and timing
circuits, improved reentry circuits, a curbing circuit and other
features to be indicated in the detailed description to follow of a
complete one way secret telephone transmission system embodying the
improvements constituting the present invention.
IN THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, when placed end to end with FIG. 1 at the left
and with FIG. 4 immediately below FIG. 1, as shown in key FIG. 6,
show a complete one-way system to the extent necessary for a full
understanding of the inventive features claimed herein;
FIG. 5 shows voltage wave forms to be referred to in the
description;
FIG. 7 shows an alternative reentry and curbing circuit using a
stepper, and
FIG. 8 shows time relations applicable to the alternative circuit
shown in FIG. 7.
The left-hand portion of FIG. 1 shows in block diagram the analyzer
part of a vocoder while the right-hand portion of FIG. 3 gives a
similar showing of the synthesizer part of a vocoder. The circuits
and apparatus intervening between these portions are for coding,
transmitting and decoding the vocoder channel currents so as to
render the transmission secret. The secrecy is obtained by adding
to the vocoder currents before transmission masking waves obtained
from a suitable record, indicated at 10 in FIG. 1, and the decoding
is accomplished by supplying identical masking waves at the
receiver supplied, for example, from a suitable record indicated at
20 in FIG. 3. The recorded material is assumed to be known only to
the communicating parties.
The single record 10 or 20 has recorded on it as many separate
codes or masking waves as there are channels to be transmitted, for
example, eleven if we assume ten speech spectrum channels and one
fundamental pitch channel. A greater or lesser number may actually
be used depending on requirements.
Preparatory to adding the code currents or masking waves to the
vocoder channel currents, each vocoder channel current passes
through a stepper to change the current from a gradually varying
current to one changing in abrupt steps. Each code current is
similarly converted to a stepped wave, the steps in both the
message and code currents being similarly timed so as to coincide
with each other. Thus, the summation current is also a stepped wave
in which each step level is equal to the sum of the message and
code at the corresponding instant. This summation wave is then put
through a reentry circuit to bring its total amplitude range down
to the range represented by the signal alone, signal referring, of
course, to the vocoder channel current. This is the range actually
transmitted. The output is also inverted in order to facilitate
removing the key at the receiving end. The channels are multiplexed
together on different carrier frequencies for transmission over a
common medium.
At the receiver, a reverse operation takes place, the key supplied
from the record 20 being first combined with the received secret
message currents (after both message and key currents have been put
through steppers) and reentry is made to restore the vocoder
signals to their true form. Since an inversion was made before
transmission an inversion is necessary also at the receiver to
restore the signals to proper form. With this brief over-all
description as introduction, a more detailed description of the
various parts of the system will now be given.
A speech input, such as a microphone, is shown at 11 leading
through equalizer 12 to a branch point. Branch 13 is the
fundamental pitch channel and leads through band-pass filter 14,
rectifier 15, frequency measuring circuit 16 and low-pass filter 17
for deriving a direct current whose magnitude varies from instant
to instant in accordance with variations in fundamental pitch of
the speaker's voice. The rest of the analyzer comprises a group of
channels, of which there may be ten, by way of example, each
consisting of a band filter 18, rectifier 19 and low-pass filter
21. Filters 18 have different pass bands for subdividing the speech
band into relatively narrow bands.
It is desirable at this point to introduce a rather large
amplification of all of these channel currents and since they
comprise frequencies including direct current (zero frequency) and
extending to about 25 cycles, magnetic amplifiers can
advantageously be used. For this purpose a 2-kilocycle source of
waves, shown at 23, is used with its output carefully regulated by
suitable means to a constant value and thoroughly filtered to
remove harmonics. This wave is put through windings on magnetic
cores with other windings leading to the output circuit 24, the
windings being arranged to be balanced when there is no signal
input so that none of the 2-kilocycle wave or its harmonics then
gets into the output circuit 24. A signal winding 25 included in
the output circuit from filter 21 surrounds both cores and
unbalances the circuit in proportion to amplitude of the input
signal to let through a corresponding amount of the double
frequency (4-kilocycle) which is the principal component. The usual
choke coil and series resistor are shown at 26 for keeping
harmonics out of the 2-kilocycle supply circuit. This type of
modulator is of itself known in the art and is shown as a preferred
form, although other known amplifiers might be used instead (for a
fuller disclosure of magnetic amplifier see Burton U.S. Pat. No.
