U.S. patent number 3,865,274 [Application Number 05/336,280] was granted by the patent office on 1975-02-11 for liquid dispensing apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Becton, Dickinson and Company. Invention is credited to Roger A. Chevalaz, Charles F. Galanaugh, Joseph N. Genese, Harry M. Kennard, Edward J. Rapoza, John A. Smith.
United States Patent |
3,865,274 |
Genese , et al. |
February 11, 1975 |
LIQUID DISPENSING APPARATUS
Abstract
A liquid dispensing apparatus for use in performing the Coombs
anti-globulin test. The Coombs injecting mechanism includes a
removable cartridge containing the serum. The cartridge comprises a
tubular barrel which is closed at its forward end by a nozzle and
at its rear end by a cylindrical piston positioned within the bore
of the barrel. The mechanism further includes a plunger for driving
the piston into the bore of the barrel to dispense the liquid from
the forward nozzle downwardly into a vial upon demand from a Coombs
blood test machine associated therewith. This is a division, of
application Ser. No. 160,868, filed July 8, 1971 now U.S. Pat. No.
3,785,533.
Inventors: |
Genese; Joseph N. (Paterson,
NJ), Rapoza; Edward J. (Butler, NJ), Galanaugh; Charles
F. (Butler, NJ), Kennard; Harry M. (Chester, NJ),
Chevalaz; Roger A. (Rockaway, NJ), Smith; John A. (East
Orange, NJ) |
Assignee: |
Becton, Dickinson and Company
(East Rutherford, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
27488055 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/336,280 |
Filed: |
February 27, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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160868 |
Jul 8, 1971 |
3785533 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
222/37; 222/390;
604/155; 222/41; 604/407; 422/921 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B04B
5/0421 (20130101); B01L 3/0206 (20130101); B04B
5/0414 (20130101); B01L 3/0293 (20130101); B04B
5/04 (20130101); G01N 35/025 (20130101); B04B
2011/046 (20130101); G01N 2035/00495 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B04B
5/04 (20060101); B04B 5/00 (20060101); B01L
11/00 (20060101); B01L 3/02 (20060101); G01N
35/02 (20060101); G01N 35/00 (20060101); G01f
011/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;222/37,41,46,63,390
;128/218A ;192/141,142R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Reeves; Robert B.
Assistant Examiner: Kocovsky; Thomas E.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kane, Dalsimer, Kane, Sullivan and
Kurucz
Claims
We claim:
1. A liquid dispensing apparatus comprising:
a cartridge adapted to retain a quantity of liquid, said cartridge
comprising a tubular barrel closed at one end by a nozzle and at
the opposite end by a cylindrical piston, said cylindrical piston
being positioned within the bore of said tubular barrel and having
an external diameteradapted to sealingly engage the interior
cylindrical surface of said bore,
a holding frame for mounting said cartridge with said nozzle
directed downwardly, same frame further mounting an axially movable
plunger having a forward end adapted to engage the outer wall of
said cylindrical piston,
and means for axially advancing said plunger a predetermined
distance whereby said piston is axially advanced into the bore of
said tubular barrel and a predetermined quantity of said liquid is
ejected through said nozzle,
means for initially advancing said plunger into engagement with the
outer wall of said cylinder plug,
said initial advance means comprising a control rod disposed
coaxially within said plunger,
said control rod being axially movable within said plunger and
being normally disposed to extend a short distance beyond said
forward end of said plunger,
switch means at the rear end of said plunger operatively connected
to said control rod to detect rearward movement of said control rod
in relation to said plunger, and
said switch means acting to terminate said initial advance means
when said control rod contacts the outside wall of said piston.
2. The liquid dispensing apparatus as defined in claim 1 further
including means to indicate the amount of liquid remaining in said
cartridge, said indicator means comprising an abutment surface
positioned on said plunger intermediate the ends thereof and a cam
follower mounted on said frame and adapted to be contacted by said
abutment surface during the advance of said plunger into said
tubular barrel, said cam follower being operatively connected to an
external signal means.
Description
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an apparatus for automatically
performing various test operations on a fluid sample. In
particular, the apparatus of the present invention is designed to
automatically perform the Coombs antiglobulin test.
