U.S. patent number 3,896,994 [Application Number 05/384,128] was granted by the patent office on 1975-07-29 for electrostatic deposition coating system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Arvid C. Walberg & Co.. Invention is credited to Arvid C. Walberg.
United States Patent |
3,896,994 |
Walberg |
July 29, 1975 |
ELECTROSTATIC DEPOSITION COATING SYSTEM
Abstract
Electrostatic deposition spray coating systems in which water
base paints, teflon coatings and other highly conductive materials
are sprayed utilize the conductive fluid in a paint conduit of
insulating material for connecting an ionizing electrode to the
high voltage power supply of the system. Higher operator safety is
accomplished by mixing the conductive coating material fluid and
air internally prior to ejecting it through an air cap and by
limiting the exposed portion of the ionizing electrode to a short
needle point or knife edge.
Inventors: |
Walberg; Arvid C. (Lombard,
IL) |
Assignee: |
Arvid C. Walberg & Co.
(Downers Grove, IL)
|
Family
ID: |
26930771 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/384,128 |
Filed: |
July 30, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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237523 |
Mar 23, 1972 |
3774844 |
|
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24104 |
Mar 31, 1970 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
239/3;
239/695 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B05B
5/1608 (20130101); B05B 5/03 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B05B
5/025 (20060101); B05B 5/03 (20060101); B05B
5/00 (20060101); B05B 5/16 (20060101); B05b
005/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;239/3,15 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wood, Jr.; M. Henson
Assistant Examiner: Mar; Michael
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Mason, Albright & Stansbury
Parent Case Text
This is a division, of U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 237,523,
filed Mar. 23,1972, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,774,844, which is a
continuation of U.S. Pat. application No. 24,104 filed Mar. 31,
1970, now abandoned.
Claims
I claim:
1. A coating system comprising:
a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the
atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein
said passage having an intake,
a container for holding coating material,
a high voltage supply connected between coating material in said
container and work to be coated,
an electrically nonconductive fluid conduit having an internal
cross sectional area and connecting said container and said intake
to transport coating material from said container to said spray gun
body passage, said conduit being sufficiently long in relationship
to said cross sectional area to prevent arcing at the spray gun,
and
means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating
material ejected from said spray gun connected to said coating
material at said spray gun.
2. A coating system comprising:
a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the
atmosphere having a forward end and a shield of electrical
non-conducting material surrounding all conducting portions in said
forward end,
means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating
material ejected from said spray gun comprising a multiplicity of
needle points having only their sharp tips protruding from said
shield of electrical nonconductive material, and
a high voltage supply connected between said means of applying an
electrostatic field and work to be coated.
3. A coating system in accordance with claim 2, wherein said
multiplicity of needles is not less than three.
4. A coating system comprising:
a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the
atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein
having an intake,
a shield of electrical nonconducting material surrounding all
conducting portions on the forward end of said body,
means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating
material ejected from said spray gun connected to said coating
material at said spray gun comprising a sharp edge electrode with
only its edge protruding from such shield of electrical
nonconducting material.
5. A coating system comprising:
a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the
atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein
said passage having an intake,
a shield of electrical nonconducting material surrounding all
conducting portions on the forward end of said body,
means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating
material ejected from said spray gun comprising a sharp edge
electrode protruding from said shield of electrical nonconductive
material, said electrode having an insulating shield bonded to all
surfaces with only the extreme edge exposed, and
a high voltage supply connected between said sharp edge electrode
and work to be coated.
6. A coating system according to claim 5, wherein the exposed edge
of said sharp edge electrode has a radius of curvature not greater
than the order of 0.001 inch.
7. An electrostatic coating system having a spray gun for atomizing
coating material and a conduit connected to the spray gun to
transport coating material to said gun wherein the improvement
comprises,
a source of high voltage electricity connected between the coating
material in said conduit and a circuit ground to provide a flow of
electrical current through said coating material in the conduit to
said spray gun,
a layer of conducting material surrounding the coating material in
the conduit connected to said circuit ground, and
a layer of electrical nonconducting material insulating said
coating material from said grounded layer of conducting
material.
8. An electrostatic coating system as specified in claim 7, wherein
said spray gun has an externally exposed layer of electrically
conducting material connected to said layer of conducting material
surrounding the coating material in the conduit.
9. An electrostatic coating system as specified in claim 8, wherein
said externally exposed layer of conducting material forms part of
a handle for manually operating said spray gun.
10. An electrostatic coating system as specified in claim 7 wherein
said source of high voltage electricity is connected to the coating
material in said conduit by connecting said source to a mass of
said coating material before it flows into said conduit.
