U.S. patent number 3,889,079 [Application Number 05/397,564] was granted by the patent office on 1975-06-10 for vacuum-type circuit interrupters having an axial magnetic field produced by condensing shield coils.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to Werner S. Emmerich, Richard L. Hundstad, Clive W. Kimblin.
United States Patent |
3,889,079 |
Emmerich , et al. |
June 10, 1975 |
Vacuum-type circuit interrupters having an axial magnetic field
produced by condensing shield coils
Abstract
A vacuum-type circuit interrupter is provided having an axial
magnetic field provided therein through the use of currents
transmitted to the surrounding shield structure, the latter being
electrically connected by means of a field coil to one of the
separable contacts. In one embodiment, the surrounding condensing
shield is connected by an internal coil strap to one of the
separable contacts. In another embodiment, the coil, providing the
axial magnetic field, is disposed externally of the evacuated
envelope, and is connected by a connection extending through the
envelope to the condensing shield, which may be electrically
isolated internally from the electrodes or contacts. In another
embodiment, the axial magnetic field-producing coil is disposed
externally of the envelope, but has a connection to an end plate,
which, additionally, is electrically connected to the internal
condensing shield. Another embodiment has the condensing shield
provided in the form of a helical conducting strap. In another
embodiment, a split condensing shield is connected by strapcoil
connecters to both of the separable contacts of the vacuum
interrupter for creating an axial magnetic field. In another
embodiment, the "floating" shield has a generally spiral
configuration adjacent to the arcing gap. The "floating" shield
will draw net electron current on the cathode side of the shield,
and a compensating ion current on the anode side. The resulting
circulating current will cause an axial magnetic field to be set up
interiorly of the vacuum interrupter. In yet another embodiment of
the invention the condensing shield is connected by a field coil to
one of the fixed electrodes of a fixed-gap vacuum device to assist
in extinguishing the arc established between the two fixed
electrodes.
Inventors: |
Emmerich; Werner S.
(Pittsburgh, PA), Kimblin; Clive W. (Pittsburgh, PA),
Hundstad; Richard L. (Pittsburgh, PA) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
23571701 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/397,564 |
Filed: |
September 14, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
218/136 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01H
33/664 (20130101); H01H 2033/66269 (20130101); H01H
33/66261 (20130101); H01H 2033/66292 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01H
33/66 (20060101); H01H 33/664 (20060101); H01h
033/66 () |
Field of
Search: |
;200/144B,147R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Macon; Robert S.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Crout; W. R.
Claims
We claim:
1. A circuit-interrupting device of the vacuum type comprising, in
combination:
a. means defining a highly-evacuated envelope including an
insulating casing;
b. a pair of electrodes disposed within said highly-evacuated
envelope and having a fixed gap therebetween at least in the
fully-open position of said interrupting device;
c. means for at times establishing an arc across said gap between
the two electrodes;
d. metallic condensing-shielding means disposed interiorly of said
highly-evacuated envelope for preventing deposition of metallic
vapor from the arcing region onto the inner walls of said
insulating casing for preventing flashover across the insulating
casing;
e. magnetic field-producing means for developing across said gap an
axial magnetic field that has its lines of force extending across
said gap generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of said arc;
and,
f. said magnetic field-producing means including a field-coil
electrically interconnecting said metallic condensing shielding
means to one of said electrodes.
2. The circuit-interrupting device of claim 1, wherein the pair of
electrodes are constituted by a pair of separable contacts which
make engagement and disengagement with each other.
3. The combination according to claim 1, wherein the metallic
condensing-shielding means is generally cylindrical and the field
coil is disposed within the cylindrically-shaped metallic
condensing shield.
4. The combination according to claim 2, wherein the metallic
condensing-shielding means is generally cylindrical and the
magnetic field coil is disposed interiorly of the
cylindrically-shaped metallic condensing shield.
5. The combination according to claim 2, wherein the field coil
electrically interconnects the condensing shielding means to the
stationary contact of the device.
6. The combination according to claim 2, wherein the field coil
electrically interconnects the condensing shielding means with the
movable contact of the interrupting device.
7. A vacuum-type alternating-current circuit interrupter including
means defining an evacuated envelope having an insulating casing,
separable contacts disposed within said evacuated envelope and
separable from each other to establishing arcing between the
separated contacts, condensing-shield means for preventing the
deposition of metallic vapor from the region of arcing onto the
inner wall of the insulating casing, and a conducting strap
electrically interconnecting the condensing shield means with one
of the separable contacts, whereby a magnetic field coil is thus
provided to produce an axial magnetic field within the evacuated
envelope and in the region of the arcing gap.
8. The combination according to claim 7, wherein the conducting
strap is electrically connected to the stationary contact of the
interrupter.
9. The combination according to claim 8, wherein the conducting
strap is electrically connected to the stationary contact stem.
10. The combination according to claim 7, wherein a field-coil
interconnects the condensing shield to one of the contacts and said
field coil is disposed externally of the evacuated envelope.
11. The combination according to claim 10, wherein the support for
the condensing shield constitutes a conductor electrically
interconnecting the condensing shield with the externally-disposed
field-coil.
12. The combination according to claim 7, wherein the evacuated
envelope has a metallic end-plate and an insulating wall portion
separates the end plate of the device and the stationary contact
stem, and an externally-disposed field-coil surrounds said
insulating portion and is electrically connected between the
stationary contact stem and said end plate, and said condensing
shield for the interrupter is electrically connected to said one
end plate.
13. A vacuum-type circuit interrupter comprising means defining an
evacuated envelope having a metallic end plate, a pair of separable
contacts disposed interiorly within said evacuated envelope and
separable to establish arcing, a condensing-shield means comprising
a spiral strip of metal with the strips overlapping in order to
protect the inner wall of the evacuated envelope from vapor
deposition, and said spiral strap of metal being electrically
connected to said one end plate of the interrupter.
14. The combination according to claim 13, wherein said one end
plate supports the stationary contact stem of the device.
15. The combination according to claim 13, wherein the spiral of
the condensing-shield means are of increasing diameter in a
direction away from said one end plate.
16. The combination according to claim 13, wherein said spiral
strip is supported from said one end plate and is in good
electrical contact therewith.