In the Coombs test as presently performed, a technician initially
places a sample of red blood cells to be tested in a vial. A
relatively large amount of saline is then added to form a
homogeneous mixture, and the vial containing this mixture is placed
in a centrifuge where it is spun at approximately 1,100-1,300 RCF
(relative centrifugal force, or G's) for about 1 minute.
Centrifugation causes the red cells to be washed through the saline
to form a "button" of cells at the bottom of the vial. Next, the
saline is removed from the vial by decanting, the button of red
cells remaining at the bottom of the vial. This completes the
washing cycle which is normally conducted 3 times. After the three
wash cycles, approximately two drops of Coombs serum are added to
the cells. This mixture is agitated by manually shaking the vial to
mix the cells with the serum, and then centrifuged at approximately
1000 RCF for about 15 seconds. To analyze the results, the
technician removes the vial from the centrifuge and visually
determines whether agglutination has occurred. If so, the test is
considered to be positive, indicating incompatible antibodies on
the patient's red cells.
It will be apparent from the above description that the Coombs test
as presently performed is a time-consuming operation. In addition,
modern blood banks require that a great number of these tests be
continuously conducted to determine the compatibility of blood
samples from different individuals. These factors combine to create
a problem not only in obtaining the necessary number of highly
trained personnel to conduct the tests, but also in insuring
accurate test results. A false determination could have fatal
consequences, and could easily result from an inaccurate
measurement of one of the reagents or from an inexact timing of a
particular operation in the sequence.
Among the several other objects and advantages of the present
invention are the following:
1. The provision of an apparatus capable of controlling and
standardizing the several important variables inherent in the
manual Coombs test procedure, as for example, the quantity of
saline used in each wash cycle, the quantity of Coombs serum added
to each vial, and the centrifugation speed and time.
2. The provision of a fill system for both the saline and Coombs
serum, including a photoelectric detection system whereby the fluid
is automatically dispensed only into the vials positioned in the
apparatus.
3. The provision of a cartridge for both transporting and
dispensing the Coombs serum, the cartridge being adapted to be
mounted in the Coombs fill system without having to transfer the
serum to a separate container first.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of the basic components of
the apparatus of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary sectional elevation view of the head
assembly portion thereof;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary front elevation view thereof;
FIG. 4 is a top plan view thereof;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary top plan view of a portion of the apparatus
of the invention including the drive assembly;
FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the Coombs injection assembly portion
of the apparatus of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a partially sectional side elevation view of the Coombs
injection assembly portion;
FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of a cartridge utilized with
the apparatus of this invention;
FIG. 9 is a sectional side elevation view thereof with the
cartridge in an assembled form for use;
FIG. 10 is an end plan view of the cartridge of the apparatus of
the invention;
FIG. 11 is a side elevation view of the cartridge in assembled form
for use with the remainder of the apparatus; and
FIG. 12 is a side elevation view of the cartridge in condition for
shipping prior to its assembly for use with the apparatus of this
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
General Description of Overall Apparatus
The various components of the present invention are illustrated
schematically in FIG. 1. Generally, the apparatus comprises a
circular turntable or head 10 mounted for rotation on a vertical
shaft 12 which extends through the stationary base 14 and which is
coaxially secured to the shaft 18 of the main motor 20. The head 10
is frictionally mounted on the tapered end 12' of the shaft 12 and
is secured thereto by the knurled head retaining screw 19. Thus,
the head 10 rotates with the shaft 12. A conventional one-way
clutch bearing 16 is frictionally mounted about the shaft 12 such
that its internal race rotates with the shaft. The external race of
the bearing is secured to the base 14 and thus remains stationary.
By this arrangement, it will be apparent that the head 10 is free
to rotate only in one direction.
The opposite end of the main motor shaft 18 mounts an engagement
wheel 22. The wheel 22 is adapted to be selectively connected to an
index wheel 24 across a pivoting idler 25. The index wheel 24 is
connected to the drive shaft of the index motor 26.
The head assembly of the apparatus includes the head 10 which
supports a plurality of trunnions 30 pivotally mounted about the
pins 31 for rotation about an axis which forms a chord to the upper
surface of the head. Each trunnion mounts a magnetic insert 32
which is positioned immediately opposite a magnetic pole ring 33
positioned coaxially beneath the base 14. Each trunnion also
includes a plurality of individual flags 34 and is adapted to
removably receive a tube carrier 36. Each carrier 36 is in turn
adapted to receive a number of test tubes or vials 38. A windage
bowl 40 encloses the bottom and sides of the entire head
assembly.