11. A coating system comprising:
a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the
atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein
said passage having an intake,
means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating
material ejected from said spray gun comprising a sharp tip
electrode protruding from said shield of electrical nonconductive
material and having a radius of curvature not greater than the
order of 0.001 inch.
12. The method of adjusting the electrical resistance of coating
material in a coating material conduit connected between a source
of coating material, which is connected to a source of high
voltage, and an electrostatic spray gun to compensate for variance
in the resistivity of coating materials comprising varying the
length of the conduit and varying the internal diameter of the
conduit.
13. The method of electrostatically spray coating semi-conducting
material comprising:
connecting a mass of water based coating material to a source of
high voltage,
continuously transporting the coating material in a steady flow
through a spray gun to atomize said coating material, and
spraying the surfaces of a semi-conductive material with the
atomized coating material.
Description
The present invention relates to electrostatic coating systems and
more particularly to methods and apparatus for safe operation of
electrostatic coating systems which spray highly conductive coating
material.
Air pollution due to conventional paint solvents is a problem that
must be solved. By substituting water-base paints for solvent-base
paints, the air pollution problem is virtually eliminated. Water
vapor discharged into the atmosphere is not harmful and is fully
acceptable to all air pollution regulation agencies.
Paint manufacturers have spent millions of dollars in the
development of water-base paint. These paints are used primarily in
electrophoretic coating systems which are similar in operation to a
plating system. There are several limitations of electrophoretic
coating systems however such as high cost of equipment, single coat
application, limited color change possibilities, limited film
thickness, precision control requirements, expensive ware
precleaning equipment, spoilage of large tanks of paint and the
limited flexibility of the entire system. A good electrostatic
spray gun can eliminate or reduce some of these limitations and
expand the use of water-base coatings very substantially. The
technology of electrophoretic coating produced at great expense by
the paint manufacturers can readily be converted to the field of
electrostatic spraying to expand the total market for water-base
coatings of this type. The spray gun disclosure herein will
contribute to the expansion of this new paint technology.
Water-base coatings have also been available for several years on
the domestic market for house painting and similar projects. In
order to paint a wooden frame house with an electrostatic hand gun
it has been helpful to make the paint as conductive as possible. A
solvent-base paint with a resistance as low as 200,000 to 400,000
ohms with a Fischer meter has been used. With the gun disclosure
herein, water base paint may be applied to a frame house
electrostatically. The lower resistance of the water-base material
(about 400 to 500 ohms with a Fischer meter) makes the
electrostatic application more effective. The wooden siding becomes
more conductive over the surface through the applied wet film
thereby causing the electrostatic field to function more
efficiently. The gun in this disclosure can be used very
effectively for contract painting when water-base coatings are
used. It will spray wood, brick, concrete and plaster surfaces
electrostatically.
Another large potential market for electrostatic spraying of water
solutions is in the agricultural industry. It can be used to spray
fields and orchards and since electrostatically charged particles
will coat the underside of leaves as well as top surfaces it will
be far more effective in doing the intended job. Finer atomization
without corresponding excessive waste due to the fine particles
becoming airborn and being carried away from the product is one of
the important advantages. Thinner more complete films can be
applied with a very substantial reduction in material usage. By
using herbicides, insecticides and other chemicals in much smaller
quantities, the problems of air and water pollution can be greatly
reduced.
Other nozzles such as external-mix air atomization and hydraulic
atomization can use the principles of this invention as well when
water-base or highly conductive solutions are to be sprayed.
Oil-base paints and other high resistance materials can also be
used in the gun by adjusting these materials with chemical
additives into a more conductive range. A water-alcohol solution or
other similar solution can be added. Acids will also tend to make
paints more conductive. Acids are frequently added to give good
bonding characteristics and would serve a dual purpose. A
resistance up to several hundred megohms in a 25 feet 0 inches
insulated paint hose can be tolerated. The maximum resistance
permitted in the order of 250 megohms at 60,000 volts. Higher
resistances can be permitted at higher voltage. In general the
paint resistance required is substantially below that permitted in
prior art electrostatic hand guns.
Because water-base coatings are highly conductive, a new and
different technology is required to handle these coatings
electrostatically. Prior art air atomizing electrostatic automatic
spray guns have been used to spray water-base materials but these
guns cannot be readily adapted to manual operation. These guns have
also used external-mix air-atomizing techniques that call for
discharging a stream of fluid into the atmosphere forward of the
gun and atomizing this fluid with jets of compressed air. Since
water-base materials are rather difficult to atomize, high air
pressures and large volumes of compressed air are used in the
atomization process. This causes high spray velocity and lowers
operating efficiency. This problem is overcome with the
internal-mix air cap of this invention.