17. The combination according to claim 7, wherein the condensing
shield is split and is electrically connected by two straps to both
of the separable contacts.
18. The combination according to claim 7, wherein the condensing
shield is electrically floating and comprises a pair of end loops
with a coil electrically interconnecting the two end loops.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Applicants are not aware of any related patent applications
pertinent to the present invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It has been known by those skilled in the art that certain benefits
are to be achieved by utilizing an axial magnetic field interiorly
of a vacuum "bottle," or vacuum-type circuit interrupter. For
example, reference may be made to U.S. Pat.: Lee 3,321,599; British
Pat. No. 1,258,015; French Pat. No. 1,415,441; Polinko, Jr. et al.
No. 3,345,484; Lucek et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,263,162. Generally, the
coils have been in series with the separable contacts of the vacuum
interrupter.
Several investigators have disclosed that axial magnetic fields are
effective in increasing the current interruption rating of vacuum
interrupters. This axial magnetic field is applied parallel to the
axes of the electrodes, and the field-producing coils are always
placed in series with the current through the electrodes. In
patents by Lee U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,321,599 and 3,372,259, 3,372,258 by
Porter, the axial magnetic field is produced by a solenoidal coil
wound external to the interrupter. In a third U.S. Pat. No.
3,158,722 by Porter, the electrode stems are constructed from
materials of widely different electrical conductivities, and an
axial magnetic field is produced from these "stem coils."
The axial magnetic field is effective in increasing the current
interruption ability of a vacuum interrupter for two reasons.
First, the arc voltage is reduced during the critical half cycle of
arcing prior to the natural current zero. This arc voltage
reduction minimizes the energy released within the interrupter, and
consequently minimizes the temperature rise of the internal
interrupter components. In particular, recent experiments indicate
that axial fields produce a significant increase in the threshold
current associated with anode-spot formation. Thus, in low-current
dc experiments, where a small diameter anode is drawn to long
electrode spacings from the cathode, the threshold current for
anode-spot formation in the absence of an axial magnetic field is
approximately 500 amperes. When the experiment is repeated, with
the axial field of approximately 300 gauss, however, the threshold
current for anode-spot formation is raised to approximately 1500
amperes. Recent literature reveals that low-current anode-spot
experiments are relevant to high-current phenomena in vacuum
interrupters, and we therefore feel confident that axial magnetic
fields will delay the onset of anode-spot formation in a practical
alternating-current interrupter.
A second benefit derives from the confining effect of an axial
magnetic field. This field reduces the plasma contact with the
vapor-condensation shield, and therefore reduces the probability of
the arc striking to the condensing shield. This is a particularly
important effect since many cost-reduced vacuum interrupters are
being manufactured with the vapor-condensation shield connected
directly to one of the electrodes. We have shown that the rate of
rise of dielectric strength is only decreased slightly in these
integral shield designs, but problems may be encountered at high
currents (approximately 20 kA) due to the tendency for the arc to
strike over to the shield. The strike-over tendency will be small
when the shield is connected to the anode electrode during arcing.
In fact, this is a beneficial connection since the shield acts as
an auxiliary anode and reduces the arc voltage. However, the shield
will be biased negative relative to the arc plasma during those
arcing half-cycles in which the shield is at cathode potential.
This connection does not reduce the arc voltage. Rather, under
these circumstances, the arc plasma may initiate cathode spots on
the shield with resulting catastrophic failure of the interrupter.
We can conclude that axial magnetic fields will definitely prove of
value in cost-reduced interrupters, and the field will prove of
particular value when the shield is at cathode potential during the
arcing half-cycle.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In the present invention, we are now disclosing a method for
applying axial magnetic fields to high-current vacuum arcs without
the use of a series-connected coil. In our system, the "coil" is
essentially connected in parallel with the arc, and only conducts
current during the arcing half-cycles. The coil is effectively
short-circuited during normal alternating-current operation with
the electrodes or contacts closed, and thus power losses, due to
eddy-current heating of the interrupter end plates, are
non-existent. Our embodiments rely on the fact that currents flow
from the arc plasma to the shield when the latter is connected to
either anode or cathode potential, this connection being made
through a coil. When the shield is connected to anode potential,
the shield draws electron current from the arc plasma as it is this
appreciably large electron current flowing through the coils that
creates the axial magnetic field. This axial magnetic field lowers
the arc voltage, and also reduces, to some extent, the plasma
contact with the shield. More importantly, we have discovered that
large ion currents also flow from the plasma to the shield when the
shield is connected to cathode potential. This ion current can be
of the order of 10% of the arc current. Thus, for those AC current
cycles when the shield is connected via its coil to cathode
potential, appreciable axial magnetic fields are also created.
In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention,
there are provided various condensing-shield configurations in
which the ion or electron current, collected by the condensing
shields, is utilized in an advantageous manner to result in an
axial magnetic field provided interiorly of the vacuum envelope to
result thereby in a confinement of the arc without serious
anode-spot formation and a rapid extinction thereof following low
arc voltage.
In one embodiment of the invention there is provided an internal
coil, which is electrically connected between the stationaryy
contact, or electrode and the internally-disposed condensing
shield. In another embodiment of the invention, an
externally-located coil is provided being connected electrically
between the stationary-contact stem and, by means of a probe
connection, to the internally disposed condensing shield.
In still another embodiment of the invention an externally-located
coil is electrically connected between the stationary contact stem
and an end plate of the interrupter with, preferably, the
internally-disposed condensing shield affixed to said end plate, so
that the externally located coil is connected between the
stationary contact and the internally-located condensing
shield.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a
generally spiral coil disposed internally of the envelope, and
supported from the end plate associated with the stationary-contact
end of the vacuum circuit-interrupter. This coil constitutes the
internally-located condensing shield for the interrupter.
In yet another embodiment of the invention the internally-located
condensing shield is of split construction, one half of the split
condensing shield being electrically connected by a coil to the
stationary contact of the interrupter. The other half of the split
condensing shield is electrically connected by a second coil to the
movable contact of the interrupter. The two coils act like a
Helmholz coil in a cumulative fashion to provide an internal axial
magnetic field.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is
provided an isolated shield in which the shield is electrically
floating, and is not connected to either electrode. This shield has
a generally spiral configuration. It is anticipated that parts of
the shield adjacent to the cathode electrode will collect
predominantly electron current. Parts of this shield adjacent to
the anode electrode will collect predominantly ion current. These
currents will be of equal magnitude since a floating shield
collects zero net current. Due to the collection of electrons at
the cathode end of the shield, and ion curent at the anode end of
the shield, there will be a circulating current through the coils
which make up the shield.
It is not necessary that the coil, which produces the axial
magnetic field, be connected only to the stationary contact of the
interrupter. In yet an alternative embodiment of the invention, the
coil is electrically connected between the movable contact of the
interrupter and the internally-located condensing shield.
In a still further embodiment of the invention, a condensing shield
of a fixed-gap vacuum device is connected via a coil strap to one
of the two fixed electrodes.
Further objects and advantages will readily become apparent upon
reading the following specification, taken in conjunction with the
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view taken through a vacuum-type
circuit interrupter embodying the principles of the present
invention, the contact structure being illustrated in the
open-circuit position;
FIG. 1A shows a modification of FIG. 1 wherein the condensing
shield is solely supported by the magnetic field coil strap;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken substantially along the lone
II--II of FIG. 1 looking in the direction of the arrows;
FIG. 3 illustrates a modified-type circuit-interrupter construction
in which the axial magnetic field-producing coil is disposed
externally of the envelope, and is connected to the internal
condensing shield by means of a probe extending through the side
wall of the envelope;
FIG. 4 is another embodiment of the invention utilizing an external
axial magnetic field-producing coil with the coil connected to the
contact stem, and also to the end plate of the circuit-interrupter,
with the condensing shield likewise affixed to the aforesaid end
plate;
FIG. 5 illustrates a vertical sectional view taken through a
modified-type of circuit-interrupter construction in which the
condensing shield assumes a spiral-strap configuration, and is
electrically connected to an end plate of the
circuit-interrupter;
FIG. 6 illustrates still another embodiment of the invention in
which a split condensing shield of the circuit-interrupter has two
coil-strap connectors electrically connected to the two separable
contacts of the interrupter to result in an axial magnetic field
interiorly of the vacuum "bottle";
FIG. 7 illustrates still another embodiment of the invention
utilizing a floating condensing shield of a generally spiral
configuration in which circulating currents create the axial
magnetic field within the interrupter envelope;
FIG. 8A is a diagrammatic view illustrating the principles involved
in the interrupter of FIG. 7 for creating axial magnetic fields via
circulating currents in a "floating"condensing shield;
FIG. 8B is, a diagrammatic view, similar to that of FIG. 8A,
further illustrating the circulating currents involved in the
circuit-interrupter of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the principles of arc-voltage
reduction by means of axial magnetic fields created by ion currents
to the condensing shield;
FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating the relationship between the
magnetic field created by current flow through coils of different
geometries;
FIG. 11 is a graph which shows how ion-current flow through the
coils produces stable operating points, which are a function of the
coil geometry;
FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic view of the test circuit, which ws used
to verify that the burning voltage of high-current vacuum-arcs is
significantly reduced by connecting the condensing shield via a
coil to one of the electrodes. These tests were performed on the
interrupter of FIG. 12A which has a geometry similar to FIG. 3;
FIG. 13 is a graph of experimental data taken from the test circuit
of FIG. 12. The arc voltage for a 36 Hertz a.c. arc is plotted as a
function of arc current to 20 K.A. r.m.s. The arc voltage is
plotted first with the condensing shield connected directly to the
cathode, secondly with the condensing shield connected to cathode
potential via an external coil of six turns, and finally with the
condensing shield connected to the cathode via a coil of 12
turns;
FIG. 14 is one datum point taken from the curve of FIG. 13. In the
graph of FIG. 14 we have shown the arc voltage during a half-cycle
of arcing at a current level of 15 K.A. r.m.s. This curve was
obtained for a vacuum-interrupter configuration, where the
condensing shield was connected to the cathode via a six-turn field
coil. We have also plotted the power expended within the
interrupter;
FIG. 15 is a graph in which arc-voltage and power are again plotted
for this 15 K. amp arc. Here the condensing shield is connected
directly to cathode potential;
FIG. 16 is a graph which shows the peak shield-ion current plotted
as a function of the 36 Hertz arc current. Three curves are shown.
The first curve shows the ion current collected to the condensing
shield when the latter is connected directly to the cathode. The
second curve shows the ion current to the condensing shield when
this shield is connected to the cathode via a coil of six turns.
Finally, we also show an experimental curve where the ion current
was observed with the condensing shield connected to the cathode
via 12 turns;
FIGS. 17-19 show typical oscilligrams of the ion current collected
to the condensing shield during a.c. arcing at 15 K.A. r.m.s. In
FIG. 17 the peak ion current is 3.2 K.A. and the condensing shield
is connected directly to the cathode. In FIG. 18 the peak ion
current is 1 K.A., and the condensing shield is connected to the
cathode via a six-turn coil. In FIG. 19, the peak ion current is
0.42 K.A., and the condensing shield is connected to the cathode
via a 12-turn coil;
FIG. 20 is a graph showing instantaneous values of arc-voltage and
arc-power during 60 Hertz arcing at 14.5 K.A. r.m.s. This figure
was determined with the condensing shield connected to cathode
potential by way of a six-turn coil;
FIG. 21 is a graph which shows instantaneous values of arc-voltage
and arc-power during 60 Hertz arcing at 14.5 K.A. r.m.s. These
curves were determined for a condensing shield configuration in
which the condensing shield was connected directly to cathode
potential;
FIG. 22 is a graph which demonstrates that axial magnetic fields
improve high-current interruption ability. Although the curves in
FIG. 22 were determined by applying axial magnetic fields created
by field coils in series with the arc current, they serve to
demonstrate the superior interruption ability. Open points are
interruption points observed with no axial magnetic fields applied,
and the solid points are interruption tests observed with axial
magnetic field applied;
FIG. 23 is a somewhat diagrammatic view indicating the
instantaneous-current conditions in which the stationary contact
acts as a cathode and the moving cooperable contact acts as a
anode;
FIG. 24 is a view, somewhat similar to that of FIG. 23, indicating
the instantaneous current conditions at a period of time in which
the stationary contact acts as an anode and the cooperable moving
contact acts as a cathode;
FIG. 25 is a photograph of a 1,000 amp. arc burning between a
large-area cathode and a small-area anode. Here, there is an
applied axial magnetic field;
FIG. 26 is a photograph of a vacuum arc of the same arc current
burning between the same electrode geometries as in FIG. 25. Here
there is no axial magnetic field; and,
FIG. 27 shows an application of the invention to a triggerable
fixed-gap arc device.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
It is well known by those skilled in the art to utilize an axial
magnetic field within a vacuum-type circuit interrupter, as
evidenced by the following patents: U.S. Pat. No.