2,164,383, July 4, 1939). It is not necessary to rectify the waves
in circuit 24 since the varying amplitude 4-kilocycle wave is well
suited as input to the message stepper. It will be clear that one
source of 2-kilocycle wave supplies all of the vocoder channels and
that each channel includes a similar amplifier.
The message stepper comprises, specifically, five gasfilled tubes
27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 having grids connected to graduated points
along potentiometer resistances 32 bridged across circuit 24. By
means of an exciting and bias control circuit to be described at a
later point, the grids and plates of these tubes have applied to
them rectangular voltages of the type shown in FIG. 5, upper two
wave forms. The common grid lead 33 has applied to it a voltage
which is 4 volts negative with respect to the cathodes for 2
milliseconds and is then 150 volts negative with respect to the
cathodes for 18 milliseconds. The common cathode lead 34 has a
voltage of 150 volts negative with respect to ground applied to it
all the time except for 2-millisecond interruptions which are for
the purpose of restoring the stepper tubes to normal approximately
every 20 milliseconds for a brief instant. As seen from FIG. 5 the
interruption of the plate supply comes just before the grids are
driven in the positive direction. The plates are driven positive
with the grids so as to allow the stepper tubes to be triggered
provided there is a signal present in circuit 24, and the number of
tubes that are triggered depends upon the peak amplitude of the
signal in the circuit 24 in the 2-millisecond interval when the
grid is driven in the positive direction. Immediately thereafter
the grids are driven highly negative relative to the cathodes so
that the signal in circuit 24 no longer has any control over the
tube discharge. In this way the stepper tubes sample the signal
current for an interval and if the signal has sufficient amplitude
one or more tubes break down depending on the signal peak amplitude
in that interval. The tubes broken down remain so until their plate
supply voltage is interrupted after 18 milliseconds. They then
restore momentarily and if the signal amplitude has changed in the
meantime, a greater or lesser number of tubes break down upon the
next 2-millisecond exposure. Assuming, by way of example, that the
4-kilocycle voltage range in circuit 24 is from 2 volts for no
signal input to 50 volts for maximum signal input, the
potentiometers 32 would be set so that for a signal input greater
than 2 volts peak value but less than 10 volts, no tube breaks
down; for a signal greater than 10 volts but less than 18 volts,
tube 27 breaks down; for signal greater than 18 volts but less than
26 volts, tubes 27 and 28 break down, etc. All tubes break down
when the signal exceeds 42 volts. The currents in the various tubes
of the stepper flow through individual plate resistors 36 and
return to the plate supply source through common resistor 35 and
ground. The current through 35 is, therefore, the sum of the
currents through the tubes that are broken down at any one time and
the voltage developed across resistor 35 is proportional to the
signal amplitude at the sampling times and remains constant between
samplings times. Further, the voltage developed across 35 is made
proportional to the signal by properly proportioning the
resistances 36 in series with plates of the stepper tubes.
The secret key recorded on record 10 may be prepared in any
suitable manner, for example in the manner disclosed in
Newby-Vaughan application Ser. No. 456,356 filed Aug. 27, 1942, now
U.S. Pat. No. 3,373,245. The key for any one channel should ideally
consist of a succession of current values occurring in random order
in successive time intervals equal to the time intervals used for
the stepper, that is, intervals of 20 milliseconds duration. All of
these keys (eleven in the example assumed) can be modulated on
individual carrier frequency waves and recorded, as in multiplex
carrier transmission, on the record 10. (A duplicate recording is
made on record 20.) The keys for the various channels can be
readily separated by means of filters 40,40, etc. and suitable
amplifiers 42, etc. may be used in each key channel to bring the
key waves to the same amplitude range as the signals.
The key stepper is entirely similar to the message stepper and,
therefore, requires no separate description. As the key varies in
amplitude in random fashion it is sampled by the key stepper and a
corresponding number of tubes break down (or none if the key is of
less value than step No. 1), producing a voltage drop across
resistor 45 proportional to the key amplitude at a given time.
The key is added to the message by the resistance bridge consisting
of resistors 46, 47, and 48, resistances 46 and 47 being large
compared to 35, 45, or 48 which are about equal. The summation
current flows through resistor 48 to ground. The voltage developed
across 48 (negative with respect to ground) and representing the
summation of the message and key at any instant is applied to the
grid 66 of duplex tube 50 for transmission in a manner to be
described.
A second resistance bridge consisting 51 and 52 is connected across
resistors 35 and 45 and its mid-point connects through resistance
53 to the control grid of pentode 54, this grid having connection
through resistors 55 to positive pole of 150-volt battery 56.
