U.S. patent number 3,840,967 [Application Number 05/378,920] was granted by the patent office on 1974-10-15 for method and apparatus for maintaining and servicing a pressurized refrigeration system or the like.
This patent grant is currently assigned to C & D Valve Manufacturing Company. Invention is credited to John W. Olson.
United States Patent |
3,840,967 |
Olson |
October 15, 1974 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAINTAINING AND SERVICING A PRESSURIZED
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM OR THE LIKE
Abstract
A tool for maintaining and servicing a pressurized refrigeration
system or the like therein it is desirable to remove and replace a
threaded check valve core without depressurizing the system. The
tool includes a body member having a longitudinal passageway
extending therethrough with means to provide sealing communication
between one end of the passageway with the fitting in which the
check valve is fitted. A removable cap sealingly engages the
opposite end of the longitudinal passageway with an operating shaft
extending therethrough for axial and rotary movement within the
passageway. An annular sliding seal is disposed between the shaft
and the removable cap. The shaft includes engaging means formed on
one end thereof for releasably engaging the valve core to unthread
and remove it from the fitting and withdraw it into the passageway
to a position adjacent to the removable cap. A shut-off valve is
mounted in the body member to alternately close and open the
passageway when the valve core is withdrawn into the passageway
adjacent to the cap. An additional port in the body member
communicating with the passageway is also disclosed for evacuating
or charging the refrigeration system through the passageway. A
method for removing and replacing the valve core employing the tool
is also disclosed.
Inventors: |
Olson; John W. (Garland,
TX) |
Assignee: |
C & D Valve Manufacturing
Company (Oklahoma City, OK)
|
Family
ID: |
26993500 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/378,920 |
Filed: |
July 13, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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343512 |
Mar 21, 1973 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
29/221.6;
137/328; 29/240 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B25B
27/24 (20130101); F25B 45/00 (20130101); Y10T
29/53596 (20150115); Y10T 137/6157 (20150401); F25B
2345/006 (20130101); Y10T 29/53687 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
F25B
45/00 (20060101); B25B 27/14 (20060101); B25B
27/24 (20060101); B23p 019/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/77,292
;29/240,213,214 ;137/327,328 ;251/191 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Jones, Jr.; James L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Dunlap, Laney, Hessin, Dougherty
& Codding
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 343,512,
filed Mar. 21, l973, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A tool for use in maintaining and servicing a conventional
refrigeration system equipped with a threaded access fitting
provided with a removable threaded closure member therein,
comprising:
a body member having a first end, a second end and having a
longitudinal passageway extending therethrough and communicating at
the opposite ends thereof with the first and second ends of said
body member;
coupling means carried on the first end of said body member for
removably connecting the first end of said body member to said
access fitting with one end of said longitudinal passageway in
sealing communication with the access fitting;
removable cap means securable to the second end of said body member
for sealing closure of the opposite end of said longitudinal
passageway, and, alternately, for removal from said body member,
and including an aperture formed therein substantially coaxial with
the longitudinal passageway;
an operating shaft having a first end and a second end and
extending through said aperture in said removable cap means, with
the first end thereof disposed within said longitudinal passageway
and with the second end thereof disposed outside said longitudinal
passageway;
means carried by said removable cap means for providing slidingly
and rotatingly sealing engagement between said aperture in said cap
means and said operating shaft so that said operating shaft may be
moved axially and rotatably within said longitudinal
passageway;
engaging means secured to the first end of said operating shaft for
releasably engaging and retaining said threaded closure member in
said acesss fitting;
control means operatively engaging the second end of said operating
shaft for rotating and axially displacing said engaging means
within said longitudinal passageway in response to stimulus
external thereto;
valve means carried by said body member intermediate the first and
second ends thereof for alternately opening and closing said
longitudinal passageway, said valve means being adapted to close
said longitudinal passageway when said operating shaft is displaced
toward the second end of said body member, said valve means
including;
a valve fitting formed on said body member and extending laterally
therefrom;
a lateral cylindrical bore extending through said valve fitting and
a portion of said body member and communicating between said
longitudinal passageway and the outer end of said valve
fitting;
a valve stem having a first end portion and a second end portion,
with the first end portion thereof disposed within said lateral
bore and with the second end portion extending beyond the outer end
of said valve fitting;
actuating means operatively engaging the second end portion of said
valve stem for moving said valve means between a first position
opening and a second position closing said longitudinal passageway
in response to external force applied thereto;
external threads formed on said valve stem intermediate the first
and second end portions;
valve cap means threadedly engaged with said external threads of
said valve stem for securing said valve stem to said valve fitting
so that rotation of said valve stem relative to said valve cap
means and said valve fitting by said actuating means causes
corresponding axial movement of said valve stem within said lateral
bore;
resilient valve member means fixedly secured to and encircling the
first end portion of said valve stem and extending a distance
beyond the first end portion of said valve stem, said valve member
means being slidably disposed within said lateral bore for moving
between a first position within said lateral bore and opening said
longitudinal passageway, and a second position within and closing
said longitudinal passageway;
a pair of longitudinally spaced circumferential ribs formed on said
valve stem with one of said ribs abutting said resilient valve
member means, said ribs each having a diameter slightly less than
the diameter of said lateral bore and slidingly disposed therein in
all positions of said valve stem relative to said valve fitting;
and
annular resilient seal member means disposed between said
circumferential ribs for providing a sliding fluid-tight seal
between said valve stem and said lateral bore in all positions of
said valve stem relative to said valve fitting.
2. The tool defined in claim 1 characterized further to
include:
a laterally extending port formed in said body member intermediate
said valve means and the second end of said body member and
communicating between said longitudinal passageway and the exterior
of said body member.
3. The tool as defined in claim 2 characterized further to
include:
a Schrader-type valve core removably threadedly secured within said
laterally extending port.
4. The tool as defined in claim 1 characterized further to
include:
a laterally extending port formed in said body member intermediate
the first and second ends thereof disposed opposite said valve
fitting and aligned coaxial with said lateral bore extending
through said valve fitting and communicating between said
longitudinal passageway and the exterior of said body member.
5. The tool as defined in claim 4 characterized further to
include:
a Schrader-type valve core removably threadedly secured within said
laterally extending port.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to method and apparatus for
maintaining and servicing a pressurized system such as a
refrigeration system or the like, and more particularly, but not by
way of limitation, to method and apparatus for removing and
replacing a closure member in a pressurized refrigeration system
without depressurizing the system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The prior art contains a number of teachings of servicing tools
which provide access to a refrigeration system or the like to
evacuate or charge the system. One such tool is disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,299,648, issued to White, et al.
It should be noted, that neither the White tool nor any other known
tools permit the removal and replacement of the threaded closure
member in a pressurized refrigeration system without depressurizing
the system.
It has become common practice in the refrigeration industry to
provide access to pressurized refrigeration systems through
threaded fittings in which a threaded check valve core is
installed. Such threaded check valves are of the type commonly used
in automobile tire valve stems and are often referred to as
Schrader-type valve cores.
It has been found that the Schrader-type valve cores used in
refrigeration systems are not subject to extremely high quality
control measures. Approximately 50 percent of the valve cores
initially installed in a refrigeration system are found to be
incapable of holding the proper operating pressure to permit
efficient operation of the refrigeration system. It is, therefore,
necessary many times to replace an unsatisfactory valve core after
charging a refrigeration system with refrigerant. It is to this
industry-wide problem that the method and apparatus of the present
invention is directed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention contemplates a tool for use in maintaining
and servicing a refrigeration system or the like equipped with an
access fitting provided with a removable threaded closure member
therein. The tool includes a body member having a first end and a
second end and having a longitudinal passageway extending
therethrough and communicating at the opposite ends thereof with
the first and second ends of the body member. Coupling means is
carried on the first end of the body member for removably
connecting the first end of the body member to the access fitting
with one end of the longitudinal passageway in sealing
communication with the access fitting. Removable cap means is
provided which is securable to the second end of the body member
for sealing closure of the opposite end of the longitudinal
passageway, and, alternately, for removal from the body member and
includes an aperture formed therein substantially coaxial with the
longitudinal passageway. An operating shaft is provided which
includes a first end and a second end and which extends through the
aperture in the removable cap means, with the first end thereof
disposed within the longitudinal passageway and with the second end
thereof disposed outside the longitudinal passageway. The removable
cap means carries seal means for providing slidingly and rotatingly
sealing engagement between the aperture in the cap means and the
operating shaft so that the operating shaft may be moved axially
and rotatably within the longitudinal passageway. The first end of
the operating shaft is secured to engaging means for releasably
engaging the threaded closure member in the access fitting. Control
means operatively engages the second end of the operating shaft for
rotating and axially displacing the engaging means within the
longitudinal passageway in response to stimulus external thereto.
Valve means is carried by the body member intermediate the first
and second ends thereof for alternately opening and closing the
longitudinal passageway, the valve means being adapted to close the
longitudinal passageway when the operating shaft is displaced
toward the second end of the body member. Actuating means
operatively engages the valve means for moving the valve means
between a position opening and a position closing the longitudinal
passageway in response to stimulus external thereto.
An object of the present invention is to provide an efficient tool
for maintaining and servicing a pressurized refrigeration system or
the like.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved
method and tool for maintaining and servicing a pressurized
refrigeration system which allows the removal and replacement of a
defective access valve core in a pressurized refrigeration system
without requiring depressurization of the system.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved
method and apparatus for maintaining and servicing a pressurized
refrigeration system which permits the removal and replacement of a
defective access valve core in a refrigeration system and further
permits the evacuation and/or recharging of the system by means of
the same tool.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a
tool for maintaining and servicing a pressurized refrigeration
system or the like which is economical to manufacture and simple to
operate.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be
evident from the following detailed description when read in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a refrigeration system with the
tool of the present invention connected to the high pressure side
of the compressor.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the present
invention illustrating the engaging means in engagement with the
threaded check valve of the refrigeration system and with the valve
means opening the passageway of the tool.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 2 illustrating the
threaded check valve fully withdrawn from the refrigeration system
into the passageway of the tool and with the valve means closing
the passageway.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 3 illustrating the
threaded check valve removed from the tool for inspection and
replacement.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view illustrating the
construction details of the valve core engaging chuck on the
operating shaft.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the
present invention.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another form of the present
invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings and to FIGS. 1-5 in particular, the
apparatus of the present invention is generally designated by the
reference character 10.
The apparatus 10 is a tool which includes a body member 12 having a
first end portion 14 and a second end portion 16. A cylindrical
bore 18 extends through the body member 12 communicating with the
first and second end portions 14 and 16 thereof forming a
longitudinal passageway through the body member 12. The outer
periphery 20 of the body member 12 adjacent to the first end
portion 14 is cylindrically shaped. A circumferential groove 22 is
formed in the outer periphery 20 and includes first and second
cylindrical surfaces 24 and 26 interconnected by an inclined
surface 28. The diameter of the second cylindrical surface 26 is
greater than the diameter of the first cylindrical surface 24.
A coupling nut 30 is rotatably secured to the first end portion 14
of the body member 12. The coupling nut 30 includes a cylindrically
shaped inner peripheral portion 32 slidingly disposed around the
outer periphery 20 of the body member 12. The coupling nut 30 is
retained on the body member 12 by means of a snap ring 34 carried
in an annular groove 36 formed in the inner peripheral portion 32
and engaging the circumferential groove 22 in the body member
12.
Internal threads 38 are formed in the outer end portion 40 of the
coupling nut 30. A suitable annular Neoprene gasket 42 is
positioned within the coupling nut 30 between the threads 38
thereof and the first end portion 14 of the body member 12.
External threads 44 are formed on the outer periphery of the body
member 12 adjacent to the second end portion 16 thereof. An access
cap 46 is threadedly secured to the second end portion 16 of the
body member 12 by means of internal threads 48 formed therein and
threadedly engaging the external threads 44 of the body member 12.
The access cap 46 includes a bore 50 formed therein coaxial with
the access of the bore 18 formed in the body member 12. A first
counterbore 52 is formed in the access cap 46 coaxial with the bore
50. A second counterbore 54 is formed in the access cap 46 coaxial
with the first counterbore 52 in the bore 50. An annular retainer
56 having a cylindrically shaped outer periphery 58 having a
diameter slightly less than the diameter of the second counterbore
54 is positioned within the second counterbore 54 intermediate the
internal threads 48 and the first counterbore 52 formed
therein.
An operating shaft 60 having a cylindrically shaped outer periphery
extends through the bore 50 in the access cap 46 and through the
annular retainer 56. The first end portion 62 of the operating
shaft 60 is disposed within the bore 18 of the body member 12. A
control knob 64 is rigidly secured to the second end portion 66 of
the operating shaft 60 by means of a set screw 68 threadedly
secured in the control knob 64 and bearing against the second end
portion 66 of the operating shaft 60.
A pair of O-rings 70 are positioned within the first counterbore 52
of the access cap 46 and provide a fluidtight seal between the
access cap 46 and the operating shaft 60. The fluid-tight seal
obtained by the O-rings 70 permits the operating shaft to be
axially and rotatably displaced relative to the access cap 46
without fluid leakage thereby. The O-rings 70 are retained in
proper position within the first counterbore 52 by the annular
retainer 56. A fluid-tight seal is obtained between the access cap
46 and the second end portion 16 of the body member 12 by means of
an O-ring 72 positioned therebetween.
The threads 44 on the body member 12 and the threads 48 on the
access cap 46 are suitably formed such that when the cap 46 is
removed from the body member 12 suitable means for evacuating and
charging (not shown) a refrigeration system may be threadedly
engaged to the threads 44 to provide sealing engagement between
said means and the body member 12 so that a refrigeration system
may be evacuated and charged with refrigerant through the
cylindrical bore 18 through the body member 12. A suitable, and
industryaccepted thread for this purpose is 7/16-20 thread.
As most clearly shown in FIG. 5, a suitable valve core engaging
chuck 74 is secured to a reduced portion 76 of the operating shaft
60 by a roll pin 78. An O-ring 80 is secured within a counterbore
82 formed in the chuck 74 near the bifurcated end thereof and is
retained in proper position by the reduced portion 76 of the
operating shaft 60 adjacent thereto. An axial bore 84 is formed in
the first end portion 62 of the operating shaft 60 for receiving
the extending head of the valve core being engaged by the chuck 74.
A transverse slot 86 is formed in the chuck 74 for receiving the
rectangular portion of the valve core therein for threading and
unthreading the valve core in its fitting. A bore 88 is also formed
in the chuck 74 coaxial with the counter-bore 82 for receiving the
head of the valve core therethrough. The inner diameter of the
resilient O-ring 80 is sized such that a valve core engaged by the
chuck 74 will be releasably retained thereby by means of the
engagement of the head of the valve core by the O-ring 80.
A shut-off valve assembly 90 is carried by the body member 12. The
shut-off valve assembly 90 includes a valve fitting 92 suitably
formed on the body member 12 and extending outwardly therefrom. A
lateral bore 94 extends through the valve fitting 92 and partially
through the body member 12 intersecting the cylindrical bore 18
through the body member 12. The axis of the lateral bore 94
intersects the axis of the cylindrical bore 18 and is normal
thereto. The diameter of the lateral bore 94 is greater than the
diameter of the cylindrical bore 18. The lower end of the bore 94
extends completely through the cylindrical bore 18 and terminates
in a flat circular wall 96 formed in the body member 12.
A valve stem 98 is positioned within the lateral bore 94. A control
knob 100 is fixedly secured to the upper end 102 of the valve stem
98 by means of a set screw 104.
A cylindrically shaped resilient valve member 106 is fixedly
secured to the lower end 108 of the valve stem 98. The valve member
106 is preferably formed of a short length of resilient tubing
formed of a suitable material such as Neoprene. The outer diameter
of the valve member 106 is substantially equal to the diameter of
the lateral bore 94 and the axial length of the valve member 106 is
greater than the diameter of the cylindrical bore 18 extending
through the body member 12. The valve member 106 may be secured by
a suitable adhesive to the cylindrical outer periphery of the lower
end 108 of the valve stem 98.
A pair of spaced circumferential ribs 110 and 112 are formed on the
valve stem 98 with the rib 110 abutting the upper end of the
resilient valve member 106. An O-ring 114 is positioned between the
circumferential ribs 110 and 112 and provides a fluid-tight seal
between the valve stem 98 and the lateral bore 94. External threads
116 are formed on the valve stem 98 and extend between the control
knob 100 and the circumferential rib 112.
The valve stem 98 is secured within the valve fitting 92 by means
of a valve fitting cap 118 threadedly secured to the valve fitting
92. The external threads 116 of the valve stem 98 are threadedly
engaged with internal threads 120 formed in an aperture 122 in the
valve fitting cap 118 through which the valve stem 98 extends.
It will be seen that by rotating the control knob 100 the valve
stem 98 will move axially within the lateral bore 94 as the valve
stem 98 is alternately threaded and unthreaded in the valve fitting
cap 118. FIG. 2 illustrates the shut-off assembly 90 in the open
position with the resilient valve member 106 fully retracted within
the lateral bore 94. FIG. 3 illustrates the shut-off valve assembly
90 in the closed position with the resilient valve member 106
closing the cylindrical bore 18 through the body member 12. It will
be seen that the resilient valve member 106 extends slightly below
the lower end 108 of the valve stem 98. This permits the valve stem
98 to be threaded to a point wherein the lower end 108 thereof
engages the flat circular wall 96 in the body member 12. In this
position the resilient valve member 106 is axially compressed and
forms a fluid-tight seal closing the cylindrical bore 18 in the
body member 12.
It should be noted at this point that the valve fitting 92 may be
in the form of a separate component suitably secured to the body
member 12 by means such as soldering or brazing, or the valve
fitting 92 and the body member 12 may be integrally formed in one
piece.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a conventional refrigeration
system to which the apparatus 10 is connected. The refrigeration
system includes a compressor 124 having its high-pressure side
connected by means of conduit 126 to the inlet of a condensor 128.
The outlet of the condensor 128 is connected by conduit 130 to an
expansion valve 132. The expansion valve 132 is connected by means
of conduit 134 to the inlet of an evaporator 136. The outlet of the
evaporator 136 is connected by conduit 138 to the low-pressure side
of the compressor 124 thereby completing the refrigeration
loop.
An access fitting 140 is shown connected to the conduit 126
adjacent to the high-pressure side of the compressor 124. The
access fitting 140 is of the type which includes a threaded check
valve core 142 installed therein. The valve core 142 is of the type
which is typically referred to as a Schrader-type valve core. Such
valve cores are commonly used in automotive tires and the like.
FIGS. 2-4 illustrate the tool 10 installed on the access fitting
140 with the coupling nut 30 threadedly secured to the external
threads 144 of the access fitting 140 and with the gasket 42
providing a fluid-tight seal between the outer end of the access
fitting 140 and the first end portion 14 of the body member 12 of
the tool 10. The valve core 142 is shown properly secured by the
valve core engaging chuck 74.
Operation of the Preferred Embodiment
To operate the tool 10, the tool 10 is connected to a suitable
access fitting 140 by means of the coupling nut 30 as shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2. The shut-off valve assembly 90 is placed in the open
position as illustrated in FIG. 2 and the operating shaft 60 is
moved to the left as viewed in FIG. 2 where the core engaging chuck
74 is suitably engaged with the valve core 142 which is to be
removed from the access fitting 140.
The valve core 142 is then unthreaded by turning the control knob
64 counter-clockwise. When the valve core 142 is completely
unthreaded from the access fitting 140 the control knob 64 is
withdrawn as far to the right as possible as illustrated in FIG. 3.
The shut-off valve assembly is then actuated to close the
cylindrical bore 18 through the body member 12. This is
accomplished by rotating the control knob 100 in a clockwise
direction until the lower end of the valve stem 108 seats on the
flat circular wall 96 in the valve body 12 thereby providing a
fluid-tight seal in the tool 10.
The access cap 46 is then unthreaded from the body member 12, and
the access cap 46, operating shaft 60 and the valve core 142 are
removed from the body member 12.
At this point suitable means for evacuating and charging (not
shown) a refrigeration system is threadedly secured to the threads
44 of the body member 12 to provide sealing communication between
said means and the access fitting 140 via the cylindrical bore 18
through the body member 12. The shut-off valve assembly is then
actuated to open the bore 18 through the body member 12. The
refrigeration system carrying the access fitting 140 may then be
evacuated and charged with refrigerant through the tool 10. When
the refrigeration system is charged, the shut-off valve assembly is
again actuated to close the bore 18 as described above, and the
evacuating and charging means is removed from the tool 10.
The valve core 142 may then be inspected and replaced if necessary.
The new valve core 142 is secured to the valve core engaging chuck
74 and reinserted into the cylindrical bore 18 along with the
operating shaft 60. The access cap 46 is rethreaded into sealing
engagement with the body member 12.
The shut-off valve assembly 90 is then opened fully by rotating the
control knob 100 in a counterclockwise direction until the
resilient valve member 106 is fully withdrawn into the lateral bore
94 thereby opening the cylindrical bore 18.
The control knob 64 is then moved to the left until the check valve
core 142 engages the access fitting 140. The check valve core 142
is then rethreaded into the access fitting 140 by rotating the
control knob 64 in a clockwise direction until the check valve core
sealingly engages the access fitting 140. At this time the tool 10
may be removed from the access fitting 140 by unthreading the
coupling nut 30.
Description of the Embodiment of FIG. 6
FIG. 6 illustrates a slightly modified tool 10a which includes an
evacuating and charging fitting 146 formed on and extending
outwardly from a slightly modified body member 12a. The fitting 146
includes a laterally extending port 148 extending therethrough and
communicating between the outer end thereof and the cylindrical
bore 18 through the body member 12a. A conventional threaded check
valve core of the Schrader-type 150 is threadedly secured within
the fitting 146. The fitting 146 further includes external threads
152 formed thereon to provide means for engagement with suitable
means for evacuating and charging (not shown) a refrigeration
system through the tool 10a.
Operation of the Embodiment of FIG. 6
In operation the tool 10a is first secured to the access fitting
140 as described above. Similarly, the check valve core 142 is
removed from the access fitting 140 and withdrawn fully to the
right within the bore 18 as viewed in FIG. 6. With the shut-off
valve assembly 90 in the open position, the refrigeration system
may now be evacuated and charged through the evacuation and
charging fitting 146.
It will be readily apparent that the tool 10a may also be used to
remove and replace a defective check valve core 142 as described in
detail above for the tool 10. This should preferably be done prior
to evacuating and charging the refrigeration system.
Description of the Embodiment of FIG. 7
FIG. 7 illustrates another slightly modified tool 10b, similar to
the tool 10a described above. The machining 10b differs from the
tool 10a in that the evacuation and charging fitting 146 is formed
on the slightly modified body member 12b in coaxial alignment with
the lateral bore 94 of the shut-off valve assembly 90. It will be
seen that the port 148 of the evacuation and charging fitting 146
communicates with the interior of the body member 12b through the
flat circular wall 96 formed therein.
The configuration of the tool 10b permits a slightly shorter body
member 12b, and simplifies machining required in the construction
of the tool 10b.
Operation of the tool 10b is identical to that described for the
tool 10a and therefore will not be described in detail again.
It will be seen from the foregoing detailed description of the
present invention that the various embodiments thereof and the
methods for their utilization described therein readily obtain the
objectives set forth. Changes may be made in the construction and
arrangement of parts or elements of the various embodiments
described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the
present invention as defined herein.
* * * * *