Prior art manual electrostatic spray guns grounded the paint column
at or near the handle of the gun and the high voltage shorted out
through the paint column if conductive water-base paint was used in
the gun. These guns have also been equipped with a high voltage
cable and a current limiting resistor in the gun. This added extra
weight to the gun and reduced maneuverability. The prior art
electrostatic hand guns also used external mix air atomization or
hydraulic atomization and this means of atomization has various
limitations. External-mix atomization tends to be wasteful,
particularly where water-base coatings are concerned, since large
volumes of high velocity are required as previously mentioned.
Hydraulic atomization tends to be wasteful also by applying
excessive film thickness on the work. The extra film thickness
represents wasted paint even though the paint is on the product.
This invention relates primarily to an internal-mix air nozzle made
of insulating material used in connection with water base or other
conductive paint and having an electrostatic field applied to a
sharp ionizing electrode tip at the nozzle with the high voltage
connection completed through the fluid line.
The internal-mix air cap has been used in conventional
non-electrostatic spray equipment but its use has steadily
diminished over the years. It was displaced by guns using
external-mix air caps. The external mix gun provided a higher
quality of finish, higher speed and greater flexibility. When
adapting the external-mix air cap to high speed electrostatic hand
guns, however, the high air pressures of 50 to 100 psi and the high
air volume consumption tended to increase spray velocity, hinder
good electrostatic operation and lower operating efficiency. An
internal mix air cap requires much less compressed air volume to
achieve the same atomization at the same speed of operation. This
results in higher operating efficiency when this basic construction
is used in a high speed electrostatic spray gun.
Since water-base paint is highly conductive, it has substantial
capacitance and tends to provide an uncomfortable electrical
discharge. Since water-base paint is non-flammable, this is not a
serious objection, however. The sprayer can also learn to refrain
from touching the charged front end of the gun. This problem is
equivalent to working with a hot soldering iron. A worker can
handle this problem without difficulty and will not burn
himself.
The disclosed invention overcomes this disruptive discharge problem
to some degree. Prior art guns used a concept known as "low
effective capacitance" are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,048,498;
3,169,882, and 3,169,883, but this concept cannot apply to water
base paints since the entire paint supply becomes charged to high
voltage and the resultant capacitance is substantially greater than
several micro-micro-farads and greater than a 3-centimeter sphere
as discussed in U.S. Pat. 3,048,498. The guns disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,048,498 cannot handle water base paints. The spinning
bell hand gun cannot electrostatically atomize water base paints
since the material is too conductive. The hydraulically atomizing
gun has a short column of paint serving as a resistor and when
water base paint is used in the gun this short paint column is
highly conductive and the disruptive discharge from the front of
the gun would be extremely uncomfortable if approached too closely
by a spray operator. The patent teaches that the paint column in
the gun must have high resistance.
The spray guns of U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,882 also suffer from similar
limitations. The FIG. 1 gun is an automatic gun and if supplied
with water-base paint from a paint source insulated from ground
will provide a very uncomfortable arc because of a high capacitance
discharge if approached too closely by a spray operator. The gun
has an excessive amount of exposed charged metal. Disruptive
discharges can occur from the exposed metal surfaces. The excessive
exposure of charged metal also lowers operating efficiency. The gun
utilizes an external-mix air cap and requires an excessive volume
of compressed air to function properly when operating at high
speed. The gun cannot be used as a hand gun. The FIG. 4 and FIG. 6
hand guns ground the paint column at the handle and would provide a
short circuit for the high voltage if conductive paint was used in
the gun. These guns also utilize a high voltage cable and a current
limiting resistor in the gun. This increases weight and reduces
maneuverability.
The spray guns of U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,883 have the same limitations
as the guns shown in U.S. Pat. 3,169,882. All guns would either arc
excessively because of large exposed charged metal surfaces or a
conductive paint would short out to grounded portions of the
gun.
My previous U.S. Pat. No. 3,251,551 contemplates the use of water
base paints in an automatic gun but does not permit use of water
base paints in the hand gun. The automatic gun would produce an
uncomfortable arc if used with water base paint since an electrical
connection is made directly to the metal in the head of the gun
without use of an intervening resistance. The hand gun would short
circuit the high voltage to the grounded handle of the gun if water
base or highly conductive paint is used.
My U.S. Pat. No. 3,251,551 also discloses an external mix air cap
but does not disclose an internal mix air cap. Material is atomized
according to this patent after it is ejected into atmosphere at the
forward end of the gun. My present invention atomizes the paint
prior to ejection into the atmosphere.
My present internal-mix electrostatic spray gun is not only more
efficient because of the substantial reduction in amount of
compressed air used, but it also can handle water-base or
conductive paint with ease and at the same time it can be made
relatively safe by minimizing disruptive discharges even though
very high capacitance conductive material is used in the gun. This
applies to high capacitance metal structures within the gun as well
as conductive coating materials being sprayed. My previous concept
calling for an insulating shield over all charged metal with
minimum exposure of a sharp tip or edge in the zone of atomization
should be as fully employed as possible to provide nonarcing or
minimal-arcing operation with conductive coatings. The nature of
the exposed metal must be far more carefully taken into
consideration when high capacitance conductive coating materials
are used.
An all-metal or highly conductive electrode can be made nonarcing
and safe from an ignition or comfort standpoint if its true
capicitance is below specified limits at given operating voltage
and its current supply is limited by specified values of resistance
as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498. A 1 centimeter radius metal
sphere is safe when charged to 100,000 volts d.c. through a 1000
megohm resistor for example. A 3 centimeter radius sphere charged
to 50,000 volts d.c. through a 4,000 megohm resistor is also safe
but not quite as safe as the first example. The above examples are
less safe when the capacitance is increased, the voltage increased
or the resistance is decreased. The opposite is true if the
capacitance and voltage are decreased while the resistance is
increased.
The gun of the present invention provides for the safe use of
conductive coatings and charged metal electrodes that, in
combination, provide a capacitance that is well in excess of the
three centimeter radius sphere contemplated as the maximum
permissible under the theory taught in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498.
The gun of this disclosure will also permit the use of much lower
resistances than the specified 1,000 megohm resistor when the total
capacitance is as low as that of a one centimeter radius
sphere.
When a high capacitance metal electrode equivalent to a 3 cm radius
metal sphere is built into the gun it is possible to reduce the
required resistance substantially below the values specified in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498 by adding an insulating shield over the
charged metal and exposing only a sharp ionizing electrode in the
zone of atomization as taught in my previous U.S. Pat. Nos.
3,056,557 and 3,251,551. The arcing from a sharp exposed tip is
very low but is higher from other surfaces on the same metal
electrode and an insulating shield provides the needed protection
for these other surfaces.
Adding extra resistance as the capacitance increases as taught in
the U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498 is effective for the lower capacities
only. The extra resistance causes a severe drop in operating
efficiency when values of 500 megohms and above are used in
air-atomizing or hydraulic atomizing electrostatic spray guns.
Lower values of resistanc are preferred for maximum operating
efficiency.
Making the electrode out of semi-conductive material when higher
capacities are encountered is satisfactory for items like the
spinning bell in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498 patent but the patent
does not teach how to handle conductive coating materials such as
water-base paints with their inherent high capacities.
Higher capacitance metals or conductive coating materials can be
made non-arcing or the arcing minimized in my present gun by fully
employing the teaching of my U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,056,557 and
3,251,551. This calls for an insulating shield over all conducting
surfaces except the extreme sharp tip of the needle point. Even the
shank of the needle must be insulated since an uncomfortable arc
can be drawn from any smooth surface. A sharp-edged electrode must
have an insulating shield bonded to all surfaces with only the edge
itself exposed. The sharp edge or point will drain off the
electrical energy stored in the high capacitance of the charged
metal or conductive coating material thus lowering the voltage to
safe non-arcing levels. While the small radius of curvature of a
fine wire of about 0.020 inches in diameter is considered "sharp"
in prior art devices, for the purpose of my present disclosures, I
desire to have the exposed sharp points or edges to have a radius
of curvature in the order of 0.001 inches or less. This permits a
much higher capacity such as a large volume of conductive coating
material to be discharged safely.
Prior art patents a number of which issued subsequent to my U.S.
Pat. Nos. 3,056,557 and 3,251,551 disclosed exposed charged
surfaces that have a relatively large radius of curvature and this
causes disruptive discharges that are unsafe and uncomfortable when
high capacitance material is directly connected electrically to
these exposed surfaces. This occurs even though a resistor is used
in the high voltage circuit. It applies to the entire gun body of
FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,882, the length of exposed fine wire
electrode of FIG. 4 and FIG. 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,882, and the
exposed fine wire of FIG. 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,883. All exposed
needle electrodes should have a bonded insulating material applied
to the surfaces so that only the tip of the needle is exposed. All
fine wire electrodes should preferably be sharpened to a needle
point and the shank of the wire coated with high grade insulating
material. All sharp-edged orifices or fluid tips should be fully
coated with insulating material right up to the sharp edge itself.
Tungsten carbide orifices should have a tiny needle tip or tips
affixed to the orifice and the entire exposed surface coated with
insulating material for the needle tip or tips. This latter item
will also eliminate the need for an offset needle point since the
tungsten carbide orifice with its protruding electrode points will
serve as its own electrode.
It is therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a
new and improved electrostatic deposition coating system.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an
electrostatic spray coating system which is capable of spraying
highly conductive materials.
An additional object is to provide an electrostatic deposition
coating system wherein high voltage is applied to an ionizing
electrode projecting forwardly from the head of a spray gun without
a column of conductive coating material which is to be sprayed by
the gun.
Still another object is to provide an electrostatic deposition
spray coating system wherein an electrode extending forwardly from
the head of an insulation covered spray gun is charged to high
voltage through conducting fluid material and the conductive fluid
material is atomized by internal mixing with air so that only
atomized spray is ejected from the spray gun.
A still further object is to provide a system in accordance with
the aforementioned objective, wherein the charging electrode
protruding from the head has only the tip of a sharp point of knife
edge exposed to the atmosphere.
Further objects and advantages will become apparent from the filing
detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an electrostatic deposition hand gun
which forms a portion of a preferred embodiment of the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the air cap portion of the hand gun
illustrated in FIG. 1 taken along the line 2--2;
FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of the air cap shown in FIGS. 1
and 2 taken along the line 3--3 in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 shows a front elevational view of a modified air cap which
may be utilized in the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a front elevational view of another modified form of air
cap which may be utilized in the hand gun illustrated in FIG.
1;
FIG. 6 is a front elevational view of still another air cap which
may be utilized in the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the air cap illustrated in FIG. 6
taken along the line 7--7;
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the air cap illustrated in FIG. 6
taken along the line 8--8;
FIG. 9 is a front elevational view of yet another modified form of
air cap which may be utilized in the hand gun illustrated in FIG.
1;
FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the air cap illustrated in FIG. 9
taken along the line 10--10;
FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the air cap illustrated in FIG. 9
taken along the line 11--11;
FIG. 12 view of the preferred embodiment of the present invention
of which the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1 forms a part;
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a modification of the preferred
embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 12; and
FIG. 14 is another modification of the preferred embodiment of the
present invention illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 12.
While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different
forms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described
in detail, embodiments of the invention with the understanding that
the present disclosures are to be considered as exemplifications of
the principles of the invention and are not intended to limit the
invention to the embodiments illustrated. The scope of the
invention will be pointed out in the appended claims.
FIG. 1 shows an internal mix air atomizing electrostatic hand gun
100 designed to handle water-base paints and other conductive
materials. The gun consists of a grounded handle portion 46 of
conventional construction. It consists of a manual trigger 47 that
operates an air valve 54. Trigger 47 is pivotably mounted on the
handle by a shaft 51. Air valve 54 seats against insert 55 which is
threaded into handle portion 46. A plug 56 is threaded in insert 55
to receive rod 48 and seal it against air leakage. The valve is
opened by compressing a spring 50 when valve rod 48 is pushed by
the trigger 47. This turns on the atomizing air to the gun. When
the trigger of the gun is depressed further the upper portion of
the trigger contacts the rear of a valve rod 41 forcing it back
against a spring 40 thus causing fluid to flow through a fluid
orifice 14 by pulling back a needle valve 19 and thus opening fluid
orifice 14. The valve rod 41 and needle valve 19 are connected
together by an insulating valve rod 36, a No. 5-20 cap screw 22, a
bellows swivel connection 21, and a swivel cap 20.
Compressed air is supplied to the gun by means of an air hose
connected to a hose connection 57 at the base of the handle of the
gun. The compressed air enters a passageway 53, flows through air
valve 54 and insert 55 into a passageway 52, flows through the
metal handle portion of the gun into an insulating barrel 26 and
through a passageway 35 formed between barrel 26 and insulating
valve rod 36. Insulating barrel 26 has an inert 37 threaded onto
its rear end. A retaining ring 38 is threaded onto a block 40 to
secure barrel 26 thereto. Block 40 is secured to the handle portion
46 by a nut 44 and a bolt 45. A sleeve 39 surrounds valve rod 41.
Air leakage around rod 41 is prevented by seal 42 secured by plug
43 threaded into block 40.
At the front of insulating barrel 26, lateral passageways allow the
compressed air to enter an insulating head 25 near the back.
