U.S. patent number 3,878,495 [Application Number 05/485,466] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-15 for magnetic core for electrical inductive apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to Michael W. Thomas.
United States Patent |
3,878,495 |
Thomas |
April 15, 1975 |
Magnetic core for electrical inductive apparatus
Abstract
A multiple-legged magnetic core constructed from groups of
laminations, with at least two of the groups having different
permeabilities. The majority of the magnetic core is constructed of
laminations having one permeability. A group of laminations having
a lower permeability is positioned in each of the outer legs or in
the yoke portions which connect the outer legs to the remainder of
the magnetic core. The effective permeability of the outer legs is
thereby reduced and the flux density throughout the core is
substantially balanced.
Inventors: |
Thomas; Michael W. (Muncie,
IN) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
23928281 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/485,466 |
Filed: |
July 2, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
336/212; 336/215;
336/217; 336/218 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01F
27/245 (20130101); H01F 2003/106 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01F
27/245 (20060101); H01f 027/24 () |
Field of
Search: |
;336/218,214,215,212,178,216,217 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Kozma; Thomas J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Hanway; J. R.
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. A magnetic core comprising:
at least first and second laminated inner core legs suitable for
the placement of windings there-around;
first and second laminated outer core legs; and
first and second laminated cores yokes which magnetically connect
together the inner core legs and the outer core legs;
said first and second laminated outer core legs respectively
providing first and second magnetic paths with the core yokes, with
said first and second paths each containing a first group of
laminations having a first predetermined permeability and a second
group of laminations having a second and different
permeability.
2. The magnetic core of claim 1 wherein the first magnetic path
traverses the first outer core leg, the first inner core leg, and
the portions of the core yokes connecting said legs, and wherein a
third magnetic path traverses the first and second inner core legs
and the portions of the core yokes connecting said legs, with the
permeability of the laminations in the second group of laminations
of the first outer core leg having a value of permeability which
makes the effective length of the first and third magnetic paths
substantially equal.
3. The magnetic core of claim 1 wherein the first and second groups
of laminations are joined together with a step-lapped joint.
4. The magnetic core of claim 1 wherein the first group of
laminations is constructed of steel laminations having a grain
orientation aligned parallel to the edges of the lamination, and
the second group of laminations is constructed of steel laminations
having a grain orientation aligned obliquely to the edges of the
lamination.
5. A five-legged magnetic core comprising:
first, second and third laminated inner core legs;
first and second laminated outer core legs; and
first and second laminated core yokes which magnetically connect
together the inner core legs and the outer core legs;
said first and second outer magnetic core legs containing
laminations having a lower permeability than the permeability of
substantially all the laminations in the remainder of the magnetic
core.
6. A four-legged magnetic core comprising:
first and second laminated inner core legs;
first and second laminated outer core legs; and
first and second laminated core yokes which magnetically connect
together the inner core legs and the outer core legs;
said first and second outer magnetic core legs containing
laminations having a lower permeability than the permeability of
substantially all the laminations in the remainder of the magnetic
core.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates, in general, to electrical inductive
apparatus and, more specifically, to magnetic cores for power
transformers.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Five-legged magnetic cores are sometimes used in power transformers
when the advantages thereof are desirable. However, widespread use
of five-legged cores does not exist since there are certain
disadvantages in the use of conventional five-legged cores. One
important disadvantage is caused by additional losses due to third
harmonic fluxes which flow in the magnetic core.
Five-legged magnetic cores have four windows or openings in which
the winding structures are located. The openings near each end of
the core are smaller than either of the other two openings of the
core. The larger openings are required since a portion of the
windings disposed around two of the core legs is located therein,
whereas a portion of the winding around only one core leg is
located in each of the smaller openings.
Flux flowing through a core leg which is adjacent to an outer core
leg divides and flows across two paths. One path encircles the
adjacent large opening and the other path encircles the adjacent
smaller opening. Since the lengths of the flux paths differ, and
since the amount of flux flowing through a path is dependent upon
the length of the path, more flux will flow in the outside leg path
if the cross-sectional area and the permeability of the paths are
the same.
A reduction in harmonic flux and the losses attributable thereto
can be realized by balancing the magnetic paths so that the same
amount of flux density will be developed in the materials of each
path. Reducing the cross-sectional area of the outside path as
taught by many prior art arrangements decreases the flux flowing
therethrough, but the flux density, which is the quantity which
governs saturation, does not change since it is proportional to
both the flux and the cross-sectional area. While such area
decreasing arrangements have been used in the prior art to reduce
the amount of flux in the outside path, the ability of such
arrangements to balance the flux density is minimal. Therefore, it
is desirable and it is an object of this invention, to provide a
five-legged magnetic core in which the flux paths around the
windings disposed thereon are balanced, that is, have substantially
the same flux density in each path.
Four-legged cores are sometimes used in large single-phase
transformers. The windings of such transformers are positioned
around the inner legs of the core, thereby requiring a larger
opening between the two inner core legs than between the inner and
outer core legs. Consequently, the flux density in each core leg is
not equal and losses caused by saturation of a portion of the
magnetic core reduce the efficiency thereof. Therefore, it is
desirable, and it is another object of this invention, to provide a
four-legged magnetic core in which the flux paths around the
windings disposed thereon have substantially the same flux
density.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
There is disclosed herein new and useful four and five-legged
magnetic cores which have unique geometry and material combinations
which provide balanced magnetic paths with substantially equal flux
density throughout the cores. At least a portion of the outer leg
of each magnetic core contains magnetic laminations which have
different permeabilities. The value of permeability and the amount
of such laminations is selected to decrease the effective
permeability of the magnetic path which traverses the outer leg.
Thus, the flux is reduced in the outer leg without reducing the
area thereof. The reduction in flux provides a flux density in the
outer leg which is substantially equal to the flux density in the
remainder of the magnetic core, thus reducing unequal saturation of
the core.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Further advantages and uses of this invention will become more
apparent when considered in view of the following detailed
description and drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a view of a five-legged transformer constructed according
to this invention;
FIG. 1A is a view of a four-legged transformer constructed
according to this invention;
FIG. 2 is a portion of a multiple-legged magnetic core illustrating
quantities used to calculate the desired permeability ratio of the
magnetic materials in the core;
FIG. 3 is a partial view of a magnetic core member illustrating an
arrangement for changing the permeability of the magnetic
materials; and
FIG. 4 is a partial, cross-sectional view of a magnetic core
constructed according to this invention illustrating the junction
between the laminations which have different permeabilities.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Throughout the following description, similar reference characters
refer to similar elements or members in all of the figures of the
drawing.
Referring now to the drawing, and to FIG. 1 in particular, there is
shown a five-legged magnetic core 10 constructed according to this
invention. The core 10 includes the inner core legs 12, 14 and 16,
the outer core legs 18 and 20, and the core yokes 22 and 24. Each
portion of the magnetic core 10 is constructed from a plurality of
magnetic laminations stacked together to provide the desired
dimensions. The phase windings 26, 28 and 30 are disposed around
the inner legs 12, 14 and 16, respectively, and induce flux, when
energized, into the legs and yokes of the magnetic core 10. The
outer legs 18 and 20 contain segments 32 and 34, respectively, each
of which is constructed of a different magnetic material than the
remainder of the leg. The magnetic material comprising the segments
32 and 34 has a different permeability than that of the magnetic
core materials in the remainder of the core 10.
The purpose of the segments 32 and 34 is to increase the effective
length of the megnetic path through the outer leg. FIG. 2
illustrates the portion of the magnetic core 10 which will be used
to describe the functions of the magnetic segment 32. The function
of the magnetic segment 34 is similar to that of the segment
32.
The flux which flows through the inner leg 12 due to current in the
winding thereon divides and travels through the flux paths 36 and
38. The letter-designated dimensions shown in FIG. 2 illustrate
that the width a of the opening 40 is smaller than the width c of
the opening 42. Thus, the length of the path 36 is physically
shorter than the length of the path 38. If the permeabilities in
each path were the same, the reluctance of the shorter path 36
would be less than that of the path 38. Since the same
magnetomotive force produces the flux in both paths, the flux in
the path 36 would be greater than that in the path 38 if the
permeabilities are the same. In order to lower the flux density in
the path 36 to that of the highest flux density in the path 38, the
segment 32 of magnetic material is inserted to increase the
effective length of the path 36, thereby decreasing the flux and
the flux density along the path 36. It is this change in the
permeability of the path 36 which effectively changes the length
thereof.
Conventional arrangements which "balance" multiple-legged magnetic
cores usually decrease the area of the outer legs and/or the yoke
portion connecting the outer legs to the other portions of the
magnetic core. Such arrangements decrease the flux through the
outer leg but, since the area has been reduced also, do not
appreciably change the flux density because of the relationship
between flux, area and flux density.
An approximation of the permeability required for the segment 32
can be obtained by an analysis of the dimensions of the core.
Referring to FIG. 2, the permeability of the magnetic material in
the segment 32 may be assigned the value .mu.2, and the
permeability of the other magnetic material in the outer leg 18 and
in the other portions of the magnetic core may be assigned the
value .mu.1.
The flux in the material on both sides of the junction 42 is equal,
thus the flux density in both of these regions is equal. Since the
flux density B is equal to the product of the permeability and the
magnetic field intensity H, the following equations may be
written:
B.sub.1 = .mu..sub.1 h.sub.1
b.sub.2 = .mu..sub.2 h.sub.2
b.sub.1 = b.sub.2 ##EQU1## The subscripts indicate the portion of
the magnetic path 36 at which the quantities exist.
By using Maxwell's equations, and by integrating around the
magnetic path 36, the exciting current I.sub.2 which produces the
flux through path 36 may be calculated. Thus, ##EQU2## The exciting
current I.sub.1 can be found by a similar method. Thus,
.phi..sub.1 H.sup.. d1 = 2H.sub.3 (c+b+2p) = I.sub.1
where H.sub.3 is the magnetic field intensity around the path
38.
I.sub.2 = I.sub.1 = I = exciting current. ##EQU3##
For the core to be balanced, "B.sub.1 " must be equal to "B.sub.3,
" that is, the flux density in paths 36 and 38 must be equal.
##EQU4## which, when simplified can be written as ##EQU5##
This equation can be used to determine the approximate length d of
the segment 32 of magnetic material having a permeability of
.mu..sub.2. Since c is greater than a, the ratio
.mu..sub.1/.mu..sub.2 of the permeabilities is limited and must be
greater than ##EQU6## otherwise d would have to be larger than the
length of the portions of the magnetic path 36 which are not common
with the magnetic path 38.
Calculations made according to the foregoing may have to be changed
somewhat to compensate for non-considered variables, such as
three-phase operation, non-linearity of flux density over the
entire cross-section, leakage flux, etc. An entirely experimental
method may also be used to determine the amount of permeability
change which is needed to balance the flux density throughout the
core.
Although FIG. 2 has been used in discussing a five-legged magnetic
core, the same principle discussed applies to four-legged magnetic
cores. In using FIG. 2 for analyzing a four-legged core, only one
outer leg is not illustrated compared to one outer and one inner
leg for the five-legged core analysis.
The segment 32 of magnetic material can be placed anywhere along
the magnetic path 36 except in the leg 12. The permeability of the
magnetic material comprising the segment 32 must be different than
that of the other magnetic materials in the core. The difference in
permeability may be obtained by using a different magnetic
material, by using the same basic material which has been processed
differently, or by various other methods.
FIG. 1A is a view of a four-legged magnetic core 110 with
single-phase windings 112 and 114 disposed thereon. The core 110
includes the outer legs 116 and 118, the inner legs 120 and 122 and
the core yokes 124 and 126. The outer legs contain the segments 128
and 130 which are constructed from a magnetic material which has a
lower permeability than the other magnetic material in the core 110
to provide the effective increase in magnetic paths as hereinbefore
discussed.
One convenient arrangement for obtaining the desired permeability
is illustrated in FIG. 3. The grain orientation of the laminations
46 and 48 is aligned in the direction indicated by the arrows 50
and 52. The laminations 44, which may be used to construct the
segment 32 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, have their grain orientation
aligned with the arrow 54 which is displaced by an angle .theta.
from the direction of the arrows 50 and 52. The laminations 44, 46
and 48 can be constructed of the same magnetic material which has
been cut at different angles with respect to the grain orientation.
In many magnetic materials, the angle .theta. can be less than
10.degree. for a change in permeability of several magnitudes.
The segment 32 of magnetic material may take many different forms
in the path 36. FIG. 4 illustrates an arrangement wherein the
laminations 56 are step-lapped with the laminations 58 and 60. The
laminations 56 can be constructed of magnetic material which has
been cut at an angle to its grain orientation. The arrangement
shown in FIG. 4 provides a stronger core than an arrangement which
uses butt-type joints between the different laminations. It is also
within the contemplation of this invention that some of the
laminations 56 may have different grain orientations to provide a
segment having the desired overall permeability. By using this
invention to change the effective permeability in the outside legs
of multiple-legged cores, the area of the core members may be kept
constant and the flux density throughout the cores can be balanced.
Such an arrangement reduces the losses caused by the harmonic
fluxes produced when a portion of the magnetic core becomes
saturated.
Since numerous changes may be made in the above-described
apparatus, and since different embodiments of the invention may be
made without departing from the spirit thereof, it is intended that
all of the matter contained in the foregoing description, or shown
in the accompanying drawing, shall be interpreted as illustrative
rather than limiting.
* * * * *