U.S. patent number 3,859,973 [Application Number 05/396,991] was granted by the patent office on 1975-01-14 for timing device for fuel injector.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Allis-Chalmers Corporation. Invention is credited to Alexander Dreisin.
United States Patent |
3,859,973 |
Dreisin |
January 14, 1975 |
TIMING DEVICE FOR FUEL INJECTOR
Abstract
A hydraulic timing cylinder connected to the lubricating oil
system for hydraulically retarding and advancing fuel injection for
cranking and running speeds of the engine.
Inventors: |
Dreisin; Alexander (Olympia
Fields, IL) |
Assignee: |
Allis-Chalmers Corporation
(Milwaukee, WI)
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Family
ID: |
26907049 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/396,991 |
Filed: |
September 13, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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212338 |
Dec 27, 1971 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
123/502;
123/386 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F02M
59/30 (20130101); F02M 57/023 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F02M
57/02 (20060101); F02M 59/30 (20060101); F02M
57/00 (20060101); F02M 59/20 (20060101); F02m
039/00 (); F02d 001/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;123/139AP,90.17,90.18,90.19,139AQ |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Myhre; Charles J.
Assistant Examiner: Cox; Ronald B.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Nelson; Arthur L.
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation application of my application Ser. No.
212,338 filed Dec. 27, 1971, now abandoned.
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or
privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. An automatic hydraulic timing mechanism for a fuel injection
pump on an engine comprising, a fuel injection pump including
resilient means and a plunger, said resilient means including a
follower spring extending to a free length and an auxiliary spring
biasing said plunger to its return position, said plunger defining
initially a retarded position of said plunger when said auxiliary
spring is expanded and initially an advance position of said
plunger when said auxiliary spring means is contracted, a fuel
injection pump actuating mechanism for driving said fuel injection
pump, an expansible hydraulic timing cylinder including a check
valve in said mechanism for transmitting the driving force to
operate said fuel injection pump, means defining a variable volume
chamber in said hydraulic timing cylinder for receiving hydraulic
fluid, means in said hydraulic timing cylinder defining a fully
contracted position with a minimum volume position of said variable
volume chamber for retarding fuel injection, said auxiliary spring
in said fuel injection pump continuously pressing against said
hydraulic timing cylinder throughout the fuel injecting pumping
cycle and expanding while biasing said hydraulic timing cylinder to
the fully contracted position when pressure of hydraulic fluid in
said variable volume chamber is below a predetermined pressure with
operation below intermediate engine speeds, means in said hydraulic
timing cylinder defining a fully expanded position for advancing
fuel injection when hydraulic fluid in said variable volume chamber
at a pressure above said predetermined pressure causes said
auxiliary spring to contract with operation above intermediate
engine speeds, a hydraulic system including a hydraulic pump
connected through said check valve to said variable volume chamber
of said hydraulic timing cylinder for expanding said cylinder when
pressure of hydraulic fluid is above said predetermined pressure,
means connected to the said hydraulic pump adapted for driving said
hydraulic pump proportional to the engine speed to thereby provide
retardation of fuel injection timing at cranking speed and
automatic advance of fuel injection when operating above
intermediate engine speeds when the hydraulic pressure is above
said predetermined pressure.
2. An automatic hydraulic timing mechanism for a fuel injection
pump on an engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein said fuel
injection pump actuating mechanism includes an engine driven cam
defining a base circle, a cam follower, a push rod operated by said
cam follower, a rocker arm operated by said push rod and defining
means for connection to said hydraulic timing cylinder.
3. An automatic hydraulic timing mechanism for a fuel injection
pump on an engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein said hydraulic
timing cylinder includes a piston, movement limiting stops engaging
said piston defining said two positions including said contracted
position for retardation of fuel injection timing at cranking
speeds and said expanded position for fuel injection during
operating speeds for said engine.
