U.S. patent number 3,851,487 [Application Number 05/078,493] was granted by the patent office on 1974-12-03 for buoyant underwater structures.
Invention is credited to Christian J. Lambertsen.
United States Patent |
3,851,487 |
Lambertsen |
December 3, 1974 |
BUOYANT UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
Abstract
Underwater structures of limited and controllable buoyancy
comprise shells, closed at the top and sides, in which is retained
a volume of water having a lower specific gravity than that outside
said shells. These shells may be flexible and transparent. Further,
they may be completely closed and the water therein pressurized to
impart rigidity to the structure. Typically, in a salt water
environment, the buoyant internal liquid may comprise fresh water
or a mixture of fresh water and salt water. A temperature
differential between the water inside the shell and that outside
may be used to obtain the desired density difference and resultant
buoyancy. Access openings may be provided. Such structures may be
moored or attached and may be used, for example, to cover an
underwater work site and provide better visibility, freedom from
underwater currents, etc. Closed, rigidified structures may be used
for controlled buoyancy submarine hulls, structural supporting
members, etc.
Inventors: |
Lambertsen; Christian J.
(Ardmore, PA) |
Family
ID: |
22144358 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/078,493 |
Filed: |
October 6, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
405/185; 52/2.14;
114/312; 405/224; 114/257; 219/72 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B63C
11/34 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B63C
11/00 (20060101); B63C 11/34 (20060101); B63c
011/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;61/.5,1,46.5,69
;114/.5X,16R,16X,16E ;52/2 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Bell; J. Karl
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Paul & Paul
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Buoyant structure, totally submerged in an underwater
environment, comprised of a shell substantially impermeable to
water, said shell having access openings therein, the volume within
such shell being occupied by water having a lower specific gravity
than that of the underwater environment, said shell being closed at
the top and sides thereof.
2. Buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 1, wherein the
water within said shell is at a higher temperature than that
outside said shell.
3. Buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 1, wherein the
water within said shell has a lower salt concentration than that
outside said shell.
4. Buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 1, wherein
said shell is also closed at the bottom, said bottom closure having
an access opening therein.
5. Buoyant structure according to claim 1, wherein the volume
within said structure is of sufficient dimension to accommodate
divers.
6. Buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 1, wherein
said shell is also closed at the bottom so as to define a
completely enclosed space and wherein the water within said shell
is at a higher pressure than that outside said shell at the same
depth so as to rigidify said structure.
7. Buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 1, wherein
said structure includes access openings on the side thereof, the
horizontal space adjacent said opening outside said shell being
covered above said opening by a substantially water impermeable
canopy extending outward from said shell and downward at least to
the bottom of said opening, said canopy being open at the
bottom.
8. Buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 7, wherein
said access opening is filled with gas.
9. Buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 1, wherein the
top of said structure includes an escape valve for any low specific
gravity fluid entrapped within said structure which may rise and be
collected at the top thereof.
10. Buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 9, wherein
the outlet of said valve is in communication with a conduit for
carrying said escaping low specific gravity fluid to a pre-selected
location.
11. Buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 1, wherein a
gas filled enclosure is located within said structure.
12. Buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 6, wherein
said rigidified shell comprises a support member integrally
combined with a second buoyant structure, said second buoyant
structure consisting of a second shell substantially impermeable to
water and having an access opening therein, the volume of said
second shell being occupied by water having a lower specific
gravity than that outside said second shell, said second shell
being closed at the top and sides thereof.
13. A buoyant underwater structure, as recited in claim 12, wherein
said structure comprises tubular supporting members disposed about
the base of said second shell, said second shell having a generally
hemispheric shape.
14. Buoyant structure, of limited and controlled buoyancy, totally
submerged in an underwater environment, comprised of a shell
substantially impermeable to water, the volume within such shell
being occupied by water having a lower specific gravity than that
of the underwater environment, said shell being closed at the top
and sides thereof, said shell being also closed at the bottom
thereof so as to define a completely enclosed space.
15. Buoyant structure according to claim 14, said structure being
rigidified by means of the water within said shell being at a
higher pressure than that of the underwater environment.
16. Buoyant structure at least partially submerged in an underwater
environment, comprised of a shell substantially impermeable to
water, the volume within such shell being occupied by water having
a lower specific gravity than that of the underwater environment,
said shell being closed at the top and sides thereof, said shell
being also closed at the bottom thereof so as to define a
completely enclosed space, wherein the buoyancy of said structure
is provided substantially exclusively by the difference in specific
gravities between the water within the shell and the water of the
underwater environment.
Description
This invention relates to underwater structures having slight, but
controllable, buoyancy which may be used to provide, within a
localized area, a more suitable environment for work or
exploration, or alternatively may be used to provide structural
support and/or buoyancy.
Poor visibility, resulting from light scattering in turbid water,
and underwater currents generally impair coordination and
complicate underwater work and/or exploration. Such activities may
also require slightly buoyant structures to aid in support or
movement of articles underwater or buoyant, rigid structures for
structural support in underwater applications.
Various approaches have been made in the prior art to these needs
including, for example, rigid structural underwater habitats, in
which is maintained a life-supporting atmosphere, submarines,
buoyant fluid-filled structures, such as is seen in U.S. Pat. No.
3,496,730--Tsuji and liquid-filled buoyant floats, such as is
disclosed in the background statement of U.S. Pat. No.
3,112,724--Rosen. Rosen indicates, however, that the liquid-filled
floats used were not buoyant enough for the purposes intended and
Tsuji is concerned with supporting the buoyant forces produced in a
fluid-filled underwater structure wherein the fluid may be
"gasoline or oil, etc."
These teachings do not, in the opinion of the present inventor,
meet the foregoing needs.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide
buoyant underwater structures wherein the effects of underwater
currents are minimized and visibility is enhanced.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such structures
which are of limited and controlled buoyancy.
It is a further object of this invention to provide buoyant
underwater structures enclosing an effective work space and having
access openings therein.
Still another object of this invention is to provide buoyant, rigid
underwater structures which are collapsible, easily transportable
and emplaceable, particularly in collapsed form, and which may be
used to assist in providing structural support or lifting articles
underwater.
Briefly, the present invention comprises water impermeable shells,
closed at the top and sides, the interior space of which is
occupied by water having a lower specific gravity than that in the
water environment surrounding the shell. Such lower specific
gravity water may comprise fresh water, partially or fully
demineralized sea water, brackish naturally occuring water,
mixtures of low mineral content water and sea water, and heated
water or sea water. The structure is thus buoyed by the specific
gravity difference between the water within the structure and that
surrounding the structure.
The structure may be comprised, for example, of a hemispheric
transparent flexible shell, surrounding a work or exploration area,
such as a well head or mineral deposit. The shell may include
downward access openings since the less dense water will tend to
rise upward in the shell and will not be lost to any significant
extent through the downward openings in the shell.
Within the shell there may also be enclosed gas-filled open bottom
enclosures for work in a liquid-free atmosphere.
The shell may be completely enclosed, rather than enclosed only at
its top and sides, and the water contained therein may be slightly
pressurized to provide rigidification of the shell. Such a
rigidified structure may be used as a structural support member.
Further, the buoyancy of the underwater structures of the present
invention may be used to assist in lifting articles underwater for
support or movement thereof.
Preferably, the structures of the present invention are used in a
sea water environment with demineralized sea water or fresh water
in the structure to provide buoyancy.
This invention may be better understood by reference to the
following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a hemispherical embodiment of the
present invention, including certain optional features thereof;
FIGS. 2-7 are schematic views of various other shapes of underwater
structures within the scope of the present invention.
Referring more specifically to FIG. 1, there is shown a
hemispherical structure or shell 10, closed at the top and sides
thereof and supported by a perforated support member 11,
substantially filled by fresh water 12, somewhat less dense than
sea water 14 surrounding the structure. As indicated by the legend,
the shell structure 10 of this invention may be both flexible and
transparent for ease of transportability and erection and for
visibility therein. Similarly perforated support member 11 may be
flexible and collapsible for purposes of transportability and in
situ erection. If the shell structure itself is of relatively tough
material, support member 11 may be omitted. Structure 10 is
anchored to sea floor 16 by guy wires 18. Ballast 20 may be used to
assist in maintaining the position and preventing deformation of
structure 10. An access opening 22 in structure 10 includes a
canopy 24 extending over the horizontal area outside of opening 22
and below the bottom thereof so that buoyant water trapped in
canopy 24 cannot escape and sea water is precluded from entering
structure 20 by the presence of the more buoyant water enclosed
under canopy 24. In the structure as shown in FIG. 1, there is also
provided gas lock and emergency station 26 which may serve as an
emergency access opening or as an emergency rehabilitation space
for a diver if the gas lock is filled with a life-supporting gas.
Gas pressure in the gas lock and emergency station 26 prevents the
water level therein from occupying the space in the gas lock.
Similarly, a liquid-free atmosphere surrounding the immediate work
site 28 may be provided by an open bottomed, gas filled inner
structure 30.
For intermittent warming of divers, whose work effectiveness might
otherwise be impaired by a low temperature water environment, an
enclosed warm water space may be provided, such as by an insulated
warming station 32. Warm water may be provided in warming station
32 by an inlet line 34 from a source external to structure 10 or
may be internally generated by a heater within structure 10.
Similarly, the low specific gravity water supporting structure 10
may be provided from an inlet line for that purpose or may be
generated in situ, such as by demineralization apparatus.
Gas, or any light fluid, such as oil trapped in underwater
structure 10 is collected at the top thereof. The accumulated gas
or light fluid may be removed therefrom by selective gas
elimination valve 36 and tube 37 leading to a preselected location
such as a collection tank, barge, or simply the water surface for
escape to the atmosphere. Tube 37 may, of course, be omitted if the
escaping light fluid causes no problems when allowed to escape into
the surrounding water. This elimination of the light fluid thus
collected prevents undesirable or uncontrollable increases in
buoyancy of the structure due to such gas or light fluid
concentration. This gas may be generated, for example, by breathing
apparatus or emanated from an oil well head within the structure
10. Another light fluid which may be collected is oil escaping from
the ocean bottom. On the other hand a gas collection zone may be
deliberately maintained to enhance the stability of the structure
or to give it self-righting properties. Separate gas or light
liquid containers, properly placed in the structure may also be
used for the same purpose. A light fluid escape valve may also be
used in specific applications such as oil leak control described in
more detail below.
Various other generalized shapes of underwater structures within
the scope of the present invention are seen in FIGS. 2-7. The
access openings in each case are similar to that seen in FIG. 1,
except that in FIGS. 5 and 6 the access opening is a downward
opening through a bottom enclosure of the structure.
Generally speaking, structural integrity is imparted to the
structures of the present invention by the buoyancy of low specific
gravity water, as compared to surrounding water, and the upwardly
acting forces thereof, on a structure otherwise anchored to a
permanent base, such as the ocean floor. In other applications of
this invention, however, the structures may define a completely
enclosed interior and may be used, for example, as underwater buoys
to assist in lifting and moving articles. Further, such structures
may, if completely enclosed, be rigidified by a slight
pressurization of the low specific gravity water therein. Such
rigidified structures may be used for permanent or semi-permanent
structural support, such as in the form of toroids or cylindrical
columns, or alternatively may be used in portable structures, such
as submarine supporting structures, to which would be attached
propulsion and guidance means.
The shell material of the underwater structures of the present
invention must of course be substantially impermeable to water in
order to prevent interchange between the less dense water in the
interior thereof and the more dense water on the exterior thereof.
For most applications, cost, transportability, and ease of
emplacement will probably dictate that the shell structure be of a
flexible material. Further, in order to permit whatever natural
light is available to illuminate the work area within the
structure, the shell material may be transparent or translucent.
Polyvinyl or polyolefinic films are typical of the materials which
may be used in the shell structure of the present invention.
Obviously, ribbing or reinforcement, as shown in FIG. 1, may be
required in some cases.
The use of low specific gravity water as a buoyant fluid has
several advantages. These include availability and compatibility.
As to availability, it should be noted that water surrounding any
proposed underwater structure may be used to provide the necessary
less dense water either by heating the water or by demineralizing
it in the case of a salt water environment. Moreover, fresh or
brackish water from natural sources may be used in any structure
located in proximity to a sea coast line. The less dense water thus
used for buoyancy is of course completely non-reactive with the
water environment, will not contaminate or pollute the environment,
and will be equally non-reactive and non-corrosive with other
equipment which may be used in or around the structure, such as
underwater breathing equipment.
Visibility within the structure is aided by the transparency of
water and when necessary, by filtration of the demineralized or
heated surrounding water used in the structure to remove turbidity
therefrom.
Low density water is also likely to be less expensive than other
fluids and, in contrast with gases, incompressible. The latter
factor renders the buoyancy of water of reduced specific gravity
constant regardless of depth and the structural shapes of the
present invention are therefore unaffected by depth. Finally, the
buoyancy of the buoyant fluid used in the present invention is
easily and predictably controllable by mixing available low
specific gravity water with surrounding higher density water or by
control of the extent of demineralization or heating used to reduce
density. The specific gravity of fresh water is 0.975 times that of
ordinary sea water, indicating that 1 cubic foot of fresh water has
1.62 pounds less mass than an equal volume of salt water. This
specific gravity difference provides buoyancy for various
representative collapsible structures to the extent shown in Table
1. The forces shown in Table 1 are based on the projected
horizontal cross sectional area of the upper portion of the
structure. These forces may be controlled to provide appropriate
balancing of force vectors for desired rigidity, resistance to
current and requirement for ballast by the appropriate mixing of
fresh and sea water. By such mixing and without dependence upon a
gas phase, lift can be adjusted from 0 to the full 1.62 lbs. per
cubic ft. buoyancy of fresh water, with no change in shape or size
of the desired structure.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Buoyancy and
Supporting Forces in Undersea Work Stations (Fresh water inside
structure located in the sea) Rad- Length Volume Area Buoyancy Lift
ius (ft) (cu ft) Base Roof (lbs) (lbs/ (ft) (sq ft) sq ft)
______________________________________ Hemispherical Structure 5
262 79 157 424 5.4 10 2,094 314 628 3,392 10.8 15 7,069 707 1,414
11,452 16.2 20 16,755 1,257 2,513 27,143 21.6 25 32,725 1,963 3,927
53,014 27.0 Vertical Cylindrical Structure 5 10 785 79 1,272 16.1
10 10 3,142 314 5,090 16.2 10 15 4,712 314 7,633 24.3 10 20 6,283
314 10,178 32.4 10 25 7,854 314 12,723 40.5 Horizontal
Hemicylindrical Structure 5 10 393 50 236 637 12.7 10 10 1,571 100
628 2,545 25.5 10 15 2,356 150 785 3,817 25.4 10 20 3,142 200 942
5,090 25.5 10 25 3,927 250 1,100 6,362 25.4
______________________________________
Aside from the use of fresh or demineralized water in a salt water
environment another means of obtaining low specific gravity water
is by heating. For example, fresh water with a specific gravity of
1.000 at 4.degree.C has a specific gravity of 0.99913 at
15.degree.C. This specific gravity difference may be used to
provide a buoyant force, in the structures of the present
invention, even in a fresh water environment. At 40.degree.C the
specific gravity of fresh water decreases to 0.9923.
In summary, it should be appreciated that the primary requisite of
a structure within the scope of the present invention is that it
include a shell closed at the top and sides for enclosing and
trapping, from upward and outward movement, low specific gravity
water, which because of its low specific gravity has some buoyancy
as compared to the surrounding water environment. The top and side
closures need not be separately identifiable structural components.
Indeed they may be a continuous geometric surface, such as a
hemisphere.
It should also be realized that complex structures utilizing
various forms of the present invention may be used. For example, to
prevent deformation of the hemispheric structure shown in FIG. 1,
near the base thereof where the structural shell is almost
vertical, a circumferentially disposed toroidal member or ribs,
comprised of one or more closed tubular structures filled with
pressurized low specific gravity water, may be used. Thus, the
hemispheric structure and the pressurized, water filled base
supporting structures, each separate embodiments of the structures
of the present invention, are combined in a unitary and useful
complex structure. (Deformation of the bottom of the shell may also
be prevented by a conventional structure such as beams or a
metallic frame.)
One specific application of the structures of the present invention
involves capping of underwater oil or gas leaks. The collapsible
shell structure is sunk and preferably extended by first filling
with fresh water although the oil or gas itself may be used to open
the collapsed structure. Such structures may be emplaced where a
leak has occurred or, alternatively, in a general area where leaks
may be expected to occur. In the latter case, the structure is then
towed to the precise location as soon as a leak occurs.
This is but one example of a variety of applications in which
inherent features of structures within the scope of the present
invention may be used to good advantage. Generally speaking, these
features include:
a. in collapsed form, structures are of low total mass and volume;
this facilitates transportation, towability, ease of submersion,
and in situ erection;
b. controlled positive buoyancy;
c. erected structure of constant volume, regardless of depth, and
easily movable, and
d. great flexibility as to shape and size.
While this invention has been described with reference to
particular embodiments thereof, various other embodiments of the
present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and
all such embodiments are considered to be within the scope of the
appended claims, in which the present invention is specifically
recited.
* * * * *