U.S. patent number 3,859,913 [Application Number 05/331,037] was granted by the patent office on 1975-01-14 for apparatus and process for printing.
This patent grant is currently assigned to William C. Heller, Jr.. Invention is credited to Alfred F. Leatherman.
United States Patent |
3,859,913 |
Leatherman |
January 14, 1975 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR PRINTING
Abstract
A printed paper including permanent mechanically lodged
pulverized magnetic particles held between the fibers of ordinary
paper. The particles are embedded between the fibers by a magnetic
field of a strength which is several times the value required for
simple transfer deposit of magnetic particles. The field is
concentrated by use of an edged field plate to facilitate providing
the desired field strength.
Inventors: |
Leatherman; Alfred F.
(Columbus, OH) |
Assignee: |
Heller, Jr.; William C.
(Milwaukee, WI)
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Family
ID: |
26748289 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/331,037 |
Filed: |
February 9, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
67810 |
Aug 28, 1970 |
|
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|
|
506960 |
Nov 9, 1965 |
3526708 |
Sep 1, 1970 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
101/494; 428/164;
428/900; 428/206 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
19/00 (20130101); B41J 2/43 (20130101); Y10T
428/24893 (20150115); Y10S 428/90 (20130101); Y10T
428/24545 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
B41J
2/43 (20060101); G03G 19/00 (20060101); B41f
005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;101/1,426
;117/16,17,17.5,19,65.5,93.2,93.4,93.44
;118/620,621,623-625,637,640,11 ;346/74MP ;252/62.1 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Houston et al., "Magnetism" Elementary Electro Series, W. T.
Johnston 70937 p. 66-73..
|
Primary Examiner: Bagwill; Robert E.
Assistant Examiner: Rader; R. T.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Andrus, Sceales, Starke &
Sawall
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation of my copending application,
Ser. No. 67,810 now abandoned which was filed on Aug. 28, 1970 as a
continuation of my previous application, Ser. No. 506,960, filed
Nov. 9, 1965, and granted as U.S. Pat. No. 3,526,708 dated Sept. 1,
1970. The entire disclosure of said applications are specifically
incorporated herein by this reference.
Claims
I claim:
1. An article of manufacture comprising a particle receiving sheet
material having fibers defining a plurality of particle receiving
openings extending through the sheet material, a plurality of dry
magnetized particles mechanically lodged and firmly mechanically
held by said fibers within said openings and defining an indelibly
imprinted character in said material, said particles being
essentially, solely mechanically held by the fibers within the
sheet material as a result of said mechanical lodging of the
particles within the openings between the fibers and said particles
being mechanically lodged within said openings with sufficient
mechanical holding force by said fibers to prevent erasing of the
particles from the sheet material, said particles being formed of a
magnetically hard material whereby such particles define magnets in
the paper, said particles have an average particle size of
approximately 0.001 to 80 microns.
2. An article of manufacture as defined in claim 1 wherein said
particles consist of ground barium ferrite.
3. An article of manufacture as defined in claim 1 wherein said
particles are of irregular shape.
4. An article of manufacture as defined in claim 1 wherein said
particles are of magnetic ferrite.
5. An article of manufacture as defined in claim 1 wherein said
particles comprise magnetic iron oxide particles.
Description
This invention relates to apparatuses and processes for magnetic
printing, impregnation, coating, duplication and so forth.
Technical progress of recent years has seen the development of many
printing and reproduction techniques that have considerably
broadened the original work of Gutenberg. Methods finding modern
favor offer processes that are dry, fast, and economical.
The formation of marks and written characters has received
considerable attention in recent decades and some processes have
been developed to relatively advanced points. Among the handicaps
to any printing or impregnating process is that if the process is
wet, a drying stage must be incorporated. If dry, a means must be
found for melting by heat, hammering, softening by vapors, or
otherwise causing the powders to become fixed to the paper,
plastic, etc. These treatments normally must be carried out after
forming the mark, and therefore special care is required not to
smudge or disturb the pattern. This requirement can call for
appreciable consumed time and/or space in the process.
Disadvantages of time and cost are also involved if it is necessary
to apply heat to the otherwise finished material to accomplish
fixing.
