U.S. patent number 3,876,997 [Application Number 05/411,496] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-08 for analog data acquisition system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Invention is credited to Earl T. Farley, Andras I. Szabo.
United States Patent |
3,876,997 |
Farley , et al. |
April 8, 1975 |
Analog Data Acquisition System
Abstract
The invention relates to analog multiplexing systems used in an
industrial environment to derive small signals from remote
locations. Since the signals received might mask a failure of the
sensing devices a bias source is used to generate an anomalous
signal when sensing is defective. The bias source is common to all
points of measurement. It has a small time constant so that it can
be switched at the multiplexing frequency, and it is operative only
at the inception of the time interval for signal derivation so that
measurement is not affected. Provision is made for purging
successively the signal transmitting cables before signal
derivation.
Inventors: |
Farley; Earl T. (Altamonte
Springs, FL), Szabo; Andras I. (Export, PA) |
Assignee: |
Westinghouse Electric
Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
23629172 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/411,496 |
Filed: |
October 31, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
340/870.13;
340/870.09 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08C
15/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G08C
15/00 (20060101); G08C 15/08 (20060101); G08c
015/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/183 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Habecker; Thomas B.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Lorin; C. M.
Claims
We claim:
1. In an analog data acquisition system operative with output
terminals for deriving in a multiplex manner respective measurement
signals having a predetermined operative range from a plurality of
sensing devices with each of said sensing devices being associated
with a different pair of transmission lines, the combination
of:
storing means for providing a test potential having a magnitude
substantially different from said predetermined operative range of
said measurement signals;
switch means for selectively connecting said storing means between
a selected one pair of transmission lines and said output terminals
for providing a discharge path for said storing means to reduce
said test potential to a magnitude within said operative range when
the sensing device associated with said selected one pair of
transmission lines has electrical continuity; and
means operative with said output terminals for detecting a
defective sensing device.
2. The analog system of claim 1 with said storing means and the
associated discharging circuit having a time constant which is
small relative to a measurement time interval defined by said
scanning means.
3. The analog system of claim 2 wherein said storing means includes
means operative with said switch means for charging said storing
means during a time period following said measurement time
interval.
4. The analog system of claim 3 wherein said sensing devices are
divided into groups, each of said pairs of transmission lines of
one group being selectively connected to a corresponding pair of
group lines, said output terminals being connected to said pairs of
group lines, said switch means being operative to connect said
storing means with said pairs of group lines and with said output
terminals; means being provided for discharging said pairs of group
lines after a supply of a measurement signal from a selected pair
of transmission lines and before selection of another pair of
transmission lines.
5. The analog system of claim 4 wherein said switch means is
operative during a measurement time interval during which said
measurement signal is supplied to said output terminals by said
selected one pair of transmission lines, and wherein said means for
discharging said pairs of group lines is operative during a time
period between two consecutively established measurement time
intervals.
6. The analog system of claim 5 wherein said time period is
established in response to operation of said means for discharging.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Digital computer process control or monitoring requires many input
data in analog form which are derived by sensing devices located at
various points of the controlled industrial process. These input
data are converted into digital form for fast and complex treatment
within a computer system before output signals can be supplied for
control or monitoring action. A computer system includes digital
circuitry which controls the opening and closing of relays
associated with the analog multiplexing system. As a result of such
relay closing and opening actions, input data acquisition is
obtained from the multiplexed system through cables providing
communication between the interface of the computer system and the
various and remote locations where the transducers sense process
variable instantaneous conditions. The multiplexed cable system
leads to terminals which form the input to an analog digital
converter providing the necessary transformation from analog to
digital of the analog signals sequentially received each during a
time interval of measurement generally of 1/60 of a second
duration. Since the sensing devices are remotely located, long
cables are necessary for the transmission of the measurement
signals. These signals, however, have a small magnitude, so that
the cables have to be shielded from parasitic interference to
minimize noise, and these shields are connected electrically to
form a potential floating system from the point of measurement to
the input of the analog digital converter.
Although such data acquisition system often operates
satisfactorily, there remains the possibility that the sensing
device, or even the transmission line, be defective so that the
signal received on the common output terminal be not a true
measurement signal. In such a case there is the risk that the
computer system command control or monitoring actions which are not
warranted or even which may be detrimental to the industrial
operation. Therefore, it is desirable to be able to detect at any
instant whether data received on the multiplex terminal is a true
or false measurement signal.
This problem has already received a solution in the prior art by
providing a bias source in parallel with the measuring device and
arranged in such a way that interference be minimized during
measurement. When the measuring device is defective the bias source
becomes preponderant and a signal characteristic of such condition
is applied by the bias source on the multiplex terminal. In such
case either the computer system does not respond, because for
instance such characteristic signal would be out of range for
normal control, or more simply, source emergency signal is
displayed by the characteristic signal to alert the operator.
This prior art solution is not fully satisfactory. First, in a
complex multiplexing system of cables it requires a bias source for
each cable, which makes the solution costly. Secondly, the presence
of the bias source in parallel with the sensing device during
measurement is a cause of error in the data derived. A large bias
current makes an emergency action more reliable but introduces a
large error in the transducer's response. Conversely, a small bias
current keeps the accuracy but may cause the response to emergency
to be marginal. Actually, the lower limit acceptable for the bias
current is determined by the resistance of the insulation between
the input terminals.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved
fault detector for a multiplexed analog data acquisition system
which is less costly, more reliable and which leaves measurement
signals unaffected.
For the sake of illustration, the invention will now be described
in the context of an industrial process controlled by a digital
process control system embodying a digital computer system such as
a Prodac 2000 (P2000) sold by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. A
descriptive book entitled "Prodac 2000 Computer Systems Reference
Manual" has been published in 1970 by Westinghouse Electric
Corporation and made available for the purpose of describing in
greater detail this computer system and its operation.
The computer processor is associated with well known input systems
including conventional contact closure input system which scans
contacts or other signals representing the status of various
process conditions, a conventional analog input system which scans
and converts process analog signals. The invention is more
particularly concerned with the analog data acquisition system
scanned by the analog input system. The analog input data are
provided by a plurality of transmission cables which extend to
various sensing devices, such as thermocouples, which are remotely
connected and located within the industrial environment of the
controlled process.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention resides in an analog data acquisition system of the
multiplex type connecting various points of measurement to a common
multiplex terminal, in which a fault detecting circuit is provided
selectively connected at the time of data acquisition to the
multiplex terminal. Normally the fault detecting circuit discharges
itself in the connected transmission line including the selected
sensing device. If there is a fault in the sensing device and the
transmission line, the fault detecting circuit maintains a
potential on the multiplex terminal which is indicative of a fault.
The invention also provides for discharging the transmission lines
of the multiplex system before fault detection.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 represents an analog data acquisition system provided with a
fault detector according to the prior art;
FIG. 2 shows an analog data acquisition system provided with a
fault detector according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 provides four curves A, B, C, D which illustrate
respectively A) the timing of the selection of a point of
measurement, B) the duration of response availability by the
associated computer system to a measurement signal, C) the timing
of the purging action from system from accumulated charges
according to the invention, and D) the timing of the fault
detecting curcuit according to the invention;
FIG. 4 shows a combination of curves typical of a fault condition
and of a correct condition at the point of measurement during
operation of the fault detecting circuit according to the
invention;
FIG. 5 shows three successive electrical states of a transmission
line 1000 feet long having an open circuit 1) immediately before
switching at the point of measurement, 2) immediately after such
switching, and 3) long after such switching, when none of the
features according to the invention is used;
FIG. 6 is similar to FIG. 5 but for a transmission line 100 feet
long;
FIGS. 7 and 8 show an open circuited transmission line under the
three conditions 1 to 3 of FIGS. 5 or 6, when the fault detection
according to the invention is used. FIG. 7 is for a 1000 feet long
cable; FIG. 8 for a 100 feet long cable; and
FIGS. 9 and 10 are, for respectively a 1000 feet and a 100 feet
long open circuited cable, the three above mentioned electrical
states when in addition to using the fault detecting circuit
according to the invention, the cable is also purged in advance
from any accumulated electrical charge .
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART SYSTEM
Referring to FIG. 1, a multiplexed data acquisition system is shown
comprising n transducers such as T.sub.1, T.sub.n connected by
cables K.sub.1, K.sub.n respectively to bus lines 1, 2, 3 via
corresponding contacts A.sub.11, A.sub.12, B.sub.11, B.sub.12,
C.sub.11 and C.sub.12 of a relay R, and A.sub.n1, A.sub.n2,
B.sub.n1, B.sub.n2, C.sub.n1 and C.sub.n2 of a relay R.sub.n. Each
cable is shielded cable having two signal wires such as L.sub.11
and L.sub.12 for cable K.sub.1, L.sub.n1 and L.sub.n2 for cable
K.sub.n, and shield connections such as S.sub.1 for cable K.sub.1,
S.sub.n for cable K.sub.n. Wires L.sub.11 and L.sub.n1 are
connected to bus line 1; wires L.sub.12 and L.sub.n2 are connected
to bus line 2; the shield connections S.sub.1, S.sub.n are
connected to the third bus line 3. Each transducer T.sub.1, T.sub.n
represents a point of measurement in an industrial process 99 under
monitoring and/or control by a process control system 100. The
terminals of cables K.sub.1, K.sub.n are mounted on a multiplexer
card MC.sub.1 which supports the contacts of relays R.sub.11,
R.sub.n and the bus lines 1, 2, 3. Also, on the multiplexer card
MC.sub.1 are provided contacts CR.sub.11, CR.sub.12, CR.sub.13,
CR.sub.14 and CR.sub.15, CR.sub.16 of a card relay CR connecting
the bus lines 1, 2, 3 of card MC.sub.1 to the input terminals of a
shielded bus cable BK.sub.1, having signal wires LB.sub.1, LB.sub.2
and a shield connection LS.sub.1. At the output, cable BK.sub.1 is
connected to three analog bus lines 4, 5, 6 forming the multiplex
terminal. LB.sub.1 is connected to line 4, LB.sub.2 is connected to
line 5 and LS.sub.1 is connected to line 6.
The system comprises M multiplexer cards such as MC.sub.1. On FIG.
1 is shown the multiplexer card of the m.sup.th order MC.sub.m,
which is itself connected with the analog bus lines 4, 5, 6 through
a bus cable BK.sub.m.
Relays such as R.sub.1, R.sub.n and CR.sub.1, CR.sub.m are
controlled by the process control system 100, in order to connect
each point of measurement, one at a time as selected by the
computer, with the analog bus lines 4, 5, 6. Therefore, on those
bus lines appear measurement signals from the transducers,
representing the sensed values at each point of measurement. The
points of measurement are at various remote locations where
information is required relative to the operative process. For
instance if temperature is measured the transducer is a
thermocouple. Since the transmission cables have a non-negligible
length, and since the measurement signals derived from the
transducers may be very small, all cables are shielded, and the
shields are allowed to float together in order to minimize noise
and outride interference on the signal wires such as L.sub.11,
L.sub.12, LB.sub.1, LB.sub.2.
The three bus lines 4, 5, 6 provide analog data which must be
inputted for treatment by a digital computer 7. A digital analog
converter 18 receives the signals from bus lines 4, 5 and convert
them into corresponding digital signals which are interfaced with
the process computer via transformers or optical couplers 19, as
generally know. The A/D converter is floating, and receives for
this reason the third bus line 6.
The circuit just described of a multiplexed data acquistion system
is satisfactory provided transducers T.sub.1, T.sub.n all provide a
true signal, e.g. a signal which is representative of the magnitude
of the variable sensed, for instance temperature. A sensing device
can fail, by a short or an open circuit due to poor connections,
damaged cable ... . Thus, a zero signal would appear which would
not indicate the actual temperature and such indicating could be
erroneously used for monitoring or control. FIG. 1 shows a prior
art solution to this problem. Each cable is provided with a battery
10 connected in parallel with the two signal wires (L.sub.11,
L.sub.12 or L.sub.n1, L.sub.n2) of the particular cable, through
resistors R.sub.1, R.sub.2.
The battery operates as a bias source with the associated
transducer (T.sub.1 or T.sub.n). The transducer T.sub.1 (or
T.sub.n) may be represented as a series combination of a resistor
R.sub.T and a voltage V.sub.T. V.sub.T is much smaller than the
potential of the battery 10. If the values of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 are
large compared to R.sub.T, the battery 10 will develop a small
voltage only in the circuit R.sub.T V.sub.T and the measurement of
a signal along L.sub.11 and L.sub.12 will be appreciably impaired
by the presence of the battery 10. Should, however, there be an
open circuit in the parallel circuit R.sub.T V.sub.T of transducer
T.sub.1, or in the adjoining wires L.sub.11, L.sub.12, then, the
potential of battery 10 will appear in full between L.sub.11 and
L.sub.12. When this happens, the bus lines 4, 5 indicate a
potential much higher than the signal normally developed when
responding to V.sub.T. In such event, the reading of the A/D
converter 18 will fall outside the operating range for which the
converter is set when responding to a normal operation of
transducer T.sub.1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to FIG. 2, the preferred embodiment of the present
invention will be hereinafter described. The same multiplexed data
acquisition system is here illustrated as in FIG. 1. The same
elements have received in FIG. 2 the same reference numerals as in
FIG. 1. By comparison with FIG. 1, it is observed that there is no
longer any bias source such as 10 associated with cables K.sub.1,
K.sub.n. Instead, a circuit card 20 is provided mounted for
connection with the bus lines 4, 5, 6 which are the common output
terminal of the cables and transducers and also are the input
terminals to the A/D converter 18. The circuit card 20 carries a
fault detecting circuit 61 comprising an isolated power supply 21
having two supply lines 22, 23 leading via resistors R to a buffer
circuit 24, 25 including a large capacitor 24 and a resistor 25 in
parallel on lines 22, 23. The two supply lines are connected to two
contacts 26, 27 which belong to one position of a two-pole
changeover relay FR. The two other contact positions of relay FR
are 28, 29 which are connected to bus lines 4 and 5. A series
capacitor-resistor circuit 30, 31 is connected between the two
moving cotacts of relay FR so that when the relay FR is in the 26,
27 position it is charged by the buffer circuit 24 of power supply
21. When relay FR is in the opposite position, namely on contacts
28, 29, the series circuit 30, 31 is connected in parallel with bus
lines 4, 5. It is clear that by a proper choice of capacitor 30 and
resistor 31 energy is stored which will be discharged at 28, 29
over lines 40, 41 through the signal wires of the particular cable
K.sub.1, K.sub.n which at a given moment has been connected in
circuit by the associated point relay (PR.sub.1 or PR.sub.n) and
the corresponding card relay (CR.sub.1, CR.sub.m). This discharge
occurs early in the time interval that the point of measurement is
switched ON, the circuit 30, 31 normally will not be affecting the
measuring signal derived through the cable (K.sub.1 or K.sub.n) and
inputted at 4, 5 to the A/D converter. If however the circuit of
the transducer (T.sub.1 or T.sub.n) is open, the increased
resistance of the circuit will prevent capacitor 30 from being
discharged, and the voltage of capacitor 30 will appear on lines 4,
5. If the capacitor has been initially charged to a voltage which
is large enough, the voltage on buses 4, 5 will be large enough to
be outside the range of response of the A/D converter 18. In such
case the faulty transducer or transmission line will have been
detected.
The circuit card 20 also carries a discharging circuit 60
consisting of a two-pole discharging relay DR having two contacts
50, 52 each associated with two others 51, 53. These opposite
contacts when closed provide a short circuit between respectively
lines 4 and 5, and the shield connection to line 6 of the floating
system. As will be explained hereinafter, with more detail, the
discharging circuit 60 when closed discharges cables BK.sub.1,
BK.sub.n removing any charge left from a previous connection
established with one of the cables (K.sub.1, K.sub.n).
The operation of the line testing circuit 61 and the purging
circuit 60 will now be explained by reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.
Referring first to FIG. 3, there are shown four curves A, B, C, D
which are timing diagrams.
The scanning system determines opening and closing of relays such
as PR.sub.1, PR.sub.n and of relays such as CR.sub.1, in order to
selectively connect the output circuit V.sub.T, R.sub.T of each
transducer T.sub.1, T.sub.n, one at a time, with the multiplex
terminal 4, 5. This is the process of selecting each point of
measurement. Curve A shows time intervals such as t.sub.0 t.sub.3
during which one particular point of measurement is effectively
selected e.g. connected to lines 4, 5. Curve B shows the time
interval t.sub.1 t.sub.2 during which the A/D converter 18 is in
fact responding to the measuring signal so received. This time
interval t.sub.1 t.sub.2 is typically 1/60 of a second. Curve C
represents the time interval t.sub.4 t.sub.5 during which the
discharging circuit 60 is in fact closed. Curve D illustrates the
time interval during which the line testing circuit 61 has its
relay FR connected in the discharging position. The latter time
interval coincides with the time interval t.sub.0 t.sub.3 which is
the measurement time interval. These time interval relationships
need not to be strictly observed. It is clear that they delineate
zones of operations allowing a certain margin of safety on either
side of the time scale. The frequency of measurement is typically
40 points of measurement in a second.
Referring to FIG. 4, the operation of the line testing circuit 61
will be explained with more particularity. At time t.sub.0 the
scanning system for instance energizes relays PR.sub.1 and CR.sub.1
connecting transducer T.sub.1 and transmission lines L.sub.11,
L.sub.12 of cable K.sub.1 to the common output terminal 4, 5. At
the same time relay FR moves to position 28, 29. As a result
capacitor 30 which was initially charged to a potential V.sub.c
(point A on FIG. 4) is being discharged in the circuit comprising
transmission lines L.sub.11, L.sub.12 and the output circuit
V.sub.T R.sub.T of the transducer T.sub.1. The discharge curve is
AF. The time constant (C .times. R) of circuit 30, 31 is such that
in 0.1 ms the potential V.sub.c will have decreased to more than
60% of its value (at F on the discharge curve). For instance
capacitor 30 = 0.1 MF and resistor 31 = 10 ohms. The 10 ohms of
resistor 31 are negligible compared to the 1000 ohms of the source.
The time constant is therefore: 10.sup.-.sup.7 .times. 10.sup.3 =
10.sup.-.sup.4 sec., or 0.1 ms. Accordingly, at time t.sub.1 (FIG.
4) when the A/D converter becomes responsive to V.sub.T from
transducer T.sub.1, capacitor 30 is no longer of any moment on the
transmission lines L.sub.11, L.sub.12.
At time t.sub.0 transducer T.sub.1 being in circuit with lines 4, 5
to the A/D converter, voltage V.sub.T appears as input thereto,
which signal is effectively received after time t.sub.1 without
being impaired by the line testing circuit 61. If there is,
however, an open circuit in the V.sub.T R.sub.T circuit of
transducer T.sub.1, then capacitor 30 will not discharge and the
A/D converter will have a potential V.sub.C at the input. The
faulty condition is therefore detected.
After the time t.sub.2 (1/60 of a second after time t.sub.1) the
A/D converter is no longer responsive. At time t.sub.3 transducer
T.sub.1 is no longer a point of measurement and (see FIG. 3 curve
D) relay FR is moved back on positions 26, 27 to allow recharging
of capacitor 30. At time t.sub.4 relay DR is moved to closed
positions 50, 51 and 53, 52 thereby to purge cables BK.sub.1,
BK.sub.m and at time t.sub.5 relay DR is open again (curve C, FIG.
3). The cycle repeats itself from one of the cables (K.sub.1 to
K.sub.n) to another.
It is observed here that relays FR and DR are controlled as shown
on FIG. 3 by the digital circuitry of the computer system. Relays
such as PR.sub.1, PR.sub.n, CR.sub.1, CR.sub.m, FR or DR instead of
being electromechanical, could as well be solid state switches,
like FET.
The importance of using a line testing circuit such as 61 and a
discharging circuit such as 60 (on FIG. 2) can be better
ascertained from a comparison of FIGS. 5, 7 and 9 relative to a
1000 feet cable and FIGS. 6, 8 and 10 relative to a 100 feet cable,
such as cable K.sub.1 when such cable has an open circuit, for
resistance at OC on one of the signal wires (L.sub.12) from the
transducer circuit V.sub.T R.sub.T.
Charge condition of the cable is shown for three successive states:
A) immediately before switching by the scanning system of the
relays, such as PR.sub.1 and CR.sub.1 (FIG. 2), B) immediately
after each switching and C) a long time thereafter.
The results in the six above different cases correspond to FIGS. 5
to 10, respectively.
It should be observed that a cable exhibits between the two wires
L.sub.11, L.sub.12 and the guard cable of the shield S.sub.1 a
delta connection of three stray capacitors (C.sub.HS, C.sub.HL and
C.sub.LS). The Figures show the results as follows:
On FIG. 5 (case 1) in its last state the cable exhibits a high
voltage Y.sub.PN = 413 mv between lines L.sub.11, L.sub.12, which
does not meet the conditions for detection which is Y.sub.PN <-
10 mv.
On FIG. 7, (case 3) it is assumed that the line testing circuit 61
is used without the discharging circuit 60. In this instance
Y.sub.PN is 64.4 mv. This does not satisfy the condition for
detection Y.sub.PN <- 10 mv.
On FIG. 9 (case 5) it is assumed that the line testing circuit 61
and the discharging circuit of FIG. 2 are both used, e.g. after an
initial discharging (t.sub.4 t.sub.5) of the cable by the
discharging circuit 60, the fault detecting circuit has been
connected (t.sub.0) and the cable charge condition is at a time
past t.sub.1. Case 5 reveals that Y.sub.PN = -16.21 mv which would
satisfy the condition for detection Y.sub.PN <- 10 mv.
The same can be said of cases 2, 4 and 6 which are in similar
situations but with a cable 100 feet long. The results are readily
seen from corresponding FIGS. 6, 8 and 10.
It is observed here that the above considerations do not establish
that the use of the discharging circuit 60 is required in all
instances of line testing by circuit 61 according to the present
invention. It has been shown that the line testing circuit
according to the present invention exhibits definite desirable
functions which are accomplished with any data acquisition system.
The discharging circuit such as circuit 60 in FIG. 2, however,
although a useful additive in many cases, is only necessary in
particular instances of a cable system.
* * * * *