U.S. patent number 3,813,549 [Application Number 05/317,973] was granted by the patent office on 1974-05-28 for self-healing electrode for uniform negative corona.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Thomas H. Di Stefano, Robert B. Laibowitz, Robert Rosenberg.
United States Patent |
3,813,549 |
Di Stefano , et al. |
May 28, 1974 |
SELF-HEALING ELECTRODE FOR UNIFORM NEGATIVE CORONA
Abstract
The present invention relates to electrodes used for charging
electrophotographic image surfaces in copying machines. More
particularly, the disclosure is directed to the negative corona
discharge electrodes which produce a negative charge that is
applied to the photoconductive surface exposed to the corona
discharge. In the present invention, the electrode structure
includes a combination of a wire of valve metal with a high
resistivity coating spread uniformly over the surface of the wire.
The valve metal, one example being tantalum, may serve as the
electrode wire itself or may surround an inner wire such as
stainless steel. By providing an electrode for corona discharge
having a uniform high resistive coating, the plasma glow produced
will spread uniformly along the length of the wire. By using a
valve metal, which forms a hard oxide under the high resistivity
coating, the electrode is self-healing in that if cracks or
imperfections occur in the coating, the exposed valve metal will
oxidize and fill in the cracks and imperfections.
Inventors: |
Di Stefano; Thomas H. (Dobbs
Ferry, NY), Laibowitz; Robert B. (Peekskill, NY),
Rosenberg; Robert (Peekskill, NY) |
Assignee: |
International Business Machines
Corporation (Armonk, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
23236075 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/317,973 |
Filed: |
December 26, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
250/324; 361/230;
313/355 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/0291 (20130101); H05F 3/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/02 (20060101); H05F 3/00 (20060101); H05F
3/04 (20060101); G03g 015/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;250/324,325,326
;313/355 ;317/262A |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lindquist; William F.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Goodwin; John J. Jones, II; Graham
S.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An electrode means adapted for producing a corona discharge
comprising an inner core wire of valve metal surrounded by an outer
uniform coating of the oxide of said valve metal wherein said valve
metal is selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium,
zirconium, hafnium, bismuth, and antimony.
2. An electrode means according to claim 1 wherein said valve metal
is tantalum and said high resistivity material of said outer
coating comprises anodized tantalum oxide.
3. An electrode means according to claim 1 wherein said valve metal
surrounds a high tensile strength core wire.
4. An electrode means according to claim 1 wherein said electrode
means is adapted to connect to a potential source to produce a
negative corona discharge for use in electrographic imaging.
5. An electrode means according to claim 1, wherein said outer
coating comprises a film about 1,000 Angstroms thick.
6. An electrode means adapted for producing a corona discharge
comprising an inner core wire of valve metal surrounded by an outer
uniform coating of high resistivity material, said outer coating
being selected from the group consisting of an oxide of said valve
metal, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide and an insulating polymer,
wherein said valve metal is selected from the group consisting of
tantalum, niobium, zirconium, hafnium, bismuth, and antimony.
7. An electrode means according to claim 6 wherein said inner core
metal is tantalum and said uniform coating of high resistivity
material is an amorphous semi-insulating coating selected from the
group consisting of silicon nitride Si.sub.3 N.sub.4, silicon
dioxide SiO.sub.2, and insulating polymers.
8. An electrode means adapted for producing a corona discharge
comprising an inner core wire of tantalum surrounded by an outer
uniform coating of the oxide of tantalum wherein said tantalum of
said outer coating comprises an anodized tantalum oxide film about
1,000 Angstroms thick.
9. An electrode means adapted for producing a corona discharge
comprising an inner core wire of valve metal surrounded by an outer
uniform coating of high resistivity material, said outer coating
being selected from the group consisting of a silicon nitride,
silicon dioxide and an insulating polymer, wherein said valve metal
is selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium,
zirconium, hafnium, bismuth, and antimony.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of electrographic
imaging and more particularly to an improved electrode for
generating a negative corona discharge for electrographic
imaging.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Electrodes for generating corona discharges for use in
electrographic imaging are known in the prior art. Examples of such
prior art references are U. S. Pat. No. 3,566,108, issued Feb. 23,
1971 to J. W. Weigl et al.; U. S. Pat. No. 3,612,864, issued Oct.
12, 1971 to Y. Tamai; and U. S. Pat. No. 3,075,078, issued Jan. 22,
1963 to R. G. Olden. Others are U. S. Pat. application Ser. No.
317,038, filed Dec. 20, 1972 of Bingham et al. entitled "Corona
Charging Device" assigned to the assignee hereof, and U. S. Pat.
application Ser. No. 211,542, filed Dec. 23, 1971 entitled "Corona
Generator," a counterpart of which was published in Germany.
These references are cited to illustrate the environment of
applicants' invention, however, applicants' invention is distinct
over the prior art in that the prior art does not show corona
discharge electrodes having a uniform high resistivity coating and
a self-healing feature.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Electrographic image copier systems employ negative discharge
corona electrodes to produce a negative charge on a photoconductive
surface. The electrode is normally a conductive wire which
inherently produces a non-uniform corona discharge along its length
resulting in streaks and other imperfections in the resultant
visible copy.
An object of the present invention is to provide an electrode for
producing a uniform homogeneous negative corona discharge.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a negative
corona discharge which is self-healing in the event that cracks and
imperfections occur.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a
negative corona discharge electrode which includes a valve metal
having a uniform high resistivity coating.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the
invention will be apparent from the following more particular
description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, as
illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing illustrating the field distribution
along the length of a typical prior art corona electrode wire which
is suspended above a ground plane.
FIG. 2 schematically shows an embodiment of the present invention
wherein a uniform, high resistivity coating is disposed around a
valve metal to form a corona electrode.
FIG. 3 shows a plan view wherein the electrodes of FIG. 2 are
arranged to form a structure which may be employed in an
electrophotographic copying machine.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As previously mentioned, negative corona discharge is used in many
types of electrographic image copying machines. The negative corona
discharge is used to apply a negative charge pattern on a
photoconductive surface to form an electrostatic latent image. The
latent electrostatic image is used in combination with the
deposition of electroscopic material to form a visible image. A
problem with this technology is that the corona around the
discharge electrode is often inhomogeneous along the length of the
electrode wire due to non-uniformity of the wire. This in turn
results in an inhomogeneous corona and non-uniform charging of the
photoconductive surface and produces streaks and imperfections in
the final visible copy.
More particularly, the non-uniformity of the corona discharge
results from distortions of the electric field around the electrode
wire caused by charge clouds. The discharge is initiated by the
field-induced injection of electrons from the wire into space.
Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic drawing is shown illustrating the
field distribution along the length of a typical prior art corona
electrode wire 10 which is suspended above a ground plane 12. The
electrons, positive ions and negative ions are represented as
indicated in the drawing. The negative ions formed by the discharge
drift slowly from wire 10 to the collecting electrode (ground plane
12) as represented in FIG. 1. Explicitly, a negative ion cloud 14
forms an electrostatic shield covering a length of the wire 10.
Corona glow does not appear over most of the shielded region
because of a reduced surface field at the wire. Although the
equipotential lines are distorted as shown in FIG. 1, a plasma glow
is found at the point of electron injection into the corona. The
field free region of the plasma glow, therefore, acts to enhance
the field at the point of electron injection and to continue the
injection at that point. Hence, this regenerative process produces
corona discharge at several small points along the wire with dark
spaces between them as indicated by the designations "high field"
and "low field." The points of corona migrate along the wire until
they stabilize at regions where conditions on the wire surface
facilitate discharge.
