U.S. patent number 3,822,557 [Application Number 05/293,444] was granted by the patent office on 1974-07-09 for jet sheet and circular pile with water hammer assist.
Invention is credited to Leonard L. Frederick.
United States Patent |
3,822,557 |
Frederick |
July 9, 1974 |
JET SHEET AND CIRCULAR PILE WITH WATER HAMMER ASSIST
Abstract
The invention relates to a system of furnishing a supply of
lubricant to the opposed sides of a section of piling and a movable
drive shoe carried thereby to facilitate the driving of the piling
in any type of earthen strata.
Inventors: |
Frederick; Leonard L.
(Whippany, NJ) |
Family
ID: |
23129106 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/293,444 |
Filed: |
September 29, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
405/248; 405/253;
405/278 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E02D
5/72 (20130101); E02D 5/08 (20130101); E02D
7/26 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E02D
7/00 (20060101); E02D 5/00 (20060101); E02D
5/72 (20060101); E02D 7/26 (20060101); E02D
5/02 (20060101); E02D 5/08 (20060101); E02d
005/00 (); E02d 005/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;61/53.74,53.5,53,58,59,60,61,62 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
255,059 |
|
Mar 1964 |
|
NL |
|
163,121 |
|
Sep 1905 |
|
DD |
|
Primary Examiner: Shapiro; Jacob
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Greigg; Edwin E.
Claims
That which is claimed is:
1. A pile comprising, a body portion having a terminus, means
associated with said body portion for transporting a supply of
liquid relative thereto, a drive shoe, means supporting the drive
shoe in spaced relation to the terminus of said body portion, means
operatively connected to said transporting means for conducting the
supply of liquid to the drive shoe, and a plurality of jets formed
in the drive shoe and arranged to permit controlled explusion of
liquid from the drive shoe and in a generally upward direction
along the outer surface of the drive shoe to assist in lubricating
the drive shoe and the surrounding portion of the pile when the
pile is driven.
2. A pile as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drive shoe includes a
complementally formed driven tip portion.
3. A pile as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one plurality of
the jets are positioned between the drive shoe and the terminus of
said body portion.
4. A pile as claimed in claim 3, wherein the jets are disposed at
an upper surface of said drive shoe.
5. A pile as claimed in claim 3, wherein the jets are disposed at a
lower surface of said drive shoe.
6. A pile as claimed in claim 2, wherein at least one plurality of
the jets are positioned between the drive shoe and the driven tip
portion.
7. A pile as claimed in claim 1, wherein the means supporting the
drive shoe in spaced relation to the terminus of said body portion
is such that the drive shoe is movable relative to the body portion
of said pile.
8. A pile as claimed in claim 1, wherein a body portion of said
pile is a circular double wall structure.
9. A pile as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pile has a deep arch
and includes longitudinally extending edge portions provided with
interlockable tongue and groove means.
10. A pile as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pile is flat and
includes longitudinally extending edge portions provided with
interlockable tongue and groove means.
11. A pile as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pile is of "Z"
configuration and includes longitudinally extending edge portions
provided with interlockable tongue and groove means.
12. A pile as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the
means associated with said body portion for transporting the liquid
supply is integral therewith.
13. A pile as claimed in claim 1, wherein the means associated with
said body portion for transporting the liquid supply comprises
conduit means that are welded to said body portion.
14. A pile as claimed in claim 1, wherein the means supporting the
drive shoe in spaced relation to the terminus of said body portion
is such that the drive shoe can be reciprocated with respect to the
terminus of the body portion of the piling and the drive shoe has
means which intermittently block the means for conducting said
supply of liquid to the drive shoe when the pile is vibrated to
thereby create a water hammer effect.
15. A pile comprising, a body portion having a terminus, and means
associated with said body portion for transporting a supply of
liquid relative thereto, said transporting means including means
serving to move the liquid longitudinally of the extent of the body
portion and jet means for emitting a portion of the liquid in a
direction transverse of the body portion and along the surface
thereof to assist in lubricating the body portion in the vicinity
of the jet means when the pile is driven.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to improvements in sheet steel piles which
have various sectional configurations and are used to form
retaining walls, cut-off walls and cellular coffer-dams and, more
particularly, to a method and apparatus for lubricating the working
surface of the pile as it is being driven.
It is well known to those experienced in the driving of sheet
pilling that earth strata varies from pure sand to dense clay with
some cobbles. Furthermore, it has been determined that when a
driven pile tip severs a clay strata, the residual moisture is
driven away from the clay nearest the sheet pile surface causing
greater adhesion than normal, and thus reduces and hinders the
piercing ability of the sheet. Also, it has been learned that the
wedging or binding effect of the soil that becomes locked in
between the sheet pile tongue and groove members likewise absorbs
driving energy and is likely to cause such heat to be generated
that it melts the tongue and groove joint.
There are several different systems for driving sheet piles, one
being an automatic impact hammer, and the other a high frequency
vibrator that sets a standing sinusoidal force wave which has no
side motion and the latter system has proven to be about ten times
faster than the former method and is particularly useful in soil
strata formations that are more or less granular. Due to the high
impact force of the automatic hammer, which is generally six times
that of the high frequency vibrator in clay strata, the top and
bottoms of the pile become bent and curled over and the
interlocking elements spread and are ruptured. Also with the
automatic impact hammer extraction of sheet piles as the temporary
placement for a period of time which has caused rust to develop
causes extreme difficulties and sometimes it is impossible to
remove them, thus causing a loss of the pile or portions thereof
and incurring expensive underwater cut-off work.
The present invention has particular applicability for use either
with the automatic impact hammer or the high frequency vibrator,
the latter having had certain shortcomings since it was limited
more or less to soil strata formations that are more or less
granular. Because the high frequency vibrator had certain drawbacks
in its use with different types of soil, excessive amounts of force
have been developed but increase range has been limited to 5-10
percent. Thus, this improvement by alleviating or reducing soil
strata adhesion to the sheet pile surface through the use of
properly placed water jets broadens the use of the high frequency
vibrator to include the entire range of sheet pile driving.
The prior art directed to improvements in piling which has been
concerned with some form of lubrication to achieve entry of the
piling into the ground, as well as its possible subsequent later
removal therefrom is disclosed in Bignell U.S. Pat. No. 1,024,822,
issued Apr. 30, 1912 and Langworthy U.S. Pat. No. 1,588,754, issued
June 15, 1926.
In the earlier of these patents is disclosed a piling constructed
of a plurality of stacked perforated chambers with an interior
piping system being arranged to feed lubricant through the
apertures so that the box-like pile can be lowered into the earth
under its own weight. In the later patent there is shown a drivable
concrete pile that is provided with an embedded piping system and a
form of interlock for serially driving piles, the arrangement being
such that two lubricant jets are directed downwardly and a
divergently disposed third jet is made available for forcing water
into the channels of an adjacent previously set pile so that the
soil will be removed therefrom and the next driven pile will be
successfully interlocked with the earlier driven pile.
Accordingly, the principal object of the invention is to provide a
system of controlled lubrication of the driven ends and
longitudinally extending surfaces of all sheet steel piling.
Another object of the invention is to provide a system of
preventing damage to the interlocking portions of adjacent sections
of steel piling while they are being driven by causing the soil
that enters the interlock to be maintained in a viscous
condition.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a system of
driving sheet steel piling which requires a less powerful driving
force to be employed to penetrate the soil strata thereby making it
more economical to drive sheet piling.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a system of
lubrication for the sheet steel piling that not only enables the
pile to be more quickly driven into the earth strata, but also to
be extracted therefrom by a vibrator or automatic impact
extractor.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a system by
which standard mill rolled sheet steel pile sections can be
converted to perform the function revealed herein by simple welded
fabrication methods as well as to also permit the possibility of a
steel rolling mill to form the linear ducts or conduits thus
reducing the overall sheet pile cost.
A still further object of the invention is to provide an
inexpensive system of forming longitudinally extending channel
means on the opposite surfaces of a sheet steel piling where the
channel means includes oppositely disposed spaced jets that are
adapted to emit a fan-shaped spray pattern over the respective
surfaces of the sheet piling.
An additional object of the invention is to utilize a loose fit
reciprocable drive shoe on the bottom of a section of pile which
functions to assist the drive of the vibrator force with a further
force known as water hammer, a phenomena that is well known and is
capable of developing a shock force up to ten times the pressure of
the lubricant being pumped.
Another further object of the invention is to increase the working
range of, as well as reduce the power requirements of, the vibrator
and as a consequence to more fully achieve noise abatement during
the pile driving operation.
These and other objects are achieved according to the present
invention by the provision of means for transporting liquid along
the body portion of a pile to a drive shoe operatively associated
therewith, with the drive shoe having a plurality of jets arranged
to permit controlled expulsion of liquid from the drive shoe and in
a generally upward direction along the outer surface of the drive
shoe to assist in lubricating the drive shoe and the surrounding
portion of the pile when the pile is driven.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Further objects and advantages will become more apparent from a
reading of the following specification taken in conjunction with
the drawing.
In the drawing:
FIG. 1 is a combined cross-sectional and elevational view of a
section of sheet piling incorporating the invention therein;
FIG. 2 is an exploded front elevational view of a section of sheet
piling which discloses a dual duct system of the type shown in FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is a further embodiment showing in combined cross-sectional
and elevational views a variation of the invention as applied to a
section of sheet piling of different configuration;
FIG. 4 is an elevational view of the lower portion of the sheet
piling of FIG. 3 incorporating a drive shoe;
FIG. 5 is an elevational view of another type of sheet piling
incorporating a single duct lubricant flow system;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view on line 6--6 of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is an elevational view of a portion of the single duct sheet
piling showing the lubricant inlet chamber;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view on line 8--8 of FIG. 5;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view on line 9--9 of FIG. 5; and
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view through a section of a circular
pile.
FIG. 11 is an elevation of a vibrator clamped to sheet piling.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Turning now to the drawings that form the disclosure of this
application, particular attention is directed to the fact that the
manifolds disclosed herein and which are adapted to be associated
with the duct system extending longitudinally of the sheet piling
may be used with any of the well-known types of sheet piling, such
as flat, "Z" or deep arch.
The first embodiment of the inventive concept disclosed is best
seen in FIG. 1, which is a cross-sectional view of a section of a
sheet piling 10 of "Z" configuration. This type of sheet piling is
provided at the time of manufacture or subsequent thereto, e.g., by
drilling with a row of uniformly spaced apertures 11--11 at the
point of angulation of the parallel oppositely extending wings as
shown, and these series of apertures which extend substantially the
length of the sheet piling are covered by skip welding an arcuate
plate 12 thereover with the edges of the curved plate 12 being so
designed and arranged relative to the planar surface of the sheet
of piling that a fan-shaped liquid spray is emitted laterally
therefrom between the unwelded areas (orifices) and generally
toward the opposite edges of the section of piling. This water flow
is shown in dotted outline on the surface of the sheet. It is to be
understood that the upper edge of these arcuate plates are fastened
securely to the sheet piling to prevent leakage. The apertures
11--11 which extend through to the opposite inner portion of the
section of piling are also covered with arcuate members, as shown,
and these members 13--13 also are skip welded thereto in spaced
relation along the longitudinal extent thereof and in such a manner
as to provide another series of oppositely directed jets through
which fan-shaped sprays of lubricant may be emitted transversely of
the planar surface of the section of of piling.
For reasons that will be apparent to those skilled in the sheet
piling art and its use, the duct manifold for feeding the lubricant
to the opposed channels 12--12 and 13--13 will be positioned at a
point below the upper extremity of the section of piling so that it
will not be damaged during handling.
With further reference to FIG. 1, and since the several duct
manifolds are identical only one will be described. The manifold
generally indicated at 15 is formed by securely positioning, e.g.,
by welding a plate 16 at one end thereof to the section of piling
adjacent to the interlocking groove 17 and at its opposite end to
the intermediate web portion 10' of the Z-shaped piling 10.
By now referring to FIG. 2 it will be seen that plate 16 is adapted
to be welded to the top of the arcuate member 12 and to have
secured to the lower surface thereof the edge of a plate 18 and to
the upper surface thereof a plate 20, thus completely closing in
the area adjacent to the upper extremity of the feed lines to
provide a lubricant chamber 22. The chamber 22 is fed lubricant
through a threaded spud 24 which has means defining openings
therein as shown at 26--26, access to the spud being provided by
perforating the section of the wall of the piling, as shown in 30,
and the front wall of closure member 16 by providing the
perforation 32 therein. This threaded spud facilitates assembly of
the water connection fitting with the manifold from either side it
being understood that the unused opening in the spud will be
furnished with a closure plug, not shown.
FIG. 3 shows another concept for a lubricant manifold adapted for
feeding the channels 12--12 and 13--13, as explained earlier in
connection with FIG. 1.
In the embodiment of FIG. 3 a plate 16' is arranged to be welded at
34 to the plate 36, as shown, and is provided at its opposite end
with a filler means 38 and together with top and bottom closure
plates (only one shown at 39) the manifold chamber is completely
enclosed with access thereto being achieved by means of the nipple
40 that is positioned in an aperture 42 in the web as at 44. As
explained earlier in connection with the description of FIG. 1, the
water hose connection is made to the nipple 40 thereby feeding the
lubricant through the perforations 11--11, whereupon the fan-shaped
spray is emitted laterally of the surface area of the sheet piling
toward the interlocks at the opposite edge portions thereof as
explained earlier in the description of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 shows the lower extremity of the sheet pile element 10 with
the duct members terminating into a reciprocable drive shoe means
46, the assembly of which with the sheet piling is best shown in
FIG. 5, all of which will now be described in greater detail.
In FIG. 4 there is shown a front elevational view of a portion of a
section of the sheet piling 10 into which the present inventive
concept is incorporated and the drive shoe means 46 with the
portion of the drive shoe removed to reveal its assembly with the
sheet piling.
The sheet pile 10 is provided with a plurality of uniformly spaced
vertically extending slots 48--48 which are adapted to receive the
shank portions of rivets 50-50, these being best shown in FIGS. 5
and 6.
The drive shoe means 46 is arranged to slide freely adjacent to the
terminal surface of the sheet piling 10 and to thereby permit the
lubricant which is transmitted to the shoe to travel laterally
along the channel 52 (see FIGS. 4 and 5) and upwardly on adjacent
sides of the sheet piling as well shown in FIG. 6. It will be noted
from the view of FIGS. 4 and 5 that a series of feed ports 54--54
transmit lubricant downwardly through the interior of a V-shaped
hard metal tip 56 to a secondary channel 58 formed therein. The
hard metal tip 56 is skip welded to the shoe 46 and adapted to
extend the full width thereof, the arrangement of the shoe with the
sheet piling and the hard metal tip with the shoe being such that
the force of the lubricant during driving of the sheet piling is
not only emitted along the top edge of the shoe in the vicinity of
its contact with the shoe with the sheet piling, but also is caused
to jet upwardly between the skip welded areas of attachment of the
hard metal tip with the shoe and thus travel over the drive
shoe.
The inventive concept as thus far disclosed reveals dual
longitudinally extending duct elements that are secured to the web
of sheet piling and arranged to feed lubricant laterally through
fan-shaped jets (orifices) and over the web of the sheet piling as
well as to the bottom area of the piling then through first and
second channels positioned between the drive shoe and the hard
metal tip that is welded thereto.
It is also to be understood that a dual duct system is not to be
considered limitative of the preferred manner of delivering water
to the web of the sheet piling and the drive shoe, for as shown in
FIGS. 5 and 7 a single duct element may be utilized for feeding
lubricant in a desired manner and to the areas of the sheet
considered to be critical to a successful driving operation.
FIG. 7 shows a front elevational view of a sheet piling 10 of any
of the earlier discussed types that is provided with a manifold 60
completely enclosed on opposite sides of the web and provided with
a central perforated area 62 either of which may be plugged while
the other is used for the water connection. The duct 64 which
descends to the bottom of the piling may be of any suitable
cross-sectional configuration.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view on line 8--8 of FIG. 5 and shows
the manner of assembly of the floating drive shoe 46 with the
piling 10, all of which will be clear from the earlier description
of FIG. 4. The drive shoe is secured to the sheet piling so as to
reciprocate relative thereto and the primary and secondary channels
are fed the lubricant in the manner as described earlier
herein.
FIG. 9 is an enlarged cross-sectional view on line 9--9 of FIG. 5
and clearly depicts the piling at 10, the respective portions of
the duct element 64--64 to form the cylindrical feed channel for
transporting the lubricant to the annular throat member 66 which is
welded as at 68 to the duct 64 and terminates in a loose fit within
the bore 70 of the drive shoe 46 so that water may be emitted
upwardly toward the duct 64, as illustrated by the arrows. During
the up and down vibratory motion of the sheet steel piling while it
is being driven, the throat member or nipple 66 through which water
is fed to the drive shoe 46 is caused to open and close against the
bottom of the bore 70 causing the flow of water to be blocked from
emission and thereby creating a water hammer effect. Water hammer
is well known and is the concussion which results when a moving
volume of liquid in a pipe is suddenly arrested.
Accordingly, since this system of driving steel piling irrespective
of its configuration utilizes a loose fitting drive shoe at the
bottom of the section of piling, this provides together with the
water or lubricant introduced to the shoe and the vibrator force
for driving the piling a still further force known as water hammer,
a phenomena that develops a shock force up to 10 times the liquid
pump pressure.
As previously mentioned, to develop such a water hammer effect, it
is merely necessary to momentarily stop the flow of liquid
suddenly. This is achieved by the vibrator's standing wave motion
which jams the nipple 66 down against the bottom of the bore 70 in
the drive shoe during the downward portion of pile excursion. This
sudden blockage sets up a shock wave which has a pressure of about
3,000 psi in about 1/400 of a second and is fast enough to assist
the force of the vibratory driver operating at about 15 cycles per
second.
FIG. 10 is another embodiment of the invention wherein the
inventive concept is applied to a circular pile.
In FIG. 10 there is shown a view of a circular pile which is
constructed of spacedly arranged concentric walls 72 and 74 that
are adapted to be held throughout their length in a rigid driving
relation by plug weld spacer means 76 and further arranged to have
welded thereto at their upper extremity an annular vibrator ring
78. The lower portion of the pile is closed as at 80 by welding
slotted vertical extension pieces 82 which can support by means of
the rivets described earlier in connection with FIGS. 4 and 5 the
drive shoe 46. The pile is provided with a nipple 84 which is
seated in a perforation in the outer wall 74 of the circular
caisson and to which the hose may be attached during the driving
operation. Water thus circulates through the circular pile and
downwardly through parts 66' provided by the slotted members 82 and
thence into the drive shoe and downwardly therethrough into the
V-shaped hard metal tip which is skip welded around the perimeter
of the drive shoe in such a manner that orifices will be provided
at 86 for jetting water passing through the shoe upwardly, as
described in connection with FIGS. 4, 5 and 6. Water passing
through parts 66' is also jetted upwardly along the top edge of the
shoe in the manner described in connection with FIGS. 4, 5 and
6.
It is believed to be apparent in view of the description of the
water hammer phenomena availed of in connection with the sections
of sheet steel piling described earlier that this same concept can
also be used in the circular caisson and attention is directed to
the similarity of construction at the right-hand corner of FIG. 10
when it is compared with FIG. 9. It will be noted that the nipple
66' extends downwardly into the shoe 46 in the same manner as shown
in FIG. 9 with the shoe 46 being secured in a reciprocable
arrangement relative to the circular caisson.
FIG. 11 illustrates how a vibrator may be clamped to the top of the
piling. A commerciably available vibrator 90, only a portion of
which is shown is provided with a hydraulic cylinder 91 for
operating one of a pair of clamping jaws which receive between them
the upper edge of the piling to be driven. The jaw operated by the
hydraulic cylinder having a piston rod 91a with a piston, not
shown, in the cylinder. In order to use such a vibrator with the
piling of this invention special clamping jaws are preferably
provided as described below.
In FIG. 11 piling 92 is shown having a manifold 93 with openings on
each side connected by a spud 94 having openings in its side wall.
Duct 95 on the piling communicates with manifold 94 for purposes
described heretofore. Jaw 96 has a sealing ring 97 which seals the
opening in the manifold on the side of that jaw. Jaw 98 operated by
the hydraulic cylinder has a recessed portion 99 for receiving the
manifold 93 and a sealing ring 100 on side 101 of the recess for
sealing the adjacent opening in the manifold. A nipple 102 is
welded to wall 103 of recess 99. The nipple 102 is screw threadidly
connected with a water hose 104 and connects said hose with
perforated spud 94 positioned in the manifold.
The vibrator is thus securely clamped to the piling which at the
same time a sealed connection of the water hose to the manifold is
provided so that water supplied to the hose enters the manifold and
then the duct 95 for purposes heretofore described. Suitable
modifications of the clamping jaws may be made to accommodate the
various types of manifolds and piling which may be used in the
practice of the invention.
It is believed to be apparent from the foregoing disclosure that
those skilled in the art will conceive of variations for not only
transmitting the water the full extent of the web as to the drive
shoe; however, the disclosure herein is considered to be limited
only by the claims appended hereto.
* * * * *