U.S. patent number 3,813,494 [Application Number 05/185,050] was granted by the patent office on 1974-05-28 for quadraphonic reproducing system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Columbia Broadcasting Systems, Inc.. Invention is credited to Benjamin B. Bauer.
United States Patent |
3,813,494 |
Bauer |
May 28, 1974 |
QUADRAPHONIC REPRODUCING SYSTEM
Abstract
Apparatus for decoding four separate channels of sound
information transduced from a medium having only two separate
tracks and presenting them on four loudspeakers to give the
listener the illusion of sound coming from a corresponding number
of separate sources. The sound information is contained in two
composite signals each containing three of the four separate
channels in predetermined amplitude and phase relationships, and
the decoder includes a matrix of phase-shifting networks and
signal-combining circuits operative to derive from the two
composite signals four output signals in which different ones of
said four channels are predominant.
Inventors: |
Bauer; Benjamin B. (Stamford,
CT) |
Assignee: |
Columbia Broadcasting Systems,
Inc. (New York, NY)
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Family
ID: |
26721302 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/185,050 |
Filed: |
September 30, 1971 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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44224 |
Jun 8, 1970 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
381/21;
369/89 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04S
3/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04S
3/00 (20060101); H04S 3/02 (20060101); G10k
011/00 (); G11b 003/74 () |
Field of
Search: |
;179/15BT,16,1.4ST,1.1TD,1GQ,1GP |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Cooper; William C.
Assistant Examiner: D'Amico; Thomas
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Olson; Spencer E.
Parent Case Text
This is a division of U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 44,224, filed
June 8, 1970.
Claims
I claim:
1. Apparatus for reproducing on four loudspeakers four audio
information signals respectively designated L.sub.f, R.sub.f,
L.sub.b and R.sub.b contained in first and second composite signals
respectively containing dominant signals L.sub.f and R.sub.f and
each including sub-dominant signal components L.sub.b and R.sub.b
and wherein said signal components L.sub.b and R.sub.b in one of
said composite signals are in substantially quadrature relationship
with said signal components L.sub.b and R.sub.b, respectively, in
the other of said composite signals, with the L.sub.b component
leading the R.sub.b component in one of said composite signals and
with the L.sub.b component lagging the R.sub.b component in the
other of said composite signals, said apparatus comprising:
first and second input circuits for respectively receiving said
first and second composite signals, said input circuits including
means for shifting the phase of one of said composite signals
relative to the other by substantially 90.degree. to thereby
position said L.sub.b and R.sub.b signals components in one of said
composite signals either in phase coincidence or in phase
opposition with the L.sub.b and R.sub.b signal components,
respectively, in the other of said composite signals,
first and second amplifiers each having first and second input
terminals and an output terminal, the second input terminal of each
of which is connected to a point of reference potential,
means for coupling the relatively phase-shifted composite signals
from said first and second input circuits to the first input
terminal of said first and second amplifiers, respectively,
first, second, third and fourth output circuits each including a
respective one of said loudspeakers for respectively displaying
composite signals containing said L.sub.f, R.sub.f, L.sub.b and
R.sub.b signals are predominant components, each of said
loudspeakers having first and second terminals,
means connecting the output terminals of said first and second
amplifiers to one terminal of said first and second loudspeakers,
respectively,
means connecting said third loudspeaker in circuit between the
output terminals of said first and second amplifiers and operative
to couple to said third loudspeaker a signal proportional to the
sum of said relatively phase-shifted first and second composite
signals and containing said L.sub.b signal as its predominant
component, and
means connecting said fourth loudspeaker in circuit between the
output terminals of said first and second amplifiers and operative
to couple to said fourth loudspeaker a signal proportional to the
difference of said relatively phase-shifted first and second
composite signals and containing said R.sub.b signal as its
predominant component.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said first and second
loudspeakers are respectively connected between the output
terminals of said first and second amplifiers and said point of
reference potential, said fourth loudspeaker is connected between
the output terminals of said first and second amplifiers, said
third loudspeaker has one of its terminals connected to said point
of reference potential, and including a transformer having a first
winding connected between the output terminals of said first
amplifier and said point of reference potential and a second
winding coupled in adding relationship to said first winding and
connected between the output terminal of said second amplifier and
the other terminal of said third loudspeaker.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said first and second
loudspeakers have substantially equal impedances of value Z and
said third and fourth loudspeakers have substantially equal
impedances of approximately 2Z.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein a resistive network is
connected to the first input terminal of said first and second
amplifiers and operative to apply a portion of said relatively
phase-shifted first and second composite signals to the first input
terminals of said second and first amplifiers, respectively, said
first and second loudspeakers are connected in series between the
output terminal of said first amplifier and the output terminal of
said second amplifier, said fourth loudspeaker is connected between
the output terminal of said first amplifier and the output terminal
of said second amplifier, and said third loudspeaker has one of its
terminals connected to the junction between said first and second
loudspeakers and its other terminal connected to said point of
reference potential.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said first and second
loudspeakers have substantially equal impedances of a value Z, said
third loudspeaker has an impedance of approximately 2Z, and said
fourth loudspeaker has an impedance of approximately Z/2.
6. Apparatus according to claim 1 further including means connected
between said second input circuit and said second amplifier for
inverting said phase-shifted second composite signal before
application to the first input terminal of said second amplifier,
and a fifth loudspeaker connected in series with an inductor
between the output terminals of said first and second amplifiers,
said series circuit having a reactance to accept signals of
frequencies below a predetermined cutoff frequency and to reject
frequencies above said cutoff frequency whereby said fifth
loudspeaker displays the "mixed lows" contained in the sum of said
first and second composite signals, and wherein said first and
second loudspeakers respectively have one of its terminals
capacitively connected to the output terminals of said first and
second amplifiers and their other terminals connected together,
said fourth loudspeaker is connected between the junction of said
first and second loudspeakers and said point of reference
potential, and said third loudspeaker is connected between the said
one terminals of said first and second loudspeakers.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein said first and second
loudspeakers have substantially equal impedances of value Z, said
third and fifth loudspeakers have substantially equal impedances of
approximately 2Z, and said fourth loudspeaker has an impedance of
approximately Z/2.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 further including a resistive
network connected to the input terminals of said first and second
amplifiers operative to apply a portion of said relatively
phase-shifted first composite signal also to the input terminal of
said second amplifier and to apply a portion of said inverted
relatively phase-shifted second composite signal also to the input
terminal of said first amplifier.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There is an increasing interest in multiple-channel recording and
reproduction because of the variety of sounds and music forms that
can be achieved thereby due to the well known phenomenon that the
quality of music reproduction is enhanced when the number of
reproduction channels increases. In the early days of the
phonograph, only single channel or monophonic recording was used,
and as early as 40 to 50 years ago, investigators realized the
value of recording and transmitting two separate channels of
information, which in modern parlance is known as binaural or
stereophonic sound. However, even two channels of information are
not considered sufficient for full illusion of reality. For
example, when a listener is placed in front of a symphony orchestra
he hears sounds arriving from many different directions and from a
variety of instruments, as well as reflections from the walls and
ceiling, which gives him an accustomed illusion of space
perspective. However, when reproduction is accomplished by
utilizing only two channels it is difficult, if not impossible, to
produce true reality with respect to spatial perspective. Early
experiments have demonstrated that a minimum of three independent
channels are needed to convey a satisfactory illusion of reality in
the reproduction of orchestral music.
The modern stereophonic phonograph is capable of recording, or
encoding, modulation along two separate channels, which
geometrically are at 90.degree. to each other and at 45.degree. to
the disc surface. It is usual practice to include a third, or
center, channel by "matrixing" or combining it as an in phase
phantom channel to the other two, which causes it to be recorded as
lateral modulation parallel to the record surface. Oftentimes, to
obtain special effects, a fourth channel may be applied to the
tracks in phase opposition, in a manner exemplified by test records
Models STR 110, 111 and 120 produced and distributed by CBS
Laboratories. a Division of the assignee of this invention. Upon
reproduction, the third (or central) channel appears on the two
loudspeakers of the stereophonic phonograph, with equal loudness
and in phase relationship, and an observer placed centrally between
the loudspeakers perceives the illusion of the third channel being
located between the other two. The fourth, or vertical, channel
when reproduced on a conventional two-loudspeaker stereophonic
phonograph gives the illusion of "unlocalized" sound. Although
there have been attempts to reproduce the third or center channel
on a separate loudspeaker, the results have not been entirely
satisfactory, and most stereophonic systems, even though many
stereo records carry a "center" channel, employ only two
loudspeakers.
In the co-pending application of William S. Bachman, U.S. Pat. Ser.
No. (40,510) filed May 26, 1970, and assigned to the assignee of
the present invention, now abandoned in favor of
continuation-in-part U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 164,675, filed
July 21, 1971, there is described a system for providing third and
fourth playback channels to otherwise two-channel systems by
feeding third and fourth loudspeakers with signals respectively
representing the sum and difference between the left and right
channel signals. The left and right loudspeakers may be located,
for example, on opposite sides of a listening area, with the
loudspeakers for the two virtual channels positioned at opposite
ends of the listening area. Each loudspeaker displays the
particular information fed to its channel accompanied by half-power
signals from its adjacent channels. This system provides a
pseudo-four-channel effect, but does not give a complete illusion
of each channel appearing independently on its corresponding
loudspeaker.
A better illusion of each channel appearing independently on its
corresponding loudspeaker is provided by the system described in
co-pending U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. (44,196) filed June 8,
1970 by B. B. Bauer and Daniel W. Gravereaux now U.S. Pat. No.
3,708,631, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention,
which includes four gain control amplifiers through which the four
separate channels of information are respectively applied to
corresponding loudspeakers, and a logic control circuit which
derives its signals from the "left" and "right" output terminals of
the transducer for automatically controlling the gain control
amplifiers to enhance the realism of four separate channels of
information. While this system provides a significant improvement
in the art of reproduction of reorded sound, it has a number of
drawbacks as follows: (1) information originating from the "back"
which is encoded as a difference signal or as a vertically oriented
elliptical signal has little or no component in the "lateral" or
"sum" direction, and accordingly, as the record is played on a
monophonic phonograph or transmitted over a monophonic radio
station, the signal identified with the "back" direction is greatly
attenuated or disappears altogether; (2) in the case of a
stereophonic disc record, it is undesirable to apply information
originating from the "back" in the vertical direction because it
tends to make cutting and pressing of the record more difficult;
(3) when a stereophonic disc record carrying "back" information as
vertical modulation is played on a conventional stereophonic
player, the signals corresponding to the "back" direction appear at
the two loudspeakers out-of-phase, or significantly so, thereby
causing a relatively unpleasant "pressure in the ears" sensation;
(4) in conventional stereophonic practice the two loudspeakers are
normally placed in two adjacent corners of the listening room, and
it is conventional in the production of four-channel recordings to
have the four sources originate from the four corners of the room
or listening area. However, the systems described in the
aforementioned co-pending applications are designed to preserve
summetry with loudspeakers placed centrally of the four walls of
the listening room. If the loudpseakers were placed in the corners,
the aspect of the originally recorded sound would be shifted by
45.degree., causing an inconsistency confusing to the listener.
Also, since there are practical difficulties in finding suitable
locations for loudspeakers centrally of the walls in most homes, it
is preferable that the reproducing system permit the placement of
the loudspeakers at the corners of the listening room.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A principal object of the present invention is to provide method
and apparatus for transferring a program recorded on four channels,
edited for presentation on four loudspeakers placed in the corners
of a room, into a two-channel program suitable for presentation
over two loudspeakers placed in adjacent corners of a listening
area in a manner to obtain an artistically acceptable result; that
is, so that the four separate channels will be distributed over the
two loudspeakers in a manner to create the illusion of the original
four-loudspeaker presentation in a symmetrical and balanced manner
to give a pleasant reproduction.
Another oject of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus
for recording four channels of information on a two-track medium in
which the two "additional" channels are recorded with types of
modulation that will admit of subsequent decoding into four
separate signals corresponding to the four signals originally
encoded.
A further object of the invention is to provide a method for
recording four channels of information on a two-track stereophonic
disc record which does not require significant addition of vertical
modulation.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a method of
recording which enables addition of a common central signal which
appears superimposed centrally upon the four main signals.
Still another object of the invention is to provide signal
processing apparatus for converting the signals recorded on the
two-track medium into four separate signals respectively
predominantly containing the four original signals used in
recording the record.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide, in combination
with the above-mentioned signal processing circuit, a system for
accentuating the dominance of any particular channel in response to
signals contained in that channel to thereby provide a more
realistic illusion of four separate independent sources of
sound.
Briefly, the foregoing objects are obtained by recording on a
two-track disc record or two-track magnetic tape the four channels
of information intended to be identified with four loudspeaker
sources by means of a combination of phase shift networks and
adding circuits in such a manner that the following relationships
are obtained. The signal which for convenience may be identified as
the "front left" signal is recorded in the "left" channel, and the
signal identified with the "right front" loudspeaker is recorded on
the "right" channel. The signal identified with the "left back"
loudspeaker is recorded on both the "left" and the "right" channels
at 90.degree. out-of-phase with each other, and similarly, the
signal identified with the "right back" loudspeaker is also
recorded on both the "left" and the "right" channels, also at
90.degree. with respect to each other. However, the signal
corresponding to the "left back" loudspeaker is recorded with the
"left" channel component leading, and that identified with the
"right back" loudspeaker is recorded with the "right" channel
component leading. Thus, a stereophonic disc record recorded in
accordance with the invention basically contains four different
signals, a "left front" signal appearing as modulation of the left
wall of the record groove, a "right front" signal appearing as
modulation of the right groove wall, a "left back" signal
manifested as groove modulation resulting from a clockwise circular
motion of the cutting stylus, and a "right back" signal manifested
by groove modulation resulting from a counterclockwise motion of
the cutting stylus. The circular motion is effectively obtained by
the quadrature motion of the two groove walls, and as the stylus
moves along with respect to the groove, the circular motion causes
a helix to be generated.
In another aspect of the invention, a signal intended to appear in
reproduction as a "phantom" between any two loudspeakers may be
applied equally to any of the two channels, or, if desired, to all
of the channels together. Thus, if a "center" signal is used, the
record made in accordance with the principles of this invention may
contain five distinct signals.
Another important aspect of the invention resides in the signal
processing, or dematrixing apparatus, which contains two all-pass
phase shift networks for changing the relative phases of the
signals transduced from the "left" and the "right" channels to
permit their being reconstituted into four separate signals for
presentation on four separate loudspeaker systems. Such signal
processing apparatus may include the decoder control logic and gain
control amplifiers described in the aforementioned bauer et al
application for further emphasizing the individual signals as they
predominate in any one of the loudspeaker circuits.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
An understanding of the foregoing and additional aspects of this
invention may be gained from consideration of the following
detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for recording four
channels of information on a stereophonic record;
FIG. 2 is a vector diagram useful in explaining the motion of the
cutter stylus in response to application of left, right, center and
difference signals;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a fragmentary portion of a
record showing four record grooves on a greatly enlarged scale, to
illustrate the motion of the cutter in response to various
signals;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a prior art stereophonic play back
system for providing the illusion of a third channel;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the system described in the
aforementioned Bauer et al application for recording four channels
on a two-track stereophonic record;
FIG. 6 is a greatly enlarged illustration of a record groove
illustrating the effect of applying the "difference" signal to the
left and right channels through a phase shift network;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a combiner or "matrixor" according
to the invention for combining independent signals intended for
ultimate display on four separate loudspeakers;
FIG. 8 is a vector diagram useful in explaining the operation of
the circuit of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of one form of playback apparatus
embodying the invention;
FIG. 10 is a plan view of a listening area illustrating the
location of four loudspeakers therein and the phasor diagrams of
the signals appearing on the four loudspeakers;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a simplified form of playback
apparatus embodying the invention;
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of another form of playback
apparatus according to the invention; and
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of still another alternative form of
playback apparatus.
DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART
By way of background for better understanding the present
invention, the current method of recording stereophonic signals
including a third or center channel, and a method of reproducing
the signals over a stereophonic two-loudspeaker system will be
described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. The currently provided left
(L), right (R) and center (C) signals are applied to the two sets
of terminals of a stereophonic cutter 10 having a cutting stylus 12
which is adapted to cut a groove in the lacquer of a master disc
14, revolving on a recording turntable (not shown). The C signal is
applied through a signal splitter 16 of known configuration
resulting in application of portions thereof, equivalent to 0.707C,
to each of the L and R lines in an additive manner. As is well
known in the groove cutting art, the tip of the cutter is capable
of motions contained within a surface generally perpendicular to
the disc in the manner portrayed by the vector diagram of FIG. 2.
When a left signal L is applied, the stylus executes motions along
the arrow L, which is at an angle of 45.degree. to the horizontal,
and when an R signal is applied, the stylus motion is along the
arrow R, at an angle of -45.degree. to the horizontal. Application
of 0.707 parts of C to each of the L and R lines in an additive
manner causes motion of the stylus along the arrow C, equal in
magnitude to 0.707 (L + R), which is of the same magnitude as
either L or R, but directed horizontally. It will be appreciated
that instead of applying the L, R and C signals directly to the
cutter, as shown in FIG. 1, they may, in keeping with common
practice, be first recorded on a two-track master tape recorder and
the output of the tape reproducer used to drive the record cutter.
Discussion of the difference signal D illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2
will be deferred until later.
The type of groove modulation resulting from the just-described
procedure is shown in FIG. 3. When only the left signal L is
applied, the groove is modulated in accordance with the arrow L,
which is essentially confined to one wall of the groove. Similarly,
when the R signal is applied, the modulation is in the opposite
wall of the groove in the direction of the arrow R, which, it will
be noted, is perpendicular to the arrow L. Application of equal
amounts of the center signal C to the L and R lines causes both
walls of the groove to be simultaneously and equally modulated in
the directions indicated by the arrows L = 0.707C and R = 0.707C,
resulting in horizontal or side to side translation indicated by
arrow C.
Apparatus for reproducing a stereophonic record carrying L, R and C
signals recorded in this manner, schematically illustrated in FIG.
4, includes a stereophonic pickup having a cartridge 18 and a
stylus 20 which enters the groove in the record and is actuated by
the groove modulation to deliver output voltages on the L and R
terminals. If only L signal modulation is present in the groove, an
output signal appears only at the L terminal and is amplified by a
suitable power amplifier 22 and reproduced by a loudspeaker 24.
Similarly, when only R signal modulation is present in the groove,
an output voltage appears at only the R terminal of the pickup,
which is amplified by power amplifier 26 and applied to its
respective loudspeaker 28. When the groove has lateral modulation
consisting of the presence of equal amounts of left and right
signal, then equal signals, namely, 0.707C, appear on both the left
and right loudspeakers, resulting in the appearance of a phantom
source C (shown surrounded by a dashed line circle) midway between
loudspeakers 24 and 28. However, this illusion is preceptible only
to the centrally located observer 30; when he moves to either side,
and C signal is heard over the nearest loudspeaker unless special
precautions are made to adjust the directional chracteristics of
the loudspeaker with respect to the position of the observer.
It will be noted that the described three-channel record is
"compatible" because the L, R and C signals all have a horizontal
component and thus will be heard when played on a monophonic
player, which is sensitive only to lateral modulation, albeit their
relative intensities will not be in the exact balance initially
intended by the recording director since the horizontal components
of L and R are 0.707 of C. In reality, in spite of the introduction
of a third channel, the above-described system reproduces only two
independent channels of information. The third channel, C, is
contained in both the left and right channels and the listener
will, therefore, usually hear it reproduced from the loudspeaker
nearest to him. This "center" channel may be presented on a
separate loudspeaker system, as shown in dotted lines in FIG. 4,
and amplifiers are commercially available for this purpose. This
permits the observer to perceive the "center" information without
having to locate himself equidistant from the left and right
speakers, although such a center channel loudspeaker tends to cause
the sounds of the other two loudspeakers to appear to be "pulled
in" toward the center.
Reverting to FIGS. 1-3, a fourth channel, D, may be introduced to
the two-channel stereophonic system by dividing it into equal parts
by a signal splitter 32 and applying them in phase-opposition to
the left and right channels. As shown in FIG. 2, application of the
D signal in this manner causes motion of the stylus in the vertical
direction, along the arrow D, to an extent specified as 0.707 times
the amount of D contained in the left and right channels subtracted
from each other; i.e., 0.707 (L - R). As seen in FIG. 3, this
causes the left and right motions of the stylus to be out-of-phase
relative to each other, resulting in up and down motion. When
vertical modulation is reproduced by the system of FIG 4, the
loudspeaker cones are driven in opposite directions, resulting in
out-of-phase sound pressures applied to the ears of the listener,
and since this condition of pressure on the ears does not
correspond to any known normal listening experience, the observer
is unable to localize the sound. The difference signal D appears at
some indefinite point in space, shown as D in a dashed circle, and
the listener is unable to locate its whereabouts. Furthermore, some
listeners of such out-of-phase sound have complained of a peculiar
"pressure in the ears" sensation. This is in part overcome,
however, by the system described in the aforementioned Bachman U.S.
Pat. application Ser. No. (164,675) wherein the difference signal,
as well as the "center" signal, are reproduced on separate
loudspeakers.
To afford better compatibility with monophonic and conventional
stereophonic players, while at the same time improving the illusion
of four separate channels during playback, the difference signal D
is preferably applied in the manner suggested in applicant's
(Bauer's) article entitled "Some Techniques Toward Better
Stereophonic Perspective," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO, Vol. AU-11,
No. 3, May-June, 1963. In keeping therewith, and as is illustrated
in FIG. 5, instead of applying the difference signal equally and
oppositely to the left and right chanels as in the circuit of FIG.
1, the D signal is applied through an acoustical phase shift
network 32 which splits the incoming signal into two equal
amplitude signals D.sub.1 and D.sub. 2, each containing all of the
frequencies of the D signal, but displaced in phase with respect to
each other. Relative phase displacements in the range of
100.degree. to 170.degree. have been successfully used, with an
angle of 135.degree. being particularly suitable. It can be readily
demonstrated that when the two signals are thus displaced relative
to each other, the tip of the stylus instead of undergoing are
purely up and down motion as shown in FIG. 3, executes the
elliptical motion illustrated in FIG. 6. The limits of stylus
motion are shown by the dashed lines and the direction of motion of
the ellipse depends on whether D.sub. 1 leads D.sub.2, or vice
versa. The important consideration is that the groove has a
horizontal component defined by the horizontal width of the
ellipse, whereby both monophonic and stereophonic phonographs will
reproduce all four signals; that is, the record with four separate
channels will be fully compatible with the older playback systems;
albeit with monophonic systems the signal D is attenuated by about
8 db.
The realism of reproduction of four separate channels of
information recorded as described above is enhanced by the control
system described in the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 3,708,631 which
derives signals from the left and right terminals of the
transducer, separates the composite signals into their respective
components, compares the magnitudes of these components, and
actuates gain control amplifiers in the respective loudspeaker
circuits in concert with the loudness of the respective components
in a manner to give a substantially perfect illusion of four
separate independent sources of sound.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 7 there is shown in schematic form an
encoding or matrixing system for combining four independent
signals, intended for ultimate display on four separate
loudspeakers, into two composite signals for recording or
transmission on a two-track medium, such as a stereophonic disc
record or a two-track tape. The matrixor includes four input
terminals 40, 42, 44 and 46 intended to receive four separate
signals which, for convenience, will be designated left front
(L.sub.f), left back (L.sub.b), right back (R.sub.b) and right
front (R.sub.f), respectively. These designations signify the
locations in a listening area of the four loudspeakers on which the
signals are intended for ultimate presentation. These signals are
identified by vertical arrows of equal length which signify, for
purposes of the anaylsis to follow, that the incoming signals are
assumed to be of equal magnitude and referred to the same phase
reference. The combining matrix includes six all-pass phase-shift
networks 48, 50, 52, 54, 56 and 58 designed to introduce a
substantially constant phase shift to the applied signal over the
frequency range of interest without altering their magnitudes. Each
of the networks has a reference phase shift .PSI., which is a
function of frequency, the two phase shifters 50 and 56 introducing
only the reference phase shift. Phase shifters 48 and 58 provide a
phase shift equal to .PSI. + 45.degree., and networks 52 and 54
provide a phase shift equal to .PSI. + 90.degree..