3,283,103-Greenwood et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,345,484--Polinko, Jr. et
al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,321,599-Lee; U.S. Pat. No. 3,263,162-Lucek et
al.; French Pat. No. 1,415,441; and British Pat. No.
1,258,015-Ookura et al. In all of the aforesaid patents, it will be
noted that the magnetic field coil structure is in series with the
separable contact structure, so that the magnetic field coils carry
the series current at all times in the closed-circuit position of
the devices.
It is, however, an important feature of the present invention that
in the closed-circuit position of the circuit interrupter embodying
applicants' invention, the contacts, when closed, completely bypass
the magnetic field structure, which only during the time of arcing,
sets up the axial magnetic field internally of the interrupter to
benefit the interruption process.
This has the important advantage that heating effects are thus
eliminated in the closed-circuit position of the interrupting
device, whereas the axial magnetic field structures of the prior
art, by having the coils energized at all times, must put up with
the heating problem, and also with the eddy-current heating
problem, both of which are obviously undesirable.
Referring to the drawings, and more particularly to FIGS. 1 and 2
thereof, the reference numeral 1 generally designates a vacuum-type
circuit interrupter comprising an evacuated envelope 2 having end
plates 3 and 4. Affixed to the upper end plate 3 of the interrupter
1 is a stationary contact stem 5, to the lower end of which is
secured the stationary contact, or electrode 6 of the
circuit-interrupter 1.
Making separable cooperating engagement with the stationary
electrode 6, is the movable contact or electrode 7, actuated by any
suitable external operating means, not shown, and being affixed to
the upper end of a flexible metallic bellows 8. The lower end 8a of
the bellows 8 is secured within an opeing 9 of the lower end plate
4 of the interrupter 1. As well known by those skilled in the art,
the bellows 8 provides a suitable vacuum-tight seal for the
operation of the movable stem 10 of the movable contact structure
7. The closed-circuit position of the device is illustrated by the
dotted lines 11, whereas the full lines as shown in FIG. 1 indicate
the fully open-circuit position of the device.
Disposed within the insulating casing 12, which may be of a
suitable ceramic material, for example, is a metallic condensing
shield 13. As well known by those skilled in the art, the
condensing shield 13 insures that no metallic vapor, sputtered from
the contacts 6, 7 during the arcing conditions, will be deposited
interiorly on the inner casing wall 12a, which might, if not
prevented, result in internal flashover due to the voltage existing
between the contacts 6 and 7 in the open-circuit position of the
device 1. For example, the device may operate at a voltage of 15
K.V., and the inner surfaces 12a of the ceramic casing 12 must
withstand B.I.L. levels far in excess of 15 K.V. in the
open-circuit position of the device 1.
It will be noted that the condensing shield 13 is partially
supported from, and is in good electrical contact with, the upper
stationary contact stem 5 by means of a coiled metallic strap 19
constituting a magnetic field coil. Thus, the condensing shield 13
is at the same voltage potential as the upper stationary contact 6.
Additional support for the condensing shield 13 may be provided by
an annular flange portion 15, which extends within an annular
recess 17 provided on the inner wall 12a of the casing 12. The
condensing shield 13 is supported by the coiled strip of metal 19,
and it will be noted that, consequently, the one turn of the
magnetic field coil 19 produces an axial magnetic field within the
interruper 1 during arcing.
The operation of the shield coil 19 will be described first
relative to the important condition, where the shield 13 is
connected to cathode potential during arcing. In the absence of a
confining magentic field, the probability of arcing to the shield
is high. The plasma is in good electrical contact with the biased
shield, and experiments to 20 K.A. have shown that the shield can
receive an ion current i of approximately 10% of the arc current I.
However, with a shield design, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the
shield current from the plasma must flow to the cathode stem via
the coil, and will consequently produce a confining axial magentic
field. The arc voltage and the probability of arcing to the shield
will be reduced.
In the prior art, several investigators have disclosed that axial
magnetic fields are effective in increasing the current
interruption rating of vacuum interrupters. This axial magnetic
field is applied parallel to the axes of the electrodes, and the
field-producing coils are always placed in series with the current
through the electrodes. In patents by Lee and Porter, the axial
magnetic field is produced by a solenoidal coil wound external to
the interrupter. In a third patent by Porter, the electrode stems
are constructed from materials of widely-different electrical
conductivities, and an axial magnetic field is produced from these
"stem coils."
We find that the axial magnetic field is effective in increasing
the current-interruption ability of a vacuum interrupter for two
reasons. First, the arc voltage is reduced during the critical
half-cycle of arcing prior to the natural current zero. This
arc-voltage reduction minimizes the energy released within the
interrupter, and consequently minimizes the temperature rise of the
internal interrupter components. In particular, recent experiments
indicate that axial fields produce a significant increase in the
threshold current associated with anode-spot formation. Thus, in
low-current d.c. experiments, where a small-diameter anode is drawn
to long electrode spacings from the cathode, the threshold current
for anode-spot formation in the absence of an axial magnetic field
is 500 A. When the experiment is repeated with an axial field of
300 G, however, the threshold current for anode-spot formation is
raised to 1,500 A. Recent literature reveals that low-current anode
spot experiments are relevant to high-current phenomena in vacuum
interrupters, and we are therefore confident that axial magnetic
fields will delay the onset of anode-spot formation in a practical
a.c. interrupter. Comparative arc structures observed at 1,100 A.
with and without an axial magnetic field are shown in the
photographs of FIGS. 25 and 26.
