U.S. patent number 3,820,025 [Application Number 05/286,980] was granted by the patent office on 1974-06-25 for method of apparatus for generating an r-interval histogram.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Roger A. Gruenke, Roy J. Lahr.
United States Patent |
3,820,025 |
Lahr , et al. |
June 25, 1974 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
METHOD OF APPARATUS FOR GENERATING AN R-INTERVAL HISTOGRAM
Abstract
A method and apparatus for automatically and directly generating
a graphical data display, particularly an R-interval histogram,
over a monitoring time period in which data is continuously
received. The apparatus is portable and may be worn by a patient
for relatively long time periods without impairing freedom of
motion. As R-intervals are sensed, they are separated into ranges,
or time-bins, and the signals in the time-bins are applied to
arrayed electrochemical signal accumulating and displaying devices
to directly generate a readable R-interval histogram. The
electrochemical displays incorporate an overflow prevention scheme
to prevent distortion of the histogram due to signal overflow.
Inventors: |
Lahr; Roy J. (Sierra Madre,
CA), Gruenke; Roger A. (Columbus, OH) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Stamford,
CT)
|
Family
ID: |
23100957 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/286,980 |
Filed: |
September 7, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
368/114; 377/20;
324/76.12; 600/519; 600/521 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B
5/0245 (20130101); A61B 5/339 (20210101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61B
5/044 (20060101); A61B 5/0402 (20060101); A61B
5/024 (20060101); A61B 5/0245 (20060101); G04f
009/00 (); A61b 005/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;324/181,186,188,182,77R
;328/111,112 ;307/234 ;346/33ME ;128/2.6R,2.6A ;235/92PB |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Gaggiano; Iastr. & Control Systems, Vol. 34, March 1961, pp.
498-499. .
Sprague Engr. Bul. (11000.1) 1970. .
Parent et al.; Proc. Nat. Elec. Conf.; Vol. 5, 1950. pp.
72-82..
|
Primary Examiner: Smith; Alfred E.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Fulwider, Patton, Rieber, Lee &
Utecht
Claims
I claim
1. Apparatus for displaying the frequency of occurrence of time
intervals between events, said apparatus comprising:
means for measuring the time interval between events;
means for determining the number of predetermined time periods
which elapse during each time interval and generating time-bin
signals in accordance therewith;
means for directly displaying in the form of a histogram the
frequency of occurrence of said time-bin signals as a function of
said time-bin signals, said means for displaying including a
plurality of electrochemical capillary timing tubes arranged in a
side-by-side ordered array in the form of a histogram with one tube
associated with each time-bin;
and incrementing means connected to said determining means and said
tubes for causing the capillary gap within a tube to move an
incremental distance for each associated time-bin signal.
2. The displaying apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein:
said displaying means is detachable from said determining means,
said displaying means being resettable for reuse.
3. Apparatus for displaying the frequency of occurance of time
intervals between events, said apparatus comprising:
means for measuring the time interval between events;
means for determining the number of predetermined time periods
which elapse during each time interval and generating time-bin
signals corresponding to said number in accordance therewith, said
determining means including,
clock means for generating sort signals at the rate of said
predetermined time period, said clock means being started at a
point in time between time intervals and stopped at the end of a
time interval,
counter means for counting said sort signals in binary form,
and
decoder means for converting the binary count in said counter means
to a single time-bin signal at the end of a time interval; and
means for displaying the frequency of occurance of said time-bin
signals as a function of said time bin signals.
4. The displaying apparatus as defined in claim 3 wherein said
displaying means includes:
a plurality of electrochemical capillary timing tubes arranged in
an array with one tube associated with each time-bin; and
incrementing means connected to said determining means and said
tubes for causing the capillary gap within a tube to move an
incremental distance for each associated time-bin signal.
5. The displaying apparatus as defined in claim 4 wherein:
said displaying means is detachable from said determining means,
said displaying means being resettable for reuse.
6. Apparatus for generating an R-interval histogram comprising:
means for measuring the time interval between the R portions of an
electrocardiogram waveform;
means for determining the number of predetermined time periods
which elapse during each time interval and generating time-bin
signals in accordance therewith, said predetermined time period
being substantially shorter than said time interval; and
means for continuously and directly displaying in the form of a
histogram the frequency of occurrence of said time-bin signals as a
function of said time-bin signals over a monitoring time period,
said displaying means being connected to said determining means,
said displaying means including a plurality of electrochemical
capillary timing tubes arranged in a side-by-side ordered array in
the form of a histogram with one tube for each time-bin and;
incrementing means connected between said determining means and
said tubes for causing the capillary gap within each tube to move
an incremental distance for each associated time-bin signal.
7. Apparatus for generating an R-interval histogram comprising:
means for measuring the time interval between the R portions of an
electrocardiogram waveform;
means for determining the number of predetermined time periods
which elapse during each time interval and generating time-bin
signals corresponding to said number in accordance therewith, said
predetermined time period being substantially shorter than said
time interval, said determining means including,
start clock means for generating a start signal and start time
period after the beginning of a time interval, said start time
period being slightly less than the shortest anticipated time
interval,
sort clock means for generating sort signals at a rate equal to
said predetermined time period, said sort clock means being started
by said start signal and stopped at the end of a time interval,
said predetermined time period being substantially shorter than the
difference between the shortest anticipated time interval and the
longest anticipated time interval,
counter means connected to said sort clock means for counting said
sort signals in binary form,
decoder means connected to said counter means for converting the
binary count in said counter means to a single time-bin signal,
and
means for continuously displacing the frequency of occurance of
said time-bin signals as a function of said time-bin signals over a
monitoring time period, said displaying means being connected to
said determining means.
8. The apparatus defined in claim 7 wherein said displaying means
includes:
a plurality of electrochemical capillary timing tubes arranged in
an array with one tube for each time-bin; and
incrementing means connected between said determining means and
said tubes for causing the capillary gap within each tube to move
an incremental distance for each associated time-bin signal.
9. The apparatus defined in claim 8 wherein:
said displaying means is detachable from said determining means,
said displaying means being resettable for reuse.
10. The apparatus defined in claim 10 including:
a transmitting fiber optic rod perpendicularly disposed across said
array of capillary timing tubes near the point of furthest movement
of said capillary gaps, said fiber optic rod being encased in an
opaque material except at the points of contact with said
tubes;
a light source disposed at one end of said transmitting fiber optic
rod and supplying light thereto;
a receiving fiber optic rod disposed across said array of capillary
tubes on the opposite side thereof from said transmitting fiber
optic rod, said receiving fiber optic rod being encased in an
opaque material except at the points of contact with said tubes;
and
photosensitive means disposed at one end of said receiving fiber
optic rod, said photosensitive means being activated when a
capillary gap is positioned substantially between said transmitting
and said receiving fiber optic rods.
11. The apparatus defined in claim 7 wherein said displaying device
includes:
a transparent plate having an array of elongated grooves in one
side thereof;
a backing plate of substantially non-conductive material overlying
said grooved side of said transparent plate, said grooves forming
the capillary tubes of electrochemical timing devices;
electrical circuitry bonded to said non-conductive backing plate on
the side contacting said transparent plate, said circuitry
providing an electrical terminal in each end of each of said
grooves, said circuitry further providing electrical connections to
said terminals from an in-lying terminal strip along an edge of
said backing plate.
12. The apparatus defined in claim 11, including:
terminal means at one end of each of said grooves, said terminal
means having an immediate end terminal and a terminal displaced a
short distance along said groove, the end terminal of one groove
being connected to the displaced terminal of an adjacent
groove.
13. A method of displaying the frequency of occurrence of time
intervals between events, said method comprising the steps of:
measuring the time interval between events;
determining the number of predetermined time periods which elapse
during each time interval and generating time-bin signals in
accordance therewtih; and
displaying as a directly generated histogram the frequency of
occurrence of said time-bin signals as a function of said time-bin
signals, said displaying step including providing an
electrochemical capillary timing tube for each of said time-bin
signals, arranging said timing tubes in a side-by-side ordered
array in the form of a histogram; and
applying said time-bin signals to their associated timing tubes to
cause the capillary gap within each tube to move an incremental
distance for each applied time-bin signal.
14. The method defined in claim 13 including:
resetting said capillary timing tubes following a use thereof.
15. The method defined in claim 14 including:
removing said array of tubes prior to resetting them.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the automatic and
continuous production of a graphical display of data in real time
and, more particularly, to a relatively small, portable apparatus
which directly generates a readable R-interval histogram during a
monitoring time period.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the field of cardiology, it has been generally recognized that
arrythemia, or irregular heartbeats, may be an important warning
sign of serious heart problems. A tool for evaluating such
arrythemias is a bar chart, or histogram, of the relative frequency
of occurrence of heartbeats falling within several different ranges
of heatbeat rate taken over a monitoring time period. Typically,
since heartbeat rate can be reliably determined by measuring the
time interval between the "R" portions of an electrocardiogram
waveform, the bar chart is generally known as an R-interval
histogram.
Unfortunately, useful R-interval histograms can only be made after
the patient has been monitored for a considerable period of time,
normally measured in terms of hours, and the enormous task of
measuring and categorizing the time interval between each pair of
heartbeats of a patient for such long periods of time has led to
various methods of automatic analysis.
For example, systems have been used in which a tape recorder
records the electrocardiogram waveform for the requisite number of
hours and the tape is played back at high speed into analysis
equipment which subsequently generates an R-interval histogram from
the recorded data on the tape. Unfortunately, the patient must
either remain relatively motionless throughout the entire
monitoring period or else utilize miniaturized, but extremely
expensive, portable recording equipment. Therefore, in some cases,
the monitoring period may not include various types of activity for
the patient, leading to possible erroneous conclusions. Other
attempts to free the patient from the monitoring equipment has
resulted in the use of some telemetry equipment but, again, there
is a limited range to such equipment and it is also extremely
expensive.
Thus, while the usefulness of an R-interval histogram has been
recognized, the expensive equipment needed and the inconvenience in
its use has practically limited the use of the histogram to those
situations where such expense and inconvenience has been warranted,
such as in the case of patients with known or suspected cardiac
problems. Hence, the use of the R-interval histogram has not been
practical as a general examining tool for practicing
physicians.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that there has long been a
need for a simple and inexpensive apparatus which would quickly,
inexpensively, reliably and conveniently generate an R-interval
histogram for use in an ordinary physical examination procedure.
The method and apparatus of the present invention satisfies that
need.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for
automatically and directly generating a graphical display of
continuously received data. The illustrated presently preferred
embodiment of the invention generates an R-interval histogram which
requires no intermediate processing or analysis.
Further, the apparatus of the invention can be made extremely small
and portable, permitting a patient to conveniently and comfortably
wear the apparatus throughout the entire monitoring period with few
restrictions on his freedom of movement. Therefore, use of the
apparatus of the invention enables a resultant R-interval histogram
which can reflect the patient's engaging in a number of different
activities throughout the monitoring period, thereby providing more
useful and meaningful results.
The system of the invention incorporates an apparatus with
detachable and reusable display units so that a physician need only
have a basic monitoring unit and a few display units on hand in
order to fully utilize the equipment. In its use, the physician
would supply the unit to a patient to wear for a monitoring period,
typically from four to eight hours. The patient would then return
to the physician with the unit and the R-interval histogram could
be directly examined at that time. Another histogram display unit
could then be placed on the monitoring unit for another patient. As
the apparatus can be made relatively inexpensively, and its use
requires no special analyzing equipment, the physician may
routinely utilize the apparatus to check even supposedly well
patients at little expense.
In its operation, the apparatus of the invention monitors the
R-interval between each pair of successive heartbeats and that
interval is assigned to one of a plurality of ranges of intervals,
or "time-bins". Each interval signal supplied to a time-bin
increments a physical display so that the displayed value indicates
the total number of intervals falling within that time-bin.
Gradually, the monitoring period generates an R-interval histogram
which may be read directly without further processing.
The presently preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes
relatively small digital, solid-state electronic components and an
incrementing electrochemical display device which is completely
reusable. In addition, a further feature of the presently preferred
embodiment is that the unit is automatically turned off after a
preset monitoring time or if any of the time-bin display devices
should overflow. The overflow protection prevents distortion of the
resultant histogram.
Thus, the present invention provides a small, portable apparatus
whereby a graphical display of continuously received data is
directly generated. While the method and apparatus of the presently
preferred embodiment is for the generation of an R-interval
histogram, it will be appreciated that the technique of the
invention may be used for numerous other applications.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a normal electrocardiogram waveform illustrating the R
portion used to time the interval between heartbeats;
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the desired R interval
histogram display for the apparatus of the presently preferred
apparatus;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the basic operational system of the
invention;
FIG. 4 is a logic diagram of a presently preferred embodiment of
the system;
FIG. 5 is a pictorial perspective view of one overflow sensing
arrangement;
FIG. 6 is an exploded pictorial perspective view of portions of a
second overflow sensing arrangement;
FIG. 7 is a bottom plan view taken in the direction of the arrow 7
in FIG. 6; and
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view of the operating configuration of the
second overflow sensing arrangement.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Turning now to the drawings, particularly FIG. 2 thereof, the
object of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention is to
produce an R-interval histogram based on the monitoring of the
heartbeat of a patient over a relatively long period of time,
typically four to eight hours. The R-interval histogram is
basically a bar graph with the length of any particular bar
indicative of the relative number of heartbeats during a monitoring
period which fell within a range of heartbeat rates.
The heartbeat rate is typically measured by means of the
R-interval, which is the time between the R portions of time
adjacent heartbeats. As shown in FIG. 1, for a normal
electrocardiogram waveform, the R portion 10 has a relatively high
amplitude which can be sensed relatively easily by conventional
electronic circuitry. The abscissa 12 of the R-interval histogram
shown in FIG. 2 represents a plurality of ranges of R intervals
with the ranges, or time-bins as they will be hereinafter called,
arranged as an array of vertical bars.
The total permissible span of R-interval is empirically chosen,
based on average heartbeat rates. In the presently preferred
embodiment of the invention, the span was chosen as 300
milliseconds to 1,500 milliseconds with each time-bin comprising a
range of 40 milliseconds for a total of 32 time-bins.
It should be appreciated that choosing a uniform millisecond
time-bin range across the entire histogram results in a non-linear
heartbeat per minute scale. In particular, the 40 millisecond
time-bin between 1,460 and 1,500 milliseconds permits a heartbeat
range of only about 0.1 beats per minute while the 40 millisecond
time-bin between 300 and 340 millisecond permits a heartbeat range
of about 27 heartbeats per minute. Thus, if the R-interval is used
as a controlling argument on the abscissa, the histogram may be
considered linear but if heartbeats per minute is to be the
controlling factor, the non-linearity of the histogram would have
to be taken into account. At the present time, the interpretation
of R-interval histograms is not completely understood and the
significance, or lack of significance, of the non-linearity in
analyzing the histogram has not been determined.
In the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, a time
scale 14 is provided to limit the monitoring time to a
predetermined number of hours. In the illustrated histogram of FIG.
2, a total of 8 hours is provided. However, it should be
appreciated that, not only can the time scale be changed, but the
operation of the unit can be manually stopped at any time and the
total number of monitoring hours will be registered on the time
scale 14.
It will be appreciated that the apparatus of the invention does not
actually generate bars of a particular height but small indicators,
for example indicator 15, within each time-bin display device is
moved incrementally upward for each R-interval signal which falls
within that time-bin. Thus, the height of the indicator in the
time-bin display device corresponds to the length of the bar on a
conventional bar graph. The operation of the time-bin display
devices used in the presently preferred embodiment of the invention
will be more fully described below.
The basic operation of the method and apparatus of the invention is
illustrated by the block diagram of FIG. 3. An electrocardiogram
signal is obtained in the conventional manner from
electrocardiograph electrodes and applied to a terminal 30 which
serves as the input to a signal processor 32. The signal required
by the apparatus of the invention is any usable signal which tracks
the R portion 10 of the cardiac signal. Thus, the signal processor
32 may be constructed in numerous ways well known to those skilled
in the art and which form no part of the present invention.
The signal processor 32 produces an "R signal" on the line 34 which
serves as the input to the time-bin sorting logic 36. The time-bin
sorting logic determines the interval between R signals on the line
34, hereinafter called the "R-interval", selects a time-bin
corresponding to that R-interval and generates a suitable time-bin
signal. It should be noted that each R-interval should fall within
one of the provided time-bins between 300 milliseconds and 1,500
milliseconds.
The output on line 38 from the time-bin sorting logic 36 serves as
the input to a time-bin display 40 and, for each time-bin signal,
an associated time-bin display device is incremented, as will be
described below.
FIG. 4 is a logic diagram illustrating the operation of the
presently preferred embodiment of the invention. Again, the basic
input on line 30, is from the electrodes to the signal processor
32. Generally, such a signal processor 32 will include a
preamplifier 42 to greatly increase the relatively low level
cardiac signal. Thereafter, the output of the preamplifier on line
44 would be typically applied to the input of some threshold
device, such as a Schmitt trigger 46, which would respond only to
the relatively peaked R portion 10 of the cardiac signal. The
Schmitt trigger 46 also serves to process the signal to a regular
pulse waveform, as is well known in the art. The output of the
Schmitt trigger 46 on line 34 serves as the reset input to an R-S
flip-flop 48 within the time-bin sorting logic 36.
From the configuration of FIG. 2, it can be seen that the useful
range of R-intervals is from 300 to 1,500 milliseconds. Therefore,
the sorting of the R-interval signals into the 40 millisecond
time-bins does not occur until after 300 milliseconds have passed.
The time delay is provided by a 300 millisecond start clock 50 and
the normal time-bin sorting is controlled by a 40 millisecond sort
clock 52. Both the start and sort clocks 50 and 52, respectively,
have inhibit inputs which stop and reset the clocks in any
conventional manner known to those skilled in the art.
The operation of the time-bin sorting logic 36 can best be
explained by first assuming that an R signal is received on line 34
to the reset input of the R-S flip-flop 48. A Q output 54 of the
flip-flop 48 is then conventionally a binary 1 and the Q output 54
is applied into a first input to an AND gate 56. A second input 58
to AND gate 56 is derived from the output of a NAND gate 60, the
output of which is normally a binary 1 enabling AND gate 56. As
both the first and second inputs 54, 58, respectively, to AND gate
56 are binary 1's, the output 62 is also a binary 1 and the output
62 is applied to an inhibit input to the sort clock 52 to turn it
off.
When the Q output of the R-S flip-flop 48 was set to binary 1, the
Q output was set to binary zero. The Q output 64 is connected to
the inhibit input of the start clock 50 so that, when the Q output
goes to the binary zero state, the start clock begins operating.
The start clock 50 produces a pulse at its output 66 at the end of
300 milliseconds, the output pulse serving to reset a 5-bit binary
counter 68 and also sets the R-S flip-flop 48 at its set input 70.
The Q output 64 of flip-flop 48 is then set to binary 1 and
inhibits the start clock 50 from further operation. The Q output 64
of flip-flop 48 is also connected to an inhibit input of a 1 out of
32 decoder 72 turning off its output.
Since the Q output of the R-S flip-flop 48 is now at binary zero,
the output of AND gate 56 is also binary zero, removing the inhibit
signal from the sort clock 52 permitting it to begin operation.
Thereafter, after every 40 milliseconds, the sort clock 52
generates a pulse at its output 74 which is connected to a count
input of the 5-bit binary counter 68. Thus, after every 40
milliseconds, counter 68 is incremented.
The sort clock 52 continues to deliver a count pulse every 40
milliseconds until a following R signal is delivered on line 34 to
the reset input of the R-S flip-flop 48. Upon that occurrence, the
Q output of the flip-flop 48 is a binary 1 which is connected
through AND gate 56 to the inhibit input of the sort clock 52,
stopping its operation. Simultaneously, the Q output 64 of
flip-flop 48 goes to a binary zero which removes the inhibit signal
from the start clock 50 beginning a complete new cycle. The Q
output 64 also removes the inhibit signal from the decoder 72. The
5-bit binary number then in the counter 68 is converted to a single
output on one of the 32 output lines 76 of the decoder 72 to supply
a time-bin signal to the display unit 40.
The time-bin signal on one of the lines 76 is connected to the
appropriate driver 78 to operate its associated electrochemical
display device 80. It will be appreciated that the configuration of
the drivers 78 is dependent upon the type of display device
utilized. As such, the configuration of the drivers 78 forms no
part of the present invention and is conventionally designed for
the display device 80 used. While a presently preferred embodiment
of the electronic circuitry utilized with the present invention has
been described in detail, it should be appreciated that numerous
other circuit configurations are possible.
One arrangement of the electrochemical display devices utilized in
the presently preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in
FIG. 5. Generally, the display device is commonly used as an
elapsed time indicator and consists of an elongated capillary tube
82 generally shown in FIG. 5. The capillary tube is completely
filled with mercury except for a small gap 84 which is filled with
an electrolytic gel. The application of a direct current voltage
between electrodes 86 and 88 at either end of the capillary tube 82
causes an electrochemical reaction within the electrolytic gel in
the gap 84 resulting in an electroplating process which causes the
gap 84 to move within the capillary tube 82. The rate of movement
of the gap 84 is known and can be calibrated to indicate elapsed
time for a particular direct current voltage.
In the present application, however, the tubes 82 are arranged in
an array to represent the R-interval histogram and each tube
represents one R-interval time-bin. As each time-bin signal is
generated, the drivers 78 of FIG. 4 generate an appropriate signal
to be applied to the terminals 86, 88 of the appropriate capillary
tube 82 to slightly move, or "increment", the gap 84.
The capillary tubes 82 themselves or their operation form no part
of the present invention and are commercially available in numerous
configurations from Curtis Instruments, Inc., Mt. Kisco, New York.
In the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, the
plurality of capillary tubes 82 are arranged in an array by any
suitable means to represent the graphical display shown in FIG. 2
with one of the tubes being actuated continuously to serve as the
time scale 14.
As briefly mentioned above, the time-bin display 40 of the present
invention includes an overflow protection device and one form of
overflow protection is illustrated in FIG. 5. In the illustrated
embodiment, a transmitting fiber optic rod 90 is arranged
perpendicularly to the array of capillary tubes 82. The fiber optic
rod 90 is completely covered with opaque material except where it
is adjacent a capillary tube 82. At those points, there is a small
aperture 92 in the opaque material permitting light from a light
source 94 to exit from the fiber optic rod 90. Immediately above
the fiber optic rod 90 is another receiving fiber optic rod 94 also
completely covered with an opaque material except at the
intersections with the capillary tubes 82 where there are similar
apertures 96. At one end of the receiving fiber optic rod 94 is a
photocell 98.
Because the capillary tubes 82 are filled with mercury, light from
the light source 94 in the transmitting fiber optic rod 90 normally
cannot pass through the apertures 94 to an adjacent aperture 96 in
the receiving fiber optic rod 94. Only when one of the gaps 84 is
in position between the aperture 92 and 96 (as at reference numeral
99, for example) can light from the transmitting fiber optic rod 90
pass through to the receiving fiber optic rod 94 to the photocell
98. Thus, when one of the gaps 84 reaches an overflow position near
its maximum travel, the photocell 98 will detect light and stop the
operation of the system by means of well known conventional
electronic circuitry (not shown).
FIGS. 6 through 8 illustrate an alternate version for the time-bin
display 40. In this form, a glass plate 100 is provided with a
plurality of aligned grooves 102 which are filled with mercury and
an electrolytic gel gap. A conventional printed circuit board 104
has appropriately placed electrodes positioned on the board 104 so
that when the board and plate 100 are bonded together, the
electrodes will be at the ends of the grooves 102. The printed
circuit board 104 includes a conventional connector terminal strip
106 which allows quick and easy connection to a standard printed
circuit connector. The time-bin display 40 of this configuration
may also be interchanged on the basic unit.
In this form of display device, the overflow detection arrangement
is provided by spaced terminals 108, 110 at one end of the printed
circuit board 104, as is best shown in FIG. 7. Alternate terminals
108, 110 are connected together so that when the grooves 102 are
filled with mercury, a series connection of all the terminals is
made.
In the conventional operation of the capillary tubes, one end of
each of the tubes can be connected to a common voltage level,
preferably ground. As illustrated in FIG. 8, when gaps 112 in the
grooves 102 are in the normal position, the grooves 102 are filled
with mercury interconnecting all of the terminals 108, 110 to
ground. When a gap 112 reaches the overflow position between the
terminals 108, 110 the connection of all of the grooves 102 to
ground is broken, or the resistance to ground changes markedly, and
a ground sensing circuit 114 senses that condition and stops the
operation of the system.
In summary, the method and apparatus of the present invention
provides an efficient portable system for directly generating a
readable graphical display of continuously received data. In the
preferred embodiment, sensed R-intervals are separated into
R-interval ranges, or time-bins, and the time-bin signals are
applied to an electrochemical signal accumulating device to
directly generate the visual display. A signal overflow prevention
arrangement is provided to prevent distortion of the resultant
R-interval histogram.
While a presently preferred embodiment of the method and apparatus
of the invention has been described in detail, it will be apparent
that various modifications of the invention may be made without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore,
the invention is not to be limited except as by the following
claims.
* * * * *