U.S. patent number 3,871,215 [Application Number 05/264,121] was granted by the patent office on 1975-03-18 for opto-electronic apparatus to generate a pulse-modulated signal indicative of the mechanical state of a system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Invention is credited to Paul G. McMullin, George W. Pratt, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,871,215 |
Pratt, Jr. , et al. |
March 18, 1975 |
OPTO-ELECTRONIC APPARATUS TO GENERATE A PULSE-MODULATED SIGNAL
INDICATIVE OF THE MECHANICAL STATE OF A SYSTEM
Abstract
Apparatus is disclosed for obtaining torque and angular velocity
of a load transmitting shaft of a prime mover to provide control
functions that can be fed back to the operational controls of said
prime mover thereby to monitor and control the operating
characteristics thereof. The apparatus is described primarily in
connection with the preferred embodiment thereof in which torque
and rpm data from the drive shaft of an automobile are used to
derive further data in the way of electric signals which in turn
are fed back to control the automobile output and provide, among
other things, pollution and/or efficiency control for the
automobile. The torque values are obtained using a light modulation
scheme whereby the modulated light provides electric signals from
which the torque information is derived.
Inventors: |
Pratt, Jr.; George W. (Wayland,
MA), McMullin; Paul G. (Malden, MA) |
Assignee: |
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (Cambridge, MA)
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Family
ID: |
26839163 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/264,121 |
Filed: |
June 19, 1972 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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141486 |
May 10, 1971 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
73/862.324;
73/862.326; 73/862.28 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F02D
41/1497 (20130101); G01P 3/486 (20130101); G01L
3/12 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01P
3/486 (20060101); G01L 3/12 (20060101); G01P
3/42 (20060101); F02D 41/14 (20060101); G01l
003/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;73/136A ;356/152
;324/175 ;250/230,231SE,233 ;307/232 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1,183,276 |
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Dec 1964 |
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DT |
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1,224,956 |
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Sep 1966 |
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DT |
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919,421 |
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Feb 1963 |
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GB |
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1,091,577 |
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Nov 1967 |
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GB |
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164,148 |
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Mar 1965 |
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SU |
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Primary Examiner: Ruehl; Charles A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Smith, Jr.; Arthur A. Shaw; Robert
Santa; Martin M.
Parent Case Text
This is a division of parent application Ser. No. 141,486 filed on
May 10, 1971, and is being filed to comply with a requirement for
restriction in the parent application.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A torque-meter comprising, in combination, a shaft whose output
torque is directly related to the output power of a prime mover, a
first pair of contiguous annular bands disposed around the shaft at
a first region, a second pair of annular bands disposed around the
shaft at a second region axially spaced along the shaft from the
first region, each member of said pair of bands being composed of
alternate areas having different light reflecting and light
absorbing characteristics, the areas of one member of a pair of one
characteristic being immediately adjacent the areas of the other
member of the pair having another characteristic, a radiation
source associated with each pair of bands and operable to direct
radiation upon each member thereof, radiation pick-up means
associated with each member positioned to receive reflected
radiation from that member, the outputs of each pick-up means to
provide at any instant of time a net output signal that indicates a
difference in the reflected radiation from the individual member
bands of each of the associated pair of bands, a differential
amplifier connected to receive the net output signal from each
pick-up means, a pulse generator connected to receive an output
from each of the differential amplifiers and to provide a train of
fixed-height output pulses, changes in the polarity of the net
difference signal from each of said pick-up means being effective
alternately to initiate and terminate pulses of said train of
pulses, and multiplier means connected to receive the train of
pulses from each pulse generator and to give an output product
pulse train, the width of each pulse member of the product train
being related to the twist angle or torque of the shaft between the
axially separated first and second pairs of bands.
2. Apparatus for measuring torques transmitted by a rotating shaft
that comprises, in combination, optical means that includes first
means secured to the shaft at one region thereof and second means
secured to the shaft at another region thereof axially displaced
along the shaft from the first region, the first means and the
second means being angularly movable relative to one another as a
consequence of twist of the shaft resulting from the transmitted
torque, radiation source means and pick-up means operable, in
combination with the first means and the second means, to provide
two difference, primary signals, electrical circuit means connected
to receive and to combine the two difference, primary signals to
give a train of electric pulses whose pulse width is determined by
the combined difference signals, the width of the pulses of the
train of electric pulses being variable as a function of the torque
transmitted by the shaft and resulting twist thereof, and
interpretable to give an indication of said torque transmitted by
the shaft, the first means, the second means and the radiation
source and pick-up means being mechanically disposed relative to
one another so as to measure torque in either direction, said first
means and said second means each being contiguous pairs of bands,
each band of the pair having adjacent areas operable to effect
changes upon radiation directed upon the bands as the shaft
rotates.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 in which said areas are
alternately radiation transmitting and opaque to the radiation,
thereby respectively to transmit and block said radiation,
radiation source means being positioned to direct radiation upon
said areas.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3 in which the first means and the
second means are each a slotted flange, the radiation transmitting
and opaque areas being respectively slots and teeth of each said
flange, and in which the slots and teeth of each flange are
displaced angularly with respect to one another in such a way as to
permit measurement of torque in either direction.
5. Apparatus for measuring torques transmitted by a rotating shaft
that comprises, in combination, optical means that includes first
means secured to the shaft at one region thereof and second means
secured to the shaft at another region thereof axially displaced
along the shaft from the first region, the first means and the
second means being angularly movable relative to one another as a
consequence of twist of the shaft resulting from the transmitted
torque, radiation source means and pick-up means operable, in
combination with the first means and the second means, to provide
two difference, primary signals, electrical circuit means connected
to receive and to combine the two difference, primary signals to
give a train of electric pulses whose pulse width is determined by
the combined difference signals, the width of the pulses of the
train of electric pulses being variable as a function of the torque
transmitted by the shaft and resulting twist thereof, and
interpretable to give an indication of said torque transmitted by
the shaft, the first means, the second means and the radiation
source and pick-up means being mechanically disposed relative to
one another so as to measure torque in either direction, the
optical means comprising two pairs of optical channels, the first
pair of optical channels having two channels A and B each of which
establishes binary optical signals, means for converting the binary
optical signals to voltage signals V.sub.A and V.sub.B,
respectively, means for establishing further signals S.sub.1 =
V.sub.A -g.sub.B V.sub.B and S.sub.2 = g.sub.A V.sub.A -V.sub.B, a
differential amplifier A-1 connected to receive S.sub.1 and another
differential amplifier A-2 connected to receive S.sub.2, the second
pair of optical channels having two channels C and D associated
with a region of the shaft axially separated from the location of
the first pair and adapted to establish binary optical signals,
means for converting the binary optical signals to binary voltage
signals V.sub.C and V.sub.D, respectively, means for establishing
further signals S.sub.1 ' = V.sub.C -g.sub. D V.sub.D and S.sub.2 '
= g.sub.C V.sub.C -V.sub.D, a differential amplifier A-1' connected
to receive S.sub.1 ' and another differential amplifier A-2'
connected to receive S.sub.2 ' [A-2], the outputs of each of the
amplifiers A-1 and A-2 being connected to a Schmitt trigger
adjusted to initiate or terminate a pulse whenever either A-1 or
A-2 goes through a predetermined voltage level, the pulses being
sequentially started by a signal [S.sub.1 ] from A-1 and stopped by
a signal [S.sub.1 '] from A-2, or vice versa, and started by a
signal [S.sub.2 ] from A-1' and stopped by a signal [S.sub.2 ']
from A-2', or vice versa, the pulse width being a measure of the
torque being transmitted by the shaft and being varied as a
function of said torque.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5 having a time averager connected
to receive the variable-width pulse train and to provide a time
averaged electric output.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5 that includes a function
generator and in which the means for deriving the angular velocity
is connected to the generator, the function generator being
operable to provide a complex polynomial of angular velocity.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5 having a function generator
connected to receive an electric signal derived from the train of
electric pulses of variable width and operable to develop a complex
polynomial of torque.
9. Apparatus for measuring torque transmitted by a rotating shaft,
that comprises: a pair of axially spaced regions along the shaft at
which are located elements carrying two contiguous areas of
different optical characteristics having a sharply defined boundary
therebetween, optical means at each region for detecting the
passage of at least one said boundary at each region and generating
primary electric signals which bear a fixed relation in time to the
passage of the boundary, electrical circuit means for processing
the primary electric signals from the optical means in a way that
produces electrical pulses of fixed amplitude but of width
determined by the time interval between the passage of a boundary
at one region past the optical means at that region and passage of
a boundary at the other region past the optical means at said other
region, said optical means comprising a solid-state radiation
detector whose effective light sensitive zone is small in cross
dimension in the direction of travel of said areas therepast and
whose light-to-electrical-energy time constants are fast compared
to the time of passage of the areas past the detector.
10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 that includes means providing
patterns of adjacent light and dark areas at said regions.
11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 that includes means providing a
plurality of adjacent areas that are respectively radiation
transmitting and opaque to radiation.
12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 in which each element is
composed of a plurality of alternate areas having different optical
characteristics and a sharply defined boundary between adjacent
areas.
13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 12 in which each element is a
slotted flange, said areas being alternately slots and teeth of
each flange.
14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 12 in which said areas are
alternately radiation transmitting and radiation opaque.
15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 12 in which the optical means at
each region comprises a source of electromagnetic radiation and
detector means positioned to receive radiation from the source, the
radiation from the source being directed upon the element at each
region and being modified by the element, and the thusly modified
radiation being picked up by the detector means.
16. Apparatus as claimed in claim 12 in which the electrical
circuit means includes a threshold device associated with each said
element and connected to receive the primary electric signal
generated at the region of the associated element to provide a
binary output signal, the switching times of the primary electric
signal bearing a fixed relation in time to the passage of an
boundary past a predetermined point in the optical means.
17. Apparatus as claimed in claim 16 which includes a logic gate
connected to receive the output of the threshold device associated
with each element as inputs thereto, the output of the logic gate
being said electrical pulses of fixed amplitude but of width
determined by the time interval.
18. Apparatus as claimed in claim 17 having a time averager
connected to receive the output of the logic gate.
19. Apparatus as claimed in claim 17 in which the time averager
includes zero-adjust means.
20. Apparatus for measuring torque transmitted by a rotating shaft
that comprises, in combination, three pairs of optical channel
means, one pair being connected to the shaft at a first region
thereof and the other two pairs being connected to the shaft at a
second region thereof axially displaced from the first region, said
other two pairs being associated with a sleeve which is secured to
the shaft at the second region and extends axially toward the first
region, means for deriving a difference signal separately from each
pair of optical channel means, means for combining the difference
signal from the pair of optical channels associated with the first
region with at least one of the difference signals from the two
pairs of optical channels associated with the sleeve to give a
train of electric pulses whose pulse width is determined by the
combined difference signals, means for combining the difference
signals from the two pairs of optical channel means associated with
the sleeve to give a further train of electric pulses whose pulse
width is determined by the combined difference signals from the
channels associated with the sleeve, means for combining the train
of electric pulse with the further train of electric pulses to
provide an output signal which varies as a function of the torque
transmitted by the shaft.
21. A torque-meter comprising, in combination, a pair of elements,
each carrying a plurality of contiguous areas of different optical
characteristics having a boundary therebetween, the elements being
oriented coaxially to one another and being located in two
axially-spaced regions, said elements being bound together by a
mechanically coupling member and rotatable therewith, the elements
being relatively angularly displaceable about the axis with respect
to one another in either direction through a variable angle
.theta., but within the constraints of said mechanically coupling
member whose elastic modulus relates to the amount of torque
required to effect relative angular movement between the elements
in either direction, and optical means, there being relative
rotation between said mechanically coupling member and the elements
attached thereto and the optical means in the functioning
torque-meter, said optical means including radiation source and
pick-up means for detecting the passage of a boundary on each
element and operable to provide an electric signal as a series of
electric pulses of variable width and whose width bears a
relationship in time between the passage of a boundary on one
element and the passage of a boundary on the other element to
indicate the magnitude of the angle .theta. in either direction of
twist between the two axially separated elements, said pick-up
means being a light-sensitive detector means whose effective light
sensitive region is very small in cross dimension in the direction
of travel of said areas therepast and whose time response constants
are sufficiently fast that the rise and fall times of each electric
pulse are much less than the time duration of the pulse.
22. A torque-meter as claimed in claim 21 in which the detector is
a solid-state detector and in which the mechanically coupling
member is a shaft that is free to rotate relative to the optical
means.
23. A torque-meter as claimed in claim 22 in which each said
element is a flange having slots and teeth, attached to the shaft
at axially spaced regions along the shaft, the slots and teeth of
one element being deliberately aligned relative to the slots and
the teeth on the other element to allow torque to be measured in
either direction.
24. A torque-meter as claimed in claim 23 in which the shaft is a
steel shaft having an elastic modulus of .about. 1.7 .times.
10.sup.9 pounds/ft.sup. 2.
25. A torque-meter as claimed in claim 22 in which the cross
dimension of the effective light sensitive region of the
solid-state detector is no greater than 0.01 inches.
26. A torque-meter as claimed in claim 22 in which the cross
dimension of the effective light sensitive region of the
solid-state detector is small enough to allow determination of the
angle .theta. to within 2% of the maximum torque sensed by the
torque-meter.
27. A torque-meter as claimed in claim 22 in which the
cross-dimension of the effective light sensitive region of the
solid-state detector is small enough to allow sensing of relative
angular movement between the boundary on one element and a boundary
of the other element at least as small as 10.sup.-.sup.4
inches.
28. A torque-meter as claimed in claim 22 in which the optical
means includes two radiation sources and two pick-up means, one of
each associated with each element, each pick-up means being
operable to receive as input a binary-type light message and to
provide as output a primary electric signal as a series of pulses
and which further includes means connected to receive the primary
electric signal from the two pick-up means as input and to provide
as output said electric signal as a series of pulses of variable
width.
29. A torque-meter as claimed in claim 28 in which the last-named
means is a threshold device.
30. A torque-meter as claimed in claim 28 that further includes
means for determining changes in the width of the pulses and hence
the magnitude of .theta., consideration being taken of the elastic
modulus of the mechanically coupling member, to provide an
indication of torque being transmitted by the member to effect said
twist.
31. Apparatus as claimed in claim 22 in which the angle .theta. is
determined to within one part in one thousand.
32. Apparatus as claimed in claim 31 in which the signal-to-noise
ratio is a minimum of unity.
33. A torque-meter as claimed in claim 22 that includes noise
filter means operable to remove mechanical noise, including
spurious signals introduced by mechanical motion of the
torque-transmitting shaft and between the shaft and the pick-up
means, and electrical noise.
34. Apparatus as claimed in claim 33 in which the pair of elements
comprises a first element secured around the shaft at a first axial
region of the shaft and a second element disposed around the shaft
and secured thereto at a second region axially displaced from the
first region, the second element being mounted on a coaxial sleeve
secured to the shaft at said second region, the sleeve extending
from the second region axially toward the first region so that the
contiguous areas of the second element are in close proximity to
the contiguous areas of the first element.
35. Apparatus as claimed in claim 34 in which the noise filter
means comprises a third element, like the second element, mounted
on the sleeve adjacent the second element, radiation source and
pick-up means associated with the third element to provide a
further electric signal as a series of electric pulses that are
processed with the first-named series of electric pulses to correct
for mechanical and electronic noise.
36. Apparatus as claimed in claim 21 that further includes time
averager means connected to receive the series of electric pulses
of variable width and to time average the same.
37. Apparatus for measuring torque transmitted by a rotating shaft,
that comprises, radiation source means, pick-up means, a first
element disposed around the shaft and secured to the shaft at a
first region of the shaft, a second element disposed around the
shaft and secured to the shaft at a second region axially displaced
along the shaft from the first region, torque-related twist upon
the shaft acting to effect relative angular movement between the
first element and the second element, each element being composed
of many successive contiguous areas of different optical
characteristics having a boundary therebetween, radiation from the
radiation source means being chopped by the first element and the
second element to provide light signals, the pick-up means being
positioned to receive the light signals and thereby sense the
passage of a boundary on the first element and the passage of a
boundary on the second element past the pick-up means as the shaft
rotates and to develop primary electric pulses, the pick-up means
comprising radiation detector means whose effective light sensitive
zone is small in cross dimension in the direction of travel of said
areas therepast and whose light-to-electrical-energy time response
constants are fast compared to the time of passage of the areas
past the detector means so as to provide primary electric pulses
having fast rise times and fall times.
38. Apparatus as claimed in claim 37 in which the radiation source
means comprises a radiation source associated with each element, in
which the pick-up means comprises a radiation detector associated
with each element, each detector being adapted to provide a train
of primary electric pulses, and that includes threshold device
means connected to receive the train of primary electric pulses
from each detector and to develop a train of variable-width pulses,
each pulse width being torque modulated and the time average of
said train of variable-width pulses being proportional to said
torque and dependent on the twist of the shaft as a consequence of
said torque.
39. Apparatus as claimed in claim 38 in which the radiation source
means is operable to provide radiation in a beam whose cross
dimension is comparable to the cross dimension of said zone.
40. Apparatus as claimed in claim 38 in which the second element is
mounted on or part of a coaxial sleeve secured to the shaft at the
second region, the sleeve extending from the second region toward
the first region so that the contiguous areas of the second element
are in close proximity to the contiguous areas of the first
element.
41. Apparatus as claimed in claim 40 that includes noise filter
means that comprises a third element, like the second element,
mounted on the sleeve adjacent the second element, radiation source
and pick-up means associated with the third element to provide a
further electric signal as a train of electric pulses that are
processed with the first-named train of electric pulses to correct
for mechanical and electronic noise.
42. Apparatus as claimed in claim 41 that includes means connected
to receive said train of variable-width pulses and operable to time
average the same and that further includes means adapted to adjust
the apparatus to provide a zero reading at zero transmitted
torque.
43. Apparatus as claimed in claim 42 that includes: means for
deriving the angular velocity of the shaft as a train of further
electric pulses and means to combine the time averaged,
variable-width pulses with the train of further pulses to provide
an indication of power being delivered by the shaft, the output
signals of the apparatus being all or any one of torque, power, and
angular velocity.
44. Apparatus as claimed in claim 43 that further includes a
function generator connected to receive at least one of rpm, time
rate of changes in rpm, torque and time rate of change of torque
and to develop complex functions including power functions.
45. Apparatus as claimed in claim 38 that further includes means
operable to remove mechanical noise signals, including spurious
signals introduced by mechanical relative motion or displacement
between the torque transmitting shaft and the radiation detector
means, and electronic noise.
Description
The present invention relates to control apparatus for controlling
the operating characteristics of a prime mover and, in particular,
to apparatus wherein light modulation is used to provide signals
indicative of the output of the prime mover, which signals can be
fed back to control the prime mover.
Prior art of interest in connection with the present invention is
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,586,540 (Holden); 3,495,452 (Johnson,
Jr. et al.); 2,136,223 (Thomas); 2,313,923 (Chubb): 2,947,168
(Yang); 3,130,581 (Schulman); 2,402,719 (Allison); 2,938,378
(Canada et al.); and 3,111,028 (Lebow).
In the recent drive to reduce pollution in the atmosphere various
govenmental agencies have decreed that the internal combustion
engine in today's autombilies be built so as to minimize amounts of
pollutants, such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of
nitrogen and the like emitted to the atmosphere. It would be
possible to achieve superior operation of present engines if the
engine could be adjusted as a function of the power called for and
the power or torque actually being developed. However, at present
there exists no reasonably economical means for constantly
measuring the torque or power output of the engine so that the
operating parameters of the engine may be continually adjusted in
relation to the torque or power in such a way that overall
performance is optimized. For example, it is known that there are
certain input fuel rates, certain fuel-to-air ratios, and certain
spark advance settings which serve to maximize fuel burning within
engine cylinders and/or maximize power output. It is further known
that these various engine conditions vary with automobile speed and
with conditions of acceleration, deceleration, constant speed,
etc., all of which can be determined for any particular automobile
by measuring the torque upon the drive shaft thereof and its rpm,
from which can be developed feedback signals to provide control
functions. The control functions, as later discussed, can be a
complex function derived from one or more of the measured operating
characteristics, i.e., power, torque and rpm. Not only is it
necessary in this particular use to provide torque and rpm values,
but it is also necessary that the economics of the situation be
considered and that such information be provided by apparatus which
is both accurate and inexpensive.
Accordingly, a principal object of the invention is to provide
feedback signals indicative of power output and/or angular velocity
and/or torque of a power-transmitting shaft of an automobile driven
by an internal combustion engine or the like and to effect changes
upon the operating parameters of the engine in response to such
signals to control the output power thereof.
A further object is to provide the foregoing in apparatus employing
a light modulation scheme whereby torque-related twist upon a shaft
as a consequence of power being transmitted by that shaft is
converted to electric signals indicative of torque, the angular
velocity of the shaft being monitored also to provide electric
signals and being combined in some circumstances to provide an
indication of the power transmitted by the shaft.
A further object is to provide means whereby either the angular
velocity or the power transmitted by the shaft or the shaft torque
can be used as a basis to provide input signals to the engine
either in direct relationship to various values obtained or as
complex functions, the signal being fed to servo devices which, in
turn, modify engine parameters thereby to control engine
output.
A further object is to provide apparatus which can be used to
monitor the output power of an internal combustion engine to reduce
the pollution caused by such engine.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in this art that a torque
measuring device has uses that go beyond that of controlling
automobile engines. Such torque indicating means can be used, for
example, to control the outputs of electrical motors driving
machinery to provide constant torque outputs, for example, or to
control aircraft engines, large marine vessels and the like, or for
many, many other puposes. Broadly, therefore, still another object
of the invention is to provide a torque-meter wherein
torque-related twist of a power transmitting shaft is coverted to
changes or modulations in light transmitted or reflected (i.e.,
modulations of an optical signal), and such changes or modulations
in transmitted or reflected light serve as a measure of the torque
transmitted by that shaft.
A very important consideration in any apparatus employing a light
modulation scheme of the type herein disclosed to derive torque
information is that very small angular changes as a result of twist
upon the shaft must be sensed. Thus, for example, in the case of
autombile drive shafts, torques are experienced from normal
operating conditions in the region of 50 ft.-lbs. to extremes as
high as 500 ft.-lbs. A useful torque measuring apparatus should
reliably measure to within 10 ft.-lbs. The amount of twist from one
region axially displaced along the shaft from another region by,
say twelve inches for a 10 ft.-lb. torque is of the order of
0.01.degree.. In the typical 2-21/2 inch diameter automobile shaft,
this represents a change in the relative position at the surface
between points axially separated by approximately 1 foot of
approximately the order of 10.sup..sup.-4 inches. Thus, any light
device intended to read changes in position in that shaft surface,
as a consequence of twist on the shaft, must be capable of sensing
very, very small movement. A further object, therefore, of the
present invention is to furnish a light modulation device capable
of sensing, accurately and consistently, very small changes in
shaft twist.
The ultimate use for apparatus of the type herein disclosed
requires that such apparatus furnish accurate and reliable output
signals, but there are cost constraints, particularly in the
automotive industry. A still further and very important object of
the invention is to provide torque-indicating apparatus which is
capable of accurate to very accurate torque information on a
consistent, reliable basis, but apparatus which is susceptible,
nevertheless, of being produced by mass-production methods to
reduce production costs.
In order to convert very small shaft-surface position changes to
meaningful feedback signals it is further necessary to sense,
quickly, small changes in the magnitude of reflected (or
transmitted) optical signals. In one of the disclosed embodiments,
two bands at one region of the shaft serve to furnish binary-type
signals at such region, the binary-type signals being combined with
like signals generated at another region. The duality of such
signals allows very fast rates of change of light pick up in the
course of shaft rotation. As is explained in greater detail
hereinafter, the point of change in such an arrangement may be used
as a switching mechanism to supply pulse-type signals whose pulses
have very fast rise and fall times thereby making any feedback
system employing such pulse signals very responsive. Thus, a
further object of the invention is to provide modulation apparatus,
pulse output signals or output signals in the form of a series of
pulses, initiation and termination of the individual pulses making
up the signal, in one embodiment, being a function of the change in
radiation reflected by the rotating shaft and in another embodiment
a change in light transmitted through a slotted flange arrangement
fixed to the rotating shaft; and still another object is to provide
in such apparatus means for combining such binary-type signals with
further binary-type signals from some similar arrangement at
another region along the shaft axially displaced from the first
region to provide a further output signal consisting of plurality
of pulses, but in this latter instance, providing combined pulses
of constant pulse height but varied pulse width.
The foregoing and still further objects are discussed in the
detailed explanation that follows and are particularly delineated
in the appended claims.
The objects of the invention are attained, broadly, by apparatus
for measuring output torques transmitted by a rotating shaft that
comprises, in combination: at least two pairs of optical channel
means, each pair to provide a difference signal, means for
combining the difference signal from one pair with the difference
signal from the other pair to give a train of electric pulses whose
pulse width is determined by the combined difference signals, said
width being variable as a function of the torque transmitted by the
shaft and interpretable to give an indication of said torque. In
one form of the invention, each difference signal is fed as an
input to a threshold device, e.g. a Schmitt trigger, the output of
each threshold device being connected as an input to a logic gate
to give the variable width pulses; in another form the difference
signals from the two pairs are connected as inputs to a threshold
device the output of which is a variable width pulse train; and in
still another form, gain is provided in the difference signal
circuit. The train of electric pulses may be fed through a time
averager to a multiplier where they can be combined with rpm
readings to provide output power; the output power and/or torque
and/or rpm can be converted to complex polynomials by a function
generator. The output of the function generator can, in turn, be
connected to servo means for controlling an automobile engine or
other prime mover, as later discussed.
The invention will now be discussed with reference to the
accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 represents, in block diagram form, an automobile having an
internal combustion engine drive or the like and having means for
measuring torque transmitted by a load bearing shaft as well as
means for measuring shaft angular velocity;
FIG. 2 shows a portion of the shaft to illustrate shaft-twist
sensing optical means that includes two pairs of optical channels
A-B and C-D located at spaced regions along the shaft, each channel
pair having two side-by-side bands of alternate light absorbant and
light reflectant areas;
FIG. 3 is a view taken upon the line 3--3 in FIG. 2 looking in the
direction of the arrows;
FIG. 4 is a view taken upon the line 4--4 in FIG. 3 looking in the
direction of the arrows;
FIG. 5A is a schematic representation, partially in block diagram
form, of a scheme for converting light modulation from which torque
and angular velocity signals are derived to electric signals;
FIG. 5B is a schematic of a modification of the arrangement of FIG.
5A;
FIG. 5C is a schematic of a further modification of the arrangement
of FIG. 5A;
FIG. 5D shows a pair of optical channels in two different
positions, the channels being operable in connecion with the
circuitry of FIG. 5C;
FIG. 5E shows a single electric pulse developed by the circuitry of
FIG. 5C from signals obtained from the optical channels in FIG
5D;
FIG. 5F shows a pair of pulses, similar to the single pulse in FIG.
5E but developed in circuitry obtained by slightly modifying the
circuity of FIG. 5C;
FIG. 5G shows a pulse train comprising two variable width pulses
which can be obtained by feeding the pulses in FIG. 5F to
appropriate elements in the circuits of FIG. 5C;
FIG. 6A shows, on an enlarged scale, regions of the shaft having
light reflectant and light absorbant areas, in the form of two
pairs of bands, from the light modulation stems;
FIG. 6B, C, D, E and F show electric signals in the form of pulses
which can be formed by the electric elements in FIG. 5A from the
modulated light received from said areas and FIG. 6G shows a
variable-width pulse train that can be developed by the circuitry
of FIG. 5B;
FIG. 7 shows, in block diagram forms, a function generator adapted
to provide function in the form
f.sub.i = .SIGMA..sub.n A.sub.n.sup.i P.sup.n = A.sub.o.sup.i +
A.sub.1.sup.i P + A.sub.2.sup.i P.sup.2 + . . . ;
FIG. 8 shows a modification of the optical aspects of the apparatus
shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 9A illustrates a pair of optical channels having a single
band, rather than two bands as shown in FIG. 2, and having a
particular relationship between the length of each optical pick-up
of the channels and the width of the alternate light absorbant and
light reflectant areas;
FIG. 9B shows a portion of the band of FIG. 9A and a part of a
pulse developed by the arrangement of FIG. 9A;
FIG. 10 is a table showing the states assumed by the logic gate
shown in FIGS. 5A and 5C when the gate is either an AND-gate, or an
OR-gate, or a NAND-gate, or a NOR-gate as a function of the logic
state of the system containing the gate, the horizontal lines in
the table representing no output from the respective logic element
and the check marks representing an output therefrom;
FIG. 11 represents the logic conditions for threshold devices
related to the pair of optical channels A-B and C-D and the various
time intervals that these threshold devices operate at their
respective logic states, the threshold devices thus represented
being the Schmitt trigger devices in the circuitry of FIGS. 5A and
5C;
FIG. 12 shows in block diagram form a method of interconnecting the
Schmitt trigger devices of FIGS. 5A and 5C to perform the logic
functions of a logic gate without using the gate;
FIG. 13 shows in block diagram form a modification of the
interconnection scheme shown in FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 illustrates a modification of the apparatus shown in FIG.
2;
FIG. 15 is a partial view, on an enlarged scale, taken upon the
line 15--15 in FIG. 14 and looking in the direction of the
arrows.
FIG. 16 illustrates a modification of the apparatus shown in FIG.
8; and
FIG. 17 is a flow chart in block diagram form to describe the
utilization of the apparatus in FIG. 16.
Before going into structural details of the apparatus embodying the
present inventive concept, there follows now a short discussion of
what is intended to be accomplished by it. The discussion is made
primarily with reference to a control unit to use in connection
with an internal combustion engine for an automobile, which is the
preferred embodiment. The automobile is controlled by effecting
changes, by use of suitable servo devices, in the amount of fuel
delivered to the engine cylinders, the fuel-to-air ratio therein
and/or the spark advance, and the control signals supplied to the
servo devices comprise at least one of power output, torque output
and angular velocity (or complex functions derived therefrom) of a
rotating shaft whose twist is a function of the power output of the
engine and power called for by the operator or by some regulation
device such as a constant rpm control. The shaft in the discussion
immediately to follow is an automobile drive shaft. Readings from
which the control signals are derived typically are taken by
comparing angular twist between spaced regions along the shaft
separated axially the order of 6 to 12 inches, and this is done by
noting positional changes of the shaft surface at one region
relative to the other as a result of such torque-related twist. The
shaft twist, which is linear as a function of torque transmitted by
the shaft, in such a situation is usually no more than about 0.1 of
a degree in a typical 2 inch diameter drive-shaft. Differential
linear movements of the shaft surface as small as 10.sup..sup.-4
inches must be detected to provide a useful apparatus.
In the explanation to follow the invention is first discussed in
connection with an embodiment that employs two pairs of bands
axially displaced along a shaft whose twist is to-be-measured. The
bands are adapted to reflect and absorb radiation and thereby
furnish binary-type light signals as the shaft rotates. The light
signals emanate from the bands in the form of light pulses and
these light pulses form the basis for electric signals from which
torque (and other) information is derived. Each band pair may be,
for example, a photo-etched metallyzed material having an adhesive
on the back thereof. However, as is later explained, other specific
implementations of the broad basic concept can be employed. Thus,
although the immediately following explanation relates to a
situation wherein the light pulses are formed by light being
alternately reflected and absorbed by the respective bands, the
pulses can be formed by a system in which light is alternately
transmitted and blocked, for example.
By way of brief overall explanation, the necessary control
functions are derived by measuring the torque or twist of the power
transmitting shaft shown at 4 in FIGS. 1-4, measuring the angular
velocity of that shaft, and combining these measurements to provide
a complex control function, for example a polynomial in the
tranmistted powers, e.g., f.sub.i = .SIGMA..sub.n A.sub.n.sup.i
P.sup.n, or some other function; or the torque and velocity
measurements can themselves provide useful control function which
are sent to a servo system to actually carry out the adjustment of
the engine. The discussion of this paragraph concerns means for
obtaining torque values. Referring now to FIG. 2, the
torque-determining means contains a fist pair of contiguous annular
bands 100 secured around the shaft 4 (see FIG. 3) at a first region
and a second pair of contiguous annular bands 101 secured around
the shaft at a second region, as shown. The regions, tyically, are
spaced 6 to 12 inches apart, and the amount of differential
movement at the shaft surface between the two regions as a result
of twist normally encountered is in the range of 10.sup..sup.-2 to
10.sup..sup.-4 inches for an automobile drive shaft. It should be
quite apparent, therefore, that for meaningful control signals to
be obtained, small twist movement of the shaft 4 must be detected.
To accomplish this end, in the present invention radiant energy is
directed to said spaced regions and sensed, and the magnitude of
any changes in the radiation as the shaft rotates in the direction
indicated by the arrow H', due to twist, are detected. The radiant
energy is obtained from the light source shown at 102 in FIG. 3,
which may be a light bulb, a light emitting diode or the like which
delivers light energy directly or through light pipes (e.g. fiber
optic elements which may range from 0.01 to 0.001 inches in cross
dimensions) 10 and 11 to the individual members 14 and 15 of the
pair of bands 100. Each of the member strips 14 and 15 is composed
of alternate areas (such as the areas designated 32 and 33 on the
member 14) having different light reflecting and absorbing
characteristics (i.e., the area 32 mostly absorbs light energy and
the area 33 mostly reflects it) immediately adjacent areas of the
other member (such as the areas designated 42 and 43 on the member
15) of the pair of bands having another characteristic. For
example, as shown, light absorption areas 32 and 43 of the members
14 and 15, respectively, are immediately adjacent light reflection
areas 42 and 33, respectively, of the members 15 and 14,
respectively. The radiation source 102 associated with the pair of
bands 100 directs radiation either directly or through the light
pipes 10 and 11 upon each member of the pair of bands 100.
Radiation pick-up means is shown comprising a further pair of light
pipes 104 and 105; one end of the pipe 104 is positioned to pick up
any light reflected from the member 14 and one end of the other
pipe 105 is positioned to pick up any light reflected from the
other member 15. The light pipes 104 and 105 have light sensitive
diodes or other detector devices D.sub.1 and D.sub.2, respectively,
having cross dimensions comparable to the cross dimensions of the
associated light pipes, secured to the end of the respective pipe
opposite the pick-up end thereof, the devices D.sub.1 and D.sub.2
each being operable to provide an electric signal which varies as a
function of the amplitude level of light transmitted thereto by the
asssociated pipe. The light pipes are secured in position by a
structural element 8. The second pair of bands 101 has elements
similar to those just described in connection with the pair of
bands 100. Briefly, these include band members 16 and 17, light
pipes 104' and 105', detectors D.sub.3 and D.sub.4 and a structural
element 9. The pick-up means associated with each pair of bands
provides a net output signal which acts as a control signal in the
form of a pulse train of fixed-height pulses 38' and 39', as shown
in FIGS. 6D and 6E. The pulse trains of the two pairs of bands are
combined to give the output product pulse train 40 shown in FIG.
6F, the width of each pulse member 40' thereof being related to the
twist angle .theta. (or torque) of the shaft between the axially
separated first and second pairs of bands. In order that switch
times of the order of 10.sup..sup.-1 microseconds be obtained to
furnish meaningful signals, the rise and fall times of the pulses
38', 39' and 40' must be quite steep. Also, the accuracy of the
initiation and termination of the pulses 38' and 39' and, hence,
40' is determined in large measure by the angle designated .psi.
which is the slope of the net output difference primary signal from
each pair of diodes. The angle .psi. is greater for the pair of
diodes shown than it would be for a single diode and is, further,
affected by the individual diode cross dimension and diode
constants (i.e., the light-sensitive detectors D.sub.1, etc. each
has an effective light-sensitive region or zone that is very small
in cross dimension in the direction of travel H', for example in
FIG. 6A, of the areas 32, 33, 32', 33' therepast and each has
light-to-electric-energy time response constants that are fast
compared to the time of passage of the areas 32 etc. past each
detector so that the rise and fall times (pulse transistion times)
of each pulse of said difference primary signal are much less than
the duration of the pulse). Furthermore, the pulses 40', as is
evident from the discussion herein, are derived from two series
difference signals (i.e., the difference primary signals 36 and 37
and the difference signal obtained when the pulse trains 38 and 39
are combined) each of which acts to determine the rise and fall
times of the pulses 40', that is, to locate the times t.sub.1
',t.sub.2, t.sub.3 ',t.sub.4 hereinafter discussed with great
precision
The first discussion herein contemplates the use of four optical
channels which may be designated A, B, C and D. The
light-modulating elements consisting of the bands 14, 15, 16 and
17, and their associated light sensor and light pipes form the
channels A, B, C and D, respectively, for present purposes. Each
optical channel provides a binary-type message in the form of a
chopped radiation beam; thus a message from the channel A can be
formed by alternately reflecting and absorbing radiation from the
areas of the band 14, as above discussed, to provide a binary
message. The binary-type light message, in each instance, is
converted to an electric signal by the associated light sensitive
detector. The electric signal produced by the optical channel A is
mixed with that of the optical channel B, similarly formed, to give
a difference, primary signal 36 and that of optical channel C with
optical channel D to give another difference primary signal 37. The
difference, primary signals 36 and 37 in the embodiment of FIG. 5A
are connected to respective Schmitt-trigger devices 22 and 23 which
are regulated so that changes in polarity of their inputs (i.e.,
the difference, primary signals 36 and 37 respectively causes the
relevant Schmitt trigger to initiate and terminate a pulse
sequentially thereby producing a train of pulses (i.e., 22 produces
pulse train 38 and 23 produces pulse train 39)--these two pulse
trains are connected to a logic gate 26 to furnish the output pulse
train 40 which, when further processed, provides a feedback control
signal. In the embodiment of FIG. 5B the electric signals are
operated upon, in the manner mentioned in later paragraphs, and
then connected to a single Schmitt trigger device. In all
situations, the output pulse train eventually generated is in the
form of fixed height, but variable width, voltage pulses in the
form of a pulse train which is averaged for control purposes. There
follows now a detailed explanation of apparatus adapted to perform
the foregoing functions.
The diodes D.sub.1 and D.sub.2, as shown in FIG. 5A, are connected
so that their outputs V.sub.A and V.sub.B, respectively, are
subtracted and the net difference signal is connected to a
differential amplifier 20 to provide the net primary output signal
36 shown in FIG. 6B, that indicates a difference in the reflected
radiation from the member bands 14 and 15. Two filters 500, 501 are
used to filter out undesirable noise. The output of the
differential amplifier 20 is connected as an input to the pulse
generator 22 which may be Schmitt trigger device, as shown, or a
flip-flop or some other threshold device. In this way the net
output difference signal acts as a control upon the Schmitt trigger
22 to switch the Schmitt trigger from one state to another as the
net output difference signal changes polarity, that is, at the zero
crossings t.sub.1, t.sub.2, t.sub.3, etc. in FIG. 6B, thereby to
provide the train of fixed-height output pulses 38' shown in FIG.
6D. The Schmitt trigger also produces pulses with much shorter rise
times than those primary signals generated (as shown in FIGS. 6B
and 6C) directly from the output of the operational amplifier 20.
Very short rise times permit very accurate device performance.
Similarly, the outputs V.sub.C and V.sub.D respectively of diodes
D.sub.3 and D.sub.4 are connected to a differential amplifier 21
which, in turn, acts as a control for the pulse generator 23 (also
a Schmitt trigger in the drawing), changes in polarity of the net
output difference signal 37 from the diodes D.sub.3 and D.sub.4
again acting alternately to initiate and terminate pulses 39' of
the train of fixed-height pulses 39 in FIG. 6E. The outputs of the
pulse generators 22 and 23 are connected as the inputs to a logic
gate 26 to give the output product train 40 (also termed "final
output pulse train" herein) in FIG. 6F. The product pulse train 40
is a train of fixed height, variable width pulses made up of the
variable width pulses 40', as mentioned, the width of each pulse
member being related to the twist angle .theta. of the shaft
between the axially separated first and second pair of bands 100
and 101. The logic gate 26 in the arrangement shown in FIG. 5A
performs a multiplier function.
FIG. 5C shows a more elaborate scheme for obtaining a pulse train
from a pair of optical channels. In order to measure 50 ft. lbs. of
torque on a drive shaft of O.D. 2.4 inches and I.D. of 2.0 inches
and having an elastic modulus of 1.7 .times. 10.sup.9
pounds/ft..sup. 2, it is necessary to sense a torque-related twist
angle of approximately 3.0 .times. 10.sup..sup.-4 radians between
two points axially separated on the shaft by 12 inches. This would
mean a pulse-width modulation of approximately 3.6 .times.
10.sup..sup.-4 inches. If changes in pulse width are to be measured
to one part in one thousand, then a pulse must be initiated and
terminated by a surface rotary motion of the shaft of approximately
10.sup..sup.-1 inches. Hence, the widths of the absorbing or
reflecting areas 32, 33, 32', 33' of the bands 100 and 101 would
have to be of the order of 10.sup..sup.-1 inches wide. The
fabrication of such bands could lead to an inadmissable
manufacturing cost. A superior means for generating both sharp and
narrow pulses is described by the system shown in FIG. 5C. To
understand this system the details of the pulse generation
technique are shown in FIG. 5D. A pair of bands 697 containing a
pair of optical channels, again channels A and B, consists of
alternately reflecting and absorbing regions 702, 703, 705 and 704,
as explained earlier. Photo-sensitive devices 700 and 701 sense the
amount of light transmitted to them either by reflection (as shown
here) or in an alternate embodiment using a transmitted signal. The
photo-response of the device 700 is designated V.sub.A and that of
the device 701 is designated V.sub.B. The photo-response is
proportional to the degree of illumination. The output of photocell
700 can be taken to be V.sub.o [ 1- (X-X.sub.o)/(X.sub.1 -
X.sub.o)] = V.sub.A and the photocell 701 V.sub.o
[(X-X.sub.o)/(X.sub.1 - X.sub.o)]=V.sub.B where X denotes the
variable position of the edge labeled 706, and where X.sub.1 -
X.sub.o is the width (i.e., the cross dimension of the
light-sensitive region of the solid-state light-sensitive detector
perpendicular to each passing boundary 706 at the instant of
passage and parallel to the direction of said passage, as shown) of
the photocells 700 and 701. Both v.sub.A and V.sub.B are taken as
.gtoreq.o here. The response V.sub.B is fed into an amplifier or
attenuator with gain g.sub.B as shown at 800 in FIG. 5C and the
difference, primary signal S.sub.1 = V.sub.A - g.sub.B V.sub.B can
be fed into the operational amplifier labeled A-1. Then the
distance X.sub.c, that the boundary or edge designated 706 between
an absorbing region 703 and a reflecting region 702 (or between
areas 704 and 705) must move to the left in order that V.sub.A -
g.sub.B V.sub.B = 0, is X.sub.c = X.sub.1 g.sub.B X.sub.o /(g.sub.B
+ 1). The larger g.sub.B the smaller X.sub.c. The circuit can be
such that a zero of V.sub.A - gV.sub.B at X.sub. c can initiate a
pulse in the Schmitt trigger shown at 802 of FIG. 5C. As the
boundary 706 moves past X.sub.c, V.sub.A - g.sub.B V.sub.B will
remain negative until the next boundary labeled 707 moves by the
photocells. Next, consider the primary signal S.sub.2 = g.sub.A
V.sub.A - V.sub.B obtained by feeding V.sub.A into an amplifier or
attenuator 803. This signal is fed into the operational amplifier
A-2, and g.sub.A V.sub.A - V.sub.B has a zero at X.sub.c ' given by
X.sub.c ' = (X.sub.o +g.sub.A X.sub.1)/(1+g.sub.A). The larger
g.sub.A, the nearer the boundary denoted 706 approaches the left
edge X.sub.1 of the photocells when another zero is fed to the
Schmitt trigger 802 which must be able to sense a change in
polarity of any signal fed into it. This is accomplished by
multiplying the outputs of A-1 and A-2 (by a multiplier 208) before
they are put into 802. At point X.sub.c ' the pulse shown at 708 in
FIG. 5E begun at X.sub.c is terminated. The pulse width in the
space domain is
X.sub.c '- X.sub.c =[(X.sub.o + g.sub.A X.sub.1 /g.sub. A + 1) -
(X.sub.1 + g.sub.B X.sub.o /g.sub. B + 1)]
Hence the pulse width is adjustable by varying the gains g.sub.A
and g.sub.B. Furthermore, as the boundary 706 sweeps past the
photocells 700 and 701 (or light pipes 700 and 701 to which the
photocells are secured) a complete pulse is generated. Its width
depends only on the gains g.sub.A and g.sub.B and the width X.sub.1
- X.sub.o of the elements 700 and 701 and does not depend on the
widths of the regions 702, 703, 704, 705.
A further advantage of this scheme is the great insensitivity of
the pulse width X.sub.c '- X.sub.c to fluctuations .delta.V.sub.A
and .delta.V.sub.B in the photocell output. For example the
position X at which the pulse is initiated is changed to a new
position X.sub.c which differs from X.sub.c by
X.sub.c - X.sub.c = - (X.sub.1 - X.sub.o)[ g.sub.B SV.sub.B
-.delta. VA] /V.sub. o (1+g.sub.B)
Therefore, this difference may be made a very small fraction of the
net voltage fluctuation .delta.V.sub.A -.delta. V.sub.B. In a
similar way the point X.sub.c ' may be stabilized resulting in a
very accurate pulse width X.sub.c ' - X.sub.c.