The saline fill assembly is designated generally at 42 in the
drawings and includes a discharge tube 43 leading to a nozzle 44
(FIG. 2). The saline assembly is adapted to periodically inject
saline downwardly from the nozzle 44 into a tube 38 which is
positioned in the tube carrier 36 on the head.
The Coombs serum injection assembly is designated generally at 46
and includes a plunger 47, a serum-filled cartridge 48 having a
nozzle 49, a cartridge holding frame 50, and an injection motor 51
for driving the plunger 47. To detect the presence of a tube 38 on
the rotating head of the apparatus, a photocell is mounted at 53
immediately adjacent the injection nozzles 44 and 49. The photocell
is adapted to monitor the light beam 54 emanating from the bulb 55.
As will be more fully described hereinafter, the presence of a tube
38 in its tube carrier causes the assorted flag 34 to interrupt the
light beam 54 as the head is rotated past the holding frame 50 for
the saline and Coombs injection nozzles. The interruption of the
light beam actuates either the saline fill system or the Coombs
injection system.
The outer cabinet of the apparatus is generally indicated at 60 in
FIG. 3. The cabinet includes a rectangular box-like framework which
is covered by suitable panels to enclose the working components of
the machine. The upper portion of the cabinet includes a sliding
glass or plastic lid 61 which is designed to permit entry to the
head and injection assemblies when opened, and to protect the
technician when closed during the operation of the device. If
desired, a suitable switch (not shown) may be provided whereby the
machine will operate only when the lid is closed.
A control panel 62 is mounted on the front of the cabinet as best
seen in FIG. 3. The control panel includes an on-off switch 63
which controls the power to the machine. A green power indicator
light is mounted at 64 and is lighted whenever the power switch is
on. A start button and indicator light is mounted at 65 which, when
actuated, starts the automatic cycle and lights green when the
cycle is in progress. A stop button and red indicator light 66
stops the machine at any time during the cycle and lights red when
the machine is stopped or the lid is open. A 500 RCF spin button 67
starts an independent intermediate spin as will be described
hereinafter. A low indicator light is mounted at 68 and lights
amber when the Coombs cartridge 48 is low on serum. An empty
indicator light is mounted at 69 and lights red when the Coombs
cartridge is empty. Fill, spin, and decant indicator lights are
mounted at 70, 71 and 72, respectively. These lights are lighted
when these points in the automatic wash cycle are reached. The
programmer 73 is connected to the main timer of the apparatus and
indicates which stage has been reached in the cycle. It can be
turned to select any of the three wash cycles.
The entire head assembly is surrounded by a windage bowl 40 which
may be fabricated from any suitable plastic or similar material.
The lower wall of the bowl includes an aperture 108 having a glass
lens mounted at 109. From FIG. 2, it will be apparent that the
aperture 108 is designed to permit the light beam 54 emanating from
the bulb 55 to reach the photocell at 53. The bowl 40 further
includes a drain (not shown) positioned at the intersection of the
bottom and side walls.
HEAD ASSEMBLY
Referring more specifically to the structural components of the
embodiment of the invention illustrated herein, the head assembly
thereof is illustrated in detail in FIGS. 2-4. This assembly
includes the head 10 which is mounted for rotation upon the shaft
12 which is coaxially secured to the rotor 18 of the reversible
main motor 20. The shaft 12 extends through the fixed base member
14 and includes a tapered end 12' to receive a correspondingly
tapered bore in the hub of the head 10. A knurled head retaining
screw 19 is coaxially inserted into the shaft 12 to retain the
positioning of the head on the shaft 12, note FIG. 3.
The one-way clutch bearing 16 has its internal bearing surface
frictionally engaged by the shaft 12, and its external surface is
secured to the fixed base 14. By this arrangement, the head may be
rotated only in one direction, that being counterclockwise in the
illustrated embodiment. This feature is utilized in conjunction
with the braking operation which occurs at the termination of the
centrifuging operations. In particular, reversal of the polarity of
the motor 20 while the head is rapidly rotating creates a
resistance to continued rotation. When the head completely stops,
rotation in the opposite direction is precluded by the bearing
16.