Resistance 55 is of the order of a megohm and is much larger than
51, 52, or 53, these each in turn being, say, three times larger
than 46 or 47. The net result is that tube 54 is positively biased
into its saturation region normally, and all of the first five
negative voltage steps applied from resistors 35 and 45 are
insufficient to reduce its space current below the saturation value
but the sixth step swings the grid from positive to negative
through its entire characteristic to the cut-off point. Higher
voltages in the same direction are unable to reduce the space
current further since it is already reduced to zero by the sixth
step. Tube 57, on the contrary, has its grid normally biased to
cut-off by negative voltage from battery 61. The actual bias on the
grid of tube 57 is determined by the constant negative voltage from
61 and the variable voltage applied from the plate of tube 54. When
the space current of tube 54 is reduced to zero its plate voltage
assumes its highest positive value and this throws the bias on the
grid of tube 57 so far positive as to cause saturation current to
flow through the latter tube. For all voltage steps in excess of
step 6 applied to the input of tube 54, therefore, saturation
current of constant value flows in tube 57 and through resistor 65
to ground. The direction is such as to make the ungrounded terminal
of 65 positive. This potential is, therefore, subtracted from that
existing across resistor 48 as a result of direct application
thereto from resistors 35 and 45. When current flows in resistor
65, therefore, the voltage that is applied to the grid 66 of duplex
tube 50 is the difference between the voltages existing across 48
and 65. Grid 66 of tube 50 is connected to the center point of the
bridge consisting of 48, 65 and the two equal resistors 67 and 68,
these latter being larger than either of the resistors 48, 65 which
are equal to each other.
In this way, reentry is accomplished. To recapitulate briefly, if
no tube in either stepper is broken down, the voltage applied to
grid 66 of tube 50 is zero, corresponding to step zero. If one
stepper tube is broken down, a small negative voltage is applied to
grid 66, corresponding to step 1. If five stepper tubes are broken
down, substantially five times as great a negative voltage is
applied to grid 66 corresponding to step 5. If six stepper tubes
are broken down, a negative voltage of step zero value is applied
to grid 66, this resulting from six steps of negative voltage
across resistor 48 and the constant reentry six units of positive
voltage across resistor 65. If all ten stepper tubes are broken
down, a negative voltage of four-step value is applied to grid
66.
The great advantage of stepping the message and key waves and using
reentry for obtaining secrecy has been pointed out in the Mathes
application. It can be graphically illustrated by the following
table in which the message is assumed to have any one of six values
including zero and the key can have any one of the same six values.
The figures in the table are the values after reentry (sum minus 6)
where reentry is used, and represent the
Message Values O 1 2 3 4 5 ______________________________________
Key 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Values 1 1 2 3 4 5 0 2 2 3 4 5 0 1 3 3 4 5 0 1 2
4 4 5 0 1 2 3 5 5 0 1 2 3 4
______________________________________
coded signal. Any given message value can become any other message
value after coding so that no one value, such as 0 or 5,
constitutes a clue, since these can represent all values.
It has been observed that when the tubes 54 and 57 operate as
described to produce reentry, transient effects may occur which
show up in an oscillogram as peaks or spires of current at the
edges of the current steps. While these can be attenuated by
filters to a large extent, their presence in any detectable degree
is undesired since a close study of the wave form might reveal the
instants when reentry is made. Since the secret wave produced
consists of flat-topped pulses, it is only necessary to transmit
the central part to convey all the useful information contained in
the wave and there is no loss of informational content by
suppressing the beginnings and endings of the impulses. By
suppressing these portions, all clue as to reentry times is
effectively removed. This is accomplished by the curbing circuit
now to be described.
Referring to FIG. 5, lowest diagram, the curbing voltage consists
of a normally positive voltage for 14 milliseconds at constant
value and falling to zero for 6 milliseconds. The 6-millisecond
interval begins just before the restoring period of the steppers
and lasts until after the next step has been taken. It is in this
interval that the reentry takes place if at all. The curbing wave
of the type shown in FIG. 5 is generated in the common exciting and
timing part of the system to be described, and is applied to the
lead 71 leading, for the channel shown in detail, to the lower end
of resistor 72 (and to similar resistances in all the other reentry
and curbing circuits). Resistance 72 may have a value of 70,000
ohms, for example. The opposite terminal of this resistor is
supplied from source 61 and by means of a slider 73 on resistor 72
suitable normal bias voltages can be taken off and applied to both
grids 66 and 70 to bring them to the proper points on their
operating characteristics. This is the condition existing for 14
milliseconds out of each 20 milliseconds. During the 6 milliseconds
when the 150 volts positive voltage is removed from lead 71, the
grids 66 and 70 are swung negative beyond cut-off by source 61 and
tube 50 is blocked during each such 6-millisecond interval. This in
effect eliminates the beginning and end of each pulse and confines
transmission to the central 14-millisecond portion.