The remarks in the previous paragraph describe the generation of a
pulse train from a pair of optical channels A and B. A similar
means is used to generate a second pulse train from a second pair
of channels C and D associated with a point on the power
transmitting shaft axially separated from A and B, as before
discussed. The associated circuitry 801', 802', etc. performs the
same functions as 801, 802 etc. respectively, to generate primary
signals S.sub.1 ' = V.sub.C - g.sub.D V.sub.D and S.sub.2 ' =
g.sub.C V.sub.C - V.sub.D. Thus, a pulse similar to the pulse 708
can be formed and both can be fed to the logic gate 26 to provide
variable-width pulses like the pulses 40'. In the discussion to
follow the condition that the threshold device associated with
channels A and B has initiated a pulse is represented by a 1 and
the condition that the pulse is terminated is represented by a 0.
Similarly the presence of a pulse from channels C and D is
represented by a 1 and its absence by a 0. Then the four possible
combined states are 00, 01, 10, and 11, the first digit of the pair
specifying the state of channels A-B and the second the state of
channels C-D. The four logic elements appropriate to the joint
states of the combined pairs of channels are described by the table
in FIG. 10. As in FIG. 6A pulses from the A-B pair are initiated at
t.sub.1, t.sub.3, t.sub.5, etc. and terminated at t.sub.2, t.sub.4,
t.sub.6, etc. and pulses from the C-D channel pair are initiated at
t.sub.1 ', t.sub.3 ', t.sub.5 ', etc. and terminated at t.sub.2 ',
t.sub.4 ', t.sub.6 ', etc. In FIG. 11 the state of the combined
A-B, C-D system is designated as time evolves from prior to t.sub.1
to after t.sub. 4 '. Thus an AND gate gives an output between
t.sub.1 ' and t.sub.2, between t.sub.3 ' and t.sub.4, etc. As
discussed in detail below such an AND-gate will produce a pulse
train whose pulses are modulated in width according to the twist of
the shaft. An OR-gate produces pulses in duration t.sub.1 - t.sub.2
', t.sub.3 - t.sub.4 ', etc. A NAND-gate produces pulses in
duration t.sub.o - t.sub.1 ', t.sub.2 - t.sub.3 ', etc. A NOR-gate
produces pulses in duration t.sub.o '- t.sub.1, t.sub.2 '- t.sub.3,
etc. All of these pulses depend linearly on the twist of the shaft.
Hence the logic gate shown as 26 in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5C can be an
AND, OR, NAND, or NOR gate. The function of the logic gate 26 can
be performed in still another way to provide a pulse train in FIG.
5G whose time average is linearly dependent on the twist of the
shaft. In this situation of amplifiers A-1 and A-2 are multiplied
together; the product changing polarity whenever one of the factors
changes polarity. Similarly A-1' and A-2' are multiplied together.
These product functions are then used as shown in FIG. 12 and FIG.
13. In FIG. 12 switches 850 and 851 direct successive primary
signal polarity changes to alternate Schmitt triggers 802 and 802',
which produce pulse trians 852 and 853 whose pulses 854 and 855 are
width modulated by the twist of the shaft. One or both of these
pulse trains 852 and 853 can be time averaged to produce a signal
proportional to the torque. In FIG. 13 a change in polarity of the
product A-1 .times. A-2 always initiates a pulse from a single
threshold device 860 if no pulse is already present and a change in
polarity of the product A-1' .times. A-2' always terminates a pulse
if one is present. The resultant pulse train 862 is made up of
pulses 861 whose width is torque modulated and the time average of
this pulse train is proportional to the torque. It is apparent from
the explanation herein that a wide variety of configurations using
switch and interconnection combinations is possible that will
result in the signal whose time average depends linearly on the
torque.
In the circuitry of FIG. 5B, elements which perform similar
functions to elements in other circuits are given the same number
designation as in the other circuits. By using the circuitry in
FIG. 5B the variable-width pulse train shown at 41 in FIG. 6G can
be generated. The outputs of the amplifiers 20 and 21 in FIG. 5B
are connected as inputs to a single Schmitt trigger 22'. The output
of the Schmitt trigger 22' is in the form of the variable-width
pulses making up the pulse train 41.
The discussion in the previous few paragraphs relates to a
torque-meter the output of which can, in and of itself, be used to
furnish useful data and control functions for internal combustion
engines or other types of prime movers. There follows in later
paragraphs a further explanation of the torque-meter, including
comment upon the importance of fast switching of the various pulsed
outputs. There is, however, in this paragraph a short description
of the overall apparatus concerned with the automobile control,
with particular reference to FIG. 1, where the torque-meter is
designated 6. The output of the torque-meter 6 is combined in a
multiplier 7 with the output of an angular velocity determining
means 5 to supply a power output signal which is connected through
a servo device 29 to operating parameters 2 which can be, as above
mentioned, means for controlling any or all of fuel input,
fuel-to-air ratio and spark advance. The inputs to the multiplier 7
are designated 18 and 19 and the output is designated 19'. The
output 19' can be connected to the servo device 29 directly; or, as
shown in FIG. 1, it can be connected through the control function
generator shown at 320 in FIG. 1 and in detail in FIG. 7, as later
discussed, and thence to the servo device 29. In FIG. 5A, the rpm
indicator 5 is shown to include a monostable pulse generator 24,
connected to receive an output from the differential amplifier 21,
and a time averager 25, the latter being connected to the
multiplier 7. The logic gate 26 is also connected through a time
averager, the time averager 27, to the multiplier 7. The circuitry
of FIG. 5A shows the amplifier 21 in the torque-meter circuitry,
but it will be understood that the amplifier 21 serves a dual
function and is part of the rpm indicator 5, as well. The outputs
of the torque-measuring means 6 and rpm indicator 5 can be fed
through the multiplier, as mentioned, or they can be fed to servo
devices 30 and 31, respectively, as shown, as control functions.
Furthermore, the outputs of both can be connected to the respective
servo mechanisms through the function generator 320, as indicated
in FIG. 5A, the output of the function generator in each case being
a complex polynomial of the input function thereto. In any event, a
processed signal from the function generator operates to control
some prime mover such as, for example, the internal combustion
engine designated 3 of an automobile 1 in FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 6A, there is shown an enlarged-scale view of
a portion of the shaft 4, primarily to simplify the explanation as
to FIGS. 6B 6F. The members 14, 15, 16, 17 in FIG. 6A are made up
of areas 32 that absorb light and adjacent areas 33 that reflect
light, as before mentioned, the reflected radiation being picked up
and transmitted to the light sensitive detectors (e.g. diodes)
before discussed by pick-up tubes 104 and 105 in the case of the
strips 14 and 15 and by further pick-up tubes 104' and 105' in the
case of the strips 16 and 17. FIG. 6A shows the first band 100
comprising the strips 14 and 15 and associated light pipes 104 and
105 as well as the second band 101 comprising the strips 16 and 17
and their associated light pipes 104' and 105', which make up
optical channels A, B. C and D, respectively. The sensors
associated with the light pipes are not shown in FIG. 6A, but are
implied. The direction of the motion of the bands relative to the
stationary optical elements 104, 105, 104' and 105' is given by the
arrow H'. The pulse trains shown in FIG. 6B-6F are formed when the
circuit described in 5A is employed. As the boundary or edge shown
as 34 between the reflecting areas 33 and the absorbing areas 32 of
the band 14 passes by the optical elements, and signal 36 (i.e.,
V.sub.A -V.sub.B) shown in FIG. 6B is generated by the channels A
and B. This signal goes through zero at t.sub.1 initiating a pulse
38' in FIG. 6D and terminating the pulse 38' at t.sub.2. The time
duration of the pulse width 38'(i.e., t.sub.2 - t.sub.1) is
determined by the width W of the reflecting or absorbing areas of
the particular band and the shaft rpm. The second band 101,
containing the strips 16 and 17, is positioned so that the boundary
labeled 34' (corresponding to 34 in the unstressed shaft) would, if
the shaft were unstressed fall at the position numbered 35;
however, a torque on the shaft moves this boundary to the position
of 34' shown in FIG. 6A. A signal 37, generated by the second band
101, is shown in FIG. 6C. If there had been no twist of the shaft,
the zeros of primary signal 37 would have occurred at times t.sub.1
" and t.sub.2 ". However, the shift of the boundary from 35 to 34'
displaces these zeros to t.sub.1 ' and t.sub.2 '. The corresponding
pulse 39 in FIG. 6E is also shifted. The signal out of an AND logic
gate at 26 appears in FIG. 6F, the pulse train 40 being the
resultant of inserted pulse trains 38 and 39 into the AND logic
gate, as before mentioned. The width of the pulse 40' in the time
domain is t.sub.2 - t.sub.1 ' and is clearly altered by the twist
of the shaft from the value t.sub.2 - t.sub.1 " it would have had
in the zero torque case.
The relative displacement of two points on the surface of an
automobile drive shaft changes by approximately 10.sup..sup.-4
inches for a torque in the 10 ft.-lb. range to 10.sup..sup.-2
inches in the 500 ft.-lb. range. Corresponding changes in the pulse
width of the output of the logic gate will occur which may be
described in the time or space domain. If changes of not less than
one part in a thousand are to be reliably measured, then the width
W of the regions 32, 33, 32' and 33' must be approximately
10.sup..sup.-1 inches, as previously mentioned herein.
Still another method of generating a pulse modulated signal, as
mentioned, is to feed both signals V.sub.A -V.sub.B and V.sub.C
-V.sub.D into one Schmitt trigger adjusted to start and stop a
uniform height pulse at successive changes in the polarity in the
signals V.sub.A -V.sub.B and V.sub.C -V.sub.D, that is, the Schmitt
tirgger 22' (in FIG. 5B, as above discussed) acts first on a zero
from V.sub.A -V.sub.B and next on a zero from V.sub.C -V.sub.D,
next on a zero from V.sub.A -V.sub.B, and so forth. Using such a
circuit, the pulse train 41 emitted by this pulse generator is that
shown in FIG. 6G. The pulse widths t.sub.1 - t.sub.1 ', t.sub.2 -
t.sub.2 ', etc. are themselves linearly related to the twist of the
shaft so that a time average of the pulse train 41 is directly
related to the shaft torque. This means of pulse generation
eliminates one Schmitt trigger and the logic gate 26. The time
average output coming from the pulse train 41 is used in a manner
similar to the average of the pulse train 40.
Keeping the discussion in the previous paragraph in mind, a similar
pulse generation scheme can be used when the gain devices 800, 803,
800', and 803' of FIG. 5C are employed in a circuit slightly
modified from that shown in FIG. 5C. Here one Schmitt trigger is
used and is appropriately interconnected so that a polarity change
in the signal from the first pair of optical channels A initiates a
pulse, if no pulse is on, and a change in polarity in the signal
from the second pair of channels B terminates the pulse; or the
Schmitt trigger can be connected so that the roles of A and B are
reversed. The pulse train so produced is automatically pulse-width
modulated according to the twist of the shaft and no logic gate is
required. These pulses also have all the advantages of pulses
generated using the scheme in FIG. 5C, i.e., they are very
insensitive to electrical instabilities.
In the illustrative example charted in FIG. 6B-6F, fixed-height
pulses 38' from the Schmitt trigger 22 are initiated at t.sub.1,
t.sub.3, t.sub.5, etc. and terminated at t.sub.2, t.sub.4, t.sub.6
; and fixed-height pulses 39' from the Schmitt trigger 23 are
initiated at t.sub.1 ', t.sub.3 ', t.sub.5 ' etc. and terminated at
t.sub.2 ', t.sub.4 ', t.sub.6 ' etc. Thus, the fixed-height pulse
trains 38 and 39 in FIGS. 6D and 6E delivered to an AND logic gate
26 are initiated when the primary signal pulses 36 and 37 pass a
zero point changing from negative to positive polarity and are
terminated when the primary signal pulses 36 and 37 pass a zero
point changing from positive to negative polarity. The output from
an AND logic gate 26 is the product pulse train 40 in FIG. 6F.
Since the pulse train 40 occurs for such a small element of time
and is representative of a situation in which any twist upon the
shaft 4 is constant for the period of time in question, the pulses
40' making up the pulse train 40 are of uniform width. However, as
before explained, any changes in twist show up in changes in pulse
width of the pulses 40'; these latter remarks apply also to the
pulses making up the output pulse trains from the other circuit
arrangements as well.
The explanation in this paragraph is concerned with a situation
wherein the shaft 4 is twisted some angle .theta. from the
unstressed condition. In the explanation, pulses 38', 39' and 40'
represent the pulses making up the pulse trains 38, 39 and 40,
respectively, as before. In this situation the width of fixed
height pulses 38' and 39' equals
W'T/2.pi.r=t.sub.2 - t.sub.1 ,
where T is the period of one revolution of the shaft, r is the
shaft radius, W' is the separation between the edge labeled 34A and
the edge 34' in FIG. 6A, and W is the width of the absorbing and
reflecting areas 32, 33, 32' and 33, and
Pulse Area (i.e., the areas of the pulses 38' and 39') = A.delta.T
= AW'T/2.pi.r,
where A is height of the pulses 38' and 39' (which must be very
constant). The voltage delivered by the time averager 27 is
V.sub.out = NA.delta.T/T = NAW'T/2.pi.rT = NAW'/2.pi.r,
where N is the number of shaded (or reflecting) areas around the
shaft. It will be observed that V.sub.out is independent of shaft
angular velocity. Continuing with the analysis
t.sub.1 - t.sub.1 ' = (C'=r.theta.)/(2.pi.r)T,
where C' is a constant depending on the zero stress alignment of
bands 100 and 101. The area of the fixed-height, variable-width
pulses 40' equals
A(t.sub.2 - t'.sub.1) = A(t.sub.2 - t.sub.1 + [C' +
r.THETA./2.pi.r] T).
The voltage out at some twist valve .theta. is
V.sub.out = (NA /2.pi.r) [W'+C'+r.theta.]
Therefore, the averaged or integrated signal is linear as a
function of twist of the shaft 4. Each pulse 40' must have a rise
time that is much less than the time required for an area 32, 33
etc. to pass the detector light pipes.
As explained earlier, the embodiment shown in FIG. 5C will result
in very sharply defined pulses whose widths are determined by the
cross dimensions of the optical elements 104, 105, 104' and 105'
(i.e., the width of the fibers and associated light-sensitive
diodes, see previous explanations about width X.sub.1 -X.sub.o in
connection with FIG. 5D).
Previous mention has been made of the possibility of using a
control function generator 320 to receive the output of 19' from
the multiplier 7 and to process the signal in a way to provide
control functions of the type
f.sub.i = .SIGMA./n A.sub.n.sup.i P.sup.n,
One such control function generator is shown in FIG. 7 wherein the
line 19' is connected as an input to a block designated P the
output of which is fed to three multipliers 50, 51, and 52. A
further input to the multiplier 50 is introduced to provide an
output P.sup.2 and this output P.sup.2 in turn is introduced as an
input to a multiplier 54, the other input to which is the constant
A.sub.2.sup.i and the output from which is A.sub.2.sup.i P.sup.2.
The output A.sub.2.sup.i P.sup.2 is connected as one input to an
adder 55, the output from which is connected to the servo device
29. As shown in FIG. 7, the other factors in the function f.sub.i
are similarly developed and it is to not believed that any further
explanation is required other than that shown in the figure. It
will be understood that the torque signal and the angular velocity
signal can be similarly expanded, as before mentioned, should such
expansion be of use in connection with the control functions.
As best shown in FIG. 6A the various shaded and reflectant areas of
the pair of bands 100 are displaced at some angle from the
corresponding shaded and reflectant areas in the pair of bands 101.
Ideally a line drawn through the edges of the areas of the one pair
of bands and parallel to the axis of the shaft will pass through
the center of a corresponding area of the other band. In this way
any twist of the shaft due to torque thereupon in either direction
can be measured. This means, however, that in the absence of some
correction mechanism, there will be a signal indicating torque when
no torgue exists. To correct this, there is provided a
potentiometer 56 in FIG. 5A to zero the reading at a no-twist
condition irrespective of the alignment of the area of the bands.
The potentiometer is connected across a voltage V.sub.o and the
slider 57 of the potentiometer is connected as one input to a
further differential amplifier 58, the other input to which is
received from the logic gate 26 and the output from which is
connected through the time averager 27 to the multiplier 7. In this
way, when the automobile is manufactured and when the vehicle is
serviced, the potentiometer can be adjusted by moving the slider 57
to give a zero reading at zero torque. The potentiometer, which
ideally is circular, can have a screw-type adjustment to allow
periodic adjustment, if and when needed. The pulse train 40 is
averaged by the time averager 27 over one or two revolutions of the
shaft 4 to remove small errors due, for example, to small
differences between the widths of the areas 32, 33, etc.
In the foregoing discussion, the preferred embodiment shows two
pairs of bands which may be photo-etched strip material, having an
adhesive on the back thereof, wound around the shaft 4. It is not
necessary that the width of the areas 32' and 33' (or the width W
of the areas 32 and 33) be identical since the signals are
time-averaged, as mentioned, and indeed are time-averaged over one
or two revolutions of the shaft, or more. It is desirable, however,
that the widths W be somewhat close to one another. By
photo-etching, great accuracy of width can be obtained since the
strips or ribbons from which the bands 100 and 101 are made can be
printed on a roll with an adhesive backing and merely wrapped
around the shaft. The strip can be made of a thin metal foil or the
like, as is known, which provides a very useful and economical
apparatus. As explained above, when the method of pulse generation
described in FIG. 5C is used, it is the widths of optical elements
104, 105, 104' and 105' that determine the pulse widths.
While for many production reasons the light absorbing and light
reflectant areas are preferred for present purposes, it should be
apparent that the binary signals of the channels A-D could be
produced by areas which are alternately light transmitting and
opaque (e.g., notched flanges and the like). Thus, useful devices
can be made employing notched flanges, as later discussed herein,
or the absorbant and reflectant areas 32 and 33 respectively, can
be photoetched upon a solid flange and mounted somewhat similarly
to the flange in the Allison patent. In some instances where the
power transmitting shaft is subjected to considerable mechanical
motion it may be desirable to bring the bands 100 and 101 as close
together as possible in order to avoid spurious signals due to
differing motions of structures 8 and 9 relative to one another and
to the shaft. In this case a sleeve labeled 110 in FIG. 8 is firmly
attached to shaft 4 at 111 and is supported by bearings 112 and 113
so that sleeve transmits no torque. Now the structures 8 and 9 may
be located close together.