The outer periphery of the head 10 includes four trunnion mounting
stations, each defined by a pair of outwardly extending parallel
lugs 75. The two lugs at each station include aligned openings 76
(FIG. 1) therethrough which define a chord line along the periphery
of the head. The openings 76 are adapted to receive the mounting
pins 31 for the trunnion 30, whereby the trunnion is rotatably
mounted about the axis formed between the two openings 76.
DRIVE ASSEMBLY
The drive assembly for the head 10 is illustrated in detail in
FIGS. 3 and 5. This assembly includes the reversible motor 20 which
drives the head 10 during the centrifuging and decanting operations
and the index motor 26 which drives the head during the saline and
Coombs injection operations.
The lower end of the rotor 18 to the motor 20 mounts the engagement
wheel 22. Interposed between the motor 20 and wheel 22, is a
conventional centrifugal spaced control governor 110 for the motor,
the function of which will be mentioned hereinafter. The wheel 22
permits the head 10 to be operatively connected to the index motor
26 across the index wheel 24 and idler 25 during the saline fill
and Coombs injection operations. In the disclosed embodiment, the
motor 26 is designed to rotate at approximately 1 RPM and, by
reason of the relative sizes of the wheels 22 and 24, it drives the
head 10 at a slightly greater speed.
To control the injection systems during indexing of the head 10, a
series of cam operated switches 112-114 are positioned about the
periphery of the index wheel 24. These switches are adapted to ride
on the coaxially disposed cam wheel 116 and be actuated upon
engagement with the cam 117. It will be noted that the index wheel
24 also has a cam 118 on its outer periphery, the cam 118 being
adapted to disengage the idler 25 from the engagement wheel 22.
At the initiation of the indexing operation, the index wheel cam
118 will have lifted the idler 25 from the engagement wheel 22 to
the position shown in dotted lines, and the switch 112 will be
tripped by the cam 117. The switch 112 acts as a safety feature in
that centrifugation can only occur if it is tripped (indicating
that the idler 25 is disengaged from the wheel 22), and thus there
is no chance that the wheel 24 will be rotated during
contrifugation. During initial rotation of the index wheel 24 in a
clockwise direction as seen in FIG. 5, the idler 25 will be pulled
into operative engagement with the two wheels by the spring 120
which is connected to the fixed frame member 122. The idler 25
preferably comprises two coaxially mounted hard rubber wheels to
insure maximum frictional engagement.
After rotation of approximately 30.degree., the cam 117 engages the
switch 113 which arms both the saline fill and Coombs injection
systems. Since there may well be some initial slippage across the
rubber idler wheels, a 30.degree. idle is built into the system by
this arrangement.
After arming of the injection systems, the photoelectric system
begins to search for a horizontal flag indicating the presence of a
vial 38 in the carrier 36. When the light beam 54 is interrupted by
the presence of a horizontal flag arm, the index motor 26 is
stopped and the appropriate injection cycle actuated. Upon
completion of the injection, the index motor is started to continue
the operation. This searching operation continues until the wheel
22 has completed a 360.degree. revolution, at which time the cam
117 actuates the injection disarming switch 114. By design, the
circumferential distance along the wheel 24 between the switches
113 and 114 is exactly equal to the circumference of the engagement
wheel 22. Thus the injection systems are armed for exactly one
revolution of the head 10. After disarming, the index wheel 24
continues to rotate until the switch 112 is again tripped by the
cam 117 to enable subsequent centrifugation. At this point, the
idler 25 is lifted from the engagement wheel 22 by the cam 118 such
that the index wheel 24 will not be rotated during the subsequent
centrifugation and decanting operations.
COOMBS INJECTION ASSEMBLY
The Coombs injection assembly 46 is illustrated in FIGS. 6-11 and
includes the cartridge 48 which contains a measured amount of the
serum. Typically, the cartridge contains 9 ml (milliliters) of the
serum, which is sufficient for 100 tests, i.e., 0.09 ml per test.
The cartridge 48 is designed to be disposable after use, and serves
not only as the transfer vessel for the serum from the
manufacturer, but also as an accurate dispensing mechanism when it
is coupled with the remaining portion of the injection assembly
46.
As best seen in FIGS. 8-11 the cartridge 48 comprises a tubular
glass barrel 150 having a dimensionally controlled internal
diameter. The external surface may, if desired, be graduated as at
151 to indicate the number of doses remaining. The forward end of
the barrel includes a threaded neck portion 152 which is designed
to be sealed during shipment by a separate closure cap 153 (FIG.
12) in the conventional manner. The rear end of the barrel is
closed by a hard rubber cylindrical piston 154 which may include a
circumferential resilient rubber sealing ring 155.
To prepare the cartridge for use, the closure cap 153 is removed
and the nozzle 49 inserted into the open neck of the barrel. The
nozzle 49 may be fabricated from a similar hard rubber material,
and includes an enlarged diameter plug portion 157 which is
somewhat less in diameter than the internal diameter of the barrel
neck 152. The plug portion 157 of the nozzle is designed to take up
the ullage in the cartridge and thereby prevents the subsequent
ejection of air. Intermediate the ends of the nozzle is a circular
flange 158 which is adapted to overlie the open neck end of the
barrel, see FIG. 18. When the cap 160, which has an opening through
its bottom wall to receive the outer portion of the nozzle, is
tightly threaded onto the neck, the flange 158 provides a sealing
engagement between the two members. The forward end of the nozzle
49 includes a flattened guide portion 161 which is adapted to
facilitate mounting of the cartridge as will thereinafter be
further described.
It will be appreciated that the nozzle 49 includes a small diameter
bore 162 therethrough which terminates in the conically shaped
nipple 163. The conical shape of the nipple tends to reduce the
tendency of the serum to form a droplet at the discharge end. Since
a very small amount of serum is used in each test, the formation of
such a droplet could significantly affect the amount of serum being
discharged.
The sealed cap is used for storage and shipment of the cartridge,
while the nozzle is used when injection of the serum is to be
performed. Other external features of the cartridge are apparent.
One is that it has graduations on its exterior which provide a
continuous measure of the number of drops of serum remaining in the
cartridge. Another external feature is that the nozzle is provided
with a key precisely made to properly position the cartridge in the
Coombs machine when the key is engaged in the machine's keyway. The
operation and structure of these features are readily apparent from
the description of the cartridge included herein. This is
particularly true in regard to the proper positioning of the
cartridge within the remainder of the apparatus.
It should also be kept in mind that all of the surfaces which
contact the serum are constructed of material which has
demonstrated compatibility with the serum. Furthermore, the nozzle
incorporates a cylindrical section to take up space in the neck
portion of the glass cylinder so that no serum is wasted when the
piston is in the empty position. Additionally, the nozzle and
plunger are shaped to permit priming of the cartridge prior to use
and to minimize unusable serum. Also, it should be noted that the
nozzle exit is angled slightly with respect to a perpendicular with
the cartridge center line. Hence, when the cartridge is mounted in
the machine with its center line horizontal, the nozzle injection
stream is not vertical. This feature, together with the use of a
proper internal pressure in the cartridge, is used to "shoot" the
serum at a non-vertical angle. In this way, a number of injections
may be injected into the same tube if it is so desired.
The sealing ring provided on the piston also provides a specific
function in addition to its normal use of providing a seal. The
additional function of note is to compensate for temperature
(differential expansion) effects over the operating temperature
range. This is important for if the friction were allowed to vary
greatly, the internal pressure generated by the piston would vary
and, in addition, a piston positioned-sensing switch in the machine
could be adversely affected.
It should also be noted that the sealing ring is a Quad
(quadrangular) ring rather than an O-ring to provide a better "zero
pressure seal". Furthermore by providing the sealing ring on a
reduced forward portion of the plunger, the seal area is free from
parting lines and sealing is accomplished on smoother surfaces.
Also, by providing pressure on the sealing in one direction only,
when the plunger motion is reversed the Quad ring tends to come off
the plunger. This will reduce the tendency to rinse the cartridges
which is undesirable since they are disposable and should not be
reversed.
Additionally, utilizing the Quad ring rather than an O-ring,
provides better low ambient pressure resistance. Since the Quad
will not roll like an O-ring, it resists backward motion which can
be caused by elevated temperatures and/or exposure to high altitude
pressure. (In both instances the pressure inside the cartridges
will exceed the external pressure.)
It is readily apparent from the description of the cartridge that
it will serve a dual function. It is a container for shipment of
serum, within which serum is stored and shipped, and then later
becomes an automatic dispenser for the contents. The cartridge
assembly is therefore a convenient vehicle which minimizes
unnecessary handling or providing an accurate means for dispensing
its contents.
To complete the description of the Coombs assembly 46, reference is
made to FIGS. 6-7. The assembly is mounted on a fixed frame 166
which includes a front horizontal holder or platform. The forward
end of the holder mounts both the nozzle 44 of the saline assembly
42 and the cartridge 48 as best seen in FIGS. 2 and 6. The nozzle
49 of the cartridge is positioned closely adjacent the nozzle 44,
with both being directed downwardly through the opening 168 which
is positioned above the individual vials 38 on the turntable 10.
The forward end of the holder further includes an abutment member
169 which is designed to limit the forward movement of the
cartridge 48 when it is operatively positioned thereon. The
abutment member 169 includes a vertically directed slot 170 to
receive the flattened portion 161 of the nozzle 49 and thereby
prevent lateral and rotational movement of the cartridge. Also, a
longitudinal channel 171 in the holder is designed to partially
receive the cartridge and thereby to facilitate retention of the
cartridge in its proper position.
A second opening 172 through the forward end of the channel is
positioned radially inwardly from the opening 168. This second
opening 172 is designed to mount a photocell 53 in a suitable
retainer which is received in the channel 171. By design, the
photocell 53 is positioned to monitor the light beam 54 emanating
from the bulb 55.
To discharge the serum from the cartridge, the plunger 47 is
mounted for axial movement against the rear wall of the piston.
Thus movement of the plunger 47 drives the piston 154 into the
barrel 150 to forcibly eject the serum through the nozzle 49 and
into the underlying vial 38. The forward portion of the plunger is
externally threaded, with the threads being engaged by the drive
nut 175. The nut, which is rotatably driven by the gear 176, is
keyed to the frame to prevent its axial movement. Thus, rotation of
the nut 175 causes the plunger 47 to either advance or retract.
The gear 176 meshes with the gear 177 which is connected to the
injection motor 51. By this arrangement, rotation of the motor
causes the rotation of the gears 176 and 177 and nut 175, and thus
the advance of the plunger 47. Rotation of the motor 51 in the
opposite direction will cause the plunger to retract.
To accurately control the forward movement of the plunger, and thus
the amount of serum ejected from the nozzle 49, a pair of cams 180
and 181 are mounted for rotation with the gear 176 and nut 175. In
the particular embodiment of the assembly described herein, the
gear and nut are designed to rotate one quarter turn per dosage of
Coombs serum. Thus a stop signal to the motor 51 is required after
the plunger has been advanced by a quarter turn of the nut. To
provide this function, the forward cam 180 includes four equally
spaced bumps which are designed to actuate the switch 183. The
second coaxially mounted four bump cam 181 is positioned to actuate
the override switch 184 for the purpose described in the following
paragraph.
Describing the sequence of operations during the Coombs injection
mode, the turntable is slowly rotated by the index motor 26.
Whenever the photocell 53 senses a horizontal flag, a signal is
sent by conventional circuitry from the photocell circuit to stop
the index motor 26 and start the Coombs injection motor 51 which
rotates the nut 175 to advance the plunger 47. Rotation of the nut
175 for a quarter turn discharges the desired amount of serum into
the underlying vial 38, at which time the switch 183 stops the
motor 51. Concurrently, the switch 184 overrides the photocell
circuit to reactivate the index motor 26. This cycle is repeated
whenever a vial is present on the turntable.
The rear portion of the Coombs assembly includes a fixed horizontal
platform 186 having a slot 187 running immediately below the rear
portion of the plunger. The plunger includes a downwardly extending
fin 188 which is adapted to ride in the slot to thereby prevent the
rotation of the plunger.
The opposite sides of the rear portion of the plunger include cam
surfaces 190 and 191 which terminate in abutments 192 and 193
respectively, note FIG. 6. A switch 194 is associated with the
surface 190 and is actuated when its arm engages the abutment 192.
Similarly, the switch 195 is actuated when its arm engages abutment
193. It will thus be apparent that as the plunger advances into the
cartridge, switch 194 will first be actuated and switch 195 will
subsequently be actuated. By design, these switches indicates when
the cartridge is low on serum (e.g., less than 25 doses remaining)
and when the cartridge is empty, respectively. The switch 194
controls the low signal lamp 68 on the control panel and the switch
195 controls the empty signal lamp 69.
