U.S. patent number 3,832,704 [Application Number 05/371,435] was granted by the patent office on 1974-08-27 for dual wire intruder detector.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Honeywell Inc.. Invention is credited to Vahram S. Kardashian.
United States Patent |
3,832,704 |
Kardashian |
August 27, 1974 |
DUAL WIRE INTRUDER DETECTOR
Abstract
A perimeter security system comprising a strain sensitive line
sensor in the form of dual magnetostrictive thin film plated wires
having uniaxial anisotropy. The plated wire line sensor is
preferably buried in a shallow trench or the like and detects
intrusion in the vicinity of the line as the line sensor is
stressed by the intruder causing a displacement of the earth. One
of the dual plated wires is made to have a different degree of
magnetostrictiveness than the other. The detection system is
selectively sensitive to the motion of a mass on a surface, but
tends to reject magnetic disturbances which effectively produce the
same signal.
Inventors: |
Kardashian; Vahram S. (Plymouth
Village, MN) |
Assignee: |
Honeywell Inc. (Minneapolis,
MN)
|
Family
ID: |
26936612 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/371,435 |
Filed: |
June 19, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
244540 |
Apr 17, 1972 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
340/541;
174/126.2; 340/665 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08B
13/2497 (20130101); G01L 1/125 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G08B
13/24 (20060101); G01L 1/12 (20060101); G08b
013/22 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/258R,261,272,17
;174/115,126CP,113R,128,117R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Swann, III; Glen R.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Dahle; Omund R.
Parent Case Text
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 244,540
filed Apr. 17, 1972 and now abandoned.
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or
right is claimed are defined as follows:
1. A strain sensitive line sensor detection system which senses
local movement of a medium being intruded upon, the system
comprising:
an extended length of a first wire on which is plated an
anisotropic thin film having a first composition of nickel-iron
alloy plating exhibiting a first degree of magnetostrictive
response; an extended length of a second wire on which is plated an
anisotropic thin film having a different composition of nickel-iron
alloy plating exhibiting a different degree of magnetostrictive
response, said first and second wires each having the same response
to a magnetic field, said wires having an insulative covering;
means energizing said first and second plated wires from a source
of alternating type current; said first and second plated wires
being positioned in a side by side relation in said medium so that
while magnetic field changes cause equal signals on said first and
second wires, movement of said medium which strains said wires
causes differing signals in one wire than the other because of the
differing degrees of magnetostrictive response; and
means connecting the signals from said first and second plated
wires to first and second differential inputs of a differential
amplifier whereby said equal signals on said wires such as caused
by a magnetic disturbance cancel one another out in the amplifier
while the differing strain produced signals are summed and
amplified.
2. The invention according to claim 1 wherein said first
composition of nickel-iron alloy plating has more than 80 percent
Ni and exhibits a negative magnetostrictive response and wherein
said second composition of nickel-iron alloy plating has less than
80 percent Ni and exhibits a positive magnetostrictive
response.
3. The invention according to claim 1 wherein said first
composition of NiFe permalloy plating has more than 80 percent Ni
and exhibits a relatively high negative magnetostrictive response
and wherein said second composition of NiFe permalloy plating has
somewhat more than 80 percent Ni and exhibits a lesser negative
magnetostrictive response.
Description
The strain sensitive line sensor consists of a magnetostrictive
plated wire having uniaxial anisotropy which acts as a transducer
converting displacement of movement of the earth to an electrical
signal. The extended length of plated wire line can be placed on
the floor of a shallow trench and covered for camouflage. It will
detect intrusion in the immediate vicinity of the line. In
principle, the weight of the intruder or that of any other moving
load on the surface of a semi-infinite solid like the ground,
physically disturbs the load supporting medium. The line sensor
embedded in the medium is stressed by the displacement. The
resulting strain on the wire generates a signal.
The term magnetostriction is used to describe any dimensional
change of a material which is associated with its magnetic
behavior. Ferromagnetic bodies in particular are susceptible to
dimensional changes, for instance, as a result of changes in
temperature or a magnetic field. In the following description, the
phenomenon of interest is the converse, where change in strain on a
magnetostrictive material induces a change in its magnetic
behavior.
In operation, an alternating current, sinusoidal or otherwise, is
fed into the plated wire which generates an alternating magnetic
field in the permalloy plating around the circumference of the
wire. The alternating current magnetic field sets the magnetization
vector in the plating into oscillation. This, in turn generates an
alternating current electromotive force in the substrate core of
the wire, which may be copper-beryllium. The voltage output or
signal is alternating and constant in amplitude. Changes in the
equilibrium orientation of the magnetization vector results in
changes in the envelope of the signal amplitude. This appears as a
modulation of a carrier similar in appearance to an amplitude
modulation of a radio wave carrier.
In practice, the magnetostrictive plated wire is contained in an
insulating flexible tube, such as a teflon tube. The wire and
tubing are within a metallic shielded braid which, in turn, is
protected by electrical insulation. The current flow through the
plated wire may find its return through the metallic shield. The
transducer output is detected, filtered through a low pass-band
filter, and amplifier to produce an analogue signal.
The output of the transducer is a function of the orientation of
the magnetization vector relative to the easy axis. In a zero
magnetostrictive anisotropic plated wire, the equilibrium
orientation of the magnetization vector is determined by the
component of the ambient magnetic field parallel to the hard axis
of the wire. If the wire plating is also magnetostrictive, the same
reorientation of the magnetization vector can also be achieved by
straining of the wire under stress. The output of the transducer,
therefore, measures either the state of the ambient magnetic field
or the state of strain to which the plated wire is subjected, or
both. There is no differentiation between the phenomena in the
electrical output signal produced. In a short length of
magnetostrictive wire, the disturbing effect of strain upon the
magnetization vector dominates the effect of ambient changes of
magnetic field. In a long cable, however, the cumulative effect of
magnetic field changes on the wire appear to mask the effect of the
strain.
A satisfactory security system must minimize the false alarm rate.
A strain responsive line sensor designed to detect ground pressure
changes must be immune to changes in magnetic fields. In the low
frequency spectrum of magnetic disturbances, the fluctuations in
field amplitude are large and the cumulative effect over the length
of the line may be large relative to the strain generated signal.
The present invention provides apparatus for minimizing the
geomagnetic and electromagnetic noise in a line sensor and
emphasizing the magnetostrictive response thereby providing further
capability for increased sensitivity and range.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An extended length of cabled anisotropic plated wire having
magnetostrictive response is buried to provide strain detection of
a perimeter being guarded. Two plated wires having similar magnetic
properties but differing magnetostriction properties are in the
cable, and the signals from the wires are connected to an amplifier
such that the magnetically generated signals are canceled out but
the magnetostrictively generated signals are summed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a preferred embodiment
of the invention;
FIG. 1a is another embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a cross-section illustration of a short length of a
plated wire utilized in the invention;
FIG. 3 is intended to show an end view of the strain sensitive
cable having the two plated wires therein; and
FIGS. 4A-4L shows the magnetization vector under several conditions
of operation.
DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the drawing there is disclosed a cable 10
comprising dual magnetostrictive thin film plated wires 11 and 12
within a shield 13, which cable is intended for shallow burial in
the ground for perimeter protection of an area from intruders. The
anisotropic plated wires 11 and 12 may be, for example, a 5 mil
diameter beryllium-copper substrate wire which has been plated with
an anisotropic magnetic permalloy film, a cross-section of which is
shown in FIG. 2. During deposition of the ferromagnetic film, a
magnetic field is applied so that a preferred axis, called the easy
axis, is obtained which is oriented circumferentially about the
wire or with some degree of skew. The magnetization vector may lie
along this line in the absence of external fields and strain on the
wire, and makes a loop of magnetic flux around the wire.
In my application, Ser. No. 45,466, filed June 11, 1970, now U.S.
Pat. No. 3,657,641 and assigned to the same assignee as the present
invention, I have described in more detail anisotropic thin film
plated wire of this nature. In that application the permalloy film
is described as being of approximate composition of 80 percent Ni
and 20 percent Fe, which composition has a low or zero
magnetostrictive effect. In the present invention which is a strain
detector and which depends on the magnetostrictive response of the
wire, it is desirable rather to enhance the magnetostrictive
effect. The two anisotropic plated wires 11 and 12 are of similar
magnetic properties, i.e. comparable Hc and Hk but each has a
different degree of magnetostrictiveness. Thus in a preferred
embodiment wire 11 may have a nickel rich plating composition, Ni
content greater than 80 percent and has a high negative
magnetostriction. Wire 12 may also have a nickel rich plating
composition but to a lesser amount and the wire has a lesser or
weaker negative magnetostriction than does wire 11. As shown in
FIG. 3, both wires 11 and 12 are contained in a pair of flexible
dielectric insulating tubings 14 and 15, such as teflon, fully
attached on the side. A further inner insulation 16 may be
provided, the plated wires being enclosed by the braid of shield 13
and an outer insulation 17.
In another embodiment shown in FIG. 1a wire 12' may have a nickel
rich plating composition, Ni content greater than 80 percent, and
has negative magnetostriction. Wire 11', on the other hand, may
have an iron rich plating composition where the Fe is greater than
20 percent and the wire has a positive magnetostriction.
A high frequency sine wave oscillator 20 is connected to drive both
plated wires in parallel. The return path for the current may be
the common metallic shield 13. The two output conductors 21 and 22
are connected to the input of a differential amplifier 23. The
processor also contains a detector, a conventional low pass-band
filter and amplifier such that the signal from the differential
amplifier is detected, filtered through the low pass-band filter
and amplified to produce an analogue signal in the processor.
The magnetic properties of wires 11 and 12 (or wires 11' and 12')
being alike, other than their degree of magnetostriction, changes
in the ambient magnetic field produce equal signals in each of the
wires which are applied by conductors 21 and 22, respectively, to
the differential amplifier inputs. Equal signals are also produced
as a result of electromagnetic disturbances. In either case the
signals are nulled out by the differential amplifier 23.
If the wires are subjected to identical strains, however, the
signal from each of the wires is significantly different from the
other. The output of the differential amplifier is then
proportional to the product of the strain and the algebraic
difference of the magnetostrictive coefficients of the plated
wires. Thus the apparatus which has been described is effective to
cancel out signals resulting from magnetic fluctuations and to
provide a report of signals generated due to strain of the plated
wires.
FIG. 4 is illustrative of the magnetic response and the
magnetostrictive response of the two wires of FIG. 1a. A similar
presentation could be made for the embodiment of FIG. 1. In FIG. 4
the rectangles represent a peeled layer of anisotropic permalloy
plating from a short segment of wire. The easy axis lies in the
general direction of the X axis. The magnetization vector M is
shown making a small angle with the easy axis. FIG. 4A and 4G are
similar and show a typical direction of the magnetization vector M
in the wires. It is not necessary that the direction in 4A and 4G
be identical. The sine wave oscillator 20 which preferably is a
high frequency, such as 10 megahertz, is connected in energizing or
driving relation to the wires 11' and 12', the wires 11' and 12'
being energized in parallel. As a result of the alternating driving
currents from the oscillator the direction of magnetization
responds in an alternating manner as is shown in FIGS. 4B and
4H.
In FIGS. 4C and 4I a strain has appeared on the wires 11' and 12'
due to the approach of an intruding object or body. The weight of
an intruding body on the surface of a "semi-infinite" solid like
the ground, physically disturbs the body supporting medium in which
the line sensor is embedded. The line sensor is stressed by the
displacement. Since wire 11' has a positive magnetostriction the
strain of the wire causes an upward movement of the rotation vector
from that of FIG. 4A. Since wire 12' has a negative
magnetostriction the equal strain of this wire causes a downward
movement of the rotation vector from that of FIG. 4G, as is clearly
depicted in FIGS. 4C and 4I. FIGS. 4D and 4J show the effect of the
alternating current drive on the strained wires. It is clear that
the signals generated in the two wires because of a strain are
manifestly different one from the other. These strain generated
signals are summed by the differential amplifier 23 to provide a
suitable output indicating the presence of an intruder.
FIGS. 4E and 4K reproduce in broken lines the magnetization vectors
as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4G and depict in solid lines the
additional rotation due to a change in the magnetic field. The
magnetic field causes both wires to respond in the same direction.
FIGS. 4F and 4L superimpose the alternating drive current and again
it may be seen that both are alike. The magnetically generated
alike signals from the two wires are balanced out or nulled out in
the differential amplifier and provide a zero output from the
system. Thus it may be appreciated that an improved
magnetostrictive plated wire line sensor system has been
provided.
* * * * *