Insulating head 25 is threaded onto the forward end of barrel 26,
and air leakage between them is prevented by an o-ring 27 mounted
in an annular slot in barrel 26. The air moves forward through the
head 25 by way of passageways 17 into side ports 16 and connecting
passages 15 of a metal fluid tip 13 to atomize the paint internally
in the chamber ahead of fluid orifice 14 formed by an air cap 10
secured against fluid tip 13 by a retaining ring 18. The atomized
spray is discharged through a slot 12 in the form of an atomized
fan shaped spray. The slot 12 measures 0.032 inches wide in this
one specific embodiment of the invention.
The fluid passes through a shielded fluid hose 63 which is composed
of a conduit 32 and a braided metal shield 61, which surrounds
conduit 32. Shield 61 is maintained at ground potential. The
braided metal shield 61 is terminated in an end fitting 58 and held
in place by a clamp 59. The insulated fluid conduit 32 is made of
polyethylene, nylon or other suitable insulating material to
insulate against electrical breakdown from the charged conductive
fluid in passageway 33 formed by conduit 32 and the grounded metal
shield 61. The conductive fluid moves through passageway 33 and
enters the insulated gun head 25 through a threaded fitting 28
flowing into chamber 34 and passing out through metal fluid orifice
14 when the needle valve 19 is opened.
Fluid is sealed in chamber 34 to prevent leakage into air
passageway 35 by a metal bellows 23 having end connections. A
bellows flange 24 provides the rear bellows connection. This
fitting is soldered to the metal bellows 23 and clamped between
barrel 26 and head 25 to prevent fluid leakage. The bellows swivel
connection 21 is soldered to the forward end of the bellows 23.
Swivel cap 20 seals against fluid leakage into air chamber 35.
Atomizing air pressure is applied to the interior surfaces of
bellows 23 while fluid pressure is applied to exterior surfaces of
bellows 23. The bellows 23 is used to permit axial movement of
needle valve 19, insulating valve rod 36 and valve rod 41 to open
the fluid valve and allow conductive fluid to flow through orifice
14 where it is atomized in the chamber just ahead of orifice 14 and
discharged through slot 12.
Referring to FIGS. 1 throgh 3, the internal mix air cap 10 is made
of a suitable electrical insulating material such as
polyvinylchloride, nylon, celcon, delrin or polyethylene and is
removably mounted on metal fluid tip 13 by the mounting ring 18
which is threaded onto insulating head 25. Mounting ring 18 is also
made of a suitable electrical insulating material.
Air cap 10 has a sharp protruding needle point ionizing electrode
tip 11. Only the sharp tip is exposed. It protrudes about 1/32 of
an inch or less from the surface of the air cap 10 to prevent
arcing from exposed smooth surfaces. It electrically contacts the
metal fluid tip 13 at its rear end.
If the needle point is allowed to project any distance ahead of
plastic air cap 10 it is necessary to place an insulating coating
over the shank of the needle and allow only the sharp tip to be
exposed. If the gun is operated as an automatic gun and a
disruptive discharge can be avoided by maintaining adequate
clearance between the electrode tip and the grounded ware it is
permissible to make the air cap 10 of metal and project the
electrode tip 11 ahead of the air cap 10 by a distance in the order
of one fourth inch.
FIGS. 4 through 11 illustrate four modifications of the air cap 10
which may be utilized on the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1 in
place of air cap 10. Corresponding numbers with different suffixes
indicate corresponding elements of the various modifications of the
air caps.
FIG. 4 shows an alternate air cap 10a with two electrode tips 11a.
FIG. 5 shows an alternate air cap 10b with four electrical tips
11b. FIG. 6 shows three views of an air cap 10c with a knife-edge
electrode 11c. The knife-edge electrode is coated with insulating
material except for the sharp edge itself. A metal conductor in air
cap 10c of FIG. 6 connects the knife edge 11c with the metal fluid
tip 13. With just the sharp edge exposed the current leakage on
close approach to ground is at a maximum and this helps drain the
energy stored in the high capacitance of the charged metal mass and
in the charged conductive coating material. This eliminates a
disruptive discharge when the output from the transformer is
limited to safe levels. The transformer output can be controlled
with a high value resistor, internal resistance, poor regulation or
controlled limited input. These methods of limiting transformer
output are well known to those skilled in the art.
FIGS. 9 through 11 show an alternate metal air cap 10d with a sharp
ionizing edge 11a on either side of a slot 12d. The air cap 10d is
shielded by an insulating coating 80 bonded to the metal except at
the tip of the ionizing edge 11d. This construction concentrates
the electrostatic field at the tip of the ionizing edge 11d and
applies a maximum charge on the atomized spray particles. Numerous
alternate arrangements of air caps and electrodes are feasible
without departing from the basic scope of this invention.