It is apparent that wet or dry printing or impregnating processes
of the past have met with considerable disadvantage. One process
that has been used for certain printing or coating tasks to
overcome some of the disadvantages of the prior art is the
electrostatic process.
Several problems arise in the area of electrostatic processes.
Large black areas are not alwasy amenable to reproduction capable
of distinguishing these black areas from the background. The
electrical insulation characteristics of paper and plastics permits
such things as latent images in electrostatics but also cause
distortion of the electric field to produce distorted copy.
Handling of the materials, or operation of the machinery, also can
produce electric charges by "friction" at unndesired places
possibly resulting in background problems. Atmospheric humidity may
have an adverse effect on the operation of electrostatic methods.
Some electrostatic methods require sensitive image plates and other
fragile devices that can become scratched and worn with direct
adverse effects on results. In addition, electrostatic equipment
requires higher voltages than that available from ordinary
transmission lines.
It is an object of this invention to provide a printed paper
wherein magnetizable particles printing or impregnating is done
instantly without need for a subsequent fixing stage.
It is another object of this invention to provide methods for
printing or impregnating wherein printin or impregnation is done
instantly to firmly hold the print in a receiving material in a
permanent manner.
It is still another object of this invention to provide a process
for reproduction of printed matter wherein the detail of the light
and dark areas of the original is defined accurately on the
copy.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a printed
paper which is not dependent on electrostatic or magnetic image
plates or other fragile elements for its formation.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention
will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the
following detailed description and claims taken in connection with
the accompanying drawings, wherein like components in the several
views are generally identified by like reference marks, in
which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram partially in cross section showing an
apparatus for magnetic printing and impregnating;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of indicia, design, pattern and the like
used to form magnetic printing;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a piece of paper printed by the
present method;
FIG. 4 is a view of a portion of the device of FIG. 1 showing the
magnetic lines of force and distribution of magnetic particles;
FIG. 5 is a top plan view of a tape bearing ferro-magnetic indicia
or intelligence;
FIG. 6 is a side view of the tape of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a side view of a modified form of tape in which the
ferromagnetic members have an outer surface in the same plane as
the matrix of the tape;
FIG. 8 is a tape in which the indicia have been embossed or
raised;
FIG. 9 is a vertical diagrammatic view of magnetic printing
apparatus in which the magnetic particles are contained in a holder
in the air gap;
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a pole piece bearing indicia on
one restricted end;
FIG. 11 is a view similar to FIG. 9 in which a capacitor is used to
provide a damped oscillatory discharge current flow in the coil of
the magnet; and
FIG. 12 is a top plan view of a magnetically printed piece of paper
using the apparatus of FIG. 11.
The method and apparatus described herein for printing on paper
provide a dry magnetic printing process in which the printing and
fixing stages preferably are carried out "instantly," dry, and
without heat. The apparatus can be used simultaneously to establish
the mark initially and to fixt the mark in place without need for
special handling, time or space requirement.
The present process can eliminate blocking and offset problems,
solvent, base, or chemical carrier and so forth.
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a laminated iron magnetic
core structure 1 is partially wound with a magnetizing winding 2
connected to a source of electric current 3. A "magnetically soft"
(unretentive) alloy shaped in the form of a flat cutout arabic
numeral "2," designated 4 in the drawing, and shown in FIG. 2, is
mounted on the underside of pole piece 5 so as to be within the
area defined by air gap 7. In air gap 7 of core 1, adjacent
magnetic numeral 4, there is disposed paper, fabric or other
nonmagnetic (paramagnetic or diamagnetic) particle-receiving
fibrous material 8 having distinct openings defined by the fibers.
Positioned also in air gap 7 is container 13 having opening 14 and
containing magnetic particles. Container 13 serves as a reservoir
of the supply system for introducing magnetic particles into air
gap 7. Upon closing switch 15, the current in winding 2 establishes
a magnetic field across air gap 7. The field thus formed acts to
attract particles from container 13 so as to bring said particles
into contact with the lower surface of particle-receiving material
8. The presence of magnetic numeral 4 within the space defined by
air gap 7 causes a larger number of magnetic particles to be
attracted against particle-receiving material 8 at those areas
directly in line with and corresponding to the shape of magnetic
numeral 4 than are attracted at other portions of particle-receiver
material 8. Furthermore, the force of attraction is greater at said
areas than elsewhere on particle-receiving material 8. Upon
de-energizing core 1, and examining particle-receiving material 8,
it is found, when the proper apparatus and process is used, that a
permanent printed character 16 of FIG. 13 is formed on material 8
corresponding to the shape of magnetic numeral 4. The permanent
nature of the printed character has been found to be a result of
the acceptance of the magnetic particles into the interstices, or
openings between fibers, of the particle-receiving material. Thus,
the openings and the particles should be of such relative size as
to permit the acceptance action to take place. The particles
individually or as a comglomerate of such particles move between
the paper fibers and are held within the fibers by the mechanical
holding force and without the necessity for the use of a binder of
any type such as widely used in present magnetic printing,
including the offset type printing and carbon type transfer
typing.