A second benefit derives from the confining effect of the axial
magnetic field. This field reduces the plasma contact with the
vapor condensation shield, and therefore reduces the probability of
the arc striking to the shield. This is a particularly important
effect since cost-reduced vacuum interrupters are being
manufactured with the vapor-condensation shield connected directly
to one of the electrodes. We have shown that the rate of rise of
dielectric strength is only decreased slightly in these integral
shield designs, but problems may be encountered at high currents
(approximately 20 K.A.) due to the tendency for the arc to strike
over to the shield. The strikeover tendency will be small when the
shield is connected to the anode electrode during arcing. However,
the shield will be biased negative relative to the arc plasma
during those arcing half-cycles in which the shield is at cathode
potential. Under these circumstances, the arc plasma may initiate
cathode spots on the shield with resulting catastrophic failure of
the interrupter. We can conclude that axial magnetic fields will
definitely prove of value in cost-reduced interrupters, and the
field will prove of particular value when the shield is at cathode
potential during the arcing half-cycle.
The operation of the shield coil will be described first relative
to the important condition where the shield of FIG. 1 is connected
to cathode potential during arcing. In the absence of a confining
magnetic field, the probability of arcing to the shield is high, as
shown in FIG. 23. The plasma is in good electrical contact with the
biased shield, and our experiments have shown that the shield can
receive an ion current i of approximately 10% of the arc current I.
However, with a shield design, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 23, the
shield current from the plasma must flow to the cathode stel via
the coil 19, and will consequently produce a confining axial
magnetic field. The arc voltage and probability of arcing to the
shield are reduced. It must be appreciated that the coil 19 of FIG.
23, connecting the shield to the electrode stem, may be placed
external to the interrupter, rather than internal, as shown in FIG.
3. Under these circumstances the shield is electrically isolated
from both electrodes internally, but is biased to one of the
electrodes via the coil and an electrical connection to the
shield-support flange.
Concentrating our attention on the shield design of FIG. 1, let us
consider the possible magnitudes of the magnetic field produced by
the metallic coil 19. If we approximate the metallic coil 19 of
FIGS. 1 and 2 by a single loop of radius R equal to the shield
radius, then the magnetic field in the interelectrode gap is given
by the expression: ##EQU1## where x is the distance from the coil
plane to a point in the interelectrode gap. Since the coil can be
located in the electrode plane, let us neglect x compared to R.
Then equation (1) reduces to the form: ##EQU2## But ##EQU3## where
.nu..sub.o is the permeability of free space (4 .pi. .times. 10-7
henry metre .sup.-.sup.1).
In present interrupter designs R has a value of 3 to 4 cm. Allowing
i, the ion current, to be approximately 10% I, the arc current;
then:
B = I . 2 .times. 10.sup.-.sup.2 gauss
For this example, the field will be 200 gauss when the arc current
is 10 K.A. Naturally, the field at a given arc current can be
increased by adding more than one turn to the "field spiral" 19
connecting the shield to the electrode stem 5. With two turns, for
example, a field of 200 G. will be obtained at arc currents of 5
K.A. This is a significant and useful field. The arc voltage in a
600 A. interrupter at an electrode spacing of 1.9 cm, for example,
is of the order of 38 V. at 4.2 K.A. in the absence of a magnetic
field. When a field of 200 G. is applied via external Helmholtz
coils, the arc voltage reduces to 30 V., and the ion current i
still has a value of 220 A. This ion current could have produced
the required magnetic field by flowing through four turns of the
described loop.
An alternative shield design is shown in FIG. 5. Here the shield is
formed from a spiral strip of metal, and these strips overlap in
order to protect the insulating envelope from vapor deposition. In
FIG. 5 the shield is shown connnected to the stationary electrode,
although either electrode support would prove satisfactory.
Let us now consider the less important situation of the shield
connected to the arcing anode, as shown in FIG. 24. This connection
is less important since the shield is now biased positive with
respect to the plasma, and cathode spots are unable to form on the
shield surface. Thus, the probability of the arc striking to the
shield is low, even without a confining magnetic field.
In the absence of a field, a shield connected to the anode acts as
an auxiliary anode and draws a net electron current from the
plasma. This is beneficial since the threshold current for
anode-spot formation increases with the effective anode area. With
coils connected to the shield, as shown in FIGS. 1 to 5, this
electron current will be decreased to some extent by the resulting
axial magnetic field. However, we can expect that the resulting
decrease in the anode-spot threshold current will be offset by the
confining effect of the magnetic field. In particular, we have
observed experimentally that the arc voltage of high-current arcs
to 25 K.A. is significantly reduced when the shield is connected to
anode potential via approximately six turns of coil.
If necessary, a split-shield device can be designed, in which
one-half of the shield is connected via a coil to each of the
electrodes. A schematic of such a device appears in FIG. 6. Here
the shield is split by a cut parallel to the axes of the
electrodes. However, the shields could be split by a cut parallel
to the electrode surfaces.
A final concept concerns the application of a shield-generated
axial magnetic field during arcing, even when the shield is
electrically insulated from both electrodes. Let us suppose that
the "floating shield" of FIG. 7 has a generally spiral
configuration adjacent to the arcing gap.
Since the floating shield is isolated from both electrodes, the
shield, during arcing, collects zero net current from the adjacent
arc plasma. However, we can confidently expect that the shield will
collect electron current at regions adjacent to the cathode
electrode, and an equal ion current to regions adjacent to the
anode electrode. As a consequence of this distribution of current
collection, a circulating current will pass through the spirals of
the shield, and will produce an axial magnetic field. We will
clarify the mechanism of FIG. 7 by referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B. In
FIG. 8A we show an arc of current I burning between an anode and a
cathode. We are also showing that the arc is burning through the
hole bored in two metallic plates, plate 1 and plate 2. Let us
consider that the plates are isolated from each other, and that
there is an appreciable voltage drop in the arc column. Let us
consider that the total arc voltage is perhaps 150 volts, and that
the plasma potential adjacent to plate 1 is approximately 100 volts
positive relative to cathode potential, and that the plasma
potential in the arc column adjacent to plate 2 is 50 volts
positive relative to cathode potential. From Langmuir probe
considerations, we know that the potential of plate 1 will be
approximately 100 volts positive relative to the cathode, and the
isolated potential of plate 2 will be approximately 50 volts
positive relative to cathode potential, that is, the plates assume
the potential of the adjacent plasma. Now consider the effect of
connecting plates 1 and 2 via an ammeter. This is shown by the
dashed lines in FIG. 8A. The potential of plate 1 will drop from
100 volts positive relative to cathode to approximately the
potential of plate 2, that is, the potential of plate 1 will drop
from 100 volts to 50 volts. As a consequence, plate 1 is
effectively biased minus 50 volts negative relative to the
potential of the adjacent arc plasma. It will consequently draw a
net ion current I.sub.1 from the arc plasma. Due to the high
electron mobility, plate 2 will rise only several volts positive
relative to the adjacent arc plasma, that is, it might rise from
initially 50 volts positive relative to cathode to 52 or 53 volts
positive relative to cathode. Thus, plate 2 is effectively biased
positive relative to the adjacent arc plasma, and will draw a net
electron current I.sub.1 from the arc plasma. Thus, the two
metallic plates 1 and 2 draw zero net current from the arc plasma,
but the ammeter connecting the two plates together will register a
total circulating current I.sub.1. It is this circulating current
which we will use to generate our axial magnetic field.
In FIG. 8B, we are depicting that the two ends of the metallic
shield, which we can relate to plate 1 and plate 2 of FIG. 8A, are
connected together via a strip of metal in the shape of a coil.
Circulating currents through this coil will generate the desired
axial magnetic field.
In summary, the shield configuration of FIG. 7 will create an axial
magnetic field due to the fact that there will be a significant
voltage drop along the high-current arc-column adjacent to a shield
of considerable overall length. This voltage drop will drive a
circulating current through the shield coils.
In clarifying the mechanism whereby shield currents create axial
magnetic fields as, for example, in FIG. 1, we will concentrate on
describing the situation of shield biased to cathode potential.
This connection is of particular importance. When a shield is
connected to anode potential, even without shield coils, the shield
acts like an auxiliary anode, and markedly reduces the arc voltage.
However, if a shield is connected directly to cathode potential
there is no reduction in the arc voltage. A shield connected via
coils to either electrode does produce a reduction in the arc
voltage, and we will now explain, in detail, the mechanism of
voltage reduction with shields connected to the cathode. Let us
first consider FIG. 10. If we take any coil of a given geometry,
the magnetic field strength at the center of the coil will increase
linearly with the current through the coil. For a given current in
the coil, the field strength will be larger, the greater the number
of turns in the coil. For the various embodiments of our invention,
the coil is, of course, the metal coil whether external or internal
connecting the shield to one of the electrodes. This current is an
ion current when the shield is biased to the cathode. In FIG. 10,
it is shown that as the ion current through a given coil increases,
the axial magnetic field will also increase. This ion current is
drawn to the shield from the arc plasma. Naturally, an increasing
axial magnetic field, generated by the coil, will decrease the arc
plasma contact with the shield. Consequently, there are limited
operating points determined by the ion current dependence on the
axial magnetic field and the shield geometry.
Consider FIG. 11. At a given arc current, and no magnetic field, a
large ion current will be collected to a negatively-biased shield.
The intercept on the Y-axis shows the ion current to the shield
when the shield contains no turns. From experiment we know that the
ion current to a shield with on turns decreases with an
externally-applied axial magnetic field. This decreasing ion
current is shown by the dashed line of FIG. 11. Consider now a
shield with a number of turns between shield and cathode. By
analogy with FIG. 10, the created axial magnetic field increases
linearly with the ion current to the shield. For a given arc
current, the shield will operate at the stable operating point
given by the intersection of the shield load-line and the ion
current curve. Consider further the practical experimental data of
FIG. 9. This figure was generated from data using a practical
vacuum interrupter with an externally applied axial magnetic field.
The data all refers to an arc current of 4.2 K.A. Let us first
consider the arc-voltage curve. When there is zero axial magnetic
field the arc voltage is 38 volts. With an applied magnetic field
of slightly less than 200 gauss the arc voltage has reduced to 30
volts. The arc voltage then increases slowly with further increase
in magnetic field. Consider now the ion current curve. This curve
was determined with the shield connected directly to cathode
potential, but for various values of externally-applied axial
magnetic field. In the absence of an axial field, the ion current
from the 4.2 K.A. arc plasma has a value of about 280 amps. As the
shield applied to the arc plasma increases, this ion current
reduces and reaches a value of about 120 amps when the field is 800
gauss.
Now, consider the arcing situation where, instead of applying
external axial magnetic fields, the shield is connected to cathode
potential via several turns. By analogy with FIGS. 10 and 11, the
shield will have a coil-load line. This coil-load line is shown in
FIG. 9 and intersects the ion current curve at point A. Let us
consider the possibilities. It will be obvious that the arc will
not burn with zero magnetic field. For that particular hypothetical
situation, an ion current of 280 amperes would flow from the arc
plasma to the shield and the arc voltage would be 40 volts.
However, a shield ion current of 280 amps would create a large
magnetic field dictated by the coil-load line. Thus, an operating
point at the zero magnetic field is unstable. The only stable
operating point is point A. It will be noted in FIG. 9 that the
arc-voltage minimum is attained at relatively low magnetic fields.
Fortunately, these magnetic fields can be created using coils of
only several turns. As direct evidence of the shield-coils
efficiency in reducing the arc voltage, let us consider the
experimental data of FIGS. 13, 16, 17, 18 and 19. We experimented
with a vacuum interrupter, as shown in FIG. 12A. Here the shield
coil is connected externally to the cathode via a six-turn coil.
This is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. We connected the
shield either directly via a straight conductor to the cathode, or
via a six-turn coil, as shown in FIG. 12A, or via a twelve-turn
coil; and monitored at high currents the arc voltage and also the
ion current, which flowed from th arc plasma to the shield. FIG. 13
shows the peak arc voltage during a half cycle of arcing at
currents to 20 K.A. The arc voltage at 15 K.A., for example, with
the shield connected directly to the cathode is approximately 150
volts. With the shield connected to cathode potential, via a
six-turn coil, the arc voltage is approximately 85 volts. With the
shield connected to cathode potential via a twelve-turn coil, the
arc voltage is 55 volts. The curve of FIG. 16 shows the current
which flows to the shield from the arc plasma for the experimental
conditions of FIG. 13. At 15 K.A. an ion current of approximately 3
K.A. flows to the shield when the latter is connected directly to
the cathode. This connection corresponds to the zero-field
situation of FIG. 9. With the shield connected to the cathode via
six turns, the peak ion current, during the arcing half cycle,
reduces to approximately 1 kiloampere. Thus, in this situation, the
operating point A of FIG. 9 has resulted in a one-third reduction
in the ion current. However an ion current of 1 kiloampere flowing
through the six-turns produces a marked effect on the arc voltge,
as already discussed in FIG. 13. Again, with reference to FIG. 16,
with the shield connected to cathode via 12 turns, the ion current
through the coil turns is reduced to approximately 0.6 K.A. Typical
data for FIG. 16, obtained using the configurations of FIG. 12A,
appear in FIGS. 17, 18 and 19. These figures are taken from single
oscillograms of shield currents during a half cycle of arcing at 15
K.A. R.M.S. FIG. 17 shows the ion current to the shield when the
latter is connected directly to cathode potential. This is the high
arcing-voltage condition.
FIG. 18 shows that the ion current has been markedly reduced by
connecting the shield via six turns to cathode potential. The arc
voltage is now significantly reduced. FIG. 19 shows that the ion
current is even more reduced when the shield is connected to
cathode potential via 12 turns. This is the lowest voltlage
condition. Again, the reasons for the ion current reductions
observed in FIGS. 17, 18 and 19, for a given 15 K.A. arc but with
different shield geometries, can be understood relative to FIG. 11.
The test data, which we have discussed, were obtained in the
interrupter of FIG. 12A using the test circuit shown in FIG. 12.
This test circuit comprises a two megajoule capacitor bank which
discharges through a reactor. In order to obtain arc-voltage data
at comparative electrode separations, we deliberately obtained our
data using a circuit tuned to 36 cycles per second. However, we
obtained similar data to FIGS. 13 and 16 when we performed
experiments at 60 cycles per second. Examples of data at 60 cycles
appear in FIGS. 20 and 21. Data in these two curves was obtained
during a half cycle of arcing for an arc current of 14.5 K.A.
R.M.S. Consider FIG. 21. The shield is connected directly to
cathode potential, and the arc voltage during the 8 milliseconds of
arcing is high. The peak arc voltage during the arcing half cycle
is approximately 120 volts. In FIG. 21 we have also plotted the
instantaneous power dissipated in the interrupter. From this figure
we estimate that an arc energy of 8.9 kilojoules was expended
during the arcing half cycle. Consider now FIG. 20. Here the peak
arc voltage is markedly reduced by using a six-turn coil between
the shield and the cathode. In particular, the arc energy, expended
during the off arcing half cycle, is only 4.9 kilojoules. Thus, the
effect of the shield coils is to reduce not only the peak arc
voltage, but also, and more importantly, the total energy expended
in the interrupter during the arcing half cycle. Since the data of
FIG. 13 shows only the effect of shield-coil connections on the
peak arc voltage, we include FIGS. 14 and 15 to demonstrate that
the energy expended within the interrupter was markedly reduced by
field coils. The data in FIG. 13 were obtained during a half cycle
of arcing at 36 cycles per second, that is, the arc duration was
approximately 14 milliseconds.
Consider FIG. 15 where the shield was connected directly to the
cathode. During the arcing half cycle at 15 K.A. R.M.S., the peak
arc voltage was approximately 150 volts, and the total arc energy
was of the order of 16.7 kilojoules. The data in FIG. 14 was also
obtained at 15 K.A. R.M.S., but with the shield connected to the
cathode via a six-turn coil. Here the peak arc voltage is only 60
volts, and the total arc energy dissipated within the interrupter
during the arcing half cycle was reduced from 16.7 kilojoules to
only 8.3 kilojoules.
In summary, our experimental evidence indicates that the shield
coils work as shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 23 and 24. In FIG. 23
the shield is connected externally, via external coils, to the
stationary electrode, which, for this particular arcing half cycle,
is the cathode. It will be appreciated that the cathode could also
be the movable bellows electrode, as shown for example in FIG. 12A.
With the connection, as shown in FIG. 23, the shield is biased
negative relative to the adjacent arc plasma. With this connection
the shield collects a net ion current from the arc plasma, and this
current, flowing through the shield coils, produces the desired
axial magnetic field. The axial magnetic field reduces the arc
plasma contact with the shield, as exemplified by FIG. 9 and as
shown in FIG. 16.
The tendency for the high-current arc to strike over to the shield
is reduced, and in particular the arc voltage is markedly reduced,
as shown in FIG. 13. For arcing half cycles in which the shield is
connected to anode potential, the shield acts like an auxiliary
anode. As shown in FIG. 24, the shield is biased positive relative
to the arc plasma, and draws a net electron current from that arc
plasma. Again, the circulating current results in an axial magnetic
field which reduces the arc voltage. Experiments show that the
arc-voltage reduction is similar to that depicted in FIG. 13.
Additional experimental data, obtained by applying axial magnetic
fields to vacuum arcs, appear in FIGS. 25, 26 and 22. FIGS. 25 and
26 show vacuum arcs burning between a large-diameter cathode, which
is the upper electrode, and a small 1.3 centimeter diameter anode,
which is the lower electrode. The photographs in both FIGS. 25 and
26 were obtained for a direct current arc of approximately 1000
amps. In the presence of an axial magnetic field, FIG. 25, luminous
streamers propagate from each of the individual cathode spots, and
these streamers terminate on the anode. The arc voltage is low, the
plasma is confined predominantly to the interelectrode region, and
this confinement is evidenced by the presence of the luminous
streamers. In particular, there is no gross melting of the anode,
since low confinement to the interelectrode region has reduced the
anode-voltage drop. There is no anode spot activity. FIG. 26 shows
the same 1000 amp arc in the absence of an externally applied axial
magnetic field. We have the characteristic multiplicity of cathode
spots. However, the interelectrode arc plasma is diffuse. The arc
voltage is high due to the presence of an appreciably-high anode
voltage drop. There is vigorous evaporation at the anode, with
gross melting, due to the presence of a vigorous anode spot. FIG.
25 shows a more desirable arcing condition for a
vacuum-interrupter. The arc plasma is confined away from the walls
of the arcing chamber, the arc voltage is low and, consequently,
the heating of the electrodes and of the shield is reduced. The
gross melting and deformation of the anode does not exist. Although
the comparative photographs of FIGS. 25 and 26 were obtained at an
arc level of 1000 amperes, experimental data at current levels of
15,000 and 20,000 amperes suggests that the same physical phenomena
occur at high arc currents with and without magnetic fields. The
beneficial effects of axial magnetic fields are also shown in FIG.
22. This figure shows interruption data following arcing to 15 K.A.
at 60 cycles with and without the presence of an external axial
magnetic field. These particular data was obtained with the axial
field generated by Helmholz coils. The open points show data
obtained without an axial field. The solid points show data
obtained with an axial field. It will be noted that as the circuit
current increases, and as the circuit voltage increases, the
probability for arc reignition without with magnetic field is high.
This beneficial effect of axial magnetic fields on the interruption
ability, has been observed by many investigators.
To summarize the advantages of our disclosure, we can list these
advantages as follows:
We have a method for applying an axial magnetic field whereby the
field coils are in parallel rather than in series with the arc
current. With this situation, the field coils produce no energy
losses with the electrodes in the contact-closed position. The
field coils are only inserted into the circuit when the arc is
struck within the interrupter. The field coils produce an axial
magnetic field, which (a) postpones the onset of anode spot
formation, (b) reduces the energy expended within the interrupter
during the arcing half cycle. This energy reduction minimizes the
heating of the shield and minimizes the heating of the electrodes,
(c) the probability of the arc striking over to the shield is
reduced, (d) the interruption ability is increased. It will be
noted that the shield configuration should lead to significant cost
reductions for the manufacture of vacuum-interrupters. For a given
interrupter size, the rating of the interrupter will be increased
over the situation with a shield supported and electrically
connected from one electrode having no magnetic field-coil
arrangement. Further, arrangements for minimizing anode-spot
activity can be expected to lead to vacuum-interrupters, which can
withstand high voltages. Anode-spot activity leads to deformation
of the surface and splashing of anode material onto the shield and
the cathode, and this deformation and splashing can markedly reduce
the basic impulse level and transient recovery of the
interrupter.
FIG. 27 illustrates a further embodiment of the present invention,
which is applicable to a triggerable fixed-gap vacuum-device. It
will be noted that the various embodiments of field-coils discussed
hereinbefore will also prove advantageous in arcing devices other
than of the separable-contact type. Consider, for example, the
triggered fixed-gap vacuum device. Here, the electrodes are
permanently separated, and arcing is initiated by spark formation
of both a cathode spot and a tenuous inter-electrode plasma. The
subsequent arcing and interruption phenomena are practically
identical with those observed in the vacuum-switch. The present
invention, therefore, is also advantageously utilized in the use of
field-coils associated with triggered vacuum gaps, as well as with
vacuum-type switches and interrupters, as hereinbefore
described.
The gap of U.S. Pat. No. 3,087,092 comprises a pair of spaced-apart
main electrodes 40 and 42 disposed in a highly evacuated chamber 44
and defining a main gap 45 therebetween. Disposed adjacent one main
electrode 42 is a trigger electrode 46 defined by a
hydrogen-impregnated titanium film on a ceramic supporting rod 48.
This ceramic supporting rod 48 is disposed coaxially of the main
electrode 42 and is suitably sealed to the main electrode 42 about
its outer periphery. A portion of the ceramic supporting rod 48 is
uncoated and defines a trigger gap 51 along this uncoated surface
that electrically isolates the trigger electrode 46 from the main
electrode 42 under normal conditions. A conductive connection 49
extends through the ceramic rod 48 and across its upper end surface
to the trigger electrode 46.
When an electric pulse is applied between the trigger electrode 46
and the main electrode 42, the trigger gap 51 breaks down, and the
resultant spark liberates a small quantity of hydrogen from the
hydrogen-impregnated trigger electrode 46. This hydrogen is quickly
ionized and projected into the main gap 45, thus lowering its
dielectric strength and initiating a breakdown of the main gap.
Additional theory regarding the operation of fixed-gap triggerable
vacuum-devices is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,489,951, issued Jan.
13, 1970 to A. N. Greenwood et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,087,092, issued
Apr. 23, 1963 to J. M. Lafferty; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,465,192,
issued Sept. 2, 1969 to J. M. Lafferty. Also additional information
is available in a IEEE 1965 paper entitled, "Triggered Vacuum Gaps"
by J. M. Lafferty, set forth in Volume 54, No. 1 of Proceedings of
The IEEE.
The foregoing references set forth that in such a device the
ability of a vacuum-gap to hold off high voltage and then to
recover its dielectric strength rapidly after arcing, has made it
pontentially attractive as an overvoltage protection device and
current switch. For example, when such a device is utilized as a
lightning-arrester on power transmission lines, in such an
application the gap was connected between line and ground and
designed to hold off maximum system voltage, but to break down on
impulse voltage surges associated with lightning strokes or
switching transients. Following impulse breakdown, the gap would
interrupt the flow of power-frequency current at its first current
zero. In such an application it is desirable to interrupt arcing
within the device following breakdown, and consequently the
magnetic field coil 19 of the present application may
advantageously be utilized in connection with such a fixed-gap
device, as illustrated in FIG. 27 of the drawings.
From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that we have
provided an improved vacuum-type circuit interrupter in which an
axial magnetic field is utilized to reduce arc voltage only during
the arcing period, and in the normal closed-position of the device,
the heating problem and the eddy-current heating problem is
eliminated, by virtue of the fact that the contacts, when closed,
completely electrically bypass the field-coil structure.
Although there has been illustrated and described specific
structure, it is to be clearly understood that the same were merely
for the purpose of illustration, and that changes and modifications
may readily be made therein by those skilled in the art, without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *