U.S. patent number 3,872,355 [Application Number 05/398,492] was granted by the patent office on 1975-03-18 for fire detection and projection circuit and device.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Electric Company. Invention is credited to Robert Allen Cahill, Keith William Klein, Norman Thomas Swetnam.
United States Patent |
3,872,355 |
Klein , et al. |
March 18, 1975 |
Fire detection and projection circuit and device
Abstract
An early warning fire detection system utilizes a ground fault
protected circuit fed through a conventional ground fault circuit
interrupter (GFCI) as a vehicle for detecting elevated temperature
conditions indicating a fire or incipient fire. Thermal detectors
located at strategically-located convenience outlets powered by a
ground fault protected circuit or circuits individually operate in
response to a predetermined high temperature condition to produce a
controlled ground fault, either on the line or the neutral side of
the associated circuit, thereby precipitating circuit interrupting
operation of the GFCI unit. An alarm associated with the protected
circuits is activated in response to the circuit interrupting
operation of any of the GFCI units.
Inventors: |
Klein; Keith William (Simsbury,
CT), Swetnam; Norman Thomas (Simsbury, CT), Cahill;
Robert Allen (Simsbury, CT) |
Assignee: |
General Electric Company
(Schenectady, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
23575585 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/398,492 |
Filed: |
September 18, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
361/45; 340/538;
340/595; 340/693.1; 307/117; 340/594; 361/106; 340/538.17;
340/586 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08B
17/06 (20130101); H02H 3/334 (20130101); H02H
5/047 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G08B
17/06 (20060101); H02H 3/33 (20060101); H02H
3/32 (20060101); H02H 5/04 (20060101); H02H
5/00 (20060101); H02h 003/28 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/228,164,227R,227.1
;317/41,44,18A,18D,4A,4R ;307/117 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Trammell; James D.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Cahill; R. A. Schlamp; P. L.
Neuhauser; F. L.
Claims
Having described our invention, what we claim as new and desire to
secure
1. An abnormal condition detection system using conventional
building electrical power distribution circuits which include a
line conductor, a neutral conductor and a continuous, conductive
ground circuit extending from a load center to various distributed
load outlets, wherein the neutral conductor is connected to the
ground circuit at a location in the vicinity of the load center,
said system comprising, in combination:
A. means associated with the line and neutral conductors at a
location intermediate the location of neutral conductor ground
circuit connection and the load outlets for sensing a ground fault
on either conductor;
B. an abnormal condition responsive detector located in the
vicinity of one of the load outlets and electrically connected
between the neutral conductor and the ground circuit,
1. said detector exhibiting a normally high electrical impedance
until the condition to which said detector is sensitive reaches a
predetermined degree of abnormality, whereupon said detector
exhibits a low impedance sufficient to simulate a ground fault on
the neutral conductor of sufficient magnitude to produce a response
by said sensing means; and
C. means responsive to said response of said sensing means for
manifesting
2. The system defined in claim 1, wherein said detector is located
in a
3. For use in a power distribution circuit protected by a ground
fault circuit interrupter unit, an abnormal condition responsive
detector adapted for location at a condition monitoring site and
for electrical connection between the neutral side of the
distribution circuit and ground, said detector having a normally
high impedance until the condition to which the detector is
sensitive reaches a predetermined degree of abnormality, whereupon
said detector exhibits a low impedance sufficient to simulate a
ground fault on the neutral side of the distribution circuit of
sufficient magnitude to produce a response by the ground fault
circuit
4. The invention defined in claim 3 wherein said detector is
incorporated in an adapter and electrically connected between two
conductive prongs carried by said adapter, whereupon plugging said
adapter into an outlet socket serviced by the distribution circuit,
said detector is electrically connected, via said prongs, between
the neutral side of the circuit and
5. The invention defined in claim 3, wherein said detector is
incorporated in a plug receptacle and electrically connected
between contacts thereof
6. For use in a power distribution circuit for distributing
electrical power from a load center to a plurality of load outlets,
wherein the distribution circuit is equipped with means for sensing
a ground fault condition existing on the neutral side thereof, the
combination of an abnormal condition responsive detector adapted
for electrical connection between the neutral side of the
distribution circuit and ground at a location proximate one of the
load outlets serviced thereby, said detector exhibiting a normally
high electrical impedance until the condition to which said
detector is sensitive reaches a predetermined degree of
abnormality, whereupon said detector exhibits a low impedance
sufficient to simulate a ground fault on the neutral side of the
circuit of sufficient magnitude to produce a response by said
sensing means; and alarm means adapted for actuation in response to
the response of said sensing means to manifest the existence of the
abnormal condition.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is well known that one of the major causes of accidental death,
personal injury and property damage in the United States is
fire.
Despite the dramatic seriousness of this problem, early warning
fire detection systems have not been widely adopted. Typical
systems require running low voltage wiring throughout a building or
residence linking the various remotely located detectors to a
central station. The equipment, and particularly the installation,
is quite expensive, even prohibitively so to the average homeowner.