In accordance with the present invention, by providing an electrode
wire with a uniform resistive coating, it is possible to cause the
plasma glow to spread uniformly along the length of the wire. The
resistive coating acts as a limiting resistor which decreases the
surface field at the points of high current injection. If the
coating has a sufficiently high resistivity, any point of high
injection current will be less favorable to corona discharge than
the surrounding dark regions. Therefore, the corona glow 16 will
spread to cover the entire wire uniformly. This mechanism is
illustrated in FIG. 2.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is schematically shown a field
distribution along the length of a corona wire 18 which is
uniformly coated with a material 20 of high electrical resistance.
An electrical field across coating material 20 at the point of
injection lowers the surface field at that point.
More particularly, what is shown in FIG. 2 is a set of
equipotential surfaces around a point of high current injection.
Potential drop across the resistive coating 20 at the corona point
(the corona glow is indicated by reference numeral 22) lowers the
surface field at that point of the electrode wire. The coating 20
must be uniform and free of cracks and imperfections to function
properly. In the present invention, if any cracks or imperfections
occur, self-healing of the cracked areas is produced by a plasma
enhanced oxidation of the chemically active valve metal which is
found under the resistive coating 20. The metallic wire underlayer
18 will plasma oxidize when exposed to the corona discharge to form
a resistive patch in the coating layer. The resistive surface
coating should have a high resistivity, for example, greater than
10.sup.3 ohms per centimeter. Also, the resistive surface 20 should
be initially amorphous and crack resistant. The resistive coating
20 should also be a material that will not sputter easily, so that
the coating will not be eroded during operation.
The electrode wire 18 should be an active valve metal such that a
self-healing oxide will form in any cracks, imperfections or
damaged areas which may occur in resistive coating 20 in order to
restore uniformity.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the corona electrode
may be as shown in FIG. 2 wherein the electrode wire 18 is a valve
metal selected from the representative group including tantalum,
niobium, zirconium, hafnium, bismuth, tungsten and antimony, and
any other hard, active valve metals which plasma oxidize to produce
a resistive oxide for self-healing purposes. The aforesaid valve
metals may be used separately or in combination.
In the embodiment of FIG. 2, as conceived and fabricated according
to the present invention, the corona electrode is formed by
selecting the valve metal, i.e., tantalum, for wire element 18
which may have a diameter in the order of 0.005 inches. The
tantalum wire 18 is then anodized to form an oxide (Ta.sub.2
O.sub.5) of thickness in the order of 1,000 Angstroms using an
anodize-etch repeat technique wherein the tantalum is placed under
tension in a suitable electrolyte with a potential applied between
the wire and a cathode to produce the oxide. The resultant oxide is
removed by etching and then the anodizing-etching steps are
repeated until an oxide surface is formed on the tantalum wire
having desired uniformity. The final anodization of the tantalum
wire is achieved by connecting the two electrodes of the
electrolytic cell (the wire and the cathode) through a constant
current source to achieve the desired final thickness of the high
resistive oxide coating 20.
Although not depicted in FIG. 2, the electrode wire 18 may also
consist of an inner core of stainless steel, hardened steel, or
tungsten surrounded by one of the aforesaid valve metals such as
tantalum, to provide a three-layer structure.
In the previous description, it was explained how a self-healing
corona electrode could be fabricated with a uniform high resistive
coating wherein the coating is an oxide of the interior electrode
wire formed by anodization. In another embodiment of FIG. 2, the
corona electrode structure may be composed such that the uniform
high resistivity coating 20 is formed of amorphous, semiinsulating
layers of insulating polymers, silicon nitride (Si.sub.3 N.sub.4)
or silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2) deposited on a wire with a valve
metal surface, such as tantalum. If cracks occur in the resistive
layer, the electrode will self-heal by the formation of the growth
of Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 or Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.
Referring to FIG. 3, a plan view is shown illustrating a structure
wherein a plurality of corona discharge electrodes as illustrated
in FIG. 2 are arrayed in parallel to form an apparatus which may be
used in an electrostatic copying machine.
What has been described is an improved corona discharge electrode
wherein a valve metal is surrounded by a uniform, high resistivity
coating, the electrode being self-healing in the event cracks or
imperfections occur.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with
reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood
by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in
form and details may be made therein without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *