U.S. patent number 3,845,872 [Application Number 05/349,302] was granted by the patent office on 1974-11-05 for containers and safety closure therefor.
Invention is credited to Anthony Thomas Brindisi, Edward Johnson Towns.
United States Patent |
3,845,872 |
Towns , et al. |
November 5, 1974 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
CONTAINERS AND SAFETY CLOSURE THEREFOR
Abstract
An improved safety closure for containers with harmful contents
includes a member carrying an integral tab hingedly connected at
one edge for swinging from a shut position in which it is
flush-mounted within a close-fitting recess in the member to an
open, grasping position. The depth of the recess is greater than
the thickness of the tab, and a fulcrum means, spaced from the
hinged edge, supports the tab flush with the surface of the member.
Tongue and groove interengagement means secures the tab in a closed
position. Inward force of at least four pounds must be applied to
the tab between the fulcrum and the hinged edge to release the
tongue and groove interengagement means and cause the tab to
deflect and thus pivot about the fulcrum, the tab thereby obtaining
a partially upright position, determined by the memory of the
plastic in the hinge, above the surface of the member to facilitate
grasping thereof. Preferred embodiments of the safety closure
incorporate the tab-carrying member in combination with a depending
skirt to form a snap cap or a stopper for bottles, with an adapter
insert to form a recessed closure for box containers, and with a
locking overcap for pressurized spray cans.
Inventors: |
Towns; Edward Johnson (Convent
Station, NJ), Brindisi; Anthony Thomas (Fairfield, NJ) |
Family
ID: |
22997432 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/349,302 |
Filed: |
April 9, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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262419 |
Apr 9, 1973 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
215/224; 215/317;
222/541.9; 215/295; 220/281 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65D
50/069 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B65D
50/00 (20060101); B65D 50/06 (20060101); A61j
001/00 (); B65d 055/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;215/9,41,42,46R
;220/6A,27 ;229/7A ;222/541 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Hall; George T.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kenyon & Kenyon Reilly Carr
& Chapin
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation in-part of application Ser. No.
262,419, filed June 13, 1972, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a safety closure made of plastic for a container of the type
having a closure member with an integral pull tab mounted within a
recess in the top surface of the member and swingable about a
hinged connection at one end to an open, grapsing position, the
improvement wherein:
all edges of the tab are in close fitting abutment to the edges of
the recess when the tab is shut;
tongue and groove interengagement means between the tab and at
least one surface forming said recess are provided to hold the tab
shut;
at least a portion of the recess is deeper than the thickness of
the tab; and
a fulcrum means is located adjacent said deeper portion for
supporting the tab,
the dimensions of said tab, said recess and said fulcrum means
being so proportioned in respect of the material from which said
closure is made that an inward force on the tab at a point
overlying said deeper portion of at least about four pounds is
required to cause the tab to deflect inward at that point and thus
pivot about the fulcrum means thereby raising an edge of the tab on
the other side of the fulcrum means above the top surface of the
closure to permit swinging the tab to the open, grasping
position.
2. The safety closure of claim 1 wherin said deeper portion of the
recess is located adjacent to the hinged connection, and the
fulcrum means is located in spaced relation to the hinged
connection.
3. The safety closure of claim 2 wherein the pull tab has a region
of reduced cross section intermediate its hinged end and the
location of the fulcrum means for increasing its flexibility in
said region.
4. The safety closure of claim 2 further comprising an opening in
the bottom of said recess, between the location of the fulcrum
means and the end of the recess opposite the hinged connection, and
a means extending from the flap for sealing said opening when the
flap is shut.
5. The safety closure of claim 4 wherein the means for sealing said
opening comprises a plug.
6. The safety closure of claim 2 wherein said required force is in
the range from about 4 to 12 pounds.
7. The safety closure of claim 3 wherein said required force is in
the range from about 4 to 12 pounds.
8. The safety closure of claim 5 wherein said required force is in
the range from about 4 to 12 pounds.
9. The safety closure of claim 1 wherein said interengagement means
comprises a protrusion from the tab and a mating indentation in at
least one surface forming said recess.
10. The safety closure of claim 9 wherein said protrusion comprises
a bead extending from the end of the tab opposite its hinged end,
and the indentation comprises a groove in the corresponding end
wall of the recess.
11. The safety closure of claim 1 in combination with a container
having a flat wall with a circular opening, wherein the closure
further comprises:
a separate insert adapted to be secured in the circular opening of
the container, said insert including a tubular body extending
within the container when the insert is secured to the container
and an inner stop means, the closure member being adapted to
sealingly fit within the insert body against the inner stop means
such that the surface of the closure member is approximately flush
with the outer surface of the container.
12. The safety closure of claim 1 in combination with a container
having a central well in the top with an internally projecting lip
at the top of the well, wherein the closure further comprises:
a tubular portion depending from the closure member, said tubular
portion having a wide outer circumferential groove extending for a
portion of its length;
a flat-topped cylindrical overcap for the container, said overcap
including an integral inner tubular casing extending from the top
and adapted to slidingly receive the tubular portion of the
tab-carrying member, the casing having:
at least one axial slot extending upward from the lower edge for a
portion of its length to permit inward flexure of the wall of the
casing;
an outer circumferential bead adjacent the lower edge of the casing
for snap engagement with an internally projecting lip on the top of
the container; and
an inner circumferential bead spaced from the top of the casing by
a distance such that it will engage the wide circumferential groove
in the tubular portion near the top of the groove when the top of
the tab-carrying member is flush with the top of the overcap.
13. The safety closure of claim 1 in combination with a container
having a flat wall with a circular opening wherein the closure
further comprises:
a tubular skirt depending from the top surface of the closure
member and having an inner circumferential bead adjacent its lower
end to form a snap cap; and
a separate insert adapted to be secured in the circular opening of
the container, said insert including a tubular body extending
within the container when the insert is secured to the container
and an inner tubular neck, coaxial with and spaced from the inner
wall of the insert body, extending from the inner end of the insert
body for a portion of its length and terminating in a mouth having
a protruding circumferential lip, the bead of said skirt being
adapted to snap over said lip to close the mouth, and the length of
said skirt being less than the length of said insert body, whereby
the surface of the tab-carrying cap is recessed below the surface
of the container surrounding said circular opening when the skirt
is snapped over the mouth of the insert.
14. In a safety cap made of plastic and container cobination of the
type wherein the container has an open mouth, a protruding
circumferential lip surrounding the mouth, and a circumferential
ledge spaced from the lip, the portion of the container between the
ledge and the lip forming a neck of reduced diameter; and wherein
the cap has a top with an integral pull tab flush-mounted within a
recess in the top and a tubular skirt with an inner circumferential
bead adapted to snap over the container lip, the bottom of the
skirt extending in close-fitting abutment with the ledge when the
skirt bead is snapped over the lip to prevent insertion of a sharp
object between the bottom of the skirt and the ledge so as to pry
off the cap from the container the improvement wherein:
all edges of the tab are in close-fitting abutment to the edges of
the recess when the tab is shut;
tongue and groove interengagement means between the tab and at
least one surface forming said recess are provided to hold the tab
shut;
at least a portion of the recess is deeper than the thickness of
the tab; and
a fulcrum means is located adjacent said deeper portion for
supporting the tab flush with the top surface of the cap,
the dimensions of said tab, said recess and said fulcrum means
being so porportioned in respect of the material from which said
cap is made that an inward force on the tab at a point
corresponding to said deeper portion of at least about four pounds
is required to cause the tab to deflect and thus pivot about the
fulcrum means, thereby raising at least one edge of the tab above
the top surface of the cap to permit swinging the tab to an open,
grasping position.
15. The safety cap and container of claim 14 wherein the upper
surface of the inner skirt bead is bevelled, and the junction
between the skirt and the tab-carrying member also has a bevelled
surface, the angles of each of said bevelled surfaces being
approximately equal, thereby rendering the cap more difficult to
remove from the container except by use of the pull tab.
16. A safety closure made of plastic and a container combination
wherein the container includes a round mouth, a first tubular
portion extending axially inward from the mouth, and a stop means
within the first tubular portion spaced from the mouth; and the
safety closure comprises a round body with a flat top surface, the
body fitting within the first tubular portion of the container
against the stop means and having an integral pull tab mounted
within a recess in its top surface and swingable about a hinged
connection at one end to an open, grasping position, all edges of
the tab being in close-fitting abutment to the edges of the recess
when the tab is shut with tongue and groove interengagement means
provided between the tab and at least one surface of the recess to
hold the tab shut, at least a portion of the recess being deeper
than the thickness of the tab, and a fulcrum means being located
adjacent said deeper portion for supporting the tab,
the dimensions of said tab, said recess, and said fulcrum means
being so proportioned in respect of the material from which said
closure is made that an inward force on the tab at a point
overlying the deeper portion of at least about four pounds is
required to cause the tab to deflect inward at that point and thus
to pivot about the fulcrum means thereby raising an edge of the tab
on the other side of the fulcrum means above the top surface of the
closure body to permit swinging the tab to the open, grasping
position.
17. The safety closure and container combination of claim 17
wherein said required force is in the range from about 4 to 12
pounds.
18. The combination of claim 16 wherein the stop means in the
container comprises an annular ledge, a second tubular portion of
reduced diameter, coaxial with the first tubular portion, extending
from the inside circumference of the ledge away from the mouth; and
the safety closure further comprises a cylindrical portion of
reduced diameter depending from the body for fitting in removable
sealing engagement within the second tubular portion of the
container.
