U.S. patent number 3,827,269 [Application Number 05/303,832] was granted by the patent office on 1974-08-06 for roll forming apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Motors Corporation. Invention is credited to Milton B. Hoagland, Lawrence P. Wroblewski.
United States Patent |
3,827,269 |
Hoagland , et al. |
August 6, 1974 |
ROLL FORMING APPARATUS
Abstract
An improved die for a "wedge roll" type roll forming machine
including a pair of vertically spaced rolls adapted for rotation in
the same direction and defining a pair of mounting surfaces adapted
for rigidly supporting the dies, the improved dies including a
generally triangular forming surface bounded along the leading
converging edges by a pair of driving surfaces disposed at an angle
with respect to the forming surface, each of the driving surfaces
having formed thereon a plurality of randomly spaced and
irregularly shaped raised projections having flat top surfaces,
tapered sides and substantial column rigidity under compression
forces.
Inventors: |
Hoagland; Milton B. (Troy,
MI), Wroblewski; Lawrence P. (Detroit, MI) |
Assignee: |
General Motors Corporation
(Detroit, MI)
|
Family
ID: |
23173899 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/303,832 |
Filed: |
November 6, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
72/108; 72/191;
205/666; 72/102; 72/197; 492/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B21H
1/18 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B21H
1/00 (20060101); B21H 1/18 (20060101); B21d
037/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;29/148.4D,121R
;204/6,129.1,129.65 ;156/8,10 ;72/102,108,191,197,199 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lanham; Charles W.
Assistant Examiner: Walkowski; Joseph A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Schwartz; Saul
Claims
Having thus described the invention, what is claimed is:
1. In an apparatus for roll forming objects exhibiting only
transverse circular cross-sections, said apparatus including a pair
of oppositely moving surface elements adapted for rigidly mounting
a pair of dies, each of said dies defining a generally wedge shape
forming surface bounded along the leading converging edges by
respective ones of a pair of driving surfaces disposed at an angle
with respect to said forming surface and adapted for driving
engagement on said object being roll formed, the improvement
comprising, means on each of said dies defining on each of said
driving surfaces a plurality of randomly spaced and randomly
located raised projections of substantially uniform height, each of
said raised projections defining a column having a generally flat
top surface portion and substantial column rigidity under
compression forces.
2. In an apparatus for roll forming objects exhibiting only
circular transverse cross-sections, said apparatus including a pair
of oppositely moving surface elements adapted for rigidly mounting
a pair of dies, each of said dies defining a generally wedge shape
forming surface bounded along the leading converging edges by
respective ones of a pair of driving surfaces disposed at an angle
with respect to said forming surface and adapted for driving
engagement on said object being roll formed, the improvement
comprising, means on each of said dies defining on each of said
driving surfaces a plurality of randomly spaced and randomly
located raised projections of substantially uniform height, each of
said raised projections defining a generally flat top surface
portion the combined surface areas of which equal generally about
one-half of the combined total surface areas of said driving
surfaces and each of said raised projections having substantial
column rigidity under compression forces, and means on each of said
raised projections defining a side portion thereof disposed at an
angle with respect to said flat top surface portion.
3. The improvement recited in claim 2 wherein each of said raised
projections has a height of about 0.010 to 0.020 inches.
Description
This invention relates generally to metal working apparatus and
more particularly to an improved tool configuration for roll
forming objects exhibiting circular transverse cross-sections.
In metal working, the process known generally as "hot rolling"
typically involves heating of a metal billet to a particular
temperature and then forcing the billet between a pair of heavy
rolls which rolls change the shape of the billet, as for example
from a rectangle to a flat sheet. One "hot rolling" process,
employed exclusively for producing objects which exhibit circular
transverse cross-sections at any point along their length, is known
as "wedge rolling." Generally, in "wedge rolling," a length of bar
stock is induction heated and fed between a pair of vertically
spaced rolls each of which rotates in the same direction. Each roll
has a wedge shaped die rigidly mounted on the outside diameter
thereof. The tips of the wedge shaped dies engage the heated bar at
substantially the same instant at diametrically opposed locations
and proceed to roll the bar about its longitudinal axis. As the
dies further engage the bar, the outside diameter of the latter is
reduced and metal is caused to flow lengthwise of the bar until the
desired shape is achieved whereupon chisels on the dies sever the
formed object from the remainder of the bar.
