U.S. patent number 3,882,809 [Application Number 05/420,603] was granted by the patent office on 1975-05-13 for storage vessel for ship transport of liquefied gas.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Chicago Bridge & Iron Company. Invention is credited to Robert Newton Davis, Paul Richard Johnson, Willis James Kircik, Kenneth Wilson Lange, Elmer Weyman Rothrock.
United States Patent |
3,882,809 |
Johnson , et al. |
May 13, 1975 |
Storage vessel for ship transport of liquefied gas
Abstract
A ship having a free-standing or self-supporting tank for
transporting a cryogenic liquefied gas, the tank comprising an
enclosed metal shell which is circular in horizontal section and
which has a cylindrical or conical upwardly projecting lower walled
portion joined at its bottom edge to the ship hold bottom, a metal
secondary bottom in the tank spaced above the ship hold bottom and
extending to the cylindrical or conical lower walled portion, a
circular weld supporting the secondary bottom in position above the
ship hold bottom, insulation between the secondary bottom and the
ship hold bottom, a metal primary bottom in the tank spaced above
the secondary bottom and extending to the cylindrical or conical
lower walled portion and a circular weld which serves to support
the metal primary bottom in position above the secondary
bottom.
Inventors: |
Johnson; Paul Richard (Oak
Lawn, IL), Rothrock; Elmer Weyman (Hinsdale, IL), Lange;
Kenneth Wilson (Burr Ridge, IL), Kircik; Willis James
(Hinsdale, IL), Davis; Robert Newton (Bolingbrook, IL) |
Assignee: |
Chicago Bridge & Iron
Company (Oak Brook, IL)
|
Family
ID: |
23667137 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/420,603 |
Filed: |
November 30, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
114/74A;
220/560.03; 220/901; 220/560.07; 220/560.12 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F17C
3/04 (20130101); B63B 25/16 (20130101); F17C
2203/0341 (20130101); F17C 2205/013 (20130101); F17C
2201/0109 (20130101); F17C 2221/017 (20130101); F17C
2203/0345 (20130101); F17C 2270/0105 (20130101); F17C
2203/0646 (20130101); F17C 2223/0153 (20130101); F17C
2203/0631 (20130101); F17C 2221/035 (20130101); F17C
2223/0161 (20130101); F17C 2201/0119 (20130101); F17C
2221/012 (20130101); F17C 2203/0639 (20130101); Y02E
60/32 (20130101); Y10S 220/901 (20130101); F17C
2223/033 (20130101); F17C 2201/0128 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B63B
25/00 (20060101); B63B 25/16 (20060101); F17C
3/04 (20060101); F17C 3/00 (20060101); B63b
025/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;114/74A
;220/9A,9LG |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Blix; Trygve M.
Assistant Examiner: Goldstein; Stuart M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Merriam, Marshall, Shapiro &
Klose
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In combination:
a ship having a hold with a bottom and walls; and
a tank, for transporting a cryogenic liquefied gas, having a
structurally self-supporting wall and roof and which is spaced or
separated from the ship hold walls;
said tank comprising a metal shell with a walled portion and a roof
portion;
the walled portion having a horizontal circular bottom edge and a
surface of revolution generated by the movement of a generatrix
line which moves in a path touching the horizontal circular bottom
edge and is constantly in the same spaced relationship to a
straight vertical line perpendicular and central to the horizontal
circular bottom edge;
the bottom edge of the walled portion being in direct contact with,
and continuously joined to, the ship hold bottom;
a metal secondary bottom in the tank spaced above the ship hold
bottom and extending to the shell walled portion;
means supporting the secondary bottom in position above the ship
hold bottom;
insulation between the secondary bottom and the ship hold
bottom;
a metal primary bottom in the tank spaced above the secondary
bottom and extending to the shell walled portion; and
storage load support means supporting the metal primary bottom in
position above the secondary bottom.
2. A combination according to claim 1 in which the walled portion
has a cylindrical surface.
3. A combination according to claim 2 in which the roof portion is
domed.
4. A combination according to claim 1 in which the walled portion
includes one or more conical surfaces having a circular bottom edge
and with sections of the walled portion taken thereabove parallel
to the said bottom edge also circular.
5. A combination according to claim 1 in which the insulation
between the secondary bottom and the ship hold bottom is load
bearing insulation which also constitutes the means supporting the
secondary bottom in position above the ship hold bottom.
6. A combination according to claim 1 in which insulation is
located between the secondary bottom and the primary bottom.
7. A combination according to claim 6 in which the insulation also
constitutes the storage load support means supporting the metal
primary bottom in position above the secondary bottom.
8. A combination according to claim 1 in which the tank shell,
secondary bottom and primary bottom are of metal which is suitable
for use at cryogenic temperatures.
9. A combination according to claim 8 in which the ship hold bottom
is of carbon steel and the height of the tank walled portion from
the secondary bottom to the ship hold bottom is great enough to
prevent cooling by a cryogenic liquid in the tank of the ship hold
bottom to a low enough temperature to endanger the structural
integrity of the hold bottom.
10. A combination according to claim 1 in which at least the roof
portion of the tank extends above the top deck of the ship and is
insulated.
11. A combination according to claim 10 in which the inside
surfaces of the hold are insulated.
12. A combination according to claim 10 in which the walled portion
of the tank shell is externally insulated.
13. A combination according to claim 1 in which a drip gutter is
joined to the outer surface of the walled portion below the
secondary bottom and above the ship hold bottom.
14. In combination:
a ship having a hold with a bottom and walls; and
a tank, for transporting a cryogenic liquefied gas, having a
structurally self-supporting wall and roof and which is spaced or
separated from the ship hold walls;
said tank comprising a metal shell with a walled portion and a roof
portion;
the walled portion having a horizontal circular bottom edge and a
surface of revolution generated by the movement of a generatrix
line which moves in a path touching the horizontal circular bottom
edge and is constantly in the same spaced relationship to a
straight vertical line perpendicular and central to the horizontal
circular bottom edge;
the bottom edge of the walled portion being in contact with and
joined to the ship hold bottom;
a metal secondary bottom in the tank spaced above the ship hold
bottom and extending to the shell walled portion;
means supporting the secondary bottom in position above the ship
hold bottom;
insulation filling the space between the secondary bottom and the
ship hold bottom;
a metal primary bottom in the tank spaced above the secondary
bottom and extending to the shell walled portion;
storage load support means supporting the metal primary bottom in
position above the secondary bottom; and
insulation filling the space between the primary bottom and the
secondary bottom.
15. A combination according to claim 14 in which the bottom edge of
the walled portion is continuously joined to the ship hold
bottom.
16. In combination:
a ship having a hold with a bottom and walls; and
a tank, for transporting a cryogenic liquefied gas, having a
structurally self-supporting wall and roof and which is spaced or
separated from the ship hold walls;
said tank comprising a metal shell with a walled portion and a roof
portion;
the walled portion having a horizontal circular bottom edge and a
surface of revolution generated by the movement of a generatrix
line which moves in a path touching the horizontal circular bottom
edge and is constantly in the same spaced relationship to a
straight vertical line perpendicular and central to the horizontal
circular bottom edge;
the bottom edge of the walled portion being in contact with and
joined to the ship hold bottom;
a thin metal secondary bottom in the tank spaced above the ship
hold bottom and extending to the shell walled portion;
means supporting the secondary bottom in position above the ship
hold bottom;
insulation between the secondary bottom and the ship hold
bottom;
a thin metal primary bottom in the tank spaced above the secondary
bottom and extending to the shell walled portion; and
storage load support means supporting the metal primary bottom in
position above the secondary bottom,
whereby the thin metal primary and secondary bottoms depend on the
ship hold bottom structure for ultimate support of the tank product
load.
Description
This invention relates to ships used for transporting cryogenic
liquefied gases. More particularly, this invention is concerned
with improvements in ship tanks for transporting cryogenic
liquefied gases and which tanks are separate, independent,
structures supported by the ship bottom and not necessarily
otherwise dependent on the ship hull or hold structure for
support.
Many useful gases are available or are produced at geographical
locations far removed from the locations where they are used or
needed. Although some such gases can be economically transported
under pressure in the form of a gas, it is generally more desirable
to liquefy the gas and transport it in that state because of the
increased volume of gas which can be transported in liquid state
rather than in the gaseous state.