Thus, as employed herein a dry particle is defined sa one having an
outer surface which is free of a material which creates a separate
adherence to the fibers.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1, the
release of particles 10 from supply chamber 13 is controlled by
means of a shutter 9 positioned adjacent particle-receiving
material 8 in air gap 7 of core 1. Shutter 9 contains one or more
openings 9a to permit passage of the magnetic particles 10 to the
surface of particle-receiving material 8. As shown, shutter 9 is
mounted on shaft 11 for rotation by motor 12. Openings 9a of
shutter 9 and openings 14 of container 13 should be about the same
size so as to define the general area to be printed and of a size
at least sufficient to cover the dimensions of magnetic numeral 4
of FIG. 1. The areas of shutte 9 intermediate openings 9a should be
sufficient to seal off opening 14 to prevent escape or loss of
particles 10 from container 13.
The source of electric current 3 may be a variable-current power
source. By variable current power source, it is meant to include
currents that are alternating, transient, impulse or oscillatory.
When frequencies of 10 to 500,000 cycles per second are used, the
magnetic particles are driven into the openings of the fibrous
paper, fabric, etc., and are mechanically held within such openings
by the fibers to remain permanently embedded therein.
It is clear that considerable variety is possible in the practice
of the invention. For instance, the opacity of the mark can be
varied by using magnetic fields of various intensities. The
positioning of numeral 4 in the air gap can assume many forms such
as loose, or attached to pole 5 by means of an adhesive layer 6 of
FIG. 1, clipped in place, brazed, soldered, or welded to pole piece
5.
The material of numeral 4 of FIGS. 1 and 2 is not restricted.
Magnetic or magnetizable materials, ferromagnetic alloys, and the
like, can be used. Numeral 4 can be replaced by a collection of
inserts of iron or other magnetic material defining a message,
word, sentence, and so forth, which it is desired to print or
reproduce. Also, it is believed that under suitable circumstances,
numeral 4 can be paper, cloth, or plastic and the like which has
been printed with a magnetic ink (an ink containing magnetic
particles and a binder such as an air-drying or heat-drying oil,
resin, or plastic).
Core 1 of FIG. 1 has been discussed as being magnetically energized
by means of winding 2. Another form that core 1 could take is that
of a permanent magnet outfitted with a shunt magnetic circuit the
reluctance of which could be varied so as to achieve a variable
magnetic field in air gap 7 when desired. An example of such
practice is found in focussing devices used for television picture
tubes. In the application being discussed here, the variable
reluctance would probably be motor-driven, instead of manually
adjustable as in television practice, so as to achieve higher
frequencies of variation.
The paper, fabric, or other fibrous particle-receiving material 8
in air gap 7 can, instead of a single piece, be in the form of a
web which is withdrawn from a supply roll, passed through the air
gap, and rewound on a take-up roll after being marked, printed, or
impregnated. The supply and takeup rolls are not shown since means
for delivering and removing paper or other webs from processing
means are well known.
Magnetic particles of barium ferrite or carbonyl iron have been
used. The use of other finely divided magnetic or ferro-magnetic
materials such as iron oxide, powdered cast iron, etc., will be
apparent to those skilled in the art.
The structure materials which comprise shutter 9, container 14, or
other devices which can be employed in air gap 7 to control
particles 10 are preferably constructed of nonmagnetic
(paramagnetic or diamagnetic) materials to avoid adversely
affecting the configuration of the magnetic field. Examples of
materials suitable for these structures are rigid polyvinyl
chloride, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, a
ployester-glass or epoxide-glass fiber composition, ceramic, wood,
and in some cases aluminum or brass, and so forth.