19. The combination of claim 18 additionally including means for
bleeding air from said container when said safety closure is fitted
thereon.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to safety closures for containers and more
particularly to improved safety closures of the type having an
integral pull tab that is normally flush-mounted in a recess and is
swung out to an open, grasping position to facilitate removing the
closure from the container.
Increasing public concern over injuries to children caused by
harmful materials such as medicines, strong cleansers, hair sprays,
and other products commonly found in the home has recently led the
federal government to promulgate regulations governing the
acceptability of safety closures proposed for containers of such
products. These regulations set forth specific testing procedures
that include controlled attempts by representative samples of
children and adults to open the containers in a given period of
time.
Under current regulations, the child effectivness of a safety
closure is determined by the percentage of children unable to open
the container without instruction within a first five-minute period
and by the percentage of children still unable to open the
container during a second five-minute period following a visual
demonstration by the tester, and an instruction that the children
may use their teeth in attempting to open the container.
Opening effectiveness of the closure, on the other hand, is defined
as the percentage of adults in the sample able to open the
container within three minutes after reading accompanying
instructions.
To be acceptable, the closure must achieve a child effectiveness of
at least 85 percent in the first period and at least 80 percent in
the second period, at the same time it must have an opening
effectivness of at least 90 percent, said percentage being the
minimum requirements specified in the referenced regulations.
Several different safety closures designs have been developed, both
of the snap cap and screw cap type, but to dat few have achieved an
acceptable rating in these stringent federal tests. Prior forms of
safety snap caps that include an integral pull tab, flush-mounted
in the top, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,398,847; 3,556,331;
and 3,604,585, respectively, issued on Aug. 27, 1968; Jan. 19,
1971; and Sept. 14, 1971 to Edward J. Towns, the coinventor of the
present invention.
The pull tabs of these prior caps are joined integrally to the top
of the caps to form a hinge connection. When shut, each tab fits
snugly within a shallow recess in the cap, with the upper surface
of the tab flush with the top surface of the cap. A small space
between the end of the tab opposite the hinged end and the adjacent
side of the recess permits insertion of a fingernail or other thin
object to pry up the tab and swing it about the hinged end to an
open, grasping position. The safety cap can then be removed by
firmly tugging on the pull tab.
To discourage prying, biting, or removing the cap otherwise than by
use of the pull tab, these prior caps have a skirt portion that
snaps snugly over a mating flanged container mouth, and the bottom
of the skirt closely abuts a circumferential ledge on the container
neck. The outside neck. The outside diameter of the ledge is at
least as great as the outside diameter of the cap skirt; so no
crack or surface is presented to receive an upward-directed force
tending to push the cap off the container mouth.
Although children find it difficult to remove these prior safety
caps, their child effectiveness is not high enough to meet the new
federal standards. The major problem is that the pull tabs on these
caps are too easy to open, once the visual demonstration by the
tester of how to open the container has been given. Even the
addition of an interengaging tongue and groove means on the edges
of the tab and corresponding sides of the recess does not make this
type of closure sufficiently child proof to meet these federal
standards because a small child will quickly appreciate that the
tab can be pried up by inserting a sharp object in the slot, which
must be provided to lift the tab.
Pull tabs on non-safety caps disclosed in the prior art offer no
solution to this problem either. For example, U.S. Pat. No.
3,419,198 issued to G. N. Pettersen on Dec. 31, 1968, discloses a
screw-on type bottle cap with a flexible tab having a stopper plug
formed at one end. The plug can be removed from its seat by flexing
the tab or by prying the tab up by inserting a sharp object into
the recess which the tab partially spans (FIGS. 3, 4) or into the
slot formed between the tab's hinges (FIGS. 6, 7, 13).
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is an improvement over the previous Towns
safety caps that eliminates the fingernail slot. In the improved
version, all edges of the tab are in close-fitting abutment to the
edges of the recess when the tab is shut. Tongue and groove
interengagement means are provided between at least one edge of the
tab and one wall of the recess to positively lock the tab. In this
way, the top surface of the cap is absolutely smooth with no
indentation or protrusion to provide a purchase for prying up the
tab.
To lift the free end of the tab above the surrounding surface of
the cap, a novel opening means is provided that requires the use of
an inwardly-directed force on the tab. This is opposite the force
one would normally use in attempting to pry up the tab.
Moreover, the width and thickness of the tab, the depth of the
recess in which it is mounted, the ridigity of the walls of the
recess, and if necessary, in respect of safety caps which are
seated inside the mouth of a container, the strength of the wall
forming the container mouth and the relative depth of the safety
cap seated therein, are so proportioned that a force of at least
about 4 and preferably about 41/2 pounds is required to open the
tab. A high percentage of children of age less than 51 months
simple do not possess sufficient bimedial strength to apply a force
of this magnitude with their fingers. Furthermore, the foregoing
dimensions are selected so that sufficient force cannot be applied
at the proper location by such children by means of their
teeth.