Some gases can be liquefied at moderate pressures and shipped in
tanks capable of maintaining the gas under such pressure to keep it
in the liquefied state. Propane and butane are representative of
such gases. Because the pressure needed to liquefy such gases at
atmospheric temperature is not unduly great, the pressure vessel
required for storage of the so liquefied gas can be built
economically and of a relatively large size. Other gases, however,
cannot be readily liquefied even at fairly high pressures unless
the temperature of the gas is also reduced substantially below
atmospheric temperature. Because it is difficult and expensive to
construct a pressure vessel capable of storing a cryogenic
liquefied gas at high pressure in large volume, it has been found
more practical and less expensive to cool the liquefied gas to a
temperature at which it can be stored in a tank designed to
withstand a minimum internal pressure plus dynamic loads due to
ship motions. For example, it has been found convenient to store
liquefied natural gas, which is essentially methane, at about
-260.degree.F. and at about 15 psia or just slightly above
atmospheric pressure. Other cryogenic liquefied gases such as
hydrogen, helium and ethylene can similarly be stored at about
atmospheric pressure following their refrigeration to a temperature
below the boiling point of the gas at such pressure.
Tanks for transporting cryogenic liquefied gases at about
atmospheric pressure in a ship are of two main types. The first
type of tank is one in which the tank walls and bottom are
substantially continuously supported by the ship hold. Such a tank
relies upon the structure of the ship for the strength and support
needed to contain the liquid being stored. The second type of tank
is a structurally self-supporting or free-standing tank which is
spaced or separated from the ship hold wall. Such a tank does not
rely on the strength of the hold walls for necessary reinforcement
because it is structurally independent of the ship walls insofar as
its ability to effectively contain the stored liquid is
concerned.
One of the structurally independent type of tanks is spherical.
Spherical tanks have been mounted in the ship hold on a metal
cylindrical skirt or on a plurality of columns. Such mounting
means, while adequate, are expensive and tend to undesirably
concentrate the load in a small area of the ship hull instead of
spreading it over a wider space. These mounting means however
permit relatively easy insulation of the tank, or the ship hold,
for the purposes of retarding boil-off of the stored liquefied gas
and preventing the refrigerated contents of the tank from cooling
the ship structure to a temperature low enough to cause structural
failure of ship parts not made of metal suitable for low
temperature use. There are nevertheless needed tank structures
which are largely free standing, and substantially independent of
the ship structure, for ship transport of cryogenic liquids which
are relatively economical, simple to construct and which distribute
the load over a large area of the ship hull or hold but which still
permit the ready insulative separation of the tank and its contents
from the ship hull.
According to the present invention there is provided, in
combination, a ship having a hold with a bottom and walls and a
tank, for transporting a cryogenic liquefied gas, with a
structurally self-supporting or shape retaining wall and roof which
is spaced or separated from the ship hold walls and which has a
bottom structure which spreads the weight of the tank and any load
therein over a substantial area of the ship hold bottom. The tank
structure permits the ready installation of insulation to effect
envelopment of the tank by an insulating environment which prevents
the refrigerated contents of the tank from cooling the ship
structure to a temperature low enough to cause structural failure
of parts of the ship made of metal unsuitable for cryogenic
uses.
The shape of the tank is not narrowly critical since tanks of many
shapes can be successfully employed in practicing the invention. It
is important however that the lower part of the tank be of such
shape as to facilitate the utilization of separated primary and
secondary bottoms positioned in spaced apart relationship above the
bottom of the ship hold. The tank however will generally comprise a
metal shell with a walled portion and a roof portion. The roof
portion can be domed, ellipsoidal or spherical in shape. In
addition, the roof portion can be primarily conical or conical with
a lower peripheral curved portion.
The tank will generally comprise an enclosed metal shell which is
essentially circular in horizontal section throughout its height.
Also, the tank shell advisably will have an upwardly projecting
lower walled portion, which is cylindrical or conical or a
combination of these, which is joined at its bottom edge, such as
by a continuous fusion weld or other suitable leak-proof joint, to
the ship hold bottom. The tank sidewall is thus anchored to the
bottom plating of the hold bottom and it depends on this anchorage
to develop the uplift and downward forces resulting from the liquid
product, ship motions and internal vapor pressure. The vertical
force of the liquid product is, of course, supported by the hold
bottom and not the tank sidewall.
Most of the tanks suitable for use in the invention will have a
walled portion which has a horizontal circular bottom edge and a
surface of revolution generated by the movement of a generatrix
line which moves in a path touching the horizontal circular bottom
edge and is constantly in the same spaced relationship to a
straight vertical line perpendicular and central to the horizontal
circular bottom edge. The walled portion as defined thus includes
within its definition cylindrical shaped walled portions, as well
as inverted conical walled portions in which the circular bottom
edge has a smaller diameter than a conical section of the walled
portion taken thereabove parallel to the said bottom edge.
Within the lower walled portion of the tank shell there is
positioned a metal secondary bottom above the ship hold bottom and
a metal primary bottom positioned above the secondary bottom.
Support means maintains the secondary bottom in position above the
ship hold bottom and support means maintains the primary bottom in
position above the secondary bottom. Insulation is positioned
between the secondary bottom and the ship hold bottom and in this
regard when the insulation is of the load bearing type it can also
function as the support means to keep the secondary bottom in
position above the ship hold bottom. The support means maintaining
the primary bottom in position above the secondary bottom can also
be, although not essential, load bearing insulation which occupies
most if not all of the space between the primary bottom and the
secondary bottom.
The secondary bottom as well as the primary bottom can each be
positioned horizontally and be essentially planar. They can however
each be dished or one or the other can be planar while the other is
dished. Furthermore, one or both of the secondary and primary
bottoms can be dome shaped. The secondary bottom, however, must
remain spaced above the ship hold bottom.
Each of the tank bottoms is usually made of thin metal and
functions as a leak tight liner. The bottoms thus rely, or depend,
on the ship hold bottom structure for ultimate support of the tank
product load. Care is thus taken to avoid creation of a vacuum
inside of the tank when empty since this could lead to an uplift of
one or both of the tank bottoms because of a higher pressure
between the tank bottoms, or between the secondary bottom and the
ship hold bottom.
The tank shell as well as the secondary bottom and primary bottom
are constructed of metal which is suitable for use at cryogenic
temperatures. The novel tank structure however permits use of
conventional carbon steel for the ship hull and the ship hold
bottom and walls. The height of the tank walled portion from the
ship hold bottom to the secondary bottom is made great enough or
high enough to accommodate dimensional changes from the
differential temperature gradient and, also, to prevent cooling of
the ship hold bottom by a cryogenic liquid in the tank to a low
enough temperature to endanger the structural integrity of the hold
bottom.
In the event the primary bottom of the tank fails, cryogenic liquid
or vapor thereabove will flow into the space below the primary
bottom where it will be restrained against further flow by the
secondary bottom which maintains its structural integrity at the
low temperatures to which it is subjected. Furthermore, even though
the secondary bottom is subjected to low cryogenic temperatures, no
adverse cooling of the ship hold bottom is effected because of the
presence of the insulation between the ship hold bottom and the
tank secondary bottom. Not only does the tank provide the described
safety features but in addition the tank at all times effects wide
distribution of the load over the ship hold bottom thereby
minimizing the concentration of stresses in the ship hull.
The invention will be described further in conjunction with the
attached drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a ship having cryogenic storage
tanks of the type herein provided;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1
through the ship hull and a storage tank positioned in the
ship;
FIGS. 3A to 3E are sectional views of joint structures which can be
used to connect or join the primary bottom and/or the secondary
bottom to the lower walled portion of a tank shell;
FIG. 4 is a vertical sectional view similar to FIG. 2 but of a tank
which has a dished primary bottom;
FIGS. 5A to 5C are sectional views of joint structures which can be
used to join the periphery of a dished tank bottom to a tank lower
walled portion;
FIG. 6 is a vertical sectional view similar to FIG. 2 but of a tank
which has a transition joint in the lower walled portion;
FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate transition joint structures for joining
a tank to a ship hold bottom;
FIG. 8 is a vertical sectional view through a ship and a
cylindrical circular tank positioned in the ship hold;
FIG. 9 is a vertical sectional view through a ship hull and a tank
having a conical lower walled portion and a spherical upper or roof
portion; and
FIG. 10 is a view similar to FIG. 9 but with insulation applied
against the ship hold walls rather than on the surface of the tank
below the ship main deck as in the tank of FIG. 9.
So far as is practical, the same identifying numbers will be used
for the same or similar parts or elements which appear in the
different views of the drawings.
With reference to FIG. 1 of the drawings, the ship 10 is provided
with five tanks 11 for the sea transportation of cryogenic liquids.
Each of the tanks 11 is supported by ship hold bottom 12 as shown
in FIG. 2. The tank 11 comprises an enclosed metal shell having a
metal ellipsoidal roof portion 13 which is joined to and is
supported by a metal lower walled portion 14 which is substantially
cylindrical and circular in horizontal section. The bottom edge 15
of the lower walled portion 14 is joined to the ship hold bottom
12, such as by fusion welding or other suitable means. The tank
lower walled portion 14 is spaced inwardly from the ship hold walls
16 to provide access space for inspection of the tank and the ship
for safety purposes.
Secondary bottom 18 is joined at its circular periphery to the
inside surface of tank wall 14 such as by welding. Load bearing
insulation 17 is placed between the ship hold bottom 12 and tank
secondary bottom 18. Primary bottom 20 is joined at its circular
periphery, such as by welding, to the inside surface of the tank
lower walled portion 14 and it is supported in position by
supporting means 19 which can be a load bearing material which is
insulating or non-insulating. Instead of using a load bearing
insulation material 17, the secondary bottom 18 can be supported in
position by use of a plurality of suitable posts and insulation
placed therebetween. Similarly, a series of posts can be positioned
between secondary bottom 18 and primary bottom 20 to support the
primary bottom in position. When posts are used as described,
insulating means should be employed to prevent development of cold
spots in the ship bottom by heat transfer through the posts.
The tank 11 shown in FIG. 2 can be suitably insulated to prevent
heat leak into the tank and to also prevent the cryogenic liquid
contents of the tank from adversely cooling the ship hull. Thus,
insulation board 21 can be secured to the outer surface of the
major portion of the tank wall 14 and have a splash shield 27
covering its outer surface. The upper domed portion of the tank,
the tank roof, and the cupola 28 which holds service pipes and
controls, can be suitably insulated by placing a resilient glass
fiber blanket 22 in contact with the tank surface and a granular
free flowing insulating material 23 between the resilient blanket
and a tank protective metal cover 24. Settling of the granular
insulating material 23 is prevented by expansion and contraction of
the resilient blanket with temperature induced dimensional changes
of the tank metal shell. A conventional expansion joint 25 is
employed to keep the granular insulation 23 from flowing downwardly
into the ship hold with temperature induced lateral displacement of
the tank shell. Joint 25, can have appropriate holes, not shown,
through which any escaped liquid from the tank above the joint can
flow downwardly to collect in the drip pan 29.
Flexible splash shield 27A can be located between the blanket 22
and the granular insulation 23. Splash shield 27A works in
conjunction with splash shield 27 to direct any escaped liquid to
drip pan 29 which is made of metal which can withstand cryogenic
temperatures. Insulation 32 is placed between the drip pan 29 and
the ship hold wall to prevent the ship hull from being cooled
excessively if the tank cracks and the drip pan accumulates
liquefied gas.
The lower end portion 26 of the tank wall extending from the
secondary bottom 18 to the ship hold bottom 12 is made sufficiently
high so that a temperature transition zone can develop therein from
the cryogenic temperatures to which the tank shell would be
subjected in the event the primary bottom 20 fails and liquid flows
into contact with the secondary bottom 18 to the temperature of the
ship hold bottom 12, which would normally be at a temperature high
enough such that the carbon steel of which it normally is
constructed would not be adversely affected by the temperature to
which it is subjected in usage.
It will be seen readily that the novel structure illustrated by
FIG. 2 permits wide distribution of the tank weight, and any liquid
load therein, over nearly the full ship hold area to thereby
substantially reduce the creation of localized stresses in the ship
hull. The tank furthermore has inherent safety characteristics
because if the primary bottom 20 of the tank were to fail the
secondary bottom 18 would prevent the cryogenic liquid from flowing
into contact with the ship hold structure. The insulation 17 would
prevent the ship hold bottom from being cooled to a temperature low
enough to severely affect the strength of the metal used in
constructing the ship.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate two related joint structures which can
be used for welding the secondary and primary bottoms to the tank
shell wall. Tee member 30 can be welded integrally in the tank
shell wall 14 and the secondary bottom 18 can be peripherally butt
welded to the horizontal flange 31 of the tee member 30 as shown in
FIG. 3A or the secondary bottom 18 can be lap welded to the
horizontal member 31 as shown in FIG. 3B. It should be understood
that, instead of secondary bottom 18 being joined as shown in FIGS.
3A and 3B, the primary bottom 20 can be joined in the same way.
FIG. 3C shows an alternative joint in which a round metal bar 33 is
welded horizontally between the ends of plates used in forming the
tank shell wall 14. The peripheral edge of secondary bottom 18 is
butt welded to rod 33 to complete the joint. A similar joint may be
used to fasten primary bottom 20 to the tank shell wall 14.
The joint structure of FIG. 3D has a machined member 34 integrally
welded into the tank shell wall 14. The member 34 is provided with
a flange 35 on which the secondary bottom 18 can be lap welded at
its periphery and an upper flange 36 to which primary bottom 20 can
be lap welded at its periphery.
FIG. 3E illustrates another means to join either the secondary
bottom 18, or the primary bottom 20, to the tank shell wall 14. As
shown in this figure, the lower edge of tank shell wall 14 is
flanged inwardly to a horizontal position and to the end thereof is
welded, in horizontal abutting position, the peripheral edge of
primary bottom 20. A vertically positioned metal ring 144 projects
downwardly from wall 14 and constitutes a continuation of the tank
shell wall.
The tank structure shown in FIG. 4 is similar to that shown in FIG.
2 and differs therefrom only in that the primary bottom 40 has a
dished profile. The dished primary bottom 40 of metal plate is
welded at its peripheral edge to a flange 41 which extends around
the circular inside surface of tank wall 14.
FIGS. 5A to 5C illustrate joint structures which can be used to
join a dished or curved primary bottom and/or secondary bottom to
the tank shell wall 14. As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the Y-shaped
member 43 is integrally welded into the tank shell wall 14 and to
the downwardly and inwardly extending leg 44 is joined dished
primary bottom 40, by butt welding as shown in FIG. 5A, or by a lap
weld joint as shown in FIG. 5B. FIG. 5C shows another joint with
round bar 45 used to join portions 14 of the tank wall together and
with the edge of dished primary bottom 40 welded to the bar 45.
FIG. 6 illustrates a tank-ship combination which in most respects
is similar to the structure shown in FIGS. 2 and 4. The tank shown
in FIG. 6, however, is made of a metal which is not directly
weldable to a carbon steel ship hold bottom. Thus, the lower wall
portion 14A, as well as the roof portion 13A of the tank, are made
of aluminum plate. Since aluminum cannot be welded directly to
carbon steel plate, an intermediate or transition joint is provided
to effect secure mounting of the tank in place on the ship hold
bottom. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7A, a vertically positioned carbon
steel ring 52 is welded at its lower edge to the ship hold bottom
12 of carbon steel plate and the upper edge of the ring 52 is
welded to a horizontally positioned plate 53. Plate 53 has a top
sheet of aluminum clad to a sheet of carbon steel or stainless
steel. The bottom edge 54 of the tank wall portion 14A is welded to
the upper surface of plate 53 to thereby provide a suitable
transition joint from the tank aluminum wall 14A to a ship hold
bottom 12 of carbon steel. Drip pan 55 is supported by wall portion
14A above plate 53. Insulation 51 is placed between drip pan 55 and
the ship hold wall to prevent the ship hull from becoming
excessively cold if a cryogenic liquefied gas accumulates in the
drip pan through a crack failure in the tank.
FIG. 7B illustrates another type of transition joint which can be
used when it is not feasible or possible to directly weld the lower
edge of the tank wall to the ship hold bottom because of the
incompatability of the metal of which each is composed. Projecting
upright from ship hold bottom 12 is a vertically positioned carbon
steel ring 56 which is welded at its lower or bottom edge to the
ship hold bottom 12 of carbon steel. A carbon steel horizontally
positioned plate 57 is welded to the top edge of ring 56.
Horizontally positioned aluminum plate 58 is welded to the bottom
edge of aluminum tank wall 14A. Stainless steel bolts 59 secure the
two plates 57 and 58 together to thereby firmly secure the tank in
position to the ship hold bottom.
FIG. 8 illustrates a tank positioned in a ship hold which in most
respects is similar to the structure shown in FIG. 2 with the main
difference being in the insulating system used in conjunction with
the tank shown in FIG. 8. The tank shown in FIG. 8 has a
cylindrical circular walled portion 114 and a ellipsoidal roof
portion 113. The tank also has a secondary bottom 118 and a primary
bottom 120 with load supporting insulation 117 between the ship
hold bottom 112 and secondary bottom 118 and supporting material
119 between the secondary bottom 118 and the primary bottom 120. A
resilient glass fiber blanket 61 is positioned over the outside
surface of the ellipsoidal roof portion 113 and the cylindrical
walled portion 114 of the tank. Aluminum sheet splash shield 62 is
shown placed over the outer surface of resilient blanket 61. It
can, however, be placed between the blanket and the tank shell.
Granular free flowing insulation 63 is placed over the aluminum
sheet spray shield 62 and over the granular insulation there is
positioned a weather cover 64 which is joined at its bottom edge to
drip pan 65. Drip pan 65 is joined at its bottom edge to the outer
surface of the tank walled portion 114. Insulation 66 is placed
outside drip pan 65 to prevent the ship hull from becoming
excessively cold if liquefied gas accumulates in the drip pan from
a tank leak.
The granular insulation 63 is maintained in position by the
pressure exerted against it by the resilient blanket 61. As the
metal tank contracts with a reduction in temperature, such as when
the tank is filled with a cryogenic liquid, the resilient blanket
61 expands to accommodate the reduction in size of the tank. When
the tank shell expands, such as when the tank is emptied of
cryogenic liquid and is brought to a prevailing atmospheric
temperature, tank enlargement results and applies pressure to the
resilient blanket 61 to thereby compress it. Sufficient pressure is
always applied by means of the resilient blanket 61, whether the
tank shell is at atmospheric temperature or at the cryogenic
temperature of a liquefied gas stored in the tank, to maintain the
granular insulation 63 in position and to prevent it from settling
along the walls of the tank with the creation of a noninsulated
void in the vicinity of the tank roof.
A further embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 9 in which
the tank mounted in the ship 10 has a spheroidal shell upper
portion 70 which is joined to a lower conical shell portion 71
fusion welded at its bottom edge to the ship hold bottom 12. This
type of tank permits the use of a haunch 85 of substantial size to
reinforce the juncture of the ship bottom with the hull sides
without greatly reducing the liquid carrying capacity of the tank
through excessive void space between the ship hold wall and the
tank surface. Also, this tank shape takes advantage of the ability
of the spherical shape to resist lateral force (dynamic) yet still
take vertical gravity loads directly into the hull. The tank has a
secondary bottom 18 and a primary bottom 20 as previously described
with reference to FIG. 2. Insulation 17 is of the load bearing type
and supports the secondary bottom 18. Material 19 can also be of
the load bearing type, although it need not be a material with
insulating properties, to support primary bottom 20. Drip gutter
72, made of a metal which can withstand cryogenic temperatures, is
mounted around the lower portion of the tank, and advisably it is
positioned at the location of secondary bottom 18 or slightly
therebelow. Insulation board 73 is positioned over that part of the
outer surface of the tank which is below the insulation expansion
joint 74. Spray shield 75 of aluminum sheeting is attached to the
outer surface of insulation 73 for the purpose of directing any
liquid or vapor, escaping from the tank, downwardly to the drip
gutter or pan 72, having insulation 81 on the outside thereof.
Resilient glass fiber blanket 76 is mounted over that part of the
upper surface of the tank of FIG. 9 and it is covered with a spray
shield 77, such as one made of aluminum sheeting or some other
material which maintains its strength at the low temperatures to
which it will be subjected. Granular free flowing insulation 78,
such as perlite, is positioned over the spray shield 77 and over
the granular insulation 78 there is located a metal weather cover
79 which terminates at its lower edge at the ship deck.
FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of the invention, but an
embodiment which is very similar to the one illustrated by FIG. 9.
Thus, the tank of FIG. 10, which is essentially identical to the
tank shown in FIG. 9, has its lower portion below the insulation
expansion joint 74 left free of insulation. Instead, insulation 80
comprising insulation board stock is applied to the ship hold walls
and hold bottom to the lower peripheral edge of the tank. The
result is to have the tank surrounded by an insulated environment
to thereby retard heat leak into the tank. Splash shield 82 is
placed over insulation 80, and also between blanket 76 and granular
insulation 78, to direct any liquid which escapes from the tank to
drip pan 83.
Because the lower edge of the tank structures can be joined
completely leak tight to the ship hold bottom, neither the primary
nor the secondary bottom need be designed to resist external
pressure, such as if the hold floods and the ship hold bottom
retains its structural integrity. The ship hold bottom is designed
to resist such external pressure and therefore such external
pressure is not applied to the tank secondary bottom or primary
bottom if the hold floods. However, the space between the ship hold
bottom and the secondary bottom, as well as the space between the
secondary bottom and the primary bottom, should be monitored when
the tank is empty to prevent a pressure build-up in such spaces by
a leak.
The foregoing detailed description has been given for clearness of
understanding only, and no unnecessary limitations should be
understood therefrom, as modifications will be obvious to those
skilled in the art.
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