It will be appreciated that air gap 7 between pole piece 5 and pole
piece 17 of FIG. 1 should be of small vertical dimension but gaps
of various dimensions will be satisfactory depending on the
apparatus disposed in the air gap and the results to be desired.
Moreover, excessive amounts of current or power are not required to
obtain printing or impregnation, and when a lesser degree of
penetration is desired, the output of the electrical supply can
easily be reduced in intensity by means well known to the art.
The present invention provides means for controlling the degree of
penetration or impregnation of the particles into the openings with
respect to the particle-receiving material to provide an inherently
indelible impregnated mark in a dry process without heat and
without special binders for adhering of the particles to the fibers
of the receiving material 8. Further, means are discussed to
control and select the general areas to which the particles are
applied and received. If the particle-receiving material is pulled
through the magnetic field developed while the current remains on,
the magnetic force will continue to vibrate the magnetic particles,
and further pull or drive them into the openings of
particle-receiving material so that the present process is not only
useful for printing but also for impregnating and treating various
materials with finely divided magnetic particles or particle
mixtures. When it is desired to make abrasive papers containing
iron oxide particles, for example, element 4 may be a simple solid
square or bar to treat a wide area or complete width of
particle-receiving material by scanning, or element 4 can be
eliminated. Or, it a design is to be printed, element 4 may be of
other shape than shown in FIG. 2. Moreover, the action of the
magnetic field in the air gap tends to collect loose magnetic
particles into an organized pattern corresponding to the shape of
element 4 or the shape of the field, so that special apparatus and
operations to blow, brush, shake, or dust off excess powder from
the paper after the marking operations are reduced or
eliminated.
Shutter 9, instead of being rotated as shown in FIG. 1, can by
suitable mechanism not shown be oscillated or even reciprocated in
the plane of the web or paper 8 by means of solenoids, etc. It may
be preferred in some cases to control the appliation of the
particles 10 by selectively energizing and de-energizing core 1 in
intermittent fashion without the need for a shutter so as to effect
control of the application of the particles 10. Thus, although
shutter 9 of FIG. 1 can provide a convenient means for preventing
unnecessary deposition of particles, it has been found in practice
that satisfactory definition is obtained without the aforesaid
shutter. For example, a core corresponding to core 1 of FIG. 1 annd
comprising a bonded stack of laminations of a magnetic material
such, for example, as is marketed under the trademark "Hipersil"
(Trademark of Westinghouse Electric Corporation) and having a cross
section of approximately 2 inches .times. 3 inches was wound with
100 turns of insulated copper strip. The winding was connected to a
power supply comprising a 220-volt 60-cycle power line. A magnetic
numeral corresponding to 4 of FIG. 1 was cut from a sheet of 0.004
inch thick, high-permeability heat-treated nickel alloy of about 18
fe, 75 Ni, 2 Cr, and 5Cu, and was about 1 inch in largest
dimension. A folded paper sprinkled with ground barium ferrite
magnetic particles was placed in the air gap of the core defining a
space of about 0.040 inch along with the cutout numeral. Upon
energizing the core, a few amperes of 60 cycle current were drawn
from the power source. After a period of 30 seconds it was found
that an indelible printed character corresponding to the shape of
the magnetic numeral had been formed. Under the same conditions as
herein above described for barrium ferrite, magnetic particles of
carbonyl iron produced a permanent mark of lesser intensity.
In still another example of permanent shaped magnetic marking,
according to this invention, core 1 of FIG. 1 consisted of bonded
thin laminations and was about 1/2 inch by 11/2 inch in cross
section. The winding 2 consisted of about 12 turns of water-cooled
copper tubing. The power source consisted of an 85 kw induction
heating motor generator set operating at a frequency of 10,000
cycles per second (10 kc), and operating at about 10 per cent of
rated output current which would correspond to a power output less
than about 1,000 watts. Folded paper covered with magnetic
particles of barium ferrite was placed in the air gap of the core
which define a space of about 0.030 inch. Application of power for
only 1 second produces an image of the magnetic core which could
not be erased and which even darkened the reverse side of the
paper. On both sides of the paper, particularly the
particle-receiving side, there was a sharp line of demarcation
between the darkened (printed) and undarkened (unprinted) portions
of the paper. The darkening of the reverse side of the paper was
considered to illustrate the abilities of the method to serve in
impregnation capacity, and the dark, sharply-defined marking
obtained was considered to illustrate the printing capacities of a
method of fast, dry, permanent marking without heat. Splitting of
paper printed in this manner have shown that the significant
portions of the particles of the order in excess of twenty-five
percent move into ordinary fibrous paper beyond one-half the
thickness of the paper and are physically held therein by the
fibers so as to prevent dislodging of the particles from the
paper.
The particle-receiving material, paper, fabric, (or carrier yet to
be described), and the magnetic particles should be positioned in
an asymetric portion of the magnetic field of the air gap so that
said particles will be drawn toward the particle-receiving
material. This arrangement is preferable because of the principles
believed to be involved in the present invention as to be described
with the air of FIG. 4. FIG. 4 represents a portion of the
apparatus shown in FIG. 1 (and several subsequent figures) wherein
some of the elements have been eliminated and others separated for
purposes of simplicity. This principle involved in part the
tendency for magnetic flux lines to choose the path of least
reluctance in traversing the air gap of a magnet. As shown in FIG.
4, flux lines 18 which are normally distributed somewhat uniformly
in core 1 through poles 5 and 17 flow in higher concentration
through magnetic numeral 4, paper 8 and powder 10 near the numeral
than they do elsewhere in air gap 7. This uneven, although
organized, distribution causes power 10 to be drawn into position
directly facing numeral 4, and the alternating or oscillating
nature of the magnetic field then vibrates the magnetized powder
particles on to the paper and into the openings in the paper
selectively at the location of numeral 4.
In more advanced, mechanized applications of the apparatus of FIG.
1, particle-receiving material 8 can be fed in the form of a web,
and the operation of shutter 9 can be synchronized with the
formation of the magnetic field by means of a suitable control
means used in place of switch 15. Container 13 can be part of a
powder supply conduit provided with a storage hopper, air or gas
supply, blowers, etc., to deliver the right amount of particle
mixture to the operating area. Electrostatic charges may also be
used to control the movement of, or to support, the particles in
the conduit. Vibratory or sonic means may also be an aid in
handling of particles. Likewise, the apparatus of FIG. 1 can be
inverted and the magnetic particles 10 can be cascaded from a chute
or other container over web 8 as the core 1 is operated.
Instead of fixably or removably securing numeral 4 to pole 5,
numeral 4 can be replaced by a web or tape 19 carrying
ferromagnetic indicia 20 as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. Tape 19 can be
fed across pole 5 and adjacent thereto in the position of numeral 4
and adhesive 6 as shown in FIG. 1, the indicia being next to paper
web 8. The web can be supplied from a roll supported, and wound up
on on a take-up roll in the same manner used for feeding the paper
web through the magnetic field. In this manner a series of
characters or messages can be printed on the paper web. Web 19 can
be synchronized electronically, mechanically, or by other means
with web 8 in the manner described above so that both travel at the
same speed and web 8 is printed as each character 20 passes under
the magnetic fluxing head. The travel of the webs can be
intermittent or continuous. Also, one web can travel at different
speeds or each can move intermittently at different times so that
the indicia printed on web 8 will be closer or farther apart than
shown on web 20, one character can be printed on web 8 several
times before the next character, or a character can be omitted
entirely. Also, means can be provided in the conveying system for
handling webs 8 and 19 to reverse as well as stop their travel if
desired.
In FIGS. 5 and 6, web 19 is made of a flexible nonmagnetic material
to which the characters or indicia 20 made of iron or other
magnetic material or alloy, are secured to web 19 by suitable
adhesives, or, as in the case of some thermoplastics, the
characters may be bees best pressed onto the web. FIG. 7 shows a
modification in which the indicia 20 have been heat-pressed down
into the web 19 so that the surface of the web is planar or smooth.
Alternatively, the equipment can be used to make light characters
on a dark background by substituting a magnetic metal strip, for
web 19, in which the indicia or message is punched out of the strip
and it is recognized that numeral 4 can be formed in this manner.
Moreover, it is possible to use an embossed or stamped thin
magnetic metal strip in which the characters or indicia are either
raised or lowered. FIG. 8, magnified four times with respect to
FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, shows a metal strip or tape 21 which has been
stamped to give raised characters or indicia 22. In this case the
magnetic field flux will concentrate at the raised portions,
causing the magnetic particles to be attracted to the raised
portions and deposit on the paper disposed between strip 21 and
particles to form the required printed character.
In FIGS. 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, modifications of the invention are
shown which permit substantially larger air gap openings to be used
than are preferred in connection with FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 9,
papge 43 (edge view) upon which printed characters are to be made
is located close to or in contact with a magnetic type face 44 such
as shown in perspective view in FIG. 10. Type-face 44 is arranged
to serve as a part of magnetic core 46 which is provided with
winding 47 energized by power supply 48. The power supply provides
current flow to coil 47 so as to produce a corresponding magnetic
field in air gap 49 and paper 43. To make a printed character,
magnetic powder 51 is for convenience placed into reservoir or
holder 52 near the type-face 44, but separated from it by paper 43.
Upon energizing winding 47, a quantity of powder 51 is attracted
toward type-face 44 because the magnetic flux line 55 are more
concentrated at that area, particularly at the active surface of
type-face 44 upon which the shaped type is present. The attraction
and powder movement takes place very rapidly, beyond the ability of
the eye to follow. The powders strike the paper and simultaneously
form into the pattern determined by the type-face. Where a variable
magnetic field is present, some of the power is immediately
impregnated or embedded into paper 43 in the desired pattern by
movement between the fibers.
In practice, it has been found that the type-face 44 of FIG. 9 can
be a steel stamping die as shown in perspective in FIG. 10. The
apparatus of FIG. 9 has been used employing the numeral "6" as
shown in FIG. 10 since it illustrates a closed loop. Upon
energization with a 60-cycle electric current, the numeral 6 has
been found to be accurately reproduced.
In FIG. 11, there is shown an apparatus employing
capacitor-discharge techniques. An oscillatory transient current
flow is realized in winding 61 (and consequent oscillatory magnetic
flux in core 62) by first opening switching device 63 and then
closing switching device 64 so as to permit power supply 65 to
deliver electrical energy to storage capacitor 66. A d-c power
supply is used, but the type of electrical power supply is not
restricted. When electrical energy of the desired level
corresponding to the design of coil 61 has been stored in capacitor
66, switch 64 is opened and switch 63 is closed to cause the
capacitor to deliver its energy to coil 61. As well known in the
electrical art, easily realized design conditions then result in a
damped oscillatory discharge current flow in the circuit of
capacitor 66 and coil 61. It is apparent that the apparatus can be
modified to deliver greater voltage to the capacitor and that
electronic or other high speed switching can be used to decrease
the time. Also, synchronizing means can be used to synchronize the
magnetic pulses with the feed of the paper past type bar 44.
In the apparatus shown in FIG. 11, 3 magnetic type faces (44)
having the numerals "8," "6," and "0" were mounted on pole 54. By
charging capacitor 66 to about 300 volts, the resultant oscillation
produced the printing on paper 43 as seen in FIG. 12.
The magnetic type faces 4 and 44 of FIGS. 1, 4, 9 and 11 need not
be used in the larger magnetic circuit as shown but can be
individually supplied with magnetizing windings if desired without
the magnetic flux return structure shown. Also, as shown above, it
is not necessary to use a complete stamping die or type face for
each separate character.
The methods previously described show portions of apparatus located
on both sides of the material to be printed upon. However, in the
method of the present invention the printing operation can be
accomplished from one side of the material. For example, printed
information can be applied to closed packages, solid objects,
containers with small necks, etc. Preferably, the apparatus is
arranged to avoid contact between the magnetic character forming
face and the magnetic particles to avoid the necessity for cleaning
the magnet face and to insure the application of more uniform
pressure to the body being printed.
In other embodiments of this invention, in which magnetized
type-face units may be used, magnetic bodies nominally of
corresponding facing areas could be used to concentrate and adjust
the configuration of the magnetic fields.
The accumulation of excess magnetic particles (aggregation) on the
object to be printed and/or dragging of particles from the desired
area to be printed caused by movement of the paper or object or
movement of the magnet still having some residual magnetic force
can be reduced or eliminated by proper timing and current pulse
control in energizing and de-energizing the magnetizing elements so
as to remove magnetization prior to the possible collection of
excess particles. Air jets or turbulent air currents directed near
the pattern being formed can be used to dislodge the excess, more
loosely held particles. Vibration can be used to dislodge excess
particles such as can be achieved by sonic or mechanical vibration,
or by ultrasonic waves. Vacuum action can also be used to remove
excess magnetic particles. Build-up of particles in an
electrostatic process does not occur to a great extent since the
charged particles neutralize the electrostatic image as they
collect on it. However, with magnetic particles a charge
neutralization effect does not occur in this manner since each
magnetizable particle in a magnetic field tends to become a magnet
itself and to transmit flux to its neighbor. The particles should
be magnetically hard so as to form magnets in the presence of the
moving field. This results in the particles moving deeply into the
paper and lodging between the fibers to effect the desired
mechanical lodging of the particles within the paper or other
carrier. In this manner, printing of greater opacity may be
realized by magnetic methods.
Magnetic materials for use in making the magnet or cores the
magnetizable or magnetic particles can be any magnetic material
known to the art. Examples of some metals and alloys are iron,
cobalt and nickel and their allows such as a 35 Co - 65 Fe alloy;
silicon steel; low carbon (0.1-0.2 percent) cast steel; high carbon
(above 3 percent) cast iron containing 3 percent Si and varying
amounts of P, Mn and S; Ni and Fe alloys with small amounts of Mo
and Cr; 50Ni--50 Fe alloys which can contain a small amount of
copper; 54.7 Fe -- 45 Ni -- 0.3Mn; 17 Fe -- 81 Ni -- 2 Mo; sintered
MnFe.sub.2 o.sub.4 + ZnFe.sub.2 o.sub.4 ; tungsten steel containing
5W, 0.3 Mn and 0.7 C; chromium steel containing 3.5 Cr, 0.9C, and
0.3 Mn; alloys of iron and various amounts of Al, Ni, Co and Cu
etc. such as 12 Al -- 20 Ni -- 5 Co, 10 Al -- 17 Ni -- 2.5 Co -- 6
Cu, 8 Al -- 15 Ni -- 24 Co -- 3 Cu = 1 Ti; alloys of iron, 52 Co
and 10 -- 14 V; an alloy of 50 Cu, 21 Ni and 29 Co; an alloy of
86.8 Ag, 8.8 Mn and 4.4 Al; an alloy of 77 Pt and 23 Co; 77.8 Pt
and 22.2 Fe; and the ferrites such as barium ferrite, manganese
zinc ferrite, manganese magnesium ferrite and so forth. Many of
these materials have to be suitably treates such as by annealing,
cold working, forging, etc., and sometimes in the electrical field,
to produce their best magnetic properties. Of these materials it is
preferred to use the iron, cobalt and nickel alloys and the
ferrites. It, also, is preferred that the magnetic material used
for the core have little or no retentivity and be highly permeable
or have maximum permeability, so that sufficient magnetic intensity
is directed onto the particles and so that the particles and core
after de-energization of the coil will not cause smearing or
shifting of the pattern due to the presence of residual magnetism.
The cores can be solid or be laminated; they also can be made by
powdered metallurgical methods. The magnetic or magnetizable
particles should be magnetically hard and thus of the oppposite
characteristic of the core and have high retentivity. The particles
can be made by methods well known in the art such as by spraying,
micropulverizing, etc., can be acicular in shape, irregular, or can
have other shaped and can have an average particle size of from
about 0.001 to 80 microns.
The pole face, cores or tips of the magnets can have many shapes as
shown herein. They, also, can have dots on the pole pieces to
increase the dot patterns on the material reproduced.
In addition to printing and copying as described supra, the process
of the present invention can be used for coating and impregnating
applications. For example, polishing cloth can be made by
impregnating cloths with a substantial amount of magnetic
particles. Also, a disinfectant, deodorant, fertilizer, pisticide,
developing chemican can be mixed with the magnetic particles,
preferably with a binder, such as a readily decomposable,
hydrolyzable or water soluble, etc. compound such as gelatin,
polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and the like (for later
release of the disinfectant etc. on use) and employed to impregnate
cloth or paper to make a paper product which contains a
disinfectant. Since the magnetic particles can be driven into and
throughout the fibers of paper or cloth, increased loading and
extended service life and potency are thereby provided and which
represents a distinct improvement over conventional wet
impregnating processes. The present process can be used to provide
decorative patterns on paper napkins, bathroom tissue, cleaning
tissue and so forth.
By using one or more of the various binders discussed herein
including polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl
chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyacrylates, phenol or
resorcinol-aldehyde resins, polyesters,
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, vinylidene chloride
polymers, polypropylene, polystyrene, cellulosic polymers,
polyurethane and other thermoplastic or thermosetting materials and
a pigment, colored magnetic particles can be made. Still other
thermoadhesive polymers or resins can be used as binders such as
resin, gum, copal, "Vinsol," Egyptian asphalt, hydrocarbon resins
and the like. The binder can be disolved in solvent, mixed with the
pigment and magnetic particle and spray dried. In another method
the ingredients are mixed, preferably hot, cooled and
micropulverized. Where the binder, magnetic particles and pigment
exhibit the triboelectric effect, simple mixing may be sufficient
to properly coat the magnetic particles with pigment and binder
particles. Conventional compounding ingredients can be mixed with
the resins or during preparation of the colored particles as
desired such as antidegradants, stabilizers, curing agents if
necessary, and so forth. Only sufficient binder is used to combine
the pigment and magnetic particles; greater amounts can be used if
desired. Generally the binder can be used in an amount from about
10 to 75 parts per 100 parts by weight total of pigment and
magnetic particles. The completed pigment-binder-magnetic particle
can have an average particle size of from about 0.01 to 100 microns
or larger. The color pigment is used in amounts sufficient to
obtain the desired color and mask the color of the magnetic
particles if dark or black. Large excess should not be used as such
may interfere with cloud and magnetic pattern formation. The
pigment particles can be of the same size as the magnetic particles
but preferably are smaller in order to coat or substantially coat
the magnetic particles. Various color pigments can be used
including carbon black, ultramarine blue, chrome oxide, cadmium
orange, molybdate orange, cadsmium reds, Cd-Hg sulfide reds, CoSi
violets, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide,
phthalocyanine blues, phthalocyanine greens, Amaplast orange LF,
the Monastral Reds, the Benzidine and Amaplast yellows and so
forth. Still other pigments can be used as shown in "Materials and
Compounding Ingredients for Rubber and Plastics," 1965, Rubber
World, New York, N.Y.
The process of the present invention can be used to imprint a
serial number of a label which has been printed by a different
method. Thus, this process can be used to provide various indicia
and decorations on different printed media. In the case where the
magnetic particles do not stick too well to the object to be
printed such as certain coated papers, cold plastic, glass,
ceramic, etc., the magnetic pattern can be sprayed with lacquer or
enamel, or it can be laminated or coated by using a doctor blade,
or by extruding a coating material on it, covering with transparent
or translucent film, glassine or other suitable coating and so
forth.
In addition to some of the other advantages mentioned herein, the
magnetic printing process of the present invention provides means
for dry printing without special paper or plastics of any sort,
holding to the apparent public preference for, and several
technical advantages of, dry processing with ordinary paper.
Magnetic fields are not distorted by the presence of paper or
plastics and such fields cannot be generated by "friction" effects.
Magnetic fields are not affected by humidity, and the need for
sensitive image plates and other fragile devices is eliminated.
There would appear to be no need for any voltages higher than
ordinary line voltages (110 or 220) in magnetic printing equipment,
and all-transistor electronics can be used. In contrast to the need
for high voltages in electrostatic equipment, this feature can
reduce certain space requirements, improve safety considerations,
and maintenance. By suitably controlling fringing and aggregation,
as disclosed herein, the tendency for magnetic particles to
transfer or even intensify the magnetic field could promote
collection of thicker particle patterns than realized with
electrostatics, thereby contributing to opacity. The processes and
methods disclosed herein have applications in the fields of
printing, publications, communication systems, computation and
business machines, copying, impregnating, coating, packaging,
textiles, special papers and so forth.
It will be understood that various changes in the details,
materials, steps and arrangements of parts, which have been herein
described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the
invention may be made by those skilled in the art within the
principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended
claims.
Various modes of carrying out the invention are contemplated as
being within the scope of the following claims, particularly
pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is
regarded as the invention.
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