Reference will now be made to the exciter and impulser circuits
shown in FIG. 4. The exciter circuit is shown as comprising two
banks of three tubes each, these being shown as pentodes 75, 76,
and 77 in the upper bank and 78, 79, and 80 in the lower bank.
These tubes have their control grids driven from a source of
50-cycle current 81 of constant frequency through phase shifting
circuits. This current is amplified at 82 and applied to the two
banks of tubes through transformers 83 and 84. When the key is
used, the 50-cycle per second comes from the record to synchronize
the impulses with the key.
Considering first the tubes 75 and 78, a negative half cycle of the
50-cycle input wave swings the grids of both tubes beyond cut-off.
At some point in the cycle the grids are driven in the positive
direction a sufficient amount to transmit current and the current
rises quickly to full value. Due to the phase shifting circuits 85
and 86 the 50-cycle wave on the grid of tube 75 leads that applied
to the grid of tube 78 by 2 milliseconds. Tube 75 first transmits
current through a path which can be traced from its plate over lead
95, resistor 96, lead 97, potentiometer resistor 98 to ground at
99, to ground at 100 (adjacent the exciter and at the right) upper
part of potentiometer resistor 88 in the output of rectifier 87,
and the minus 400-volt cathode lead 92. This current in flowing
through resistor 96 throws the grid of tube 101 negative beyond
cut-off and shuts off the flow of current from rectifier 102 to
output potentiometer 103 the effect of which will be further
discussed presently.
At a time 2 milliseconds later, tube 78 sends current from its
plate through resistors 90 and 91, lead 92, lower part of resistor
88 to cathode lead 93. The current flow through resistors 90 and 91
cuts off the tube 75 by blocking its grid, and this tube remains
blocked until the grid again swings toward positive when the
process repeats itself.
The pair of tubes 76 and 79 operate in analogous manner to send
current from the plate of tube 76 over lead 104 and resistor 105 to
ground 99 for 2 milliseconds to throw the grids of the parallel
bank of tubes 106 beyond cut-off for 2 milliseconds and cut off the
supply of rectified current to potentiometer 98.
The pair of tubes 77 and 80 operate in analogous manner to send
current from other plate of tube 77 over lead 107, resistors 108
and 109 to ground, thereby placing a blocking potential on the grid
of the tube 110 in the reentry impulser for a period of 6
milliseconds to cut off the supply of rectified current to
potentiometer 111.
By means of the phase shifters similar to 85 and 86 in the inputs
to the exciter tubes the relative timing can be readily obtained to
correspond to that indicated in FIG. 5 for the three voltage
supplies.
In order to be able to supply sufficient power for all of the
channels from common apparatus and to regulate closely the voltages
supplied, a number of voltage regulators are used, as disclosed in
FIG. 4. These are essentially similar. For example, in the cathode
impulser, the output of the rectifier 115 is filtered and the
resulting direct current is put through potentiometer resistor 98
in series with the bank of tubes 106 which are inserted in the
positive lead to ground 99. Pentode tube 116 is connected across
the line with its cathode connected to the negative side and its
plate connected through resistor 105 to the positive side. Its
control grid is connected in series with negative battery 117 to a
point in resistor 98 so that a suitable fractional part of the
output voltage can be applied to the control grid. The regulation
is based on the assumption that the voltage of battery 117 remains
sufficiently constant. This battery may have some convenient
voltage such as 90 volts. Just enough opposing voltage is tapped
off from resistor 98 to bring the control grid of tube 116 to some
suitable control point on the tube characteristic. This establishes
a normal value of current through resistor 105 which fixes the
normal regulating voltage on the grids of tubes 106. Variations in
voltage across resistor 98 swing the grid of tube 116 above or
below its normal value; these variations are amplified and applied
to the grids of tubes 106 in such sense as to oppose the assumed
variations in output voltage by varying the drop of potential
across tubes 106. In this way the circuit regulates itself to a
constant output voltage of 150 volts. This is applied over
conductor 34, as previously described, between ground and the
cathodes of all of the steppers (FIG. 1). When the voltage of the
grids of tubes 106 is thrown negative by current received over lead
104 the tubes 106 change their function from regulating to blocking
for the 2-millisecond interval.
The tubes 110 and 120 of the reentry impulser operate in similar
manner to maintain constant voltage across the terminals of
resistor 111 so as to place 150 volts positive to ground on lead
71, except when the output current is interrupted for 6
milliseconds by current received over lead 107. (For convenience of
drawing the power source 63 is shown at several different points
but may be a single power supply such as house lighting circuit or
other supply.)
The rectifier 121 and regulator 122 may be of the same types as
already described including a shunt pentode, opposing battery and
series triode, to regulate to constant voltage of 150 volts across
points 123, 124. Two additional tubes 125 and 126 operate to
provide a constant voltage of 4 volts across resistor 127, when
tube 101 is cut off, these tubes operating in similar manner to
those already described. When, therefore, the current in resistor
103 via tube 101 is reduced to zero for 2 milliseconds, the upper
end of resistor 127 has the same potential as the cathode lead 34
(also lead 97) while the lower terminal of resistor 127 is then 4
volts negative relative to the cathode lead 34 due to regulated
voltage set up by current via tube 126. The grid bias lead 33
connects to this last point and thus the grids of the steppers
during the 2-millisecond exposure period are biased 4 volts
negative to their cathodes. In addition, during this interval of 2
millisecond, the alternating current impedance between leads 34 and
33 is kept low to avoid pick-up difficulties. In the 18
-millisecond interval between exposure times, the stepper grids are
thrown 150 volts negative to their cathodes. When the tube 101
delivers current to resistor 103 and develops 150 volts across it,
this negative voltage saturates tube 125 to thus block tube 126 and
remove the 4 volt supply. Tubes 101 and 130 regulate to provide 150
volts across resistor 103 except when the regulator tube 101 is
disabled for the 2-millisecond interval.
It was described above how the reentry and curbing circuits
including resistors 48, 65, 67, 68 and tubes 54 and 57 impress
voltage steps on the grid 66 of tube 50 corresponding to the coded
signal to be transmitted. It will be understood that similar
apparatus operating in similar manner is used in each of the eleven
channels, as indicated in FIG. 1. The eleven separately coded
channel waves may be sent to the distant receiving station in any
suitable manner as by ordinary multiplex transmission but the
method illustrated comprises frequency modulation of individual
carrier waves by the several coded channel currents. This method
was disclosed in the Mathes application but the apparatus of the
present disclosure is specifically different and will now be
described.
The duplex tube 50 feeds its output to a special inductance coil
140 comprising a number of separate windings mounted on a magnetic
core such as permalloy. This coil forms the tuning inductance of
oscillator 141, the tuning capacity being 142. The duplex tube 50
must amplify currents of low frequency including zero and it is
necessary to balance the circuit carefully against battery voltage
variations, heater variations and other low frequency variables.
For this reason the tube 50 has signals applied only to grid 66,
the grid 70 and its cooperating anode being for balance and
inverting purposes. Since increasing steps from the steppers throw
grid 66 more negative an inversion of the signal takes place in
tube 50, resistor 53 being set to give full unbalance output at
step 0 and balanced output through both primary coils at step 5.
The output coil has two windings, as shown, one in each plate
circuit, and the potentiometer 143 between these coils aids in
balancing the circuit against the variables mentioned. The coil 140
is operated at high saturating flux to minimize hysteresis and give
as nearly as possible linear variation of inductance with amplitude
of impressed signal. The signal should swing over only a relatively
small portion of the total characteristic. Amplified signal
currents in the winding 144 vary the saturation and therefore the
effective tuning inductance, thus modulating the frequency of
oscillations generated by tube 141. Amplitude modulation is
minimized by gas discharge tube 145 which breaks down on wave peaks
of greater than a specified amplitude, and these excess peaks are
dissipated in the series resistance 146. The oscillator shown is of
the type disclosed in L. A. Meacham U.S. Pat. No. 2,163,403, June
20, 1939 including as bridge arms the tuned circuit consisting of
coil 140 and condenser 142, and resistance arms comprising 148,
149, and 150. Gas tube 145 and resistor 146 take the place of the
lamp type limiter of the Meacham patent. Thermistor 151 is
connected across arm 149 to compensate for ambient temperature
variations. The output frequency modulated oscillations are taken
off through transformer 152 and applied to outgoing line 154
through band filter 153. The frequency modulators for the other
channels feed out through similar filters 153 to outgoing line 154.
The mean frequency of the oscillators in the different channels may
be 170 cycles apart beginning with, say, 765 cycles for the lowest
frequency, by way of example. Each band filter 153 would then have
a pass-band 100 cycles wide with the mean frequency of the
particular channel at one edge of the filter band and the frequency
may be modulated to a depth of 100 cycles from mean frequency so
that only those modulated wave components lying to one side of the
mean frequency of the oscillator are transmitted. The total
transmitted band in this case is within 3 kilocycles and the
transmission can be carried out over an ordinary telephone circuit,
carrier channel or radio channel.
The secretly transmitted wave after traversing the transmission
line or channel 154 to the distant receiving station is separated
into its components channel bands by filters 155 which are similar
to filters 153, and these individual frequency modulated waves are
applied to frequency modulation detectors 156, each consisting of
an amplifier-limiter, and a tuned circuit (slope circuit) 157
slightly off-tuned from the wave to be received so that the
frequency modulated wave is converted to an amplitude modulated
wave. This latter is detected in diode 158 to give a 0 to 25-cycle
output wave which is impressed on the grid of amplifier 160. Diode
158 is biased from negative battery 159 through resistance paths
that permit the plate to be negative toward the cathode to just
rectify the weakest input amplitude modulated wave. Amplifier 160
is cathode-coupled to low-pass filter 161 in a fully degenerative
stabilized feedback circuit to stabilize the amplifier so as to
give satisfactory direct current operation.
Following the low-press filters 161 are magnetic amplifiers 162
which may be like the magnetic amplifiers 22 of FIG. 1. They are
supplied with 2-kilocycle energizing current from source 163
through purifying filter 164 as in FIG. 1.
The message steppers and key steppers may be identical with those
of FIG. 1. The reentry and curbing circuits may be identical with
those of FIG. 2, but in this case the output of the reentry and
curbing circuit feeds into the low pass filter 170 in each channel
instead of into a frequency modulator as in FIG. 2. The cathode
impulser, grid impulser, reentry impulser and exciter circuit may
be the same as those of FIG. 4.
The action of the transmitting and receiving circuits in coding and
decoding will be made clear from considering a specific case.
Suppose a signal element after the transmitting message stepper has
an amplitude corresponding to step 2, or for convenience, two
arbitrary units, and that the key has an amplitude of three units.
These are added to give a five-unit pulse which after curbing is
transmitted. In order to be able to use dupliciate apparatus for
coding and decoding, however, the reverse (in the telegraph sense)
of the five-unit pulse (5--5) is actually used for transmission,
that is, zero unit. This goes through the transmission channel and
is recovered at the distant receiver as zero unit. The key (three
units) is added making three units, which is reversed by
subtraction from five units, giving two units, which is the
original signal. In this case no reentry was involved since the
five-unit summation pulse was of insufficient amplitude to reduce
the space current of tube 54 in the reentry circuit to zero. To
take another example, let the signal again be two units but the key
five units making a coded pulse of seven units. This operates the
reentry circuit to give a coded pulse of one unit which is sent as
(5-1) or four units. This is received and has added to it the key
(5) making nine units which after reentry becomes three units, and
this is reversed to yield the original signal of two units.
The reversal can take place at various points in the transmission.
For example, besides the method described using tube 50, it can be
effected by reversing the polarity of winding of the frequency
modulating input coil or it can be done in a direct current circuit
by subtracting the pulse from a constant voltage. At the receiver
it can be done by changing the slope circuit tuning from one side
to the other of the wave frequency, or by subtracting the direct
current pulses from a constant voltage. With whatever inversion
method that is used, the inverting means at the transmitter and at
the receiver must be properly coordinated.
It is necessary to drive the records 10 and 20 in close synchronism
with each other and this may be done by suitable means known in the
art such as are used in synchronizing television transmitter and
receiver distributors, printing telegraph distributors or other
synchronized apparatus. In some instances, constant frequency
oscillators may be used at the separate stations, such as crystal
controlled oscillators like that of the Meacham patent, driving
synchronous motors for the turntables. The showing of the disc
record is illustrative only, since various other types of records
including photographic and magnetic could be used.
