U.S. patent number 3,868,536 [Application Number 05/189,864] was granted by the patent office on 1975-02-25 for image intensifier tube employing a microchannel electron multiplier.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Varian Associates. Invention is credited to Richard S. Enck, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,868,536 |
Enck, Jr. |
February 25, 1975 |
Image intensifier tube employing a microchannel electron
multiplier
Abstract
In an image intensifier tube, photon images received by a
photocathode are converted into electron images which are
accelerated by an accelerating anode and focused upon the input
face of a microchannel electron multiplier. The multiplier
multiplies the current of the electron images and the output
electron images are directed onto the output flourescent screen.
The operating voltages for the photocathode, and anode are
referenced to the potential applied to the electron multiplier such
that variations in the potential applied across or to the electron
multiplier do not produce changes in magnification. The anode is
biased positive with respect to the microchannel plate to form an
ion trap to inhibit flow of ions from the electron multiplier to
the photocathode, thereby avoiding bright spots in the output
image. Voltage divider resistors are provided in the anode bias and
photocathode bias circuits for dropping the anode potential
generally in proportion to the drop in the photocathode potential
experienced at high input light levels to prevent cut off of the
image.
Inventors: |
Enck, Jr.; Richard S. (Mountain
View, CA) |
Assignee: |
Varian Associates (Palo Alto,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
22699080 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/189,864 |
Filed: |
October 18, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
315/12.1;
313/528; 315/16; 313/105R; 313/534 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J
31/507 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01J
31/08 (20060101); H01J 31/50 (20060101); H01j
029/41 () |
Field of
Search: |
;315/12,16
;250/213VT |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Quarforth; Carl D.
Assistant Examiner: Nelson; P. A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Cole; Stanley Z. Aine; Harry E.
Stoddard; Robert K.
Government Interests
GOVERNMENT CONTRACT
The invention herein described was made in the course of or under a
contract with the department of defense.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In an image intensifier tube, a photocathode means disposed to
receive a photon image for emitting into the tube an electron image
corresponding to the received photon image, microchannel electron
multiplier means having an input face disposed to receive the
emitted electron image for multiplying the electron current of said
image, an anode electrode means disposed intermediate said
photocathode means and said microchannel multiplier means along the
path of flow of the electron image for accelerating the electron
image and for focusing same upon said electron receiving the face
of said microchannel electron multiplier means, and power supply
means for biasing said anode electrode means at a potential
positive with respect to the operating potential of said input face
of said microchannel electron multiplier means to inhibit the flow
of positive ions from said microchannel multiplier means to said
photocathode means, said biasing means for biasing said anode means
relative to said microchannel electron multiplier means include, a
series connection of a voltage regulating means and a resistor to
form a source of regulated anode bias potential connected in
parallel with the potential applied across said microchannel
electron multiplier means, and means for applying the regulated
anode bias potential derived across said voltage regulator means to
said anode means.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said voltage regulating means
includes a Zener diode.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said means for applying the
voltage derived across said voltage regulator means to said anode
means includes, anode resistive means connected in series beteen
said anode means and said source of regulated anode bias
potential.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 including, cathode bias means for
biasing said photocathode means at a potential negative with
respect to the potential of the input face of said microchannel
electron multiplier means, and cathode resistive means connected in
series with said cathode bias means between said photocathode means
and said microchannel electron multiplier means.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said anode resistive means and
said cathode resistive means form a voltage divider when said anode
intercepts substantial electron image current emitted from said
photocathode means, and said cathode resistive means being
substantially more resistive than said anopde resistive means.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the resistances of said cathode
resistive means and said anode resistive means are proportioned
such that the ratio of the anode resistance R.sub.a to the cathode
resistance R.sub.c is approximately equal to or within 50% greater
than the ratio of the anode source potential V.sub.a to the cathode
source potential V.sub.c.
Description
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Heretofore, it has beenn proposed to build a light image
intensifier tube employing a microchannel electron multiplier to
provide increased gain for the image intensifier tube. More
particularly, the tube comprised aa photocathode disposed at the
input end of the tube for receiving a photon image and for
converting same into an electron image which was emitted into the
tube. A cathode luminescent (fluorescent) screen was provided at
the output end of the tube to receive the electron image and to
convert same into a light or photon image for viewing or use. An
anode was disposed adjacent the photocathode for accelerating the
electron images and for focusing the accelerated electron images
upon the input face of a microchannel electron multiplier plate.
The electron multiplier plate multiplied the electron current of
the electron images and the output electron images of the
multiplier were directed onto the output fluorescent screen. A
distortion corrector electrode was interposed between the anode and
the microchannel electron multiplier for correcting pin cushion
type distortion in the electron image as focused on the
microchannel electron multiplier. The potentials supplied to the
photocathode, anode, and distortion corrector electrode were all
referenced to the potential of the microchannel electron multiplier
such that variations in the potential applied across the
multichannel multiplier did not result in variations in the
electron optics causing unwanted changes in the magnification of
the tube.
The problem with this prior art image intensifier tube was that
positive ions produced near the output end of the microchannel
electron multiplier, due to electron-residual gas collisions, could
flow back to the photocathode through the anode to produce
localized secondary electron emission from the photocathode which
contributed to the electon image as a spot of increased electron
density and as focused upon the output screen manifested itself as
a spurious bright spot in the output image. Therefore, it is
desired to provide means for preventing the flow of positive ions,
at low input light levels, from the multichannel electron
multiplier to the photocathode.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The principal object of the present invention is the provision of
an improved image intensifier tube employing a microchannel
electron multiplier.
In one feature of the present invention, a positive bias potential
is applied, at low input light levels, to the anode relative to the
potential applied to the microchannel multiplier plate such that
positive ions created in the microchannel multiplier plate cannot
flow to the photocathode through the anode, whereby bright spots
are eliminated in the output image of the intensifier tube.
In another feature of the present invention, the potential
suppliied to the photocathode and anode are referenced to the
potential applied to the microchannel electron multiplier plate and
voltage divider resistors are provided between the photocathode and
the microchannel multiplier and between the anode and the
microchannel multiplier. These resistors are proportioned such that
as the anode intercepts substantial electron current drawn from the
photocathode at high input light levels, the potentials are dropped
across said voltage dividing resistors in such a manner that as the
negative photocathode bias potential is reduced, the positive
potential applied to the anode is reduced to a negative value
relative to the microchannel plate multiplier such that the
electron image current to the microchannel multiplier is not cut
off at high input light levels.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become
apparent upoon a perusal of the following specification taken in
connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view, partly in block
diagram form, of an image intensifier tube incorporating features
of the present invention,
FIG. 2 is a plot of voltage V vs. longitudinal distance along the
axis of the tube of FIG. 1 depicting the potential profile of the
tube and how it varies with changing input light intensity, and
FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic circuit diagram for the anode and
the cathode bias circuits of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown an image intensifier tube 1
incorporating features of the present invention. The tube 1
includes an evacuated tubular envelope 2, as of glass or ceramic,
closed at its input end via an optically transparent electrode, not
shown, deposited upon the curved face 4. A photocathode 5 is
deposited over the transparent electrode. An anode electrode 6 is
disposed adjacent the photocathode 5 and includes a spherically
convex face 7 facing the photocathode 5 with a small central
aperture 8 disposed on the axial center line of the tube 2.
The photon image to be intensified passes through the transparent
input plate 3 and transparent electrode to the photocathode 5
wherein the photons are absorbed and converted into an electron
image emitted from the photocathode 5 into the evacuated tube 2.
The emitted electron image is accelerated and focused through the
central aperture 8 of the anode 6 onto the input face 9 of a
microchannel electron multiplier plate 11 for multiplying the
electron current of the electron image. The electron output image
of the microchannel electron multiplier 11 is accelerated and
directed through an electron permeable metallic film, not shown,
deposited overlaying an output fluorescent screen 12 of a cathode
luminescent material which in-turn is deposited upon the internal
face of an optically transparent end plate 13, as of glass, sealed
in a gas tight manner across the output end of the envelope 2.
A hollow cylindrical distortion corrector electrode 14 is
interposed, along the beam path, between the anode 6 and the input
face 9 to the microchannel electron multiplier plate 11 for
correcting the electron image to remove undesired "pin cushion"
type distortion.
The multiplir plate 11 includes a pair of electrodes disposed on
opposite faces 9 and 15 of the multiplier plate 11. A source of
potential V.sub.m, as of 700 to 1,000 volts, is applied across the
electrodes 9 and 15 of the multiplier 11 for variably adjusting the
gain of the multiplier plate 11. The output electrode of the
multiplier 15 is grounded and the potentials applied to the
distortion corrector electrode 14, anode 6, and photocathode 5 are
all referenced to the potential applied to the input face 9 of the
multichannel electron multiplier 11. More particularly, a source of
cathode potential V.sub.c, as of -4,000 volts, is applied between
input face 9 and the photocathode 5 via the intermediary of a
cathode bias resistor R.sub.c, as of 7.times.10.sup.9 .OMEGA..
A negative potential is applied to the distortion correction
electrode 14 as derived from the cathode potential at point C via
the intermediary of a pair of voltage divider resistors R.sub.d1
and R.sub.d2 to provide approximately 0.9 of the cathode potential
to the distortion corrector electrode 14.
The anode 6 is supplied with bias potential relative to the input
electrode 9 of the microchannel plate 11 via the intermediary of a
low reverse leakage, as of 0.1.mu.A, Zener diode 19 and Zener
biasing resistor 21, as of 10.sup.8 .OMEGA., connected across the
microchannel plate 11 between electrodes 9 and 15. The Zener diode
19 is selected to provide a regulated voltage thereacross, as of
800 volts, which is derived from node 22 and fed via anode bias
resistor R.sub.a, as of 2 .times. 10.sup.9 .OMEGA., to the anode 6.
A final accelerating potential V.sub.0, as of 4,000 volts, is
applied to the output screen 12 relative to the output face 15 of
the microchannel plate 11.
Referring now to FIG. 2 there is shown, by solid line 25, the low
input light level potential profile for the image intensifier tube
1. From profile curve 25 it is seen that the anode 6 is biased
approximately 800 volts positive with respect to the input face 9
of the microchannel plate 11. This positive potential applied to
the anode 6 relative to the microchannel plate input face 9
prevents positive ions, as indicated by 26, which are generated
near the output of the microchannel plate at potential energies of
approximately one-half to two-third of the microchannel plate
voltage V.sub.m (800 volts), from flowing baack along the path of
the electron images through the anode opening 8 to the photocathode
5. The positive ions are thus trapped between the anode opening 8
and the input face 9 of the microchannel plate 11. Thus, in this
manner, bright spots are eliminated in the output light image
obtained from the fluorescent screen 12. The positive anode bias
V.sub.a applied to the anode 6 and as derived across Zener diode 19
should preferably have a potential greater than one-half the
potential applied across the microchannel electron multiplier plate
11. By use of a regulated anode bias voltage V.sub.a referenced to
the input voltage of the microchannel plate 11, changes in the
microchannel plate voltage V.sub.m above that of its regulated
voltage V.sub.a do not produce variation in the magnification of
its tube.
In the low input light intensity operating regime of the image
intensifier tube 1, a negligible amount of the electron image
current is intercepted by the anode 6 and, thus, the effective
photocathode to anode resistance R.sub.ca is very high, i.e., much
higher than the sum of the resistance of the cathode bias resistor
R.sub.c and the anode bias resistor R.sub.a such that the entire
anode bias potential V.sub.a is applied to the anode 6.
However, in the high input light intensity regime, a substantial
amount of electron image current emitted from the photocathode 5 is
intercepted on the anode 6 such that the effective resistance
R.sub.ca of the beam between the photocathode 5 and the anode 6 is
small compared to the resistance of the bias resistors R.sub.c and
R.sub.a. In this regime, bias resistors R.sub.a and R.sub.c form a
voltage divider network, as shown in FIG. 3, for dividing the
potentials V.sub.a and V.sub.c such that the negative cathode
potential is decreased from -4,000 volts to approximately -200
volts with respect to the input of the microchannel plate, and the
anode potential is decreased from +800 volts to approximately -200
volts with respect to the input of the microchannel plate. The
small but finite resistance R.sub.ca between the cathode 5 and the
anode 6 causes the anode always to be slightly more positive than
the cathode potential. By reducing the anode potential to a
potential slightly negative with respect to the microchannel input
potential the electron image will not be cut off because the
cathode potential will thus always be negative with respect to the
microchannel input face 9.
The resistors R.sub.a and R.sub.c are proportioned such that the
ratio R.sub.a to R.sub.c is equal to or preferably within 50%
greaater than the ratio of the source potentials V.sub.a to
V.sub.c. In other words, R.sub.a /R.sub.c .gtoreq. V.sub.a /V.sub.c
. Thus, in the high input light intensity regime, the ion trapping
potential V.sub.a applied to the anode is overcome by negative
potential derived via the voltage divider network of resistors
R.sub.a and R.sub.c and source V.sub.c, thereby eliminating the ion
trapping effect in the high current regime. However, in the high
current regime, the electron image signal current is so high that
the amount of noise current contributed by ions is negligible and
therefore not troublesome.
The advantage to the image intensifier tube of FIG. 1 is that the
magnification does not change for variations in the potential
across the microchannel plate. Ion produced bright spots in the
output photon image are automatically eliminated over the operating
range of the tube from low input light intensity to high input
light intensity. Also, the image is not cut off at high input light
intensities and a separate power supply for deriving the ion
trapping potential V.sub.a is not required as this potential is
derived from the microchannel voltage V.sub.m via the Zener diode
19.
* * * * *