U.S. patent number 3,863,027 [Application Number 05/118,720] was granted by the patent office on 1975-01-28 for hydrosonic diving communication amplifier system.
Invention is credited to Robert S. Acks.
United States Patent |
3,863,027 |
Acks |
January 28, 1975 |
Hydrosonic diving communication amplifier system
Abstract
Intelligible audio communications between a diver and a surface
boat, or from the occupant of a recompression chamber to the
outside, are ensured by interposing an electronic system between a
microphone and a speaker to block major portions of gas-flow noise
generated as the gas is transferred. A preamplifier stage is
electrically connected to the microphone, and a preamplifier filter
defines the passband of composite signals composed of gas-flow
noise and audio communications. An attenuation stage receives the
composite signals and further excludes signals lying outside the
composite signals' passband, and notches out high intensity
gas-flow noise concentrated at a particular noise frequency
predetermined by spectral analysis of the composite signal.
Necessarily, a portion of the audio communications, centered about
the noise frequency, is also blocked; however, the remainder is
sufficient to enable reconstruction of intelligible speed at an
interconnected speaker.
Inventors: |
Acks; Robert S. (San Diego,
CA) |
Family
ID: |
22380342 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/118,720 |
Filed: |
February 25, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
381/94.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04M
9/001 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04M
9/00 (20060101); H04m 009/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;179/1P,1D,1UW,1.2K
;333/76,81B,28T ;325/477 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Cooper; William C.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sciascia; Richard S. Johnston;
Ervin F. Keough; Thomas Glenn
Claims
1. In a diving system having gas-flow noise as gas is fed to a
diver, an improvement is provided for reducing the electronically
communicated level of said gas-flow noise from a microphone to a
remote speaker comprising:
means for preamplifying the composite signals composed of gas-flow
noise and audio communications coupled to said microphone;
means for filtering the preamplified composite signals coupled to
the preamplifying means to define a passband between 300 and 2,500
Hz;
a long conductor reaching from the filtering means tending to
distort the composite signal passband;
means for selectively varying the magnitude of said composite
signals coupled to said long conductor;
a bandpass filter section connected to the selectively varying
means and having the same lower and upper limits as the filtering
means for enhancing the lower and upper roll-off rates and to
reduce the transfer of distortion attributed to said long
conductor;
a band elimination notch filter section coupled to receive said
composite signals within said passband, being formed of discrete
components for attenuating a narrow-band concentration of said
gas-flow noise centered on a predetermined noise frequency along
with a narrow band portion of said audio communication while
passing signals representative of intelligible audio communications
to said speaker; and
means for amplifying the attenuated composite signal to pass the
signals representative of intelligible audio communications to said
speaker, the amplifying means being coupled between the notch
filter section and the
2. A system according to claim 1 further including:
means coupled to said amplifying means for reattenuating the
composite signal having substantially the same lower and upper
limits as said filtering means and the bandpass filter for further
enhancing the lower
3. A method of ensuring the transfer of signals representative of
intelligible speech from a diver's microphone to a remote speaker
as composite signals formed of vocal communications and gas-flow
noise impinge on the diver's microphone comprising:
preamplifying said composite signals at the diver's microphone,
filtering the preamplified composite signals to attenuate the low
frequency components below 300 Hz and to attenuate the higher
frequency components above 2,500 Hz,
transmitting the attenuated composite signals from the diver to the
remove speaker,
shaping the transmitted composite signals at the remote speaker to
reattenuate the low frequency components below 300 Hz and to
reattenuate the higher frequency components above 2,500 Hz to
sharpen the cut-off of the bandwidth of the attenuated composite
signals and to filter out distortion caused by transmission from
the diver to the remote speaker,
notching out the concentrated gas-flow noise and a narrow band of
the vocal communications from the reattenuated composite signals
leaving signals representative of intelligible speech,
refiltering the intelligible speech passband to provide a notched
passband between 300 and 2,500 Hz,
amplifying the notched passband, and
feeding the amplified notched passband to the speaker for the
projection of signals representative of intelligible speech.
Description
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or
for the Government of the United States of America for governmental
purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or
therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Life support systems passing relatively high volumes of gas, e.g.,
air or helium-oxygen mixtures, are all burdened with relatively
high levels of gas-flow noise generated within the systems. A hard
hat diver, relying on a surface-supplied source of air, receives up
to 10 cubic feet of air per minute, at depth pressure, while
working under strenuous conditions. As this volume of gas is vented
from the life-support hose to the helmet's interior, a nearly
deafening level of gas-flow noise is created at this interface and
the diver has difficulty in making himself understood over the
intercom linking him to his supporting ship due to the high
gas-flow noise. One well-known method of reducing this noise uses a
mechanical, sponge-like, or sintered metal, filter arrangement to
diffuse the gas-flow and meets with some degree of success.
