U.S. patent number 3,819,538 [Application Number 05/253,326] was granted by the patent office on 1974-06-25 for environmentally compatible laundry detergent.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Dow Chemical Company. Invention is credited to Robert F. Harris, John C. Little, Arthur S. Teot.
United States Patent |
3,819,538 |
Little , et al. |
June 25, 1974 |
ENVIRONMENTALLY COMPATIBLE LAUNDRY DETERGENT
Abstract
Laundry detergents wherein the active surfactant ingredients
have the formula RO--(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.n --(CH.sub.2).sub.x
--CHR'COOM wherein R is a hydrocarbon radical of about 12-22 carbon
atoms, R' is H or lower alkyl, n is an integer of 1 to about 8, x
is 0 or 1 and M is an alkali metal, amine or ammonium radical, are
highly effective and are readily biodegradable. The active
ingredients are especially responsive to nonphosphate builders.
Inventors: |
Little; John C. (Danville,
CA), Teot; Arthur S. (Midland, MI), Harris; Robert F.
(Midland, MI) |
Assignee: |
The Dow Chemical Company
(Midland, MI)
|
Family
ID: |
22959812 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/253,326 |
Filed: |
May 15, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
510/345; 554/213;
554/109; 510/360; 510/488 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C11D
1/06 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C11D
3/00 (20060101); C11D 1/06 (20060101); C11D
1/02 (20060101); C11d 003/075 (); C11d 003/30 ();
C11d 003/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;252/527,DIG.1,546
;260/404 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
3332874 |
December 1965 |
Coward et al. |
|
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
456,517 |
|
Nov 1936 |
|
GB |
|
1,169,496 |
|
Nov 1969 |
|
GB |
|
2,014,084 |
|
Apr 1970 |
|
FR |
|
2,042,793 |
|
Feb 1971 |
|
FR |
|
Primary Examiner: Guynn; Herbert B.
Assistant Examiner: Rollins; Edith L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Rehberg; Chessie E.
Claims
We claim:
1. An environmentally compatible laundry detergent consisting
essentially of
1. as the active surfactant ingredient, a compound of the
formula
RO--(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.n --(CH.sub.2).sub.x CHR.sub.1
COOM
wherein R is the hydrocarbon chain of a fatty alcohol of about 12
to 22 carbon atoms, n is an integer 2 to 6, x is 0 or 1, R.sub.1 is
H or lower alkyl and M is alkali metal, ammonium or amine radical,
and
2. a substantially phosphate-free detergent builder.
2. The detergent of claim 1 wherein M is alkali metal.
3. The detergent of claim 1 wherein R.sub.1 is H.
4. The detergent of claim 1 wherein x is 0.
5. The detergent of claim 1 wherein R has about 14-20 carbon
atoms.
6. The detergent of claim 1 wherein the builder is a mixture of
alkali metal silicate and alkali metal carbonate.
7. The detergent of claim 5 wherein the weight ratio of silicate to
carbonate is about 1:1 to about 1:10.
8. The detergent of claim 1 containing about 3-25 percent by weight
of active surfactant.
9. The detergent of claim 1 containing about 50-95 percent by
weight of builder.
10. The detergent of claim 6 wherein the carbonate is
sesquicarbonate.
11. The detergent of claim 1 wherein the builder is an alkali metal
salt of a polycarboxylic acid.
12. The detergent of claim 11 wherein the polycarboxylic acid is an
aminopolycarboxylic acid.
13. The detergent of claim 11 wherein the polycarboxylic acid is
citric, mellitic, diglycolic, oxydisuccinic, nitrilotriacetic,
N-hydroxyethyliminodiacetic, ethylene-diaminetetraacetic or
acetamidonitrilodiacetic acid.
14. The detergent of claim 7 containing about 3-25 percent by
weight of active surfactant and about 50-95 percent by weight of
builder.
15. The detergent of claim 13 containing about 3-25 percent by
weight of active surfactant and about 10-50 percent by weight of
builder.
16. The detergent of claim 1 consisting essentially of about 3-25
percent by weight of active surfactant and about 10-95 percent of
builder, said builder consisting essentially of one or more alkali
metal borates, silicates or carbonates, citrates, mellitates,
diglycolates, oxydisuccinates, ethylene-diaminetetracarboxylates,
nitrilotriacetates, N-hydroxy-ethyliminodiacetates,
acetamidonitrilodiacetates or a mixture of two or more thereof.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As a practical matter, most present commercial laundry detergents
require large amounts of builders to be effective. The most
effective and widely used builders are the phosphates. Now that
phosphate builders are being restricted in many localities because
of the environmental damage attributed to them, a widespread search
has been launched for detergents that can be adequately built with
phosphate-free builders.
The active surfactants used in the present invention include known
compounds that have been used or recommended for use in shampoos,
cosmetics, textile desizers, wool scouring agents, and the like
(Felletschin, J. Soc. Cosmetic Chemists, 15, 250 (1964);
"Detergents for the Textile Industry," Technical Bulletin, Sandoz,
Inc.; U.S. Pat. No. 2,183,853, British Pat. Nos. 926,898 and
793,113; French Pat. Nos. 2,014,084 and 2,042,793; Swiss Pat. No.
499,617; Chem-Y Technical Bulletins E-401, -402 and -403, and
"Lauryl (poly-1-oxypropene)oxaethane Carboxylic Acids," Fabriek van
Chemische Produkten N.V., Noordstraat 49, Bodegraven, Holland).
The polyethoxylated fatty alcohols, RO(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.n
--H, which may be regarded as the parents of the present
surfactants, have been extensively studied. It has been noted that
their most active members are those in which the fatty alcohol
component, ROH, is near the lower end of the series, i.e., in the
range of C.sub.12 to C.sub.14, and that as the number of ethoxyl
groups, n, is increased, the surfactancy increases up to a value of
n of about 8-10, while above this value the surfactancy changes but
little (Nonionic Surfactants, M. J. Schick, editor, Vol. 1, pp.
102-114 (1967)). The surfactants used in the present invention have
been found to generally follow the same pattern when tested in the
absence of builders.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is in the use as laundry detergents of phosphate-free
built detergent compositions wherein the active surfactant
ingredient has the formula
RO--(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.n --(CH.sub.2).sub.x --CHR'COOM
wherein R is a hydrocarbon radical of about 12-22 carbon atoms; R'
is H or lower alkyl; n is an integer 1 to about 8; x is 0 or 1 and
M is a salt-forming alkali metal, ammonium or amine radical.
Surfactants of the above type are readily biodegradable. Thus, the
invention provides environmentally compatible detergents that are
also highly effective.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The active surfactant ingredients of the laundry detergents of the
invention are a well-known class of compounds and additional
members of the class can be made by the methods used to make the
known ones.
The R group in the above formula is preferably a fatty alcohol
radical of 14-20 carbon atoms, such as palmityl, stearyl, oleyl,
and the like, or mixtures thereof. Generally, the products made
from mixtures are somewhat more effective than those made from a
single pure fatty alcohol. In the preferred surfactants, n is 2-6,
x is O and R' is H. Also preferred are the linear primary alcohols,
although secondary and/or branched alcohols may also be used.
The surfactants of the invention are compatible with the usual
laundry detergent additives, such as bleaches, brighteners,
anti-redeposition agents, foam regulators, fillers, granulating
agents, etc. Their effectiveness is unexpectedly enhanced by the
phosphate-free builders, such as the alkali metal borates,
silicates and carbonates. Other useful builders include the alkali
metal or ammonium carboxylates, e.g., the citrates, mellitates,
diglycolates, oxydisuccinates, ethylenediaminetetracarboxylates,
nitrilotriacetates, N-hydroxyethyliminodiacetates,
acetamidonitrilodiacetate and the like. Other suitable builders
include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,308,067.
The most convenient procedure for making the active surfactants
used in the invention comprises (1) condensing ethylene oxide with
the long chain fatty alcohol and (2) "capping" the resulting
polyglycol monoether with a carboxyalkyl group, such as
carboxymethyl or 1-carboxy-1-butyl. The capping is conveniently
effected by reaction with the appropriate chloro- or bromo-
carboxylic acid in the presence of alkali. Such reaction is
ordinarily not complete; hence, the reaction product often contains
minor amounts of uncapped polyglycol monoether. While methods are
available for separating the uncapped material as well as for
assuring essentially complete capping, they are usually tedious and
expensive. Fortunately, it has been found that minor proportions of
such uncapped material are not particularly harmful, and may even
be advantageous, especially since they are less expensive than the
capped material.
The practice of the invention is illustrated by the following tests
and examples.
Detergency Evaluation Tests
A number of standard tests were carried out to demonstrate the
efficiencies of the new formulations. These tests are described
below.
Terg-O-Tometer Test
One liter of standard 150 ppm. hard water (2:1 calcium:magnesium
ions) is placed in each of 4 stainless steel beakers of a
Terg-O-Tometer (U.S. Testing Co., Inc., Model 144) and heated to
120.degree.F. Standard soiled test swatches are prepared by soaking
5 .times. 5 inch pieces of the desired fabric (such as bleached and
desized cotton, style S/400W, from Test Fabrics, Inc.) for a
minimum of 10 minutes in a soiling solution made from mixing 30 g.
of vacuum cleaner soil which passed through a 270 mesh standard
screen with three liters of distilled water. Most of the water is
removed by pressing between paper towels and drying is completed by
placing for 10 minutes in a 110.degree.-120.degree.F. forced-air
oven. Three of the soiled swatches and one clean swatch for
measuring anti-redeposition for each fabric being tested are placed
in each test beaker along with the detergent being evaluated and
the mixtures are agitated in the Terg-O-Tometer for 10 minutes at
100 rpm. The swatches are then removed, rinsed first by hand in
lukewarm tap water and then in the (cleaned) test beaker containing
one liter of the standard hard water for 5 minutes at 100 rpm. This
test evaluates the detergency on two or three fabrics
simultaneously. These are cotton, 65/35 cotton-polyester blend and
the same blend with a permanent press finish.
The swatches are then removed, partially dried between paper towels
and then ironed dry using a cotton pressing cloth. The degree of
whiteness is determined by reading the reflectance of the
twice-folded swatch on a standardized Photovolt Corporation
Reflectometer, Model 610, using a green tristimulus filter. The
average of four readings of each test swatch is compared with that
of swatches washed in a commercial detergent, Tide (T.M., Proctor
& Gamble Co.) or Ivory (T.M., Proctor and Gamble Co.) soap
flakes.
Repetition of the above for 2 more cycles gives a "3-cycle
detergency" reading, which is the reflectance reading after the
third cycle, usually compared with that of the standard. As a
general rule, brightness differences in swatches having
reflectometer readings within two units of one another cannot be
distinguished by the human eye. The effects of optical brighteners
in e.g., the commercial materials are practically eliminated in the
reflectometer by the use of the light filter.
Launderometer Test
In a series of detergency tests similar to those above, the
efficacy of various conventional builders was evaluated, using a
commercial laundry detergent (0.2 percent) as a comparison. Some of
the tests were run in a Terg-O-Tometer, as described above, while
others were run in a Launderometer, using 200 ml. of 150 ppm.
hardness water at 120.degree.F. with a 15 minute wash cycle and a 5
minute rinse cycle. All tests reported herein were made in the
Terg-O-Tometer unless otherwise specified.
In some experiments an artificial oily soil was made by applying a
2 percent solution in perchloroethylene of an 80:20 mixture of
lanolin and oleic acid to the soiled fabrics.
The surfactants were used at the level of 0.04 percent, based on
wash water, unless otherwise indicated, and were of the formula
RO--(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.n --CH.sub.2 COONa
wherein R is a straight-chain alkyl group having the carbon content
indicated in the table below where a range is shown, e.g.,
C.sub.12.sub.-18, a commercial mixture of fatty alcohols of the
indicated chain length was used in making the surfactant. In the
tables, the surfactant is identified by R and n as shown in the
above formula and was used at 0.04 percent concentration unless
otherwise noted; the fabrics used were cotton, a 65/35
polyester/cotton blend or the same blend treated with a permanent
press resin (P.P. Blend). The commercial detergent used for
comparison was used at a concentration of 0.2 percent.
The builders used in Examples 1-15 (except Example 6 and 10) were
as follows (all percentages are based on total wash water): B.sub.1
consisted of Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3, 0.108 percent, Na.sub.2
SiO.sub.3.sup.. 5H.sub.2 O, 0.0432 percent, carboxymethyl
cellulose, 0.002 percent; B.sub.2 consisted of sodium silicate sold
under the trade name Silicate BW (ratio of SiO.sub.2 to Na.sub.2 O,
1.6), 0.1 percent (water-free basis), Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4, 0.058
percent and carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.002 percent.
In Examples 16-34, the sodium silicate used was sold under the
trade name Silicate G (ratio of SiO.sub.2 /Na.sub.2 O, 3.2). The
use of this silicate results in a lowered pH of the wash solution
without any adverse effect on the cleaning performance.
In some examples the detergency was compared to that of the
American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC)
standard detergent. Its composition is as follows:
Sodium linear alkylsulfonate 14 % Fatty alcohol ethoxylate 2.3 Soap
2.5 Na tripolyphosphate 48.0 Sodium silicate (SiO.sub.2 /Na.sub.2
O=2.0) 9.7 Sodium sulfate 15.4 Na CMC .25 Misc. 7.85 100.00
TABLE I
__________________________________________________________________________
3-Cycle Reflectance Detergent Redeposition Ex. R n Machine Soil
Fabric Tide B.sub.1 B.sub.2 Tide B.sub.1 B.sub.2
__________________________________________________________________________
1 C.sub.18 8.3 Laund. Oily Cotton 60 58 58 83 85 85 2
C.sub.12.sub.-18 5.8 Laund. Oily Cotton 60 61 60 83 85 85 3
C.sub.18 8.3 Terg. Dry Cotton 75 75 76 83 83 84 Blend 71 71 68 79
80 80 4 C.sub.12.sub.-18 5.8 Terg. Dry Cotton 72 72 66 84 83 84
Blend 71 69 64 80 79 79 5 C.sub.18 6.8 Terg. Oily Cotton 69 69 69
84 84 86 Blend 66 64 59 79 80 81 6 C.sub.18 6.8 Terg..sup.a Oily
Cotton 66 67.sup.b 82 83.sup.b 7 C.sub.12 1.8 Laund. Oily Cotton 66
63 83 83 P.P. Blend 68 64 8 C.sub.12 3.1 Laund. Oily Cotton 66 61
Blend 70 62 9 C.sub.18 3 Laund. Oily Cotton 66 62 Blend 70 61 10
C.sub.18 6.8 Terg..sup.c Oily Cotton 73 71.sup.d 90 91.sup.d
__________________________________________________________________________
.sup.a 4 cycles instead of 3 .sup.b Builder was same as B.sub.1
except that the sodium silicate was replaced with an equal amount
of sodium tripolyphosphate .sup.c Two cycles instead of 3 .sup.d
Builder was same as B.sub.1 except that silicate was reduced to
0.012% and sodium diglycolate (0.04%) was added
To illustrate the unexpected improvement in the detergency of
surfactants having low proportions of oxyethylene groups (low
values of n) in the molecule when built with silicate-based
builders, the following examples were run. In this series, the
fatty alcohol used to make the surfactants was a commercial mixture
of C.sub.16.sub.-20 alcohols. The builder formulation was B.sub.1,
described above.
TABLE II ______________________________________ Effect of Builder
B.sub.1 on Third Cycle Reflectance of RO(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.n
-CH.sub.2 COONa ______________________________________ Third Cycle
Reflectance Permanent Press Average Cotton Blend Ex. No. Value of n
Unbuilt Built Unbuilt Built ______________________________________
11 10.5 68.8 -- 51.5 -- 12 7.9 68.0 69.4 52.0 54.9 13 5.7 66.0 73.6
49.3 61.7 14 4.3 61.8 74.0 50.0 68.1 15 2.5 -- 73.0 -- 62.5
______________________________________
In another series of experiments, the proportion of sodium silicate
(SiO.sub.2 /Na.sub.2 O = 3.2) was varied. The active surfactant was
that of Example 14. The formulation was as follows:
Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 54% Na carboxymethylcellulose (Na CMC) 1% Active
surfactant 10% Na silicate as indicated Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4
balance
The use level was 2.0 g./l.
TABLE III
__________________________________________________________________________
Third Cycle Reflectance % Sodium 65/35 Dacron/ 65/35 Dacron/Cotton
Blend Ex. No. Silicate Cotton Cotton Blend with Permanent Press
Finish
__________________________________________________________________________
16 20 68.3 63.0 61.6 17 15 67.2 62.3 60.4 18 10 67.2 59.1 58.9 19 5
66.0 59.4 58.0
__________________________________________________________________________
In a similar series of experiments, the effect of varying the
concentration of sodium carbonate was noted.
The formulation and use level were the same as in Examples 16-19
except that the silicate was constant at 15 percent while the
carbonate varied as shown below.
TABLE IV
__________________________________________________________________________
Third Cycle Reflectance 65/35 Dacron/Cotton % pH Wash 65/35 Dacron/
Blend with Permanent Ex. No. Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 Solution Cotton
Cotton Blend Press Finish
__________________________________________________________________________
20 70 10.45 70.0 65.0 63.1 21 54 10.30 71.5 64.9 64.2 22 40 10.15
71.5 64.5 62.1 23 25 10.00 70.3 60.4 57.1
__________________________________________________________________________
The following experiments show that the sodium carbonate used in
the builder in the previous experiments can be replaced with sodium
sesquicarbonate. The formulation was the same as in Examples 20-23
except that the sesquicarbonate and silicate were as indicated.
TABLE V
__________________________________________________________________________
Third Cycle Reflectance 65/35 Dacron/Cotton % Sodium % Sodium pH
Wash 65/35 Dacron/ Blend with Permanent Ex. No. Sesquicarbonate
Silicate Solution Cotton Cotton Blend Press Finish
__________________________________________________________________________
Control.sup.(a) 20 10.35 69.4 64.2 62.9 24 69 20 9.90 68.5 64.6
63.5 25 54 35 9.80 68.1 63.8 61.6 26 35 54 9.75 69.3 61.9 60.4
__________________________________________________________________________
.sup.(a) 54% Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3
While the use of sodium carboxymethylcellulose as an antideposition
agent is conventional, the following experiments demonstrate that
it is effective with the detergents of the invention. The
formulation and use level were the same as in Example 17 except
that the Na CMC level was varied.
TABLE VI
__________________________________________________________________________
Third Cycle Reflectance 65/35 Dacron/ 65/35 Dacron/Cotton Blend
with Ex. No. % CMC Cotton Cotton Blend Permanent Press Finish
__________________________________________________________________________
27 2.0 64.2 60.0 55.0 28 1.0 68.4 60.2 58.4 29 0.5 67.8 61.5 57.7
30 0.0 66.3 58.8 56.6
__________________________________________________________________________
The effectiveness of the detergents of the invention in water of
widely varying hardness is illustrated by the following
experiments. The formulation and use level were as in Example
17.
TABLE VI ______________________________________ Third Cycle
Reflectance 65/35 Dacron/Cotton Water Blend with Permanent Ex. No.
Hardness (ppm).sup.(a) Cotton Press Finish
______________________________________ 31 50 74.6 61.3 32 100 75.5
64.0 33 150 74.7 63.0 34 300 73.9 62.1
______________________________________ .sup.(a)
Ca.sup.+.sup.+/Mg.sup.+.sup.+ is 2/1; calculated as ppm
CaCO.sub.3
The following experiments show the exceptional effectiveness of the
iminoacetate-type builders with the active surfactants of the
present invention. In these experiments, the formulation consisted
of the active ingredient (surfactant) of Example 14 in the
indicated amount, sodium silicate (SiO.sub.2 /Na.sub.2 O = 3.2), 12
percent, Na CMC, 1 percent, disodium N-hydroxyethyliminodiacetate
(SHIM), as indicated, the balance being Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4. These
detergents were used at the level of 2 g./l.
TABLE VIII
__________________________________________________________________________
Third Cycle Reflectance 65/35 Dacron/Cotton Blend with Permanent
Ex. No. Surfactant, % SHIM, % Cotton Press Finish
__________________________________________________________________________
Control.sup..noteq. 75.6 68.8 35 20 50 77.3 68.4 36 10 50 76.2 67.4
37 20 35 76.0 67.7 38 10 35 77.9 68.5 39 10 20 77.9 67.8 40 5 20
76.1 61.8
__________________________________________________________________________
.sup..noteq.AATCC standard at 2.0 gms./l; ave. of two runs
The following experiments show the use of nitrilotriacetate (Na
salt) (NTA) as a builder. The surfactants were all derivatives of a
commercial mixture of C.sub.16 -C.sub.20 fatty alcohols and
differed only in the number of oxyethylene groups, n, thereon. The
pH of all the wash solutions was 9.8. The formulation, used at a
level of 2 g./l., was
Sodium silicate (SiO.sub.2 /Na.sub.2 O = 3.2) 10% Surfactant 20 Na
CMC 1 NTA as indicated Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 balance
TABLE IX
__________________________________________________________________________
Third Cycle Reflectance 65/35 Dacron/Cotton n in the NTA Blend with
Permanent Ex. No. Surfactant Concentration (%) Cotton Press Finish
__________________________________________________________________________
Control.sup.(a) -- 68.5 71.6 41 2.0 35 69.7 68.3 42 4.3 35 70.0
66.0 43 5.7 35 69.6 65.6 44 7.9 35 67.2 65.2 45 4.3 50 69.0 69.5 46
4.3 20 67.1 62.8
__________________________________________________________________________
.sup.(a) Tide (35% STPP), 2 g./l.
The utility of Na mellitate as a builder is shown in the following
experiments paralleling those shown in Table IX.
TABLE X
__________________________________________________________________________
Third Cycle Reflectance Mellitic Acid 65/35 Dacron/Cotton n in the
(Na salt) Blend with Permanent Ex. No. Surfactant Concentration
Cotton Press Finish
__________________________________________________________________________
Control.sup.(a) -- 78.0 72.8 47 2.0 35 74.9 58.3 48 4.3 35 77.5
66.7 49 5.7 35 77.1 65.2 50 7.9 35 76.0 62.1 51 4.3 50 76.5 67.4
__________________________________________________________________________
.sup.(a) Tide (35% STPP), 2.0 g./l.
The following series of experiments illustrate the effect of the
length of the carbon chain of the fatty alcohol used in making the
surfactant.
The formulation used was
Surfactant as indicated Sodium carbonate 54% Sodium silicate
(SiO.sub.2 /Na.sub.2 O = 3.2) 15 Na CMC 1 Sodium sulfate
balance
The use level was 2 g./l. in all cases.
The surfactants are identified in the following table by the
headings R and n, which indicate the number of carbon atoms in the
fatty alcohol moiety and the number of oxyethylene groups,
respectively, in the acetate-capped surfactants.
The reflectance values in the following table are the differences
in the reflectances of samples washed with the test material and
samples washed in parallel experiments with the AATCC standard
detergent used at the same level. Positive values indicate
performance superior to the standard.
__________________________________________________________________________
Third Cycle Reflectance Deviation from AATCC Standard Surfactant
65/35 Blend Ex. No. R n Conc., % Cotton Dacron/Cotton P.P. Blend
__________________________________________________________________________
52 12 1.8 20 -5.0 -7.2 -5.2 53 12 3.1 20 -3.6 -6.9 -7.5 54 12-18
3.1 20 -1.1 -1.9 -2.9 55 12-18 4.0 20 -1.9 -2.5 -8.3 56 16-18 1.4
20 -2.8 --.sup.a -18.7 57 16-18 3.7 10 +4.3 -4.5 -3.5 58 16-18 5.8
10 +3.3 -8.6 -7.6 59 16-18 8.0 10 -0.4 -12.3 -14.5 60 18 5.9 20
-1.9 -9.9 -8.7 61 18 8.3 20 -0.3 -8.5 -12.0 62 16-20 2.0 20 +2.4
-5.2 -6.9 63 16-20 4.3 20 +3.6 -1.1 -1.8 64 16-20 4.3 10 +2.6 -5.2
-7.2 65 16-20 5.7 20 +2.3 -4.7 -9.1 66 16-20 7.9 20 -0.6 -9.1 -14.4
__________________________________________________________________________
.sup.a Expt. not run
Not only are the detergents free of phosphate builders but the
active surfactants thereof are readily biodegradable, especially
those made from straight-chain fatty alcohols. Those made from
branched-chain synthetic fatty alcohols are less readily degraded.
Moreover, all of them are less toxic to fish and animals than many
of the present widely used commercial detergents.
While the above examples illustrate only a limited variety of
nonphosphate builders, and show them only in a limited range of
proportions, it is to be understood that any of such builders in
any conventional proportion can be used in the present invention.
For example, when using a precipitating builder, such as the
combination of alkali metal silicate and alkali metal carbonate,
the builder may suitably constitute about 50-95 percent of the
total detergent formulation (dry weight basis), though the optimum
is usually about 60-80 percent. When using a chelating builder,
such as the polycarboxylic acid salts, it may constitute about
10-50 percent, and preferably about 20-35 percent of the total
detergent formulation. Because of their high activity, the active
surfactants usually constitute only about 3-25 percent of the total
formulation, the preferred proportion being about 6-12 percent. The
balance is made up of conventional additives, fillers, moisture,
etc.
While the alkali metal salts of the surfactant acids are preferred,
the ammonium and amine salts are also effective. Suitable amines
include the lower alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl and butyl) amines and
the lower alkanolamines (e.g., ethanol-, propanol- and
butanolamines).
While the disclosed surfactants may be (and preferably are) the
sole active surfactants in the detergents, minor amounts (up to
about 20 percent of the total surfactant) of other surfactants may
be included, e.g., soaps, alkyl sulfates or alkyl or alkaryl
sulfonates.
* * * * *