After the cartridge has been initially placed on the assembly 46,
it is desirable that the plunger be rapidly advanced until it
engages the rear wall of the cartridge piston 154. Also, it is
desirable that an automatic stop for the plunger advance be
provided when contact with the piston is made. For this purpose, a
rapid advance switch (not shown) is placed on the cabinet of the
apparatus to independently actuate the injection motor 51 and
thereby advance the plunger, the advance in this case being
independent of the stop switch 183. In addition, a push rod 198 is
positioned in a central bore extending through the length of the
plunger 47. As indicated in FIG. 16, the rod 198 is normally biased
to protrude a short distance ahead of the forward end of the
plunger. A switch 199, which is mounted to ride on the rear end of
the plunger, is actuated whenever the rod 198 is depressed into the
plunger. Thus during operation of the rapid advance, the plunger
advances until the rod contacts the rear wall of the piston 154. By
design, the switch 199 is actuated just as the forward tip of the
plunger 47 comes into engagement with the wall of the piston. The
switch 199 overrides the rapid advance switch and terminates
rotation of the motor 51.
For rapid retraction of the plunger, a retraction switch (not
shown) is also placed on the cabinet to independently actuate the
injection motor 51 in the reverse direction. A switch 200, which is
mounted to the fixed platform 186, is adapted to be actuated by the
plunger when it reaches its point of maximum retraction. Switch 200
similarly overrides the retraction switch to stop the injection
motor 51.
Also associated with the Coombs injection system is a priming
switch (not shown) which is mounted on the external cabinet of the
apparatus. The priming switch, when actuated, cycles the injection
system once and thus is effective to discharge one dose of serum
from the nozzle. By cycling the system 1 or 2 times after the
plunger 47 has contacted the piston 154, the technician will have
complete assurance that no air is in the system and that subsequent
ejections will contain the proper amount of serum.
OPERATION OF THE APPARATUS
To initially prepare the apparatus of the present invention to run
a Coombs test, the saline supply container is first connected to
the tube 125 leading to the saline fill apparatus. The saline fill
system should then be primed by actuation of the priming switch a
number of times until all of the air is expelled.
Next, the drainage port in the windage bowl 40 is connected via the
external connection 204 to a catch bottle (not shown). Since
drainage the bowl depends on gravity, the catch bottle should be
positioned below the windage bowl.
The cartridge 48 is next positioned on the holder 50 in the manner
shown in FIGS. 6-7. To rapidly advance the plunger into contact
with the cartridge piston, the rapid advance switch is closed to
energize the motor 51 and rotate the nut 175. When the contact with
the piston 154 is made, the push rod 198 actuates switch 199 to
terminate the advance operation before any serum is dispensed. It
will be seen that this arrangement facilitates the use of partially
filled or previously used cartridges. Thus whether the cartridge 48
is completely full or not, the plunger may be quickly brought into
engagement with the piston 154. To prime the system, the priming
switch is actuated a number of times until no air is discharged
from the nozzle.
While the head 10 may be removed from the shaft 12 by removing the
knurled head retaining screw 19, it will be assumed that the head
is properly positioned on the shaft and that the screw 19 is
securely hand tightened.
The apparatus is now ready for operation. To perform each test, a
measured amount of red blood cells is first manually placed in a
vial 38. This vial, together with up to five other vials, may be
placed in a single carrier. Since the apparatus described herein is
adapted to receive four carriers, it will be apparent that up to 24
tests may be conducted simultaneously on each run of the machine.
In the interest of maintaining balance of the device during
centrifugation, it is recommended that only an even number of vials
be placed on the head, with the vials being evenly spaced about the
periphery.
With the on-off switch 63 in the "on" position, the programer 73
(FIG. 3) is turned to a point at the start of the first wash cycle.
The start button 65 is then actuated to start the automatic cycle.
While the programmer 73 has not been described in detail herein, it
will be appreciated that it is of a conventional and well known
design, and that it is operative to sequentially initiate and
terminate the various operations of the apparatus. A programer of
this type may be purchased from the Cramer Division of the Conrac
Corporation, Elmsford, New York.