The signals L.sub.f and R.sub.f, respectively identified with the
"left front" and "right front" loudspeakers are applied via their
respective terminals 40 and 46 through their associated all-pass
networks 48 and 58 to respective summing circuits 60 and 62. The
"left back" signal L.sub.b is applied in parallel to phase shift
networks 50 and 52, the output of the former being applied to
summing circuit 60 with attenuation corresponding to the
multiplicand 0.707, and the output of network 52 is applied to
summing circuit 62 with the same attenuation. The "right back"
signal R.sub.b is similarly applied in parallel to phase shift
networks 54 and 56, the output of which are respectively applied
with 0.707 attenuation to summing circuits 60 and 62. The summing
circuits 60 and 62, which are of conventional design and well known
to ones skilled in the art, are operative to produce respective
composite signals L.sub.T and R.sub.T at their corresponding output
terminals 64 and 66. These signals may be applied to the left and
right terminals of a stereophonic disc record cutter, for example,
or to the two recording heads of a two track tape recording
apparatus, or to any other known two-track medium, in a manner
which will be apparent to one skilled in the art.
Although the matrixing apparatus has been thus far described in
terms of four input signals, if it is desired to have a signal
appear centrally in the reproducing system, a "center" signal
designated by the arrow labeled C, may be applied equally and in
phase to terminals 40 and 46, or to the terminals 42 and 44, or to
all four terminals simultaneously, as indicated by the curved
arrows. It will be evident that the C signal will be subjected to
the phase shift or those of networks to which it is applied, in the
example of FIG. 7 to networks 48-58 and will become part of the
composite signals L.sub.T and R.sub.T.
The nature of the composite signals appearing at terminals 64 and
66 will be seen from the vector diagrams adjacent the terminals. It
is seen that each of these signals contains a predominant "front"
loudspeaker signal, L.sub.f ' and R.sub.f ', respectively, both of
which are shifted in phase relative to input signals L.sub.f and
R.sub.f by 105 + 45.degree.. The L.sub.T signal further includes
signals L.sub.b ' and R.sub.b ' at 90.degree. to each other, with
the L.sub.b ' signal leading, and in a 45.degree. relationship with
L.sub.f '. The C signal appears as C' in both composite signals in
the same relative phase position as the signals L.sub.f ' and
R.sub.f '.
It is significant to note that the R.sub.T signal contains in
addition to the signal R.sub.f ', the two signals L.sub.b ' and
R.sub.b ' at 90.degree. to each other. It is important to note,
however, that they are reversed in phase relative to the L.sub.T
signal, with R.sub.b ' leading and signal L.sub.b ' lagging
relative to the corresponding signals on terminal 64. As noted
earlier, however, the signal C' is again in the same relative
position with respect to the corresponding signal on terminal
64.
Since the signals L.sub.f ' and R.sub.f ' usually will be
incoherent signals, if recorded on a stereophonic disc record they
will appear independently as separate modulations of the left and
right channels. The signal C' being in phase at both of terminals
64 and 66 will cause lateral modulation of the disc record. The
fact that signal L.sub.b ' at terminal 64 leads the L.sub.b ' at
terminal 66 by 90.degree. will cause modulation of the record
groove in a clockwise advancing spiral, in the manner of a
right-hand screw thread. Similarly, because signal R.sub.b ' at
terminal 64 lags behind signal R.sub.b ' at terminal 66 by
90.degree. will result in a counter-clockwise helix being recorded,
in the manner of a left-hand thread. Thus, it is seen that the five
signals applied to the matrix system of FIG. 7 may be applied to a
stereophonic disc record as five distinct types of modulations,
namely, modulation of the left and right walls of the groove,
lateral modulation, and clock-wise and counter-clockwise helical
modulation.
The form of modulation on the disc record, as viewed from the point
of view of the cutter tip, looking in the direction of motion of
the groove, is illustrated in FIG. 8. The L.sub.f ' signal causes
motion at 45.degree. to the horixontal, the R.sub.f ' signal causes
motion at -45.degree. to the horizontal, and the C' signal causes
lateral or horizontal modulation. These three modulations, it will
be recognized, are identical with those which obtain in the cutting
of a conventional stereophonic record. As a significant departure
from conventional practice, there is, additionally, clockwise
circular modulation L.sub.b, corresponding to the "left back"
loudspeaker signal, and the counter-clockwise circular modulation
R.sub.b, corresponding to the "right back" loudspeaker signal.
Since the L.sub.b and R.sub.b modulations have a significant
horizontal component (as projected on the line C) it is evident
that they will produce equivalent signal components in the
horizontal mode, therefore assuring full capability with a
monophonic phonograph player. An important advantage of the
just-described method of combining the input signals to form the
two composite signals is that the stereophonic record or tape
recorded in this manner can be replayed over any stereophonic or
monophonic player with full and complete reproduction of all of the
sounds recorded on the record.
It is recognized that other types of modulation may occur during
the recording process. Reverberant components, for example, often
occur in an out-of-phase mode distributed between the input
terminals. It is not intended to restrict the signal to the five
distinct types recited above; other forms of modulation in addition
to these basic five produce results which are of intermediate
nature, which may be analyzed in terms of these basic ones.
Referring now to FIG. 9, there is illustrated one form of apparatus
for decoding the four individual signals from the two composite
signals recorded as above-described on a stereophonic record medium
for presentation over a four-loudspeaker system. The two signals
L.sub.T and R.sub.T are derived from the record medium by a
suitable transducer (e.g., a conventional stereophonic pickup in
the case of a disc record) and are applied to terminals 70 and 72,
respectively, of the decoder apparatus. These signals are first
translated through respective all-pass phase-shift networks 74 and
76, the latter providing a reference phase shift of .PSI..sub.1,
and network 74 providing a phase shift of .PSI..sub.1 + 90.degree..
The value of .PSI..sub.1 may be the same as the phase shift .PSI.
used in the encoding apparatus of FIG. 7, or it may be different,
the principal requirement being that the reference phase
.PSI..sub.1 be the same in both networks 74 and 76. The phase shift
networks 74 and 76 transform the input signals L.sub.T and R.sub.T
into two new signals L.sub.T " and R.sub.T ", which are very nearly
equal to the signals L.sub.T and R.sub.T except that they are
displaced at 90.degree. with respect to each other. This is
illustrated by the phasor diagrams in FIG. 9 in which the phasors
of the R.sub.T " signal are in the same relative position as in the
L.sub.T " signal, but the vectors of the L.sub.T " signal are all
rotated 90.degree. clockwise. Since the reference phase shifts
.PSI..sub.1 are the same in both networks, their relative effects
have been disregarded in presenting the phasor diagrams.
The composite signal L.sub.T " is applied through an additional
all-pass phase-shift network 78, which provides a reference phase
shift .PSI..sub.2 without changing the amplitude of the signal, and
thence through a gain control amplifier 80 (whose gain may be
controlled by applying a control signal to the amplifier) and a
suitable power amplifier to a loudspeaker 82. In the normal
operating mode the predominant signal in L.sub.T " is L.sub.f ".
Similarly, the composite signal R.sub.T " is passed through an
all-pass phase-shifter 84, designed to provide a phase shift of
.PSI..sub.2 + 90.degree. and then through an associated gain
control amplifier 86 and a power amplifier to loudspeaker 88. This
signal contains predominantly the signal R.sub.f ". A signal
predominantly containing the "left back" signal L.sub.b " is
derived by summing the L.sub.T " and R.sub.T " signals, each after
multiplication by the factor 0.707, in a summing circuit 90 of
known configuration. The output of summing circuit 90 is applied to
all-pass phase-shifter 92 which introduces a relative phase shift
of .PSI..sub.2 + 90.degree., and thence through gain control
amplifier 94, and a suitable power amplifier, to loudspeaker 96. To
obtain the fourth signal, predominantly containing the "right back"
signal, R.sub.b ", the L.sub.T " and R.sub.T " signals are summed
in a similar summing circuit 98 after multiplication by the factors
0.707 and -0.707, respectively. This sum (really difference) signal
is translated through phase-shift network 100, which provides a
reference phase shift .PSI..sub.2, and is then applied to gain
control amplifier 102 and thence through a power amplifier to
loudspeaker 104.
The gains of amplifiers 80, 94, 102 and 86 are controlled by a
control and switching logic 106 in response to signals derived from
the output terminals of phase-shifters 74 and 76 in the manner
described in the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 3,708,631.
Briefly, the control and switching logic 106 is operative to
recognize the channel or channels having the dominant signal among
L.sub.f ", R.sub.f ", L.sub.b " and R.sub.b ", and applies control
signals to the gain control amplifiers which increase the gain of
the channel containing the instantaneously dominant signal and to
reduce the gain of the other channels to give a substantially
perfect illusion of four separate independent sources of sound. As
the sound diminishes in the channel first identified and another
sound appears on a different channel, the logic circuit functions
to rapidly attenuate the gain in the first channel and to increase
the gain in a different channel.
It should be mentioned that the all-pass phase-shifters employed in
the circuits of FIGS. 7 and 9 may be of any design that will
provide the relatively constant angular differences sepcified in
the drawing. Usually, the function .PSI. should be as small as
possible, consistent with the provision of the necessary
differential phase shift. The phase-shift function should be
smooth, without any rapid changes of phase angle as a function of
frequency, as such rapid changes might cause slight changes in the
timbre of the sound being recorded and/or reproduced. It should
also be noted that the sense of rotation of the respective helical
modulations can be reversed in the recording process by inverting
the relative phase shifts of the L.sub.b and R.sub.b signals in the
matrixor of FIG. 7. This would result in the phasor R.sub.b ' in
the left channel leading the phasor R.sub.b ' in the right channel,
and would cause phasor L.sub.b ' in the right channel to lead the
phasor L.sub.b ' in the left channel. It will be recognized that if
this were done, it would be necessary to interchange the all-pass
networks 74 and 76 in order to obtain correct decoding of the four
individual signals.
FIG. 10 illustrates the location in a listening room or area of
loudspeakers 82, 96, 104 and 88 for optimum display of the signals
decoded by the system of FIG. 9. Specifically, loudspeakers 82, 88,
96 and 104 are placed in positions corresponding to the "left
front," "right front," "left back" and "right back," respectively.
Phasor diagrams of the signals appearing on each of these
loudspeakers are presented adjacent their respective loudspeaker.
It will be observed that the signals L.sub.f ", R.sub.f ", L.sub.b
" and R.sub.b " predominate in loudspeakers 82, 88, 96 and 104,
respectively; the signals from other channels appearing in each of
the main channels are about three db lower in level than the
principal signals and, accordingly, tend not to be prominent in the
mind of the listener; rather, he will hear primarily the four
independent channels being presented on the four loudspeakers.
A significant improvement in the direction of eliminating the
effect on the listener of the lower level signals from other
channels appearing in the main channel is obtained by the action of
the control and switching logic 106 (FIG. 9). As was mentioned
earlier, a given loudspeaker is turned "on" or momentarily
increased in signal intensity, by its associated gain control
amplifier when the prinicpal signal appears in that channel,
resulting in a positive gain control signal being applied to the
amplifier, while the gain control amplifiers in the other channels
are momentarily reduced in gain to attenuate or turn "off" the
signals applied to the other loudspeakers. This action greatly
enhances the illusion of four independent channels. It is to be
understood, however, that it has been observed that the objects of
the invention are partly achieved without the use of the gain
control amplifier and associated control and switching logic. In
other words, the system of FIG. 9 with control amplifiers 80, 94,
102 and 86 and their associated control and switching logic 106
removed, is operative to display the four separate signals on four
separate loudspeakers with a high degree of realism.
Furthermore, it has been observed that phase shifting networks 78,
92, 100 and 84, while contributing to the audible channel
separation of the four-loudspeaker system, can be dispensed with
and still obtain acceptable channel separation.
These observations provide the basis of the further improvement and
simplification of the decoder system shown in schematic form in
FIG. 11. In this system, the two composite signals L.sub.T and
R.sub.T, which, again, may be the outputs of a stereophonic pickup
or a magnetic head amplifier, are applied to respective all-pass
phase-shifting networks 114 and 116 having the porperties described
earlier, the latter exhibiting a reference phase shift .PSI..sub.3
and network 114 providing a phase shift .PSI..sub.3 + 90.degree..
The outputs of these phase-shift networks are applied to respective
amplifiers 118 and 120, which may be the output amplifiers of a
conventional stereophonic phonograph. In place of the two
loudspeakers normally used with the stereophonic phonograph, there
are provided four loudspeakers 112, 124, 126 and 128. Loudspeaker
122 is connected directly across amplifier 118 (with return through
ground) and consequently presents the L.sub.f " signal. Similarly,
the output of amplifier 120 directly drives loudspeaker 124 which,
therefore, reproduces the output signal R.sub.f ". These two
loudspeakers are normally placed at the front of the listening room
in the left and right corners, respectively. Loudspeaker 128 is
connected across the output terminals of amplifiers 118 and 120,
both of which are above ground, with the result that this
loudspeaker receives the difference signal output of the two
amplifiers. Accordingly, loudspeaker 128 corresponds to the
loudspeaker 96 in the system of FIG. 9, and is therefore placed in
the back right corner of the listening room or area. A sum signal
representing L.sub.b " is conveniently obtained by a transformer
130, the primary of which is connected between the output terminal
of amplifier 118 and ground so as to receive the full voltage
output of the amplifier. The secondary winding of the transformer
is connected between the output terminal of amplifier 120 and the
loudspeaker 126, the second terminal of this loudspeaker being
connected to ground. With this connection, the output voltages of
the two amplifiers are added, and the transformer affords the
additional advantage of isolating the output of one of the
amplifiers. Consequently, the loudspeaker 126 receives the sum
signal and thus corresponds to loudspeaker 96 in FIG. 9 and is
placed in the back left corner of the listening area. Loudspeakers
126 and 128 have coil impedances approximately twice that of
loudspeakers 122 and 124 to correspondingly reduce their outputs so
that the output sounds from the four loudspeakers are essentially
balanced. While this circuit does not provide all of the
refinements of the FIG. 9 system, it offers a simplified, low cost
system capable of providing excellent illusion of four-channel
stereophonic reproduction.
Another decoder for reproducing four signals processed for
recording by the system of FIG. 7 is illustrated in FIG. 12. The
output signals, L.sub.T and R.sub.T, from a suitable pickup device
are applied to terminals 132 and 134 and thence through respective
all-pass phase shift networks 136 and 138. All-pass network 136, as
in the FIG. 11 embodiment, introduces a phase shift of .PSI..sub.3
+ 90.degree. and network 138 introduces the reference phase shift
.PSI..sub.3, thereby to introduce a relative phase shift of
90.degree. between the two signals. The outputs of the two
phase-shift networks, L.sub.T ' and R.sub.T ' are amplified, if
necessary, by amplifier 140 and 142, and the outputs thereof
intermixed in a resistive network consisting of three resistors
144, 146 and 148. Resistors 144 and 146 each have a value of 1/3R,
and resistor 148 has a value of 2/3R, where R is any value chosen
to match the impedance of amplifiers 140 and 142. For example, if
these amplifiers have a low impedance, of the order of 1 ohm or
less, R may have a value of 100 ohms or more. If R is chosen to be
1,000 ohms, for example, resistors 144 and 146 would each have a
value of 333 ohms and resistor 148 would have a value of 666 ohms.
It is important, also, that the value of R be chosen to have a low
impedance compared to the input impedance of amplifiers 150 and
152.
The purpose of the resistive network is to cause, in response to
application of a signal L.sub.T to terminal 132, the appearance at
the input of amplifier 150 of potential L.sub.T ", and at the same
time a signal -9.5 db relative to L.sub.T " at the input of
amplifier 152. Conversely, with a signal R.sub.T applied to
terminal 134, a corresponding signal R.sub.T " appears at the input
of amplifier 152, the resistive network insuring that another
signal -9.5 db relative to R.sub.T " appears at the input of
amplifier 150.
The output terminals of amplifiers 150 and 152 are connected to
four loudspeakers 154, 156, 158 and 160 in the manner illustrated.
Specifically, loudspeaker 158 is connected directly across the
output terminals of amplifiers 150 and 152 and consequently
directly reproduces the difference signal of these two amplifiers.
Loudspeaker 154 has one of its terminals connected to the output
terminal of amplifier 150, and loudspeaker 156 has its
corresponding terminal connected to the output terminal of
amplifier 152. The remaining terminals of loudspeakers 154 and 156
are connected together and to one terminal of loudspeaker 160, the
other terminal of which is connected to ground and therefore to the
return circuit of amplifiers 150 and 152. It is evident, therefore,
that loudspeaker 160 carries the sum of the two currents produced
by amplifiers 150 and 152 and consequently reproduces the sum of
the two signals L.sub.T and R.sub.T. Each of loudspeakers 154 and
156 largely carries the current corresponding to its respective
channel L.sub.T and R.sub.T ; however, loudspeaker 160 adds a shunt
impedance which permits a small amount of each channel L.sub.T and
R.sub.T to act negatively upon the loudspeaker in the other
channel. The resistive network consisting of resistors 144, 146,
and 148 causes a small portion of the opposite channel voltage to
be fed into the opposite amplifier, thereby cancelling the adverse
effect of this reverse current and providing the desired L.sub.T to
appear at loudspeaker 154 only, and the current from signal R.sub.T
to appear in loudspeaker 156 only.