As a result, this improvement has proved not only baffling to
children, but, as proven by numerous tests conducted in accordance
with Federal Regulations, beyond the physical capability of a high
percentage of children of age less than 51 months, yet easy for
adults to open by following simple printed instructions.
Briefly, the invention includes a recess, deeper than the tab
thickness, and a fulcrum means, spaced from the hinged end between
the bottom of the recess and the underside of the tab, that
supports the top of the tab flush with the surface of the closure.
Hence, the tab is supported at the hinge connection and at the
fulcrum point, with no support in between.
Downward force of at least 4 pounds and preferably in the range
from 5 to 12 pounds must be applied to the top of the tab between
the fulcrum and the hinged end to cause the tab to deflect at that
point and pivot about the fulcrum, thereby raising the other end of
the tab above the surrounding surface to a partially upright
position determined by the "memory" of the plastic in the hinge.
The amount of force required as a minimum from a safety standpoint
varies with the surface area of the tab, the larger tab requiring
the higher minimum force, and vice versa.
Moreover, the tab and recess have tongue and groove interengaging
means, such as a bead on the end of the tab and a mating groove in
the end wall of the recess, for positively locking the tab shut
while allowing it to snap open upon application of sufficient force
between the hinge and the fulcrum.
The improved pull tab arrangement of the present invention is
adaptable to a snap cap of the type disclosed in the
above-mentioned Towns Pat. No. 3,398,847. Alternatively, it may be
equipped with an integral sealing plug to mate with a dispensing
outlet in the bottom of the recess for use in a squeeze bottle
safety closure similar to those shown in Towns Pat. Nos. 3,556,331
and 3,604,585. In another embodiment, a snap cap incorporating the
pull tab of this invention in combination with a plastic insert
member provides a recessed safety closure for cardboard containers
of the type commonly used for granulated cleansers, and for metal
cans or containers of the kind commonly used for charcoal lighter
fluid. In still another embodiment, a tubular pull tab member
slidably mounted in a slotted casing within an overcap provides a
safety locking means for a conventional pressurized push button
spray can.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to
provide a safety closure of the pull tab type adaptable to a
variety of containers that meets federal standards for both child
effectiveness and opening effectiveness.
It is a related object to provide a safety closure that retains its
effectiveness for the dispensing life of the container. In its
continuous use provision, the regulations require that the closure
retain its effectiveness through the life cycle of the container to
which it is applied.
These and other objects and features of the invention will be
readily apparent from the drawings and following detailed
description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a safety snap cap incorporating the
improved pull tab of the invention shown mounted on the mouth of a
bottle; which can be of plastic or glass.
FIG. 2 is a section view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 taken along
lines 2--2, with the pull tab in its shut position.
FIG. 2A is a section view of an alternative embodiment in which the
pull tab recess lies inside the mouth of a container or bottle.
FIG. 3 is a section view showing the result of applying a downward
force on the pull tab between the hinged end and the fulcrum
means.
FIG. 4 is a section view showing the tab in its partially upright
position, determined by the memory of the plastic in the hinge.
FIG. 5 is a section view showing the snap cap of FIG. 1 removed
from the bottle by means of the pull tab.
FIG. 6 is a section view of an alternate snap cap embodiment
incorporating a dispensing outlet in the bottom of the tab
recess.
FIG. 7 is a section view showing the embodiment of FIG. 6 with the
tab open.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of another snap cap embodiment
combined with a plastic insert for a fill opening in a cardboard
container.
FIG. 9 is a section view of the embodiment of FIG. 8 taken along
the lines 9--9. FIG. 10 is a fragmentary section view of the
combination of FIG. 9 showing the insert being pressed into the
container.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a spray can overcap incorporating
an alternate safety lock embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 12 is an exploded perspective view showing the components of
the locking overcap of FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 is a fragmentary section view of the safety overcap
embodiment of FIG. 11 shown assembled ready for initial
installation on a spray can.
FIG. 14 is a fragmentary section view of the embodiment of FIG. 11
shown in locked position on a spray can.
FIG. 15 is a section view of a cap and insert combination similar
to that of FIG. 9 but in which the outer surface of the cap skirt
engages the inner surface of the insert wall.
FIG. 16 is a section view of a cap similar to that of FIG. 2A
fitted inside the mouth of a container.
FIG. 17 is a side section view of a stopper-type cap fitted inside
the neck of a container.
FIG. 18 is a front view in partial section of the embodiment of
FIG. 17, FIG. 19 being being a plan section of the former.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIGS. 1 through 5, a snap cap 20 fits snugly on a
mouth 21 of bottle 22. Snap cap 20 is preferably injection molded
of a resilient plastic material such as polypropylene,
polyethylene, or copolymers of the two.
An integral pull tab 23 is joined to the top of cap 20 at one end
24 to form a flexible hinged connection 25 that allows the tab to
be swung from a shut position (FIG. 2) to an open, grasping
position (FIG. 5). In its shut position, tab 23 lies within a
recess 26 in the top of the cap with the edges of the tab closely
abutting the sides of the recess and the upper side 27 of the tab
flush with or slightly below the top surface 28 of the cap.
Recess 26 is deeper than the thickness of tab 23 so that the
underside 29 of the tab is spaced from the bottom 30 of the recess
when the tab is shut.
A fulcrum means 31, spaced from hinge end 32 of the recess,
supports the tab flush with the surface of the cap. Although shown
as a transverse bar integrally molded in the bottom of recess 26,
fulcrum means 31 could as effectively be one or more rounded knobs
or other shapes protruding either upward from the bottom of the
recess or downward from the underside of the tab.
Interengaging means such as bead 33 on the free end of the tab and
mating groove 34 in end wall 35 of the recess 26 lock the tab shut
yet allow it to snap open when force in excess of about four
pounds, is applied in the center of area 36 defined by circular
bead 37. A ledge 38 underlying the free end of tab 23 provides
additional support for maintaining the tab surface flush with the
top of the cap.
Snap cap 20 further includes an integral circular skirt 39
depending from the top. The skirt has an inner circumferential bead
40 adapted to snap over a protruding circumferential lip 41
surrounding mouth 20 of bottle 22, and the bottom 42 of the skirt
extends in close-fitting abutment with a circumferential ledge 43,
spaced from lip 41. The outer diameter of ledge 43 is at least as
great as the diameter of skirt 39, making it extremely difficult
for a child to pry off the cap with his fingers or his teeth. For
additional resistance to removal by biting, the junction 44 between
skirt 39 and top 28 is bevelled, preferably at an angle equal to
the angle of upper surface 45 of inner bead 40.
The snap cap embodiment of FIG. 2A is similar to the cap of FIG. 2
except that the recess for the pull tab is located within the skirt
portion instead of above it. The cap of FIG. 2A is suitable for
larger mouth containers, particularly where minimum overall height
is a consideration; while the cap of FIG. 2 is particularly suited
to small mouth containers, such as bottles for children's aspirin,
where there is insufficient room for an internal recess within the
bottle mouth.
If the FIG. 2A type of cap is to be used with a flexible container,
such as a polyethylene bottle, it is desirable to round off the
crown to prevent a child from partially collapsing the bottle and
simultaneously pulling or biting off the cap without using the pull
tab.
The sequence of operations for removing snap cap 20 from bottle 22
is shown in FIGS. 3 through 5. As shown in FIG. 3, downward
pressure by a thumbnail, for example, causes tab 23 to deflect and
pivot about the edge of fulcrum 31, thereby snapping bead 33 up and
out of groove 34. The tab may have a region of reduced cross
section, such as relieved portion 46, approximately midway between
the hinged edge and the fulcrum to provide additional flexibility,
if necessary.
Once open, it is a simple matter to swing up the tab with a finger,
as in FIG. 5, for grasping between thumb and forefinger. Transverse
ridge 47, integrally molded in the underside of the tab, prevents
the fingers from slipping off the tab as the cap is pulled from the
bottle.
It will be apparent to one or ordinary skill in the art of molding
plastic articles that for proper operation through repeated
removals and reclosures, the various dimensions of the snap cap,
such as the thickness of tab 23, hinge connection 25, and skirt 39,
as well as the size of tab bead 33 and skirt bead 40, are chosen to
provide the necessary resilience and flexibility while ensuring
sufficient strength to withstand the severe stress encountered when
the cap is pulled off the bottle. Moreover, in accordance with the
instant invention, said dimensions are so selected in respect of
the specific plastic material incorporated in said cap, that a
force of at least 4 pounds, and preferably on the order of from
about 5 to 12 pounds, for example, or more than a child in the age
group of concern is physically capable of exerting with his
fingertips alone, is required to deflect and open tab 23.
Furthermore, it is to be understood that the force required to
deflect and open the tab is sufficiently low that elderly persons,
or arthritic persons are able to deflect and open the tab.
An alternate embodiment of the improved pull tab of the present
invention combined with a dispensing snap cap for use with a
squeeze-type plastic bottle is shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. In this
embodiment, a skirted snap cap 48 includes a tapered inner tubular
portion 49 adapted to make a sealing fit with a bevelled mouth 50
of bottle 51 by deforming the bevelled mouth 50 (as illustrated in
FIGS. 6, 7) when inner circumferential bead 52 at the bottom of
skirt 53 is snapped into mating groove 54 around the neck of the
bottle. The bottom of skirt 53 abuts closely against
circumferential ledge 55 just below groove 54 to discourage
insertion of a sharp object to pry off the cap. Furthermore, the
bead 52 is locked beneath the sharp upper edge 54a of mating groove
54 so that cap 48 is permanently locked on the bottle 51.
The top of snap cap 48 includes an integral flush-mounted pull tab
56 having a relieved protion 57 to increase its flexibility between
hinged edge 58 and fulcrum means 59. Between fulcrum 59 and the
free end 60 of recess 61 is a dispensing outlet 62, which is sealed
by plug 63 when the tab is shut.
The tab of FIGS. 6 and 7 is opened by the identical procedures
described for FIGS. 3-5. When the tab is swung open as in FIG. 7,
the contents of squeeze bottle 51 can be dispensed through opening
62. Reclosing the tab then reseals the bottle. It is important to
note that a tongue 33 (FIGS. 3, 4) and undercut groove 34 are
required at the end of the tab 23 to lock the tab down, as use of
such tab in the arrangement shown in FIGS. 6, 7, i.e., on a cap for
containers having liquid contents, prevents the plug 63 seal, which
is lubricated by the liquid contents, from being opened by
squeezing the bottle. Without the tongue and groove interengagement
means 33, 34, the cap illustrated in FIGS. 6, 7 will not function
as a safety cap.
FIGS. 8 through 10 illustrate another embodiment of the present
invention which is particularly suitable for use with cardboard
containers of dry, granulated materials and metal cans holding
liquids because the tab and recess in which the tab lies are
positioned within the mouth of the container or can. In this
embodiment a safety snap cap 65, such as that illustrated in FIG.
2A, forms in combination with a molded plastic insert 66 a recessed
safety closure for a dispensing opening 67 in the top of a
container such as cardboard box 68.
Insert 66 is made preferably of one-piece molded plastic and
includes an externally tapered tubular body 69 terminating at its
upper end in an outer annular flange 70 and at its lower end in an
inner annular base 71. A short, tubular neck 72 extends upward from
inner opening 73 in base 71 coaxial with and inside body 69 and
terminates in a mouth 74 approximately midway between the ends of
body 69.
Snap cap 65 has a depending skirt 75 with an internal bead 76 sized
to snap over a protruding lip 77 surrounding mouth 74. The skirt
length is slightly less than the length of insert body 69 so that
the top of snap cap 65 is flush with or slightly below the plane of
outer flange 70 when the unit is assembled. A hinged tab 78 and
mating recess 79 are formed in the top of snap cap 65 similar to
the embodiment of FIGS. 1-5. The tab in FIG. 8 is shown as
rectangular instead of circular, as in FIG. 1, but it will be
appreciated that the shape of the tab can be varied without
departing from the concept of the invention.
In the embodiment of FIGS. 8-10, the open box will be filled
automatically and the flaps folded over and sealed in the usual
manner. The flaps will have precut holes located to align
themselves when the flaps are sealed to form opening 67. Hole 80 in
the top flap 81 is slightly smaller in diameter than the holes in
the other flaps so that when tapered body 69 of the safety closure
combination is inserted into hole 67, the top flap will yield
slightly, as in FIG. 10, and then snap into a groove 82 in the
outer wall of body 69 adjacent outer flange 70. In addition to the
locking effect thereby obtained, the flange 70 of insert 66 should
be cemented to the top flap of the box to withstand the force of
removing cap 65 to dispense the contents through mouth 74.
Because snap cap 65 is completely recessed within insert 66, it is
impossible to insert a sharp object to pry off the cap. In
addition, this recessed design permits application of the
conventional printed overwrap without bulges and also allows the
boxes to be stacked without inteference. The overwrap provides
proof that the container has not been tampered with prior to
initial opening, yet it can be removed easily in the region of the
safety closure simply by running a fingernail or knife tip around
the annular channel between the outside of skirt 75 and the inside
surface of body 69. Tab 78 can then be raised and snap cap 65
removed by following the sequence described above in connection
with FIGS. 3-5.
Referring next to FIGS. 11 through 14, a conventional spray can 83
carries a cylindrical plastic overcap 84 having an integrally
molded, coaxial, inner tubular casing 85 in which is slidably
mounted a cylindrical locking member 86 with an integral pull tab
87 flush-mounted in a recess 88 in its top.
Casing 85 is sized so that an outer circumferential bead 89 near
the bottom will snap fit underneath an inner rolled lip 90
surrounding the valve well of spray can 83. Parallel slots 91
extend from the bottom of casing 85 for a portion of its length,
and the resulting separate cantilevered sections 92 have sufficient
flexibility to deflect inward when overcap 84 is snapped on and off
the spray can.