Recently developed wireless systems, though less expensive than the
wired systems, due to their economy of installation, are
nevertheless not sufficiently low in cost as to have gained
widespread acceptance and use by the average homeowner.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide an early
warning, hazardous condition detection system which is inexpensive
both in terms of equipment and installation.
Another object of the invention is to provide a fire detection
system of the above character which utilizes existing electrical
wiring in homes and buildings.
A further object of the invention is to provide a system of the
above character which combines the function of fire detection and
warning with the function of ground fault protection, i.e., shock
protection, by utilizing currently available ultra-sensitive ground
fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) units.
Still another object of the invention is to provide an electrical
receptacle or alternatively a plug-in module electrically
connecting a hazardous condition detector into a ground fault
protected power distribution circuit.
The invention accordingly comprises the features of construction,
combinations of elements, and arrangements of parts which will be
exemplified in the construction hereinafter set forth, and the
scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention there is provided an early
warning, hazardous condition detection system which is created
simply by the appropriate electrical connection of a suitable
condition responsive detector in a ground fault protected
electrical power distribution circuit. If the distribution circuit
is not ground fault protected, the invention is created by the
inclusion therein of a ground fault sensor module alone or in
conjunction with a circuit breaker module to constitute a ground
fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), and a condition responsive
detector.
In one form of the invention, the detector is situated at various
strategically-located convenience outlets fed by the ground fault
protected circuit. The detector is electrically connected between
either the line side or, more preferably, the neutral side -- when
the ground fault sensor has faulted neutral response capability --
of the power circuit and ground and responds to the existence of
the hazardous condition to create a controlled fault condition to
which the ground fault sensor is sensitive. The sensor, in
responding to the detector imposed ground fault, may interrupt the
circuit and/or activate an alarm.
In an alternative embodiment, the detector is incorporated in a
pronged module for plug-in electrical contacting engagement with
the receptacle at the convenience outlet, pursuant to electrically
connecting the detector into the ground fault protected
circuit.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the
invention, reference should be had to the following detailed
description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in
which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a portion of an electrical power
distribution system incorporating the early warning fire detection
system of the invention;
FIGS. 2 and 3 are schematic diagrams of alternative embodiments of
a thermally responsive detector utilized in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is a perspective view, partially in diagrammatic form, of a
plug-in module for electrically connecting a thermally responsive
element into the power distribution system of FIG. 1.
Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several
views of the drawing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1, the detection system of the invention is shown
incorporated in an electrical power distribution system such as is
used in a typical residence or building and including a power
control panel or load center, generally indicated at 10. The load
center 10 ordinarily includes a generally rectangular metallic box,
indicated at 11, with terminals 12, 14 and 16 used for connection
to a neutral conductor 18, and phase conductors 20 and 22,
respectively, emanating from a source 23. This is intended to
represent a typical electrical feed arrangement, especially for a
residence. It will be understood that the particular power source
arrangement shown is merely exemplary. Any convenient or available
power source may be utilized in various arrangements, such, for
example, as utilizing only one phase conductor and the neutral
conductor, or a 3-phase system including three phase conductors
together with a neutral conductor.
The neutral terminal 12 is connected by means of a conductor 24 to
a neutral bar 26, and, in the installation shown, the neutral bar
is also connected to ground, indicated at 27, as is the load center
box 11. The terminals 14 and 16 are connected by means of a 2-pole
circuit breaker 28 to main power supply bus bars 30 and 32,
respectively. Connected to each bus bar are conventional circuit
breakers 40.
For the purposes of simplification, only one power distribution
circuit will be described in connection with FIG. 1. It will be
understood, however, that a number of such circuits emanate from
load center 10.
Still referring to FIG. 1, reference numeral 42 generally indicates
a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) unit having the
capability of responding to a ground faulted neutral, as well as a
ground faulted line. A suitable GFCI is marketed by the General
Electric Company under the trademark CB3. For a description of the
operation of such units, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No.
3,611,035. Power is taken from bus 32 through interrupter contacts
44 and supplied by an internal connection 45 to the branch
conductor 46 of a 3-wire conductor, commonly indicated at 47.
Neutral connection to the source is effected by conductor 48 from
the neutral bus 26 to the GFCI unit 42 and thence via an internal
connection 49 to a neutral wire 50 of conductor 47. An equipment
ground wire 51, included in conductor 47, is connected to an
equipment ground bus 52 which is grounded to the load center
metallic enclosure 11.
The GFCI line and neutral internal connections 45 and 49 are
inductively associated as primary windings of differential current
transformer 54, while the neutral connection is inductively
associated as a secondary winding of a transformer 56. The
secondary winding of transformer 54 and the primary winding of
transformer 56 are connected to an electronic module 58 which
operates to energize a trip coil 60, in the event of a
predetermined current imbalance in line and neutral connections 45
and 49. For a ground fault on line conductor 46, the current
imbalance arises from leakage current to ground which bypasses
neutral conductor 50 and neutral connection 49. For a ground fault
on the neutral conductor, the current imbalance in transformer 54
is created by the action of transformer 56 in inducing a current in
the neutral circuit which effectively becomes a short circuited
secondary winding when grounded at any point downstream from load
center 10.