In some cases it may be found feasible to omit the message steppers
and key steppers at the receiver, thus simplifying to that extent
the apparatus used. Even if the steps are not well defined out to
the edges of the "flat" portions, the edge effects are eliminated
by the curbing circuit. On the other hand, if the steppers are
used, it may be feasible to omit the curbing circuits at the
receiver since the effect of the spires of current at the edges of
the steps, or other transients, would not lessen the secrecy of the
system but would rather appear as distortion which might be
tolerated in some cases.
Following on from the output of the receiving reentry and curbing
circuits, each channel leads to a low pass filter 170. The
uppermost channel, which is the fundamental pitch channel, leads to
switching amplifier 171 and tone source 172 and the noise source
173 is connected to the input of the amplifier 171. In the absence
of a voiced sound, that is, on using vocal cord vibrations, the
tone source 172 is biased in inoperative condition, while the
switching amplifier 171 is in its transmitting condition and
transmits continuous energy spectrum waves from the noise source to
the supply circuit 174. Voiced sounds produce current in the pitch
channel which disables the switching amplifier and removes the
blocking bias on the tone source 172 to permit fundamental and
harmonic wave energy to flow into the output supply circuit 174,
and the pitch of the fundamental wave is determined as a function
of the amplitude of signal in the pitch channel.
The remaining channels lead to variable gain amplifiers 175 and the
channel currents unblock these amplifiers in proportion to the
strength of signal in the particular channel. Energy in the supply
circuit 174 is distributed to amplifiers 175 through selective
filters 176 having pass ranges similar to those of the filters 18
of FIG. 1, or other suitable pass ranges. Output filters 177 have
similar pass ranges and lead in common to the receiver 178 which
may be a telephone receiver or loudspeaker. Equalizer 179 may have
a characteristic to compensate for that of equalizer 12 of FIG. 1,
or otherwise equalize transmission.
The portion of the system to the right of filters 170 is, as
stated, the receiving end of a vocoder and is in accordance with
the disclosure of Dudley's patent which may be consulted for a more
detailed understanding.
In FIG. 7 there is shown an alternative circuit which may be used
in place of the reentry and curbing circuit of FIG. 2. Beginning at
the left, this figure shows a message stepper at 200 and a key
stepper at 201 which may be the message and key steppers shown in
detail in FIG. 1. At the lower right of FIG. 7 is shown a frequency
modulated oscillator 203 which may be the frequency modulated
oscillator shown in detail in FIG. 2 with its specially constructed
modulating transformer 140. The circuit elements shown between the
steppers 200 and 201 and the oscillator 203 of FIG. 7 comprise the
alternative circuit referred to and will presently be
described.
The message stepper 200 and key stepper 201 are supplied with timed
impulses from the cathode impulser 204 and grid impulser 205, these
being controlled in turn from exciter 206 driven from 50-cycle
standard frequency source 81, these equipments all being the same
as those disclosed in FIG. 4, except that in this case the exciter
206 does not have the third pair of tubes used in FIG. 4 to supply
a timing pulse to the reentry impulser, which in this case is not
used. The control impulses for the steppers of all channels are
supplied over leads 33 and 34 and the timing pulses for the
impulsers 204 and 205 are supplied over leads 95 and 104 as
previously described in connection with FIG. 4. The stepped message
currents in resistor 35 and the stepped key currents in resistor 45
are added in the resistance bridges 46,47 and 51,52 as in the case
of FIG. 2, the center point of the first pair of resistors leading
through magnetic amplifier 207 and the center point of the second
pair of resistors leading to the grid of reentry circuit tube 208.
Magnetic amplifier 207 is like magnetic amplifier 22 of FIG. 1, and
the signal input coil is connected in series with 4-kilocycle
filter coil 209. The output currents from the magnetic amplifier
207 are applied to the output stepper consisting of five gas-filled
tubes 210 to 214 having their grids connected to graduated points
on potential dividing resistors 215 connected in bridge of output
branch 216 of the amplifier 207. The arrangement is similar to that
of the message and key steppers in that tubes 210, etc. fire in
different numbers depending upon the maximum amplitude of the
voltage existing, at the instants of exposure, across circuit 216.
The current in the common output resistor 218 is, therefore,
proportional to the sum of the currents flowing in the plate
circuits of the tubes 210, etc. that are conducting at one time and
the plate resistors 217 of the individual tubes are proportioned to
make the current in resistor 218 proportional to the maximum
voltage existing across circuit 216 at the sampling times. A
fractioanl part of this output current is taken through adjustable
resistance 221 and is sent into winding 222 of frequency modulating
coil 140, this winding corresponding to the winding 144 of FIG. 2,
so that from this point on the action of modulating the frequency
of oscillator 141 and transmitting the modulated waves through
filter 153 to line 154 is the same as in the previously described
case.
As noted in the description of the system disclosed in earlier
figures, it is desirable to invert the signals before transmission.
This is done in the present circuit by providing battery 225 which
applies a positive potential to the input terminal of the amplifier
207 of such value that when the output voltage from the message and
key steppers is zero, all five of the tubes 210 to 214 are broken
down and maximum value of modulating current is impressed on the
frequency modulation circuit. Since the output voltage from the
message and key steppers applied to lead 226 is negative it
subtracts from the constantly applied battery voltage and when the
total output from the steppers has a value equal to five steps the
voltage in the output of amplifier 207 is reduced to a point where
none of the tubes 210 to 214 fires.
The reentry circuit comprises tubes 208 and 227, the cathode of the
latter being connected to lead 226 and eventually to ground through
the amplifier 207. Assuming increasing output of summation message
and key currents, the first five steps reduce the normally positive
grid voltage of tube 208 but on step 5 the tube still continues to
transmit saturation current which, flowing through output
resistances to which the grid of tube 227 is connected, is
sufficient to keep tube 227 from passing current. On the sixth
step, tube 208 is cut off allowing tube 227 to transmit saturation
current which is adjusted to such value as again to cause all five
stepper tubes 210 to 214 to fire. Steps 7, 8, 9, and 10 result in
the firing of four, three, two and one of the stepper tubes
respectively. In this way reentry is accomplished. It will be
observed that the tubes 208 and 227 operate in the same manner as
the tubes 54 and 57.
The time relations involved in the operation of the FIG. 7 circuit
are given in FIG. 8. The upper two curves apply to the message and
key steppers and are the same as the upper two curves of FIG. 5.
The output stepper has its exposure time set somewhere near the
middle of the 18-millisecond output pulse coming from the message
and key steppers. This allows time for transients to subside. This
timing relation is shown by the grid bias supply curve of the
output stepper, the third curve of FIG. 8. The output stepper tubes
are restored by reduction of their plate-to-cathode voltage to
zero. This occurs at a time about 6 milliseconds before they are to
be fired on the next succeeding impulse. The plate voltage is held
at zero for 4 milliseconds while the grids are at negative blocking
potential and the plate voltage is again thrown positive just
before the grids are unblocked to expose the stepper tubes. This
results in an output pulse duration of about 14 milliseconds with a
6 millisecond spacing. These time relationships are shown in the
lower two curves of FIG. 8.
Referring again to FIG. 7, an exciter circuit 230, grid impulser
231 and cathode impulser 232 are shown for the output stepper.
Exciter 230 may be similar to the exciter circuit shown on FIG. 4
(but in this case only the first two pairs of tubes are needed in
the exciter, since there is no curbing control lead 107 required).
The grid impulser may be the same as that of FIG. 4 (involving
tubes 101, 130, 125 and 126) and the cathode impulser may be the
same as that shown on FIG. 4. Since the timing on the cathode
impulser, however, calls for current interruption in the impulser
of 4 milliseconds instead of 2 milliseconds, the phase shifting
circuits in the exciter must be adjusted to send a 4-millisecond
control impulse over the lead 104 in place of a 2-millisecond
control impulse as was assumed in the case of FIG. 4. Since the
operation of exciter 230 and impulsers 231 and 232 is delayed in
time with respect to the exciter and grid and cathode impulsers of
FIG. 4 by an amount indicated in the curves of FIG. 8, a phase
shifter 233 is inserted between the source 81 of 50-cycle current
and the exciter 230 to introduce the requisite time delay.
Since with the circuit of FIG. 7 the sampling of the message and
key stepper output current occurs in the middle of the pulse
period, the beginnings and ends of the pulses are eliminated and
spires of current or transients caused, for example, by reentry
operation are suppressed. This output stepper therefore, also acts
to curb the impulses before transmission.
For purposes of full disclosure of the improvements constituting
the invention, a complete one-way system has been disclosed, and
this has involved the inclusion of features which in and of
themselves form no part of the invention. In this disclosure,
values and other detailed matters have been given by way of
illustrative example with no intention of the limiting the scope of
the invention thereby. The features which constitute the present
invention and which are believed to be patentably novel are
particularly pointed out in the claims, which follow.
* * * * *