For appropriate action of the circuit, it is necessary that the
impedances of the voice coils of the four loudspeakers be properly
interrelated. If loudspeakers 154 and 156 are chosen to have an
impedance Z.sub.1, which may conveniently be 8 ohms, then
loudspeaker 160 should have an impedance of Z1/2 or 4 ohms, while
loudspeaker 158 should have an impedance of 2Z.sub.1, or 16 ohms.
While these values of impedance may be adjusted for optimum
performance in known manner, the values given are favored in that
they tend to equalize the powers of all of the channels of the
composite signals L.sub.T and R.sub.T.
The embodiments in FIGS. 9, 11 and 12 are adapted to the use of
four loudspeakers carrying the full frequency range of interest.
For reasons of size and economy, it is sometimes desired to use a
single "woofer" loudspeaker to reproduce the low frequency sounds
of all the channels (below approximately 200 Hz), but to retain
separate and independent loudspeakers for the higher frequency
sounds. This objective is achieved in another alternative
embodiment of decoder apparatus which is illustrated in FIG. 13. In
this embodiment, the so-called "mixed lows" principle is employed,
namely, that low frequency signals (i.e., below approximately 200
Hz) are considerably less influential in conveying the effect of
direction than signals above this frequency. Consequently, the low
frequency response of all of the channels in the composite signal
may be mixed together and applied to a single loudspeaker, with the
balance of the signals reproduced on four additional loudspeakers,
each containing the predominant signal of a given channel.
To this end, the signals L.sub.T and R.sub.T are applied to input
terminals 132 and 134, and as in the previous embodiment, are
passed through respective all-pass phase-shift networks 136 and
138, respectively, which provide phase shifts of .PSI..sub.3 +
90.degree. and .PSI..sub.3. The present embodiment differs,
however, in that one of the signals, for example R.sub.T, is
inverted (i.e., shifted 180.degree.). This can be accomplished by
inverting one of the generating elements of the pickup, for
example, so that the composite signal R.sub.T is applied to
therminal 134 in the negative sense, or, alternatively, by
utilizing an inverting element in the decoding circuit itself. For
example, amplifier 142' may be designed to invert the phase of the
signal applied thereto. As in the embodiment of FIG. 12, the
outputs of amplifiers 140 and 142' are interconnected by a
resistive mixing network consisting of resistors 144, 148 and 146,
which in turn, is connected to the input terminals of amplifiers
150 and 152. Of significance to the utilization of the inversion of
one of the input signals, R.sub.T for example, a sum
signal--instead of the difference signal in the embodiment of FIG.
12--appears at the outputs of amplifiers 150 and 152 which,
therefore, contain all, or most of the low frequency or bass
response. These low frequency signals are isolated and reproduced
by a special low frequency loudspeaker 162 connected between the
output terminals of amplifiers 150 and 152, preferably in series
with an inductor 164 of a value which prevents all high frequency
response above some cutoff point, say 100 Hz, from reaching
loudspeaker 132. The loudspeakers 154, 156, 158 and 160 for
presenting the balance of the signals are connected in a manner
similar to the connections of FIG. 12, the principal difference
being that the signals from amplifiers 150 and 152 are connected
through respective capacitors 166 and 168 of equal value chosen to
prevent all signal energy below the cutoff point from reaching the
higher frequency loudspeakers. By reason of inversion of one of the
signals, it will be noted that loudspeaker 158, connected between
the output terminals of the two amplifiers now carries the sum
signal and should, therefore, be installed in the left back corner
of the listening area. Similarly, loudspeaker 160 carries the
difference signal and should, accordingly, be placed in the right
back corner of the room. As in the embodiment of FIG. 12,
loudspeaker 154 carries the left front signal and loudspeaker 156
carries the right front signal; accordingly, they should be placed,
as before, in the front left and front right corners of the room,
respectively. Also as a consequence of inversion of the R.sub.T
signal, the "hot" terminal of loudspeaker 156 should be reversed,
as indicated by the coding dot at the right-hand side of this
loudspeaker.
While the choice of values for capacitors 166 and 168 and inductor
164 for separating and directing the low and high frequency signals
into their respective looudspeakers is subject to considerable
latitude, it is preferable that capacitors 166 and 168 have a
reactance equal to the impedance Z.sub.1 at the cutoff frequency,
with the inductance 164 chosen to have a reactance equal to twice
the impedance Z.sub.1 at the same frequency. It will be understood,
however, that any other appropriate means for dividing the low
frequency and high frequency for reproduction over their respective
loudspeakers may be employed without departing from the spirit of
the invention.
It is also recognized that the choice of resistors 144, 146 and 148
in the values of 1/3R, 1/3R and 2/3R respectively is subject to
considerable latitude and is related to the impedance values of the
loudspeakers 154, 156, and 158 and 160.
An even simplier system for decoding signals processed for a
recording by the system of FIG. 7 is realized by omitting the
all-pass phase-shift networks 136 and 138 and applying the signals
L.sub.T and R.sub.T directly to the input terminals 170 and 172 of
amplifiers 140 and 142', respectively. For best performance in this
case, however, loudspeaker 158 which carries the sum signal
preferably is placed in the general front area of the listening
room, loudspeaker 154 which carries the left front signal should be
placed toward the front left region of the listening area, and
loudspeaker 156 which carries the right front signal should be
placed toward the front right part of the listening area.
Loudspeaker 160 which carries the difference signal should be
placed in the generally rearward portion of the listening area. The
loudspeaker 162 carrying the mixed lows may be placed anywhere in
the listening area and yet give pleasant results. These rules it
will be recognized are general rules, and each listener may arrange
the loudspeakers to positions to produce results pleasant to
him.
It will, of course, be recognized that the system of FIG. 13, with
the phase shift networks 136 and 138 omitted, is operative to
reproduce the four principal signals on respective loudspeakers
without the refinement of the "mixed lows" feature. That is, the
circuit of FIG. 3 may be further simplified by omitting capacitors
166 and 168, inductor 164 and special loudspeaker 162. When this is
done, loudspeakers 154, 156, 158 and 160 carry the predominant left
front, right front, center front and back information,
respectively, throughout the full frequency range they are capable
of reproducing.
* * * * *