A load outlet 62, serviced by conductor 47, includes a metallic
housing or enclosure 63. In cases where the housing is made of
insulation, a conductive element (not shown) is added which
functions electrically in the same manner. It will be appreciated
that the conductor 47 services additional outlets and other forms
of load outlets connected downstream.
For purposes of illustration, outlet 62 comprises a duplex
receptacle 62a shown mounted in outlet housing 63 and as including
two 3-prong sockets 64, each including line contacts 64a, neutral
contacts 64b, and ground contacts 64c, all of the plug-in,
prong-acceptance type. Line contacts 64a are connected in common to
line conductor 46 by connection 66, while neutral contacts 64B are
connected in common to neutral conductor 50 by connection 68. The
ground contacts 64c are connected in common by connection 70 to
ground conductor 51. This ground connection is also made to the
metallic housing 63 of outlet 62 as indicated at 72.
The wiring installation thus far described may be considered as
conventional in accordance with present requirements of the
National Electrical Code for a ground fault protected circuit.
In accordance with the invention, a hazardous condition responsive
detector 74, such as a thermal detector, is adapted to or
incorporated in the receptacle 62a. This thermal detector may take
any number of forms so long as it is capable of abruptly and
substantially reducing its electrical impedance upon experiencing a
thermal condition above an appropriate temperature threshold.
Examples of suitable thermal detectors are a simple bimetallic
switch, illustrated at 74b in FIG. 3, and a solid state device such
as a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, illustrated
at 74a in FIG. 2. Other forms of detectors and detector circuits
manifesting the requisite electrical response to elevated
temperature conditions will readily occur to those skilled in the
art.
As seen in FIG. 1, the detector 74 is situated in the outlet
enclosure 63 and is electrically connected between the neutral
connection 68 and the ground connection 70 so as to be imposed
across the neutral conductor 50 and the ground conductor 51 running
between the receptacle 62 and the load center 10. As the
temperature within the receptacle, due to a faulty electrical
connection, or in the room where the receptacle is located, due to
a fire, rises to a predetermined dangerous level, the impedance of
detector 74 goes from a high impedance to a low impedance,
simulating a ground fault on the neutral conductor 50. The GFCI
unit 42 senses the resulting current imbalance in the line and
neutral conductors and energizes the trip coil 60 to open the
breaker contacts 44. A suitable alarm, such as illustrated at 80,
may be connected across the line and neutral conductors to be
activated to emit an alarm upon the removal of power therefrom. The
alarm may be battery powered, powered from either of the main buses
30, 32, or from an external auxiliary source. It will be
appreciated that other techniques for producing an alarm signal in
response to circuit interruption by the GFCI unit 42 may also be
employed. It is also to be noted that if the high temperature
condition arose from electrical overheating of the receptacle 62
itself, circuit interruption by the GFCI unit will alleviate the
situation before an actual fire is started.
Rather than situate the detector 74 within the receptacle box 63, a
separate 3-prong adapter 82, illustrated in FIG. 4, may be utilized
to accommodate the detector. In this embodiment of the invention,
the detector is incorporated in the adapter body 84 and
electrically connected between the ground contact prong 86 and the
neutral contact prong 88. A line contact prong 90 is blank or may
be omitted altogether. It is seen that when the adapter 82 is
plugged into one of the receptacle sockets 64, the requisite
connection of the detector 74 across the neutral and ground
conductors is achieved. Moreover, rather than in a separate
adapter, the detector may be incorporated in a molded plug adapted
to the end of an appliance cord, or the like.
It will be appreciated that the objects of the invention may be
achieved by connecting the detector 74 across line conductor 46 and
equipment ground conductor 51 so as to provide a current leakage
path to ground when the temperature rises to a dangerous level. In
this arrangement a current limiting resistor should be connected in
series with the detector. However, Underwriters Laboratory and the
various electrical Codes frown on the practice of imposing a fault
on the line side of a power circuit for any purpose, consequently
simulating a ground fault on the neutral side, as herein
illustrated, is seen to be the better approach to practicing the
present invention.
The invention has been described operating in conjunction with a
GFCI unit since there is a current trend to require such units at
least on some of the circuits in a residence where shock hazards
are most common. Thus, locating the detector 74 in load outlets
serviced by such ground fault protected circuits provides fire
detection capability in addition to shock protection at minimal
additional cost. It will be appreciated that instead of using a
GFCI unit, per se, the "tickler coil" feature provided by
transformer 56 may be utilized to sense a ground faulted neutral
conductor, as simulated by detector 74, and signal an electronic
module, which, in turn, activates an alarm directly without
effecting circuit interruption or activates a shunt trip associated
with the circuit breaker in the affected circuit or the main
circuit breaker 28 in load center 10. Such circuit interruption may
also be accompanied by the activation of an alarm.
While the present invention has been described utilizing thermal
detectors, it will be appreciated that other types of abnormal or
hazardous condition detectors, such as smoke, unauthorized
intrusion, gas, etc., detectors may be utilized.
It will thus be seen that objects set forth above, among those made
apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained
and, since certain changes may be made in the above constructions
without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended
that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the
accompanying drawing shall be interpreted as illustrative and not
in a limiting sense.
* * * * *