The process for spraying of water-base or other highly conductive
coatings is more fully shown in FIG. 12. In this drawing the spray
gun 100 is connected to a pressure tank 66 filled with conductive
fluid. The insulated fluid hose 32 of polyethylene, nylon or other
good insulating material protects the spray operator from receiving
a shock from the charged material within the hose, and a portion of
the insulating hose 32 is covered with a braided ground shield 81
to further protect the operator from accidental shock. This
shielded fluid hose extends from a point about 8 inches behind the
nozzle to a point within about 18 inches of the charged pressure
tank.
The fluid in base 63 will have a small inherent electrical
resistance. With a 10 feet 0 inch long by 1/4 inch inside diameter
insulating fluid hose filled with ordinary tap water the resistance
from one end of the hose to the other is 1.5 megohms. This
resistance will vary directly with the length of hose and inversely
with the cross sectional area of the fluid passageway through the
hose. This means that the hose length and inside diameter can be
varied to produce improved results by controlling the total
resistance in the circuit. The length and diameter is limited only
by the convenience of the spray operator and the desired flow rate.
A hose with a very small inside diameter would produce a low flow
rate.
An outside white, latex, water-base paint was found to be much more
conductive than tap water. Reducing this paint with water in the
ratio of 2:1 lowered the viscosity to sprayable range of 22 seconds
in a Sears viscosity cup. This compares with a viscosity of water
of 17.5 seconds. When placed in the spray gun of the disclosure the
resistance through a ten foot length of 1/4 inch i.d. nylon fluid
hose was only 250,000 ohms compared with the 1,500,000 ohms of tap
water. The fluid hose length should be increased to 25 feet 0 inch
or more and the inside diameter reduced to help minimize arcing at
the electrode of the gun with this paint.
The paint tested was as follows:
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Sun-proof Latex house paint (White)
Pigment 34.5% 1. Titanium Dioxide 65.8% 2. Silica and Silicates
34.2% Vehicle 65.5% 1. Non-volatile 33.2% a. Alkyd modified vinyl
resin 96.8% b. Fungicide 3.2% 2. Volatile (water) 66.8% 100%
The above material was reduced in a ratio of 2 paint to 1 water to
a spray viscosity of 22 seconds in a Sears cup.
The pressure tank 66 sets on a metal platform 67 that is insulated
from ground by insulators 68. The lower end of insulators 68 are
attached to floor flanges 69 which may be bolted to the floor. The
pressure tank 66 may be made of metal or insulating material. It is
normally of substantial size to hold a production quantity of
coating material. The size may normally vary from 1 gallon to 60
gallons but other sizes are permissible. Because of its size the
pressure tank and its conductive contents have very substantial
capacitance. Even when the pressure tank is made of insulating
material its conductive contents has very substantial
capacitance.
A high voltage electrical connection is completed from a
transformer 64 to platform 67 through a high valve of resistance
65. An example of resistance used was 250 megohms with 60,000 volts
negative D.C. transformer output. The resistor may be built into
the transformer so that it oil-immersed for cooling. A length of
cable can be can be used between the resistor 65 and platform 67
for convenience. For example, a 25 feet 0 inch long cable Amphenol
RG/11U is satisfactory. This cable has a ground shield that can be
stripped back about 18 inches from both ends. The cable added
substantial capacitance to the pressure tank 66 and its contents.
If the pressure tank 66 is made of insulating material to protect
the operator from a disruptive discharge the high voltage
connection must be completed directly to the conductive fluid
within the tank. The platform 67 may also be made of insulating
material and all exposed charged metal should be covered with an
insulating shield.
The second terminal of the high voltage transformer 64 is grounded
and a product 78 being sprayed is also grounded to complete the
circuit. The charging current passes from the transformer 64
through the resistor 65 into metal platform 67, pressure tank 66,
and through the column of conductive paint in the insulated paint
hose 32 and into head 25 of spray gun 100. The current flows to
electrode 11 and flows off of the ionizing tip of the electrode 11
across the intervening space to the grounded ware 78 and back
through a ground connection to transformer 64 to complete the
circuit.
The primary of the transformer 64 is supplied with 110 volt single
phase power. An airflow switch (not shown) operated by the
atomizing air fed to the spray gun may trigger the 110 volt line so
that the high voltage is "on only" when the gun is spraying.
Compressed air is fed to the system through an insulated supply
line 70. It passes through an air regulator 71 where the air
pressure fed to the space above the paint in pressure tank 66 is
controlled. This causes the paint to flow at a constant pressure
from the pressure tank 66 to spray gun 100.
Compressed air is also fed to an air regulator 72 where the
atomizing air pressure to gun 100 is controlled. Atomizing air at
controlled pressure is delivered through an insulating air hose 76
to gun 100. The hose 76 may be made of nylon, polyethylene or the
like. If an air flow switch is used to trigger the high voltage
transformer it would be placed in air line 76 to turn on the 110
volt supply to the transformer when atomizing air flows through the
line.
The atomizing air pressure, the fluid pressure, fluid orifice size
and air orifice size determines the fluid delivery and operating
speed of the spray gun. Below is a chart showing various operating
conditions for the spray gun. The fluid orifice 14 is 0.040 inch in
diameter while the annular air orifice around the outside of fluid
orifice 14 is 0.125 inch O.D. by 0.100 inch I.D. for the specific
air cap and fluid tip combination shown in the chart.
__________________________________________________________________________
Fluid pressure (water) 10 10 20 20 30 30 Atomising air pressure 16
22 28 34 38 44 Fluid flow (GPH) 2.95 1.32 4.45 2.78 5.94 4.32 Air
consumption (SCFM) 1.92 2.50 2.66 3.22 3.22 3.74 Spray fan width
(15" in front of gun) 7" 9" 12" 14" 17" 19"
__________________________________________________________________________
The fan width increases as the air pressure is increased. The fluid
delivery decreases as the atomizing air pressure increases. The
degree of atomization improves as the air pressure is increased or
the fluid pressure is decreased. For this reason a high degree of
precision is required in controlling atomizing air and fluid
pressure.
If the paint cannot be made conductive, a small diameter core of
semi-conductive polyethylene or the like can be placed in the fluid
hose to complete the electrical connection to the head of the gun.
The paint would flow around the semi-conductive core through the
fluid hose. The maximum resistance of the core would be about 250
megohms at 60,000 volts to keep the operating efficiency high.
Higher resistances tend to reduce operating efficiency
somewhat.
Referring to FIG. 13, a form of multiple gun system in accordance
with the invention is illustrated. Similar elements to the elements
showing in FIG. 12 are similarly numbered with distinguishing
suffixes.
A paint container or pressure tank 66a can be kept in a central
paint mixing room. The central paint mixing room can be as much as
several hundred feet from the spray booth. A high voltage unit 64a
will also be in the paint mixing room and the electrical connection
is made directly through a suitable resistor 65a to the paint tank.
The tank is insulated from ground so that it can be charged to high
voltage.
The paint and electrical distribution systems are combined into a
single system for delivering paint to each of the electrostatic
guns and charging the spray particles electrostatically. An
insulated pipe 87 such as polyvinylchloride, nylon or the like is
connected to the paint source and is piped where necessary
throughout the painting area. Several spray guns 100a, 101 and 102
may be connected to the paint line and operated independently. A
remote control fluid regulator can be used to control the coating
fluid pressure to each gun. The fluid line 63a, 81, 82 to each gun
also serves as a high voltage connection to the gun since as
aforementioned water base coatings have very low resistance and
function quite readily as a conductor of electrical current.
This is similar to the single gun hook-up but the paint tank is in
a more remote location. While the fluid pressure to each gun is
controlled by an air-loaded fluid pressure regulator, 83, 84 or 85,
each sprayer can control his fluid pressure by adjusting an air
regulator 86, 87 or 88 respectively that supplies air pressure to
the control dome of the respective fluid regulator. Air is supplied
to the air regulators from air line 89.
The second multiple gun system in FIG. 14 utilizes an air-operated
reciprocating pump 90 that is isolated from ground to supply paint
under pressure to the spray guns. The paint is recirculated
continuously to prevent settling out of solids of the coating
material in a connected piping system 92. The piping system 92
consists of a delivery conduit 93 connected to the fluid regulators
83b, 84b and 85b, and the air supply connection to both a pressure
tank 91 and the pump 90 is made of insulating material so that the
high voltage charge will not short out through the air line.
The arrangements shown provide a convenient means of energizing
several guns to high voltage simultaneously and require only one
high voltage source per system. This substantially reduces the cost
of equipment and simplifies the installation. From a safety
standpoint it provides somewhat less of a shock than a system
operating with a single gun. All guns draw some current thereby
reducing the maximum current available at a single gun.
With the system shown each spray gun is energized continuously. If
a gun is not being used it is supported from a hook in such a
manner that the charged head of the gun has a clearance space to
grounded items of 6 inches to 12 inches. When all guns are turned
off at the termination of painting operations the high voltage
transformer will also be turned off. A switch and pilot light in
the spray booth can be used to remotely control the high voltage
transformer.
* * * * *