The programer 73 initially actuates the saline fill cycle. During
this cycle, the head 10 is slowly rotated in a counterclockwise
direction by the index motor 26. After actuation of the arming
switch 113 by the cam 117, each vial will automatically receive
approximately 3 ml of saline as it passes under the discharge
nozzle 44. More particularly, the vial 38 will have rotated the
associated flag to its horizontal position. As the flag breaks the
light beam 54, the photoelectric circuit acts to stop the motor 26
and actuate the solenoid 136 to discharge the proper amount of
saline into the vial. By reason of this unique sensing mechanism,
only those carrier positions with vials present will receive
saline. When the solenoid reaches the top of its stroke, the switch
138 is actuated which releases the solenoid and overrides the stop
signal from the photocell circuit to again start the index motor
26. It will be noted from FIG. 2 that the saline is forcibly
ejected from the nozzle 44 against the side of the vial. In view of
this fact, the entering saline will swirl and completely mix with
the blood cells in the vial.
When the fill cycle has been completed, the programer 73 initiates
the spin cycle. In the present embodiment, the head 10 is rotated
for approximately 93 seconds; 18 seconds to reach speed, 60 seconds
at 3200 RPM (approximately 1300 RCF) and 15 seconds for braking to
stop.
During centrifugation, the trunnions 30 are rotated to the
extending position C shown in FIG. 2 to assure retention of the
carriers and vials, as well as the contents of the vials. As
previously noted, braking is accomplished by reversing the polarity
of the motor 20.
When rotation of the head 10 stops, the electromagnetic coils 105
beneath the base 14 are actuated to pull the magnetic inserts 32 on
the trunnions toward the shaft 12 to position A. The usual angle of
centrifugation of the vials is thus reversed. The centifuge now
operates for 3 seconds at approximately 290 RPM, and due to the
reverse negative angle of the vials, the saline is thrown upwards
and out of the tube vials. However, the red blood cells remain. It
will be appreciated that the particular negative angle of decant
employed, as well as the speed and time of rotation, must be
closely interrelated to assure retention of a button of red blood
cells in the vials.
The above described wash cycle, comprising the saline injection,
spin and decanting, occurs automatically 3 times. At the
termination of the third wash cycle, the programer 73 initiates the
Coombs injection cycle. As in the wash cycle, the turntable 10 is
slowly rotated by the index motor 26. Whenever the photocell 53
senses a horizontal flag, a signal is sent to stop the index motor
26 and start the Coombs injection motor 51. The motor 51 rotates
the nut 175 for a quarter turn to discharge the desired amount of
serum into the underlying vial. At this point, the switch 183 stops
the motor 51 and the switch 184 overrides the photocell circuit to
reactivate the index motor 26. This cycle is repeated whenever a
vial is present on the turntable as the turntable rotates through
one complete revolution during which the system has been armed by
the switch 113 at the index wheel 24.
Both immediately before and when the Coombs fill cycle has been
completed, the electromagnetic coil 105 is pulsated such that the
trunnions 30 and vials 38 are alternately drawn to the pole ring 33
and then flipped back by the springs 90 and 91. This operation
insures complete mixing of the cells with the Coombs serum as well
as proper agitation before addition of the Coombs serum.
Next, the head 10 is centrifuged for an additional 90 seconds; 18
seconds to reach speed, 60 seconds at 1900 RPM (500 RCF) and 15
seconds braking to a stop. The entire test cycle is then completed,
and the final fluid in the vial is ready for subjective analysis by
the technician.
It will be recalled that the control panel 62 on the front of the
apparatus includes a pushbutton 67 designated 500 RCF spin.
Actuation of this button initiates a 500 RCF spin cycle which is
independent of the programer 73. This feature permits the apparatus
to be used for other blood bank centrifugation purposes, the cycle
of which is the same as the 500 RCF spin cycle in the automatic
Coombs procedure. In particular, the centrifuge will operate for 83
seconds; 18 seconds to reach speed, 60 seconds at 1900 RPM (500
RCF), followed by 5 seconds braking to stop.
It will also be apparent that in order to accurately perform the
Coombs test, suitable controls must be provided to accurately
govern the rotational speed of the main motor 20. In this regard,
it will be recalled that the motor initially rotates the head at a
speed of approximately 3200 RPM during the wash-spin cycle, at 1900
RPM during the Coombs spin cycle (as well as the independent 500
RCF cycle), and at 290 RPM during the decant spin. The centrifugal
speed governor 110, which is positioned immediately below the motor
20, is utilized in the particular embodiment shown to control, the
290 RPM speed. To control the speed at 1900 RPM, a conventional
transistorized speed control (not illustrated) is provided which
operates by controlling the power to the motor. The 3200 RPM speed
is the maximum speed of the motor and thus no control is
required.
* * * * *