In order to effect the lengthwise material flow, of course,
considerable force must be applied by the dies to the bar. Also,
the dies must be prevented from slipping relative to the bar. Both
functions are accomplished by a pair of angled, converging friction
or driving surfaces formed on the dies, the driving surfaces
typically having formed thereon serrations to effect positive
engagement between the driving surfaces and the bar being formed.
The serrations, however, tend to leave undesirable finish marks on
the formed object which render the process unsuited for certain
applications. Metal working apparatus according to this invention
represents a reduction to practice of a die particularly adapted
for the "wedge rolling" process which generates an improved surface
on the finished object.
Accordingly, the primary feature of this invention is that it
provides an improved metal working apparatus. Another feature of
this invention is that it provides an improved metal working
apparatus particularly adapted for use in a "wedge rolling" type
"hot rolling" process. Yet another feature of this invention is
that it provides an improved die for roll forming objects
exhibiting only circular transverse cross-sections without
generating objectionable surface markings on the objects. A further
feature of this invention resides in the provision of an improved
"wedge rolling" die having a pair of converging driving surfaces
with a plurality of randomly spaced raised projections thereon, the
projections effecting positive engagement between the die and the
object being roll formed and the random spacing of the projections
minimizing the probability that the impression on the object made
by one projection will be exactly repeated and, therefore,
exaggerated by another projection on a succeeding revolution of the
object. A still further feature of this invention resides in the
provision on the driving surface of the "wedge rolling" die of a
plurality of randomly spaced raised projections each having a
generally flat top surface and tapering sides, each raised
projection having very substantial column rigidity. Still another
feature of this invention resides in the process by which the
raised projections are formed on the driving surfaces of the dies,
the process including the steps of masking a plurality of randomly
spaced dots on the driving surfaces with a resistant material and
then electro-chemically treating the exposed surface area thereby
to etch away the unmasked surface portion so that a plurality of
raised projections remain after the masking material is
removed.
These and other features of this invention will be readily apparent
from the following specification and from the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary, perspective view of a "wedge rolling"
machine including a pair of improved dies according to this
invention;
FIG. 2 is a view taken generally along the plane indicated by lines
2--2 in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a typical object formed by the
improved "wedge rolling" dies shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken generally along the plane
indicated by lines 4--4 in FIG. 1 but showing the initial
engagement condition between the "wedge rolling" dies and the bar
being formed;
FIG. 5 is a similar to FIG. 4 but showing further engagement
between the "wedge rolling" dies and the bar being formed;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary view taken generally along the
plane indicated by lines 6--6 in FIG. 4 but showing a typical
driving surface configuration of heretofore known "wedge rolling"
dies;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view taken generally along the plane
indicated by lines 7--7 in FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 6, but showing the driving surface
of a "wedge rolling" die according to this invention;
FIG. 9 is a sectional view taken generally along the plane
indicated by lines 9--9 in FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a fragmentary, enlarged transverse sectional view of an
object "wedge roll" formed by dies constructed in a heretofore
known manner; and
FIG. 11 is similar to FIG. 10 but showing the surface of the object
"wedge roll" formed by improved dies according to this
invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 of the drawings, thereshown is a
portion of a conventional "wedge roll" type forming machine
including an upper roll 10 and a lower roll 12. The upper roll 10
is supported on an upper spindle 14 for rotation as a unit
therewith about an axis 16 and the lower roll 12 is similarly
supported on a lower spindle 18 for rotation as a unit with the
latter about an axis 20, the axes 16 and 20 being aligned in a
common vertical plane. The rolls 10 and 12 define, respectively,
outer cylindrical mounting surfaces 22 and 24 which are adapted, by
conventional means, for rigidly supporting respective ones of a
pair of dies according to this invention and designated generally
26 and 28.
In the plane of the axes 16 and 20, the mounting surfaces 22 and 24
are vertically spaced to admit therebetween a length of cylindrical
metal bar stock 30. As seen best in FIG. 2, the diameter of the bar
stock 30 is sufficiently small to provide clearance between the bar
and the mounting surfaces 22 and 24 but sufficiently large to
effect interference between the bar and the dies 26 and 28 when the
latter are rotated as a unit with the rolls 10 and 12. As is more
fully described hereinafter, the dies 26 and 28 engage the bar 30
from above and below and, in a well known manner, effect reduction
in the diameter of the bar between the dies while simultaneously
effecting an elongation of the bar. By this well known process, the
dies 26 and 28 are effective to produce an object of finite length
which exhibits a circular transverse cross-section at any point
along its length. A typical object which might be produced by the
dies 26 and 28 is indicated at 32 in FIG. 3 and includes a narrow
diameter shank portion 34 bounded on opposite ends by a pair of
large diameter end portions 36, the shank portion merging into the
end portions at respective ones of a pair of tapered shoulder
portions 38.
Referring particularly to FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5, the dies 26 and 28
are identical in configuration and each includes a base portion 40,
a forming surface 42, and a pair of driving surfaces 44 disposed at
an angle with respect to the forming surfaces 42 and converging in
wedge fashion from one end of the die to the other. Accordingly,
each forming surface 42 is generally triangular in configuration.
The dies 26 and 28 are rigidly attached to the rolls 10 and 12 on
the mounting surface 22 and 24, respectively, in predetermined
orientation such that as the rolls are rotated in the same
direction, as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 1, the apices of the
forming surfaces engage the bar 30 at substantially the same
instant at diametrically opposed locations on the bar so that the
latter is effectively captured between the dies.
As best seen in FIG. 4, at the apices of the forming surfaces 42
the dies 26 and 28 effectively define knife edges 45 so that upon
initial engagement between the dies and the bar a V-shaped groove
46 is roll formed in the latter. The sides of the groove 46, of
course, are formed by the driving surfaces 44 which surfaces also
effect frictional engagement with the bar to initiate rotation of
the latter. As the dies 26 and 28 move further into the bar 30
corresponding to continued rotation of the rolls 26 and 28, the
distance between the driving surfaces 44 increases and the forming
surfaces 42 move progressively past the bar. As seen best in FIG.
5, the bar stock material, as for example carbon steel, is caused
to flow lengthwise of the bar until the dies pass completely over
and under the bar whereupon the completed object 32 is severed from
the remainder of the bar by conventional chisels, not shown,
mounted on the rolls.
The bar, as is conventional, is roll formed in a red-hot condition.
Considerable driving force, however, is still necessary and is
transmitted from the dies 26 and 28 to the bar through the driving
surfaces 44. To prevent slipping or relative movement between the
dies and the bar, the driving surfaces normally are provided with
means for improving the frictional or driving engagement with the
bar. More particularly, referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, dies heretofore
known typically include a plurality of serrations 48 on the driving
surfaces 44, the serrations being of a triangular tooth-like
configuration with regular, well-defined peaks and valleys. The
serrations 48, however, when engaging the bar, tend to leave
complementary, tooth-like impressions in the surface of the bar
which impressions are rolled over and flattened down by the driving
surface of the die during succeeding revolutions of the bar. As
seen best in FIG. 10, the rolling over of the tooth-like
impressions merely tends to flatten down or bend over the peaks of
the impressions so that the valleys thereof remain intact and apt
to create undesirable stress risers if the object 32 is subjected
to tensile forces of torsional moments.
Referring now to FIGS. 1, 8 and 9, the dies 26 and 28 incorporate
special provisions for minimizing or completely eliminating the
tendency of heretofore known dies to leave undesirable impressions
or tracks in the formed object. More particularly, the driving
surfaces 44 of the dies 26 and 28 according to this invention have
formed thereon a plurality of randomly-spaced raised projections
50. As seen best in FIG. 9, each raised projection 50 is in the
form of a short, relatively stubby column with a generally flat top
surface and, in horizontal cross-section, each projection 50 is
generally irregular in configuration. The minimum cross-sectional
dimension of each projection, however, substantially exceeds the
height of the projection so that the projections exhibit very
substantial column rigidity.
To form the raised projections 50, the driving surfaces 44 of the
dies are preferably subjected to a conventional electro-chemical
etching process. More particularly, the driving surfaces 44, after
being machined, are masked or painted with a conventional, readily
available chemically resistant substance, the masking being in the
form of a plurality of randomly-spaced and irregularly shaped dots.
The friction surfaces so treated are then submerged in an
electro-chemical etching solution and subjected to an electrical
current which removes material from the unmasked surface portions
to a predetermined depth, the depth being dependent upon the length
of time to which the surfaces are subjected to the electro-chemical
process. Upon completion of the etching process, the masked areas
are treated with a rinse solution which removes the masking
material.
As recited hereinbefore, the raised projections 50 formed by the
electro-chemical machining process are generally irregular in
transverse cross-sectional configuration, are randomly spaced on
the driving surfaces, and are, in effect, very rigid columns.
Further, each projection is substantially equal in height to all
the other projections and terminates in the flat top surface. Still
further, as a result of the electro-chemical machining, the sides
of each projection extending between the friction surface 44 and
the top surface of the projection exhibit a masked taper similar to
a draft angle commonly found in molded or cast projections, the
significance of the taper appearing more clearly hereinafter.
Describing now the operation of the dies 26 and 28, the rolls 10
and 12 are initially positioned with the dies located remote from
the longitudinal axis of the bar stock 30 so that the latter,
heated to a red hot condition, can be fed between the rolls in the
plane of the axes 16 and 20. Rotation of the rolls in the direction
indicated by the arrows, FIG. 1, brings the dies 26 and 28 into
engagement on the bar 30 from above and below, respectively.
Initially, as recited hereinbefore, the dies create a V-shaped
groove in the bar the sides of which groove are formed by the
driving surfaces 44. As the driving surfaces penetrate the bar the
raised projections 50 on the former penetrate the sides of the
groove being defined in the bar by the wedge configuration of the
dies, the projections thereby effecting a substantially positive
connection between the dies and the bar to effect rotation of the
latter without any slippage relative to the former.
The projections 50, of course, leave complementary impressions in
the bar 30. The randomness of the spacing of the projections,
however, minimizes the probability that on any succeeding
revolution of the bar one projection will exactly coincide with an
impression made by another projection on a previous revolution of
the bar so that the probability of the impressions being reinforced
or exaggerated on succeeding revolutions of the bar is minimized.
In addition, as the dies penetrate further into the bar, the side
surfaces of the groove containing the impressions of the
projections are flattened by the forming surfaces 42 of the dies.
The forming surfaces are flat and tend to press the raised portions
of the impressions left by the raised projections down into the
surface of the bar. Since the projections are, in effect, stubby
columns, the corresponding impressions are relatively shallow,
relatively wide craters. When flattened by the forming surfaces 42
the bar stock material is compressed and caused to flow into the
craters thereby to remove potential stress concentration centers by
eliminating sharp, well-defined valley-like impressions on the
bar.
With respect to the tapering sides of the raised projections 50
recited hereinbefore, the dies 26 and 28 have the advantage of
being self-cleaning. That is, the heated bar 30 may have scale or
the like on the surface thereof which conceivably, could collect
between the projections to reduce the effectiveness of the latter.
The taper of the projections, however, facilitates the expulsion of
this scale since there are no sharp, right angle corners in which
the scale can collect and become trapped. Further, the
electro-chemical machining process produces the taper in a very
efficient and economical manner. Another substantial benefit
accruing from the rise of the electro-chemical machining process in
this application is that it is insensitive to the hardeners of the
die. That is, after the die is machined it is subjected to a
conventional hardening process whereby its useful life is
substantially extended. When after considerable service it becomes
necessary to remachine the driving surfaces 94 to renew the
projections 50, the surfaces can be electro-chemically processed
without first softening the die as would be necessary with
conventional machining techniques heretofore employed to generate
friction increasing protrusions on the driving surfaces of the
dies.
* * * * *