4. A fuel injection pump on an engine as set forth in claim 1
including an internal combustion engine, means connecting said
hydraulic pump with said engine for driving said hydraulic pump in
proportion to the engine speed to thereby provide retardation of
fuel injection at cranking engine speeds and advance of fuel
injection for all operating engine speeds.
5. An automatic hydraulic timing mechanism for a fuel injection
pump on an engine as set forth in claim 2, wherein said auxiliary
spring biases said hydraulic timing cylinder to the fully
contracted position when said follower is operating on the base
circle of the cam.
6. An automatic hydraulic timing mechanism for a fuel injection
pump on an engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein said hydraulic
system defines a lubrication oil system on said engine.
7. An automatic hydraulic timing mechanism for a fuel injection
pump on an engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein said fuel
injection pump defines a unit fuel injector, a cam follower, a cam
in said pump operating mechanism for driving said follower, means
connecting said cam follower to said hydraulic timing cylinder for
operating said fuel injection pump, a spring spacer positioned
between said follower spring and said auxiliary spring, said
follower spring producing a substantially greater spring force than
said auxiliary spring and extending to a free length, said
auxiliary spring collapsing upon expansion of said hydraulic timing
cylinder during the phase of cam rotation when said cam follower is
operating on the base circle of the cam to thereby advance fuel
injection timing.
8. An automatic hydraulic timing mechanism for a fuel injection
pump on an engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein said hydraulic
system includes an engine, means connecting said hydraulic pump to
said engine for operating responsive to engine speed, a cam, a push
rod and rocker arm driving said fuel injection pump, a rocker arm
shaft and said rocker arm in said pump actuating means defining
passage means in communication with said hydraulic system, a radial
port in said rocker arm shaft intermittently in communication with
the passage means in said rocker arm to intermittently supply
hydraulic pressure in said hydraulic timing cylinders when said cam
follower is operating on the base circle of said cam.
9. An automatic hydraulic timing mechanism for a fuel injection
pump on an engine as set forth in claim 1 including a spring spacer
positioned between said follower spring and said auxiliary
spring.
10. An automatic hydraulic timing mechanism for a fuel injection
pump on an engine as set forth in claim 1 wherein said follower
spring produces a substantially greater force than said auxiliary
spring and extends to a free length.
Description
This invention relates to fuel injection for an internal combustion
engine and more particularly to a variable hydraulic timing
cylinder connected to a hydraulic system having a pump operating
responsive to engine speed for retarding and advancing fuel
injection for cranking and running speeds of the engine.
Fuel injection on a diesel engine occurs at a predetermined angle
of the crankshaft rotation in relation to top dead center of the
engine crankshaft and piston and this angle remains essentially
fixed throughout the engine speed range. For starting purposes,
however, when the engine is rotated by a starting device at low
speed, it would be desirable to close the fuel port to initiate
fuel injection at a later point in the engine cycle. In other words
it would be desirable to retard the port closing in relation to top
dead center of the respective engine cylinder.
This invention relates to an engine driven camshaft operated fuel
injection pump wherein the movement of the cam is transmitted to
the pump plunger through a cam follower, and usually through a push
rod and the rocker arm. This type of operation is usually used for
the unit injector but may be used for certain in line multiplunger
fuel injector pumps as well. Fuel injection occurs after the pump
plunger has been moved by the cam through the initial portion of
its stroke, and commences after the inlet port has been closed by
the advancing injection plunger. Dephasing the cam responsive to
the engine speed requires a complicated mechanism and is not
economical. Accordingly, the use of a hydraulic cylinder in the
fuel pump operating mechanism will overcome this problem, wherein
expansion of the hydraulic cylinder is responsive to the pressure
of pressurized fluid from a pump driven in proportion to engine
speed. At cranking speed the pressures are sufficiently low such
that the hydraulic timing cylinder is collapsed. When the pump
speed increases and the pressure increases to a predetermined
pressure, the timing cylinder expands to thereby advance timing of
injection. The hydraulic timing cylinder is positioned at some
point between the cam and the hydraulic plunger of the high
pressure fuel injector.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide automatic
hydraulic timing device for a fuel injector pump.
It is another object of this invention to provide an automatic
timing advance mechanism for a unit fuel injector.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a hydraulic
timing cylinder in the injection pump actuating means to retard
fuel injection at cranking speeds and to automatically advance fuel
injection at operating speeds of the engine.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a fuel
injection pump actuating means including a hydraulic timing
cylinder connected to the lubrication oil system of the engine
whereby the hydraulic timing cylinder collapsed to retard fuel
injection at cranking speeds and expands when a predetermined
pressure is reached in the lubricating oil system to automatically
advance fuel injection timing at engine operating speeds.
The objects of this invention are accomplished by employing an
engine driven cam shaft driving a cam follower. The cam follower in
turn drives through the push rod and rocker arm to operate a unit
fuel injector. The hydraulic timing cylinder is positioned
intermediate the rocker arm and the unit fuel injector to operate
the plunger in a predetermined timing relation. This timing
relation is changed by varying the length of the hydraulic timing
cylinder. It is noted that a unit fuel injector is used in the
description of this invention. It is understood, however, that a
distributor type fuel injection pump or even a multiplunger fuel
injection pump might be adapted for use with the hydraulic timing
cylinder.
The lubrication oil system is connected through a rocker arm shaft
having a passage which in turn is intermittently connected to a
passage in the rocker arm which supplies pressurized oil to the
timing cylinder. The timing cylinder, accordingly, operates in such
a manner that at cranking speeds the lubrication oil pressure is
too low to expand the timing cylinder consequently the timing of
the fuel injection is retarded.
When a predetermined pressure in the lubrication oil system is
reached the hydraulic timing cylinder expands and initiation of
fuel injection is advanced. Accordingly, the oil pressure increases
in response to engine speed and as the engine speed increases fuel
injection timing is advanced for substantially all operating
speeds.
The preferred embodiment of this invention is illustrated in the
attached drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates a cross section view of the fuel pump actuating
means.
FIG. 2 illustrates a cross section view of a unit injector which is
operated by the fuel injection pump operating means.
FIG. 3 is a graph of the acceleration, velocity, and lift diagram
for the fuel injection pump plunger of the unit injector.
FIG. 4 is a chart illustrating engine speed and timing of a fuel
injection pump responsive to a range of lubricating oil
pressures.
FIG. 1 illustrates engine 1 driving a camshaft 2 having a cam 3.
The cam 3 drives the follower 4 which includes a roller 5 engaging
the cam surface. The roller is rotatably supported on a shaft 6
which is carried in the follower sleeve 7. The cam follower 4
operates push rod 8 which in turn drives the rocker arm timing
adjusting screw 9 which is locked to the rocker arm 10 in the
adjusted position by the lock nut 11.
The rocker arm 10 is supported on a rocker arm shaft 12 which is
received within the bushing 13. The rocker arm 10 defines a
cylindrical opening 14 which receives the hydraulic timing cylinder
15. The hydraulic timing cylinder 15 includes sleeve 16 received in
the recess with a spacer 17. The spacer 17 has an opening 100 to
permit the flow of hydraulic fluid through the spacer from the
passages 66 and 68 through the check valve 18. The check valve 18
is a flat check valve in which the valve element 19 is triangular
in shape permitting the downward flow of hydraulic fluid through
the annulus 20 and preventing return flow of hydraulic fluid. The
piston 21 is received in the sleeve 16. The piston forms a cross
opening 22 of larger diameter than the pin 23 to permit reciprocal
movement of the piston 21 to the extent of the difference in
diameters of the opening 22 and pin 23. The snap ring 24 is
received in the lower end of the sleeve 16. A socket 25 is formed
on piston 21 receiving the ball end 26 of stud 101.
The fuel injector shown is a unit fuel injector. The injection
holder 27 is supported on the engine by suitable fastening means.
Unit injector consists essentially of a follower 30 connected to
the plunger 31 and received within the follower spring 32. The
follower spring 32 is freely extended between the spring spacer 34
and the holder 27. The auxiliary spring 35 engages an annular
surface on the spring spacer 34 and a similar radial flange on the
follower 30 to compressively retain spring 35.
The holder 27 receives the barrel 37 which embraces the plunger 38.
The cap nut 39 threadedly engages the holder 37 and seats the
nozzle assembly 40 firmly against the lower spring retainer 41. The
nozzle assembly 40 forms a differential valve 55 with a needle 42.
Needle 42 is biased to a closed position by the spring seat 43
engaging the spring 44 which is received in the lower spring
retainer 41. The upper spring retainer 46 engages the upper portion
of the spring 44 compressively forcing the spring seat 43
downwardly.
The fuel injection system consists essentially of a fuel supply
pump 48, fuel tank 49 and pumping the fuel into the inlet passage
50. The inlet passage 50 is in communication through the inlet port
51 to the high compression chamber 52. The high pressure fuel
injection pumping chamber 52 supplies fuel through the passages 53
through the check valve 54 to the differential valve 55. Fuel is
injected through the orifices 56 in the nozzle assembly 40. Return
for the fuel is returned through the passage 57 and the annulus 59
to the outlet passage 60 and return conduit 61 through the check
valve 62 to the fuel tank 49. Initiation of fuel injection can be
varied by rotation of the plunger 31 in response to the control
rack on the engine. This control is used to control fuel injection
timing during the operating speeds of the engine.
The engine 1 has a lubricating oil system which consists
essentially of lubrication oil pump 160 driven by the engine 1. The
pump 160 receives lubrication oil from the reservoir 161 and
supplies the lubricating oil through the conduit 162 to the engine
1 with a return passage 63 to the reservoir 161. A relief valve 64
is also provided in the system to return excess oil to the
reservoir.
The conduit 65 on the high pressure side of the pump 160 supplies
oil to the axial passage 66 in the rocker arm shaft 12. The radial
port 67 is in communication with the passage 68 in the rocker arm
10 when the cam follower 4 is operating on the base circle of the
cam 3. Passage 68 supplies pressurized oil through the check valve
18 to the hydraulic timing cylinder 15. When the engine speed
reaches a predetermined value the pressure in the passage 68 is
sufficient to bias the piston 21 downwardly against the opposing
force of the auxiliary spring 35 and thereby advancing the timing
of fuel injection.
FIG. 3 illustrates the acceleration, velocity, and lift curves for
the cam 3 for 180.degree. of cam rotation. It is noted that the
acceleration is constant for the initial portion of the curve and
abruptly changes to deceleration. The cam follower spring 32 is of
sufficient strength to overcome inertia forces of the drive
mechanism of the injector and maintain contact between the follower
and the cam as the follower rides over the nose of the cam.
FIG. 4 illustrates the timing advance and retardation of the fuel
injection system. The advance and retardation of the fuel injection
system is shown to operate within a range which allows for
variations in the spring 35, lubrication oil viscosity, and
individual tolerance of parts in the system providing the expansion
and contraction of the hydraulic timing cylinder 15.
The operation of the system will be described in the following
paragraphs.
When the engine is at a standstill and the injection cam 3 is
operating on its base circle, the position of parts is as shown in
FIG. 1 of the drawings. The timing piston 21 of cylinder 15 is
bottomed against the spacer 17 and the injector plunger 31 must
advance by the maximum amount of cam stroke until the port closing
occurs. The point of port closing is shown to be the point B on the
graph shown in FIG. 3. In this position the timing device is at its
maximum retard.
Let us consider the events after the engine is started and the
engine speed increases. In the lubricating system the lubrication
oil is delivered to the engine from the oil reservoir by means of a
positive displacement lubrication oil pump 160 to the main
lubricating oil gallery, bearings, and other parts of the engine
with excess oil passing through the bypass passage and relief valve
64. The lubrication oil pressure is function of engine speed. As
the engine speed increases so does the pressure in the lubrication
oil system. FIG. 4 illustrates a typical pressure curve wherein at
a given engine speed the pressure valve may vary somewhat depending
on the oil temperature, relief valve setting, bearing clearances,
etc.
The relief valve setting and the force of the auxiliary spring 35
are adjusted in such a way that at some predetermined intermediate
engine speed the lubrication oil system pressure overcomes the
force of the auxiliary spring 35. The lubrication oil then goes
around the check valve 18 through the openings in the spacer 17 and
into the timing cylinder 15. In the interval between injections
when the fuel pressure in the injection pumping chamber 52 is equal
to the supply pressure, the lubrication oil pressure is able to
push the timing piston 21 in the downward direction until it
contacts the pin 23. Therefore when the camshaft rotates to the
beginning of the next cam lift, the timing piston 21 and through it
the plunger follower 30 and the injection plunger 31 will already
have partially advanced toward closing so that the port closing of
port 51 and the corresponding start of fuel injection occurs
earlier in the engine cycle. This point is illustrated by the point
A on the graph of FIG. 3. During the injection, the injection
pressure forces check valve 18 against the seat to prevent the
efflux of lubricating oil trapped in the timing cylinder.
Shortly after the port closing the auxiliary spring 35 collapses
and the plunger follower 30 contacts spring spacer 34. Further
movement of the plunger follower compresses the main spring 32
which is designed to develop sufficient force at the beginning of
the cam lift which is point C on the graph in FIG. 3 to overcome
the cam deceleration and prevent the inertia forces from separating
the components of the injector drive.
Only a small quantity of lubricating oil flows out through the
clearance between the outside diameter of the timing piston 21 and
inside diameter of the sleeve 16. This lubrication oil leakage
collects in the recess 76 and through the cross opening 22 and the
axial passage 77 of the stud 101 and flows through passage 78 in
the follower 30 providing pressurized lubrication of the
follower.
After completion of the cam lift when the cam follower returns to
the cam base circle and the pressure and the injector pumping
chamber has returned to the low values of fuel supply pressure, the
lubrication oil system pressure will again open the check valve and
resupply the timing cylinder 15, bringing it back to the extreme of
its stroke when the pin 23 contacts the upper portion of the
passage 22.
When the engine slows down again the lubricating oil pressure falls
below the value which is able to overcome forces of auxiliary
spring 35, while the cam is on its base circle the lubricating
system is unable to resupply the timing cylinder and leakage from
it, which will still continue during each injection will gradually
return the timing plunger 21 to its bottom position again retarding
the start of fuel injection.
The values of lubricating oil pressure and the force of the
auxiliary spring 35 are chosen preferably in such a way that the
advance action takes place at an engine speed which is above the
low idle speed of the engine but somewhat below the minimum speed
at which the engine is operated under load.
In a typical example, an industrial engine as shown in FIG. 4 which
is designed to develop maximum output at 2200 rpm the cranking
speed might be 150 to 250 rpm, the low idle speed approximately 600
rpm and the low speed at which the engine is being operated in full
throttle could be around 1500 rpm. In such a case, the timing
mechanism would be designed to advance the timing plunger at speeds
between 800 and 1200 rpm which is the shaded portion in the graph.
Because in this speed range the engine is not operated under load
the exact speed of which one of the engine cylinders begins to
advance its injection would not be very critical. Variations in the
lubrication oil system pressure, the individual tolerances of the
parts, and the variations in the force of the auxiliary spring 35
would therefore not affect critically the engine performance.
It s understood that the lubrication oil system is used to control
the hydraulic timing cylinder since the lubrication oil system is
built into the engine. A separate hydraulic system might be used,
however, it would require additional components on the engine and
for this reason the lubrication oil system is more economical. It
is further understood that the cam follower spring 32 is
substantially stronger than the auxiliary spring 35 and extends to
its freely extended length. The auxiliary spring permits the
operation of the hydraulic timing cylinder during the phase of cam
rotation when the cam follower is operating on its base circle of
cam 3.
* * * * *