U.S. patent number 3,850,662 [Application Number 05/281,271] was granted by the patent office on 1974-11-26 for electrophotographic developing process and apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Kalle Aktiengesellschaft. Invention is credited to Helmut Jahn.
United States Patent |
3,850,662 |
Jahn |
November 26, 1974 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPING PROCESS AND APPARATUS
Abstract
This invention relates to an electrophotographic process wherein
first and second zones of a photoconductor are caused to pass a
developing electrode, the first zone having an electrographic
charge image thereon and the second zone being electrostatically
charged but not having been exposed to produce an image thereon and
the two zones passing the electrode in either order, and wherein
the electrical field between the electrode and the photoconductor
is less when the second zone is passing the electrode than it is
when the first zone is passing the electrode, and further relates
to an apparatus for carrying out this process.
Inventors: |
Jahn; Helmut (Frankfurt,
DT) |
Assignee: |
Kalle Aktiengesellschaft
(Wiesbaden-Biebrich, DT)
|
Family
ID: |
25761709 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/281,271 |
Filed: |
August 17, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
399/271;
430/123.4; 399/294; 399/295; 399/267 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/065 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/06 (20060101); G03g 013/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;117/17.5 ;96/1R,1S,1D
;118/637 ;355/3,17 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Sofocleous; Michael
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Cushman, Darby & Cushman
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An electrophotographic process comprising:
electrostatically charging the surface of a photoconductor to form
a uniform change, exposing a first zone of said charged
photoconductor surface to a light image to form a latent charge
image thereby leaving a second zone adjacent to said first zone
uniformly charged,
passing said first and second zones past means for developing a
latent charge image,
applying a first potential to said developing means to form a first
electrical field between said developing means and said first zone
while said first zone is passing so as to develop said latent
charge image of said first zone and
applying a second potential, different from said first potential,
to said developing means to form a second electrical field between
said developing means and said second zone of said uniform charge
of said second zone.
2. A process as in claim 1 wherein said step of passing includes
passing said zones past a magnetic brush.
3. A process as in claim 1 wherein said step of passing includes
passing said zones past a developing electrode of the cascade
type.
4. A process as in claim 1 wherein said second potential includes
applying a second potential has a magnitude less than the potential
of the charge of the photoconductor in the second zone and said
second electrical field is less than said first electrical
field.
5. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said second potential
includes applying a second potential has the same sign but greater
than the potential of the charge of the photoconductor in the
second zone and has the opposite sign to said first potential.
6. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said second potential
has the same magnitude as the potential of the charge of the
photoconductor in the second zone thereby reducing the electrical
field to zero.
Description
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic developing
process and to apparatus for carrying out this process.
In electrophotographic copying machines in which the intermediate
image carrier is a photoconductive drum or an endless
photoconductive belt, only certain portions are exposed to produce
an image, no exposure taking place outside these areas. This leads
to the charge which is sprayed on being retained on the
photoconductor in the areas which are not exposed for producing an
image. Very large quantities of toner are applied to these
unexposed areas of the photoconductor, especially when the
developing system is suitable for developing not only zones where
sudden increases in voltage occur, but also charged surfaces. This
leads both to high consumption of toner and a heavy work-load at
the adjacent cleaning station.
In an attempt to solve this problem, a proposal has been made to
fit a quenching (discharging) lamp upstream of the developing
station. This quenching lamp is always switched on when a zone of
the photoconductor that has not been exposed for producing an image
passes below the lamp. Illumination by means of such a lamp results
in the charge flowing away, and developing of these unexposed zones
of the photoconductor is avoided.
The above method, however, has considerable disadvantages. The
circuit necessary for controlling the quenching lamp is complicated
and the lamp uses up a relatively large amount of energy. The lamp
constitutes an additional element in the electrophotographic cycle
and thus increases the likelihood of the machine breaking down and,
because of the expense involved in providing the fixing means and
the lamp itself, increases the cost of the electrophotographic
reproduction machine. Furthermore, the use of a quenching lamp
imposes a considerable load upon the photoconductor.
The present invention provides an electrophotographic process
wherein first and second zones of a photoconductor are caused to
pass a developing electrode, the first zone having a latent
electrographic charge image thereon and the second zone being
electrostatically charged but not having been exposed to produce an
image thereon and the two zones passing the electrode in either
order, and wherein the electrical field between the electrode and
the photoconductor is less when the second zone is passing the
electrode than it is when the first zone is passing the electrode.
The electric field when the second zone is passing the electrode is
advantageously so much reduced compared with the field when the
first zone is passing the electrode that there is either no
electrical field or the field is in the opposite direction to the
field when the first zone is passing the electrode. If the field is
reversed there is no need for the numerical value of the reversed
field to be less than the numerical value of the field when the
first zone passes the electrode, although normally only a weak
reversed field will be applied.
The present invention makes it possible to eliminate substantially
the disadvantages of the prior art processes. In the process of the
invention, those zones of the photoconductor that have been charged
but are not exposed to produce an image use up little, if any,
toner in the electrophotographic cycle, and no quenching lamp is
required.
According to the invention, an opposing field can particularly
advantageously be set up by applying a higher voltage to the
developing electrode than the voltage applied when the first zone
is passing the electrode. A voltage for preventing the developing
of the residual charge that has not completely flowed away in the
exposed zones may, if desired, by applied to the electrode when the
first zone is passing it. This can be done by means of an
additional voltage source or a voltage source having an adjustable
E.M.F.
In the process of the invention, the electrode may comprise a
magnet brush or be part of a cascade developing system. If a
cascade developing system is used instead of a magnetic brush, the
opposing electrical field can of course be set up only when that
zone of the photoconductor that has been exposed in the manner for
producing an image has been completely removed from the vicinity of
the electrode.
The invention also provides apparatus for carrying out the process
of the invention. The apparatus comprises a photoconductor capable
of being electrostatically charged and on which an electrographic
charged image can be formed, a magnetic brush, means connected to
the brush for supplying to the brush either of two different
voltages having the same sign but different absolute magnitudes,
and switch means adapted to connect the lower voltage to the brush
when a zone of the photoconductor which has been exposed to produce
an image is passing the brush and to connect the higher voltage to
the brush when no such zone is passing the brush. The apparatus may
comprise one adjustable voltage source or two different voltage
sources. In a modification of the apparatus described above, the
magnetic brush may be replaced by the developing electrode of a
cascade developing system.
The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with
reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of an electrophotographic
copying machine,
FIG. 2 shows a further diagrammatic sectional view of the copying
machine shown in FIG. 1, some parts being omitted for clarity,
and
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic sectional view of an electrophotographic
reproduction machine incorporating a cascade developing
station.
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows an electrophotographic
reproduction machine which comprises a drum 1 with a photoconductor
2 fitted thereon. A potential V.sub.0 can be applied to the drum.
The photoconductor may be charged in a uniform manner in a
corona-charging station 3 and exposed to produce an image in an
exposure station 4. The resultant charge pattern can be developed
in a developing station 5, and the developed image can be
transferred to a copy-receiving material 7, for example paper, in a
transfer station 6. A magnetic brush 8, to which either of two
potentials V.sub.1 and V.sub.2 may be applied is provided for the
developing operation.
For various reasons it is not possible simply to pass the
photoconductor as exposed for producing an image through the
various stations of the electrophotographic cycle. Instead, zones
of various sizes that have not been exposed for producing an image
are present between those zones of the photoconductor that have
been so exposed. In previously proposed electrophotographic
reproduction machines, particularly in those with which charged
surfaces can also be developed, the zone which is not exposed for
producing an image is, like the zone which is exposed, charged in
the charging station and developed in the developing station. Since
this zone is not exposed, the resultant developing in the
developing station is as though the zone were a black area in the
image. Thus, not only is a relatively large quantity of toner used
up in the previously proposed machines, but this toner has also to
be removed from the photoconductor, and it rapidly stops up the
filtering means.
In the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 1, that zone of the
photoconductor between a and b is exposed for producing an image,
whereas the zone between b and c is not so exposed. According to
the invention, the developing of the zone b - c, that is not
exposed for producing an image, is prevented in the following
manner. A potential V.sub.1, which differs from the potential
V.sub.0 applied to the drum, is applied in the normal manner to the
magnetic brush 8 used for the developing operation when the zone a
- b is passing beneath the brush. The purpose of this difference
between V.sub.1 and V.sub.0 is to prevent developing of the "white"
areas in the exposed zone a - b, which would otherwise occur as a
result of the incomplete removal of charge in these zones. In order
to prevent developing of the charged but not exposed zone b - c
when the latter zone is beneath the brush 8, such a potential
V.sub.2 may be applied to the brush that either there is no
electric field between the magnetic brush and the photoconductor or
there is only a weak electric field, the flux lines of which run in
a direction opposite to those of the previously existing field, so
that no toner passes to the photoconductor 2.
Switching from the normal developing voltage V.sub.1 to the voltage
V.sub.2 takes place when the boundary line b between the exposed
and unexposed zones a - b and b - c respectively has passed through
the developing station. This change-over may be controlled through
a switching means 9 by the impulse generator of the
electrophotographic machine.
It has been found expedient to use a potential V.sub.2 that is
somewhat higher than that of the charges on the zone of the
photoconductor which is not exposed for producing an image. When
this potential of the charges was -800 V, a potential V.sub.2 of
-850 V prevented developing of a charged but unexposed zone of the
photoconductor.
The process of the invention can also be used when a cascade system
comprising a developing electrode is used instead of a magnetic
brush developing unit. Apparatus suitable for use in this process
is shown in FIG. 3. Potential V.sub.1 is applied to the developing
electrode 10 when the zone a - b of the photoconductor is
positioned below this electrode. On the other hand, potential
V.sub.2 is applied to the developing electrode 10 when only
photoconductor that is not exposed for producing an image is
positioned beneath the electrode (zone b - c). The process of the
invention and the apparatus for carrying it out offer the
considerable advantage over previously proposed processes that only
very low power is required for operating the developing electrode.
Furthermore, the consumption of toner is considerably reduced
without the need for an expensive and complicated quenching lamp. A
further advantage is that the toner filter can remain in the
machine for a longer period before having to be replaced.
It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many
modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention
without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention
includes all such modifications.
* * * * *