In the embodiment of FIG. 9A, the optical channels A and B comprise
a single strip 14" and pick-up element 104" and 105" (corresponding
to elements 1, 104 and 105 in FIG. 6A), the elements 104" and 105"
being in a serial position, as distinguished from what may be
termed a parallel arrangement in FIG. 6A. The strip 14" is made up
of reflectant areas 33" and absorbent areas 32", the width of two
combined areas 32" and 33" being designated R and the
circumferential length of each of the pick-up elements 104" and
105" being designated M. To perform the required function
R>M>R/2. As the strip moves in the direction of the arrow
labeled H' a primary signal pulse train 80 is formed. As shown in
FIG. 9B, the pulses 80' making up the primary signal pulse train 80
have zero crossing separated by times which are functions of R and
the pulses are flattened at their maxima during times which are
functions of R/2. A further single strip similar to 14", secured to
an axially-spaced region along the shaft, can serve as optical
channels C and D.
The optical channels A, B, C and D in the embodiment shown in FIGS.
14 and 15 are provided by chopping radiation from radiation sources
136 and 137 by the use of slotted flanges 139 and 139' secured to
the shaft 4 at axially-spaced regions along the shaft. The flanges,
being secured as they are to the shaft, rotate when the shaft
rotates and present alternately between the respective radiation
source and the pick-up diodes again called D.sub.1, D.sub.2,
D.sub.3 and D.sub.4, areas 133 and 132 which are radiation
transmitting and opaque to such radiation. The areas 133 in the
illustrative example are slots or apertures and the opaque areas
132 are teeth. The areas 132 and 133, of course, span the whole of
each flange to form bands 141 and 142 which differ mechanically
from the strips 14-16 but are analogous in terms of the optics of
the system. Again the detecting diodes D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 (as well
as D.sub.3 and D.sub.4 in the case of the associated flange 139' )
each detect or sense the passage of a boundary (or edge) 140
between a radiation transmitting area 133 and a radiation opaque
area 132, the primary electric signals in this embodiment being
similar to those shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C. The signals produced,
upon rotation of the shaft, at the flanges 139 and 139' are
combined, as before, to produce electrical pulses of fixed
amplitude, but of width determined by the time interval between
passage of an edge 140 in the flange 139 and a similar edge in the
flange 139'. Thus, again pulse width is varied as a function of
twist of the shaft 4 and consequent angular displacement between
the flanges 139 and 139'; and the pulses can be averaged in the
manner before discussed herein to provide torque indications as a
function of a time channel which is shown herein in the form of an
optical time channel. The bands 141 and 142 are held together by an
outer ribbon 138 and an intermediate ribbon 134, and they are
secured to the shaft 4 by an inner ribbon 135.
The explanation in this paragraph is again made with reference,
primarily to the FIGS. 14 and 15, except that the band 142 only on
the flange 139 (and associated apparatus) is discussed, it being
understood that a similar band is found on the flange 139'. The
flanges or elements 139 and 139' are thus located at axially spaced
regions along the shaft 4 and carry at each region the contiguous
areas 132 and 133 of different optical characteristics having the
sharply defined boundary or edge 140 therebetween. Radiation from
the radiation source 136 passes through the slot areas 133 and is
detected by the detector D.sub.2 (radiation from the radiation
source 137 is detected by the detector D.sub.4), as above
explained, thereby to detect or sense the passage of each boundary
and to generate primary electric signals. like the signals 36 and
37, which bear a fixed relation in time to the passage of the
boundary. The output of the detectors D.sub.2 and D.sub.4 are
connected to a flip-flop or Schmitt trigger, like the Schmitt
trigger 22 (or the Schmitt trigger 23) which constitutes a part of
the electrical circuit means for processing the primary electric
signals 36 and 37 from the diodes D.sub.2 and D.sub.4 in a way that
produces electrical pulses, like the pulses 40' , of a fixed
amplitude but of width determined by the time lapse between the
passage of a boundary 140 on the flange 139 at one said region past
the diode D.sub.2 and passage of a boundary on the flange 139' at
the other region of the shaft by the diode D.sub.4 (i.e., the width
of the pulse 40' is a function of the phasing of the pulses 36 and
37). In this way a pulse train 40 can be generated and it can be
further processed in the manner discussed elsewhere herein. The
pulse train 40 can also be formed by connecting the output of
Schmitt triggers, like the Schmitt triggers 22 and 23 (i.e., output
signals like the signals 38 and 39, respectively) to an AND gate
like the AND gate 26. It should be noted that the output of either
Schmitt trigger can be inverted prior to introduction to the AND
gate to generate signals like the variable-width pulse train 41 in
FIG. 6G.
Mechanical motion of the torque transmitting shaft 4 can introduce
spurious signals which must be compensated for. In the previous
discussion, the overlap pulse width between the pulse width
modulated train produced by the A-B channels and the C-D channels
is t.sub.2 - t'.sub.1 in FIG. 6F (also called .delta.T herein) and
is subjected to fluctuations .delta.t. If the pulse height of the
pulse width modulated train is H and subject to variations
.delta.H, and if the pulse width produced by a given torque is
.delta.T -(t.sub.2 - t".sub.1), then the signal produced is
proportional to H.delta.W and the noise is proportional to
H.delta.t + .delta.TSH. If, in the automobile example cited above,
the torque-induced displacement of the bands 100 and 101 in FIG. 6A
is 10.sup.-.sup.4 inches, corresponding approximately to 10
ft.-pounds of torque, the minimum measured quantity, then for a
signal to noise ratio of unity at 10 ft.-pounds, it is required
that .delta.H/H .ltoreq. 10 .sup.-.sup.3 and .delta.t/t.ltoreq. 10
.sup.-.sup.3. A shaft subject to time average motion with respect
to the fixed detector housings 8 and 9 in FIG. 2 could introduce
serious noise into the torque-meter. This can be largely eliminated
by use of a third pair of channels E-F, that comprise a pair of
bands 101', light sensitive devices D.sub.5 and D.sub.8, and light
pipes 104" and 105", respectively, in FIG. 16. The pair of bands
101', as before, comprises member bands 16" and 17' similar to the
members 16 and 17 before mentioned; and, in FIG. 16, other elements
which perform similar functions to the functions performed by
elements in previous figures are labeled as before. The members 16'
and 17' as well as the members 16 and 17 are mounted on the sleeve
leveled 110 attached to the shaft 4 at 111, just as is the sleeve
in FIG. 8. Thus, the embodiment shown in FIG. 16 has three pairs of
optical channels, A-B, C-D, and E-F, the band members 14 and 15 of
the channel pair A-B being wound about the shaft 4 at a first
region thereof, as shown, and the band members 16 and 17 and 16'
and 17' of the channel pairs C-D and E-F, respectively, being wound
about the sleeve 110. The sleeve 110 is secured, again at 111, to
the shaft 4 at a second region axially displaced from the first
region and the sleeve extends axially toward the first region, as
shown, in order to bring the band pairs 100, 101 and 101' into
close proximity, one to the other. The axial separation of the
first pair of band channels 100 and the second pair of band 101 is
labeled S and this is also equal to the axial separation between
the second pair 101 and third pair 101'. Since the sleeve 110
transmits no torque, any change in the time average of the combined
pulse train at 231 derived from the C-D channels and at 232 from
the E-F channels in FIG. 17 is due to mechanical and, in some
cases, electronic noise. As shown in FIG. 17 this signal is called
M. The signal 230 from the pair of bands 100 and 231 from the pair
of bands 101 are processed as described above and indicated in FIG.
17 and the time average of the processed signal contains a torque
part T and a noise part M. Subtracting these signals at 217 of FIG.
17 produces a time average signal at the output designated 18
corrected for mechanical and electronic noise. The signal at 18 is
produced and processed by circuitry like the circuitry previously
discussed herein. The blocks numbered 26' and 27' function
similarly to the blocks 26 and 27 in FIG. 5A and the further blocks
in the flow-type chart of FIG. 17 need no explanation other than
that contained in the chart itself.
The servo devices are shown in block diagram form in the drawing.
Servo devices that are useful for control purposes are described in
many publications including: "Theory of Servo-Mechanisms," H. L.
Hazen, Journal of the Franklin Institute, September, 1934, pg. 279;
"Servo Mechanism Fundamentals," Lauer et al., McGraw Hill, 1947;
"Inertial Navigation Systems," Broxmeyer, McGraw Hill, 1964;
"Nonlinear Automatic Control," Gibson, McGraw Hill 1963;
"Principles of Control Systems Engineering," Del Toro and Parker,
McGraw Hill (1960).
The output of the threshold devices (i.e., the Schmitt triggers) is
controlled in the embodiment discussed herein by changes in
polarity of the input signal thereto. That output can, however, be
controlled at some other predetermined voltage level by appropriate
biasing.
The terms "optical," "light," and "radiation" as used herein are
intended in the various contexts to denote a spectrum of radiation
which may include the visible spectrum and in the preferred
embodiment does in fact relate to the visible spectrum, but the
terms are intended to cover as well frequency ranges of radiation
outside the visible spectrum. Indeed, the radiation source should
be matched to the response function of the detector (D.sub.1,
D.sub.2, etc.); thus, for example, the light source can be a GaAs
light emitting diode which radiates at about 1.38 ev and the
detector would be a silicon photo-detector, or the light source can
be an incandescent filament and the detector a silicon or germanium
or GaAs semiconductor detector.
Modifications of the invention herein described will occur to
persons skilled in the art and all such modifications are deemed to
be within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the
claims.
* * * * *