However, since a diver's gas demands increase with depth and
increased physical activity, the mechanical filters are incapable
of attenuating the deafening noise attendant the greatly increased
flow rates. Usually, under these conditions, reliable
communications are urgently needed, but they are blocked by the
noise. Scuba users also find communications impossible due to
regulator and bubble noise. Similarly, victims of a decompression
sickness, when placed in a recompression chamber, are unable to
communicate with chamber attendants because the noise, generated as
the recompressing gas is exchanged in the chamber, masks speech.
The basic problem, which explains the ineffectiveness of
contemporary noise suppression systems, resides in the fact that
the bandwidth of gas-flow generated noise embraces, substantially,
the same audio spectrum as does the bandwidth of the intelligible
speech. Attempts at electronically filtering this noise,
heretofore, seriously degraded the intelligibility of the audio
communications and have largely proven to be unsatisfactory.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to providing an improvement in
gas transfer systems having gas-flow noise interfering with the
audio communication between a microphone to a remotely located
speaker. A preamplifying stage coupled to the microphone defines
the bandwidth of composite signals composed of gas-flow noise and
audio communications. Appropriate circuitry attenuates selective
bands of the composite signals where gas-flow noise is greatest
while passing intelligible audio communications to an amplifier
stage and to a following speaker.
A prime object of the invention is to provide an electronic circuit
for improving audio communications in an environment having high
gas-flow noise.
Still another object is to provide a system ensuring more reliable
audio communications between a diver and a supporting vessel.
Still another object is to provide a gas transfer system having
electronic circuitry for notching out highly objectionable
concentrations of gas-flow noise to permit the transfer of
intelligible speech.
Yet another object is to provide a gas transfer system having an
electronic noise rejection capability far superior to contemporary,
mechanical noise rejection systems.
A further object is to provide a method for ensuring reliable
communications between a diver and a surface vessel.
These and other objects of the invention will become more readily
apparent from the ensuing description when taken with the
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an isometric depiction of the invention operationally
deployed.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the invention.
FIGS. 3 (a)-(f) are gain-bandwidth representations of signals being
fed through the invention.
FIG. 4 is an isometric depiction of another application of the
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The invention primarily is designed to enable more reliable
communications between a diver and his surface tender by masking
out certain high noise-energy bands within the audio spectrum. In
FIG. 1, a diver working on the bottom is fitted with any one of
several differently configured, commercial diving helmets which
have an internal microphone M carried adjacent the diver's mouth. A
hose reaches up to a surface supporting vessel and provides a
passageway for life-sustaining air or mixed gas. The air is vented
to the helmet's interior, at a location usually behind the diver's
head, and at this interface, all the conventional diving helmets
produce deafening levels of gas flow noise.
Each helmet passes its own gas-flow noise spectrum depending upon
its configuration, the rate of gas flow, etc. All the noise
spectrums totally, or partially, occupy the audio spectrum in which
intelligible speech is found. The gas-flow noise spectrums of the
many different diving helmets are determined by monitoring their
noise distributions with an audio spectrometer.
By way of specific example, the gas-flow noise generated in the
United States Navy's standard diving helmet, the Mk V, Mod 1, under
moderate working conditions, was found to be concentrated at a
narrow frequency range centered at 1,000 Hz, while flow noise at a
greatly reduced level was uniformly distributed throughout the
audio spectrum. By blocking out the concentrated 1,000 Hz noise,
the uniformly distributed, reduced level of noise was tolerable,
particularly if the lower frequencies and the audio frequencies
above the speech range were attenuated.
A preamplifier stage 10, schematically shown in FIG. 1 carried on
the top of the helmet, receives the composite signals made up of
the diver's audio communication and the gas-flow noise. Looking to
FIG. 2, the preamplifier stage includes a temperature compensated
amplifier 11 performing the basic function of all preamplifiers,
that being to raise the output of a low-level source to enable its
further processing without an appreciable degradation of the
signal-to-noise ratio. The temperature compensated amplifier chosen
for this particular application is an RCA CA3035. A passband
limiting filter 12 includes a 1.mu.fd capacitor 12a serially joined
to a 470.OMEGA. resistor 12b to form a high pass portion for
cutting out the very low frequency portions of the composite
signal, and, a low pass portion consisting of 0.01.mu.fd capacitor
12c blocks the passage of composite signals lying above the
intelligible speech range. The very low frequency portions lying in
the range from 0 to 300 Hz are excludable from the composite
signals since this range of frequency does not contribute
significantly to speech intelligibility, and often embraces a range
of exceptionally high-energy gas-flow noise. Similarly, those
frequency components of the composite signal, lying above the range
of intelligible speech, are excluded by the passband limiting
filter at approximately 2,500 Hz to lower the audio
communication-to-gas-flow noise ratio. The closed loop gain of the
preamplifier stage is set by a 4.7.mu.fd capacitor 12d and a
10K.OMEGA. resistor 12e which electronically cooperate with the
previously described elements to provide a gain-bandwidth curve
shown in FIG. 3a having a half power points at 300 and 2,500
Hz.
The passband limited composite signals are fed from the
preamplifier stage on an insulated conductor 20 reaching to the
surface vessel. Further signal processing circuitry 25
appropriately processes the signals to deliver intelligible speech
to a speaker S.
On the input side of the signal processing circuitry, a volume
limiting control 26, or potentiometer, receives the composite
signal and its selectively adjustable wiper 26a provides a signal
having a desired magnitude.
The passband limited composite signals are fed from the wiper to an
attenuation stage 30 for further signal processing. A resonant
circuit or bandpass filter section 32 includes a 10 kilohm resistor
32a, a 0.02 microfarad capacitor 32b, and a 0.2 henry inductor 32c
connected in parallel to define a gain-bandwidth characteristic
curve, see FIG. 3b, which is substantially identical to the gain
bandwidth characteristic of the preamplifier 10. The additive
effect of having both gain bandwidth product characteristic curves
being substantially identical is to increase the rate of "roll-off"
at the low and high ends to more precisely define the passband of
audio communications between 300 and 2,500 Hz. Resistor 32a is
included to lower the Q of the circuit and to increase the bandpass
over a wider frequency range, in the present case, that being
between 300 and 2,500 Hz.
As mentioned above, from an audio spectrometer analysis, the Mark
V, Mod 1 diving helmet was found to possess a highly undesirable
concentration of gas-flow noise around the 1,000 Hz frequency. A
band elimination filter section 33, or notch filter, consists of a
0.2 henry inductor 33a serially joined to a 0.15 microfarad
capacitor 33b, and a 0.2 henry inductor 33c parallelly connected
with a 0.15 microfarad capacitor 33d which receives the passband,
limited, composite signals from section 32 to selectively attenuate
the high concentration of gas-flow noise centering about 1,000 Hz.
The gain-bandwidth characteristic, in this case the band rejection
characteristic, is shown schematically in FIG. 3c, and has
half-power points on the side of the rejection band at 750 and
1,500 Hz. Notching this concentration of gas-flow noise out of the
composite signal lying between the 300 and 2,500 Hz limits, does
not appreciably degrade the intelligibility of speech found within
this passband irrespective of the fact that the audio
communications also were "notched out" between 750 and 1,500
Hz.
The rate of "roll-off" at the lower limit of the composite signal
passband is further increased by including a high pass filter
section 34 including a 0.15 microfarad capacitor 34a and a 1.2
kilohm resistor 34b to provide the gain-bandwidth characteristic
set out in FIG. 3d. Similarly, the upper limit "roll-off" rate is
increased by a low pass filter section 35 formed of a 0.015
microfarad capacitor 35a and a 47 kilohm resistor 35b,
electronically cooperating to define the gain-bandwidth
characteristic set out in FIG. 3e. Together, the high pass filter
section and the low pass filter section, having substantially the
same half-power points on their respective ends as does the
gain-bandwidth curve defined by bandpass filter section 32,
additively sharpen the lower and upper limits of the attenuated
composite signals.
The attenuated composite signals, possessing the gain-bandwith
waveform of FIG. 3f, are fed to an amplifying stage 36. The stage
includes a commercially available 107B analog device 36a that is
self-biased and temperature-compensated to amplify and feed the
attenuated composite signals across a load resistor 36b. A
following audio power amplifier 36c, for example a Bendix BHA-0004,
further amplifies the signals to recreate intelligible speech at
the speaker.
Inclusion of attenuation stage 30, having the particular parameters
described, eliminated the concentration of gas-flow noise signals
at 1,000 Hz as well as below and above the speech range. Other
helmets, or, for that matter, any gas transfer systems, when
subjected to an audio spectrometer analysis, are found to have
highly objectionable concentrations at one or more levels within
the speech range. The present circuit is easily modified to
attenuate concentrations of a gas-flow noise at different
frequencies by merely choosing different components.
FIG. 4 depicts the adoption of the invention in another system
having a prohibitively high level of gas flow noise. A
recompression chamber, housing a diver suffering from a
decompression sickness, is provided with a substantially identical
electronic noise suppression system, a preamplifier section 10', an
interconnecting conductor 20', and signal processing circuitry 25',
feeding intelligible speech between a microphone M' and a speaker
S'. After proper circuit components are selected, noise is
suppressed and responsive treatment of the diver proceeds since the
diver is able to communicate freely with attending personnel.
It is apparent that scuba systems are adaptable to including the
invention to overcome the communication limitations imposed by
regulator and bubble noise. Locating the concentrations by spectral
analysis permits a synthesis of the electronic system according to
the foregoing teachings to ensure more reliable communication
between scuba divers.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present
invention are possible in the light of the above teachings, and, it
is therefore understood that within the scope of the disclosed
inventive concept, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as
specifically described.
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