The outer surface of cylindrical locking member 86 has a wide
circumferential relieved portion 93 at about its midregion and a
narrow circumferential groove 94 between the lower end of relieved
portion 93 and bottom edge 95. The inner surface of casing 85
carries a circumferential bead 96 spaced from the upper surface 97
of overcap 84 by a distance slightly greater than the distance of
the upper end of wide groove 93 from the top surface of locking
member 86.
The safety overcap embodiment of the present invention is intended
for installation on a spray can in an automatic filling line in the
following sequence. After the separate overcap 84 and locking
member 86 of FIG. 12 have been molded, they are coupled into a
unitary assembly by sliding member 86 into casing 85 until bottom
edge 95 contacts inner bead 96 and then exerting pressure to force
bead 96 over surface 98 and into narrow groove 94 as shown in FIG.
13. The material and dimensions of the overcap and locking member
is determined, by methods known to those skilled in the art, to
provide enough resiliency to accomplish above assembly step.
The over cap assembly of FIG. 13 is next fitted automatically onto
a filled spray can with outer bead 89 snapped under rolled inner
lip 90, and then locking member 86 is pressed down until its top is
flush with top surface 97 of the overcap, as shown in FIG. 14. In
this position, outer surface 98 at the bottom of member 96 provides
a rigid backing behind cantilevered sections 92, thereby locking
the overcap to the spray can.
To unlock the overcap, locking member 86 must be pulled up until
inner bead 96 abuts the lower end of wide groove 93; then flexible
sections 92 will deflect inward as the overcap is pulled off the
can. Because outer edge 99 of flanged top 100 fits snugly within
annular recess 101 in the overcap, the locking member cannot be
pried up by inserting a sharp implement under flange 102. Thus, the
only way to pull up locking member 86 is to snap open tab 87, swing
it up, grasp it and tug firmly in the sequence described earlier in
connection with FIGS. 3-5. To relock the overcap, it is merely
replaced on top of the spray can, locking member 86 pushed down
flush with top surface 97, and tap 87 snapped shut.
In the previously described embodiments of FIG. 1-10, the safety
caps all fit over the mouths of their respective containers. The
caps of the present invention are equally adaptable as
stopper-type, internally fitting closures. FIG. 15 illustrates a
cap 65 in combination with an insert 103 very similar to the
combination of FIGS. 8-10 and bearing the same reference numerals
on the same parts. As before, insert 103 is intended to snap
permanently in a round hole in the top of a metal can or cardboard
box, for example.
The principal between insert 103 and insert 66 of FIGS. 8-10 is the
elimination of the inner coaxial tubular neck of the earlier
embodiment. In the embodiment of FIG. 15, cap 65 fits snugly within
the inner surface of tubular body 69 with the bottom of cap skirt
75 bearing against a stop means, for example, an inner flange 71 of
the insert. The length of the insert body is sufficient so that top
78 of cap 65 will be flush or slightly below the surface of outer
flange 70. Alternatively, the top portion of the cap can be shaped
to be free of surfaces which can be grasped and held by teeth. For
a tighter fit, the inner surface of insert body 69 may have a
circumferential bead 104, and, optionally, skirt 75 may have a
mating groove 105 for a snap fit.
In FIG. 16 the same type of cap 65 is shown fitted within the mouth
of a glass or plastic container 106. As with the insert 103, the
depth of inner ledge 71' from the rim of wall 69' should be
sufficient so that the top of the cap is approximately flush with
the rim to discourage prying the cap out with the teeth or a sharp
object. Also, the inner surface of wall 69' may carry a
circumferential bead 104' to provide an interference fit with the
skirt of cap 65 as in the embodiment of FIG. 15.
Referring next to FIGS. 17, 18 and 19 an alternate style of stopper
cap 107 fits within the counterbored mouth of a container 108. Cap
107 includes a pull tab 109, a recess 110, and a fulcrum means 111,
according to the invention, within a circular body 112. A skirt or
cylindrical portion 113 of reduced diameter depends from body 112
and carries external circumferential beads 114 and 115 to provide
an interference fit with inner wall 116 of container 108, said wall
optionally having a corresponding circumferential bead 117. A means
for bleeding air from the container 108 when the stopper cap 107 is
fitted thereon, may also be provided. For example, the inner wall
of the container 108 additionally includes at least one vertically
oriented bead 118; four such beads 118 are shown in FIG. 19,
equidistantly spaced around the perimeter of the container's mouth.
The beads 118 allow air to bleed out of the container as the
stopper cap is fitted thereon. It will of course be obvious to one
of skill in the art that more or less than four beads 118 can be
used, depending for example on the size of the container.
Alternatively, tracks or valleys (not illustrated) can be provided
in the container's inner wall, or axially along the skirt portion
113 of the stopper cap. As illustrated in the drawings, when
fitted, the stopper cap fits snugly against stop means 119, in this
embodiment, a ledge formed by the counterbored mouth of the
container. One advantage of the stepped cap of FIGS. 17, 18 and 19
lies both in the fact that its added length makes it more difficult
to pry out than the embodiment of FIG. 16, for example, and also in
the dirt seal provided by the larger diameter body of the cap.
Functionally, this ledge or stop means 119 may be replaced by a
taper or a radius, or equivalent mechanical means formed on the cap
107, or any equivalent structure for preventing the cap from being
pushed too far down into the container 108.
Moreover, in respect of safety caps and closures of the kind
illustrated in FIGS. 17-19, in accordance with the invention, the
mouth wall of the container 108 serves the additional safety
function of preventing a child of age less than 51 months from
using his teeth to deflect the tab 109 sufficiently to open it. In
this regard, the same function is performed by side walls of the
recess 26 of the safety caps illustrated in FIGS. 1-5.
Each of the safety caps illustrated in the drawings, and fully
described herein, have been constructed, and these successfully
passed the safety tests set forth in the Federal Regulations. Some
of these tests were carried out by the independent testing
laboratory, Associate Testing Laboratories, Inc., Wayne, N.J. The
results of these tests are tabulated on Table 1 below.
In each test, 200 children in the age group from 42-51 months, and
100 adults were used as test panalists. Furthermore in each test,
the children were tested in pairs in their preschool or nursery
school classrooms, while the adults were tested individually. The
children were allowed 5 minutes to open the container, followed by
a single visual demonstration and another five minute time period.
Specially the children were each given a container enclosed with a
safety cap constructed in accordance with present invention, and
told to open it. Utilizating a stop watch the children were
monitored for a 5 minute period. At this point a visual
demonstration was given showing the children how to open the
container, with the further instruction that they were allowed to
use their teeth. The children were again monitored for a 5 minute
period.
Next, the adults were tested individually. Each adult was given a
container enclosed with a safety cap constructed in accordance with
the present invention, instructed to read the printed instructions
incorporated on the container, and allowed 5 minutes to open and
secure the container. The adults tested were between 18 and 45
years of age with a minimum 70 percent of those being tested
female.
In all respects, the foregoing tests were carried out pursuant to
appropriate Federal Regulations, for example paragraph 295.10 of
the Poison Prevention Packaging Act, as revised in the Federal
Register, volume 36, No. 225, dated Nov. 20. 1971, and volume 37,
No. 11, dated Jan. 18. 1972.
TABLE ______________________________________ Children Safety Cap
First Second Adults: Illustrated Period Period % In the % % Of
Drawings Effectiveness Effectiveness Opening
______________________________________ FIG. 2A 98.5 93.5 95 (28 mm
cap) FIG. 2A 95 85 100 (26 mm cap) FIGS. 11-15 99 98 95 FIGS. 17-19
96.5 86.5 99 (16 mm cap) FIGS. 17-19 96.5 85.5 99 (20 mm cap)
______________________________________
From the foregoing description of the preferred embodiments, it is
apparent that the present invention provides a safety package,
including safety closure and container, adaptable to a wide variety
of uses, for example, medicines, detergents, fluids of all kinds
and the like. Each embodiment can be opened only by operation of
the integral flush-mounted pull tab, but, as demonstrated by the
foregoing data in respect of safety requirements set forth in the
Federal regulations, not by children of age less than 51 months.
The improved safety package of this invention meets the strict
Federal safety standards for both child effectiveness and opening
effectivness.
For example, as described above, in a controlled test performed in
accordance with these Federal standards, of 200 children, half of
them boys and the other half girls, evenly distributed between the
ages 42 through 51 months, the first period child effectiveness of
a snap cap identical to the embodiment of FIGS. 2A was 98.5
percent, and the second period child effectiveness was 93.5
percent. In a companion test of 100 adults, 70 percent women, also
conducted in conformance with the above-mentioned federal
standards, the opening effectiveness was 95 percent. In each case,
therefore, the safety closure and package of the present invention
exceeded the corresponding Federal child effectiveness standards of
85 percent and 80 percent and the opening effectiveness standard of
at least 90 percent. In this embodiment, the thickness of the tab
78 was about 50 mils, reduced to about 34 mils in the region
between the tab hinge and upstanding fulcrum, to assure that an
inwardly directed force on the order of from about 4 to 12 pounds
is required to deflect the tab about the fulcrum to a partially
upright position.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been disclosed,
variations in structural detail within the scope of the appended
claims are possible, and are contemplated. There is, therefore, no
intention of limitation to the abstract, or the exact disclosure
herein presented.
* * * * *