U.S. patent number 3,809,485 [Application Number 05/299,302] was granted by the patent office on 1974-05-07 for loose-leaf binder construction.
Invention is credited to Lewis R. Beyer.
United States Patent |
3,809,485 |
Beyer |
May 7, 1974 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
LOOSE-LEAF BINDER CONSTRUCTION
Abstract
A plastic, i.e., synthetic resin, backbone or spine for a
loose-leaf binder with integral studs for securing a ring member
and separate abutments for inhibiting movement of the ring member
along the backbone. In one embodiment the backbone is insertable as
a separate member between plies of a binder cover. In another
embodiment it forms an integral portion of a unitary plastic
loose-leaf binder cover. The studs are headed, with a slot to allow
deformation and insertion into apertures of a ring member. Upon
localized heating of the heads, plastic flows into the slots to
prevent removal of the ring member.
Inventors: |
Beyer; Lewis R. (Valley City,
OH) |
Family
ID: |
23154212 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/299,302 |
Filed: |
October 20, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
402/31;
402/75 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B42F
13/0066 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B42F
13/00 (20060101); B42f 003/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;402/31,38 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Grieb; Wm. H.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Watts, Hoffmann, Fisher &
Heinke
Claims
1. A backbone or spine of synthetic resin for supporting and
securing a ring element in a loose-leaf binder, said backbone being
thin, narrow, and elongated, with a front surface adapted to extend
behind a ring element, and including first and second integral
means extending forwardly of said front surface for engaging a ring
element, said first means serving to secure said element against
said front surface and said second means serving to obstruct
relative shifting of a secured ring element along the backbone
while allowing movement of the element forward and away from the
backbone, said second means projecting forwardly of said front
surface a
2. A device as set forth in claim 1 wherein said first integral
means comprises a stud adapted to extend through an aperture in a
ring element.
3. A device as set forth in claim 2 wherein said stud is headed and
has a
4. A device as set forth in claim 3 wherein said synthetic resin is
thermoplastic and said stud is deformable to a stable shape
through
5. A device as set forth in claim 2 wherein said second integral
means comprises a ridge extending transversely of the beackbone
adjacent each stud, adapted to engage a rivet sleeve carried in an
aperture of a ring
6. A plastic, e.g., synthetic resin, backbone for a loose-leaf
binder cover, insertable between plies of the cover and adapted to
secure a ring element to the cover, said backbone being thin, long
and narrow, with smooth, dull, side edges; having a front surface
adapted to extend behind a ring element; and including first and
second integral means extending forwardly of said front surface for
engaging a ring element, said first means serving to secure said
element against said front surface and said second means serving to
resist relative shifting of a secured ring element along the
backbone while allowing movement of the element forward and away
from the backbone, said second means projecting forwardly of said
front
7. A device as set forth in claim 6 wherein said backbone is
transversely curved and sufficiently flexible and resilient
longitudinally to permit bowing without permannent deformation, and
said first integral means comprises two studs adapted to extend
through apertures in a ring element, each stud having an enlarged
head at the distal end with a longitudinal slot in the end that
extends at least the full length and width of the
8. A device as set forth in claim 7 wherein said second integral
means includes a ridge adjacent each stud, extending transversely
of the backbone and projecting forwardly of said front surface a
distance less than the height of the adjacent stud, adapted to
engage a portion of a ring element that is secured to said surface
by said studs and inhibit
9. A one-piece synthetic resin binder cover adapted to receive and
secure a ring element, and with the ring element to form a
loose-leaf binder, said binder cover comprising two cover portions
and an intermediate backbone portion, delineations therebetween
being defined by thinner hinge-forming portions, said backbone
portion being narrow and elongated, with a surface facing inwardly
of the cover, against which a ring element is positionable, and
having first and second integral means extending forwardly of said
surface for engaging a ring element said first means serving to
secure said element against said inwardly facing surface and said
second means adapted to lie directly adjacent a part of a ring
element secured to the backbone and serving to retard relative
shifting of a secured ring element along the backbone while
allowing movement of the element toward and away from the backbone,
said second means projecting from said inwardly facing surface a
distance less than that of said first
10. A device as set forth in claim 9 wherein said first integral
means comprises a plurality of studs adapted to extend through
apertures in a
11. A device as set forth in claim 10 wherein said synthetic resin
is thermoplastic, said studs are headed and slotted, and are
permanently
12. A device as set forth in claim 10 wherein said second integral
means comprise a ridge adapted to engage a rivet sleeve carried in
an aperture
13. A device as set forth in claim 12 wherein said second integral
means further comprise additional ridges adjacent opposite ends of
the backbone
14. A one-piece binder cover of synthetic resin adapted to receive
and secure a ring element and with the ring element to form a
loose-leaf binder, said binder cover comprising two cover portions
and an intermediate backbone portion, delineations therebetween
being defined by thinner hinge-forming portions, said backbone
portion being narrow and elongated, with a surface facing inwardly
of the cover, against which a ring element is positionable, and
having first integral means extending forwardly of said surface for
engaging and securing a ring element to said backbone portion, and
two integral abutments, each at opposite ends of said backbone
portion, extending forwardly of said surface and transversely of
the longitudinal extent of the backbone, adapted to lie beyond and
directly adjacent ends of a ring member attached to the binder
15. In combination, a backbone of a loose-leaf binder and a ring
element secured thereto, said backbone being made of synthetic
resin, narrow and elongated in shape, with a front surface that
extends behind the ring element, a plurality of synthetic resin
studs, integral with said backbone and extending forwardly from
said front surface, said ring element having apertures and sleeves
through which said studs extend, and integral abutment means
extending from said front surface a distance less than said studs,
directly adjacent said ring member, positioned to inhibit
longitudinal movement of the ring member relative to said backbone
while permitting movement toward and away therefrom, said studs
having integral heads engaged with said ring member to retain said
ring member against
16. A combination as set forth in claim 15 wherein said abutment
means includes at least two projections, each extending
transversely of the backbone, one located adjacent each opposite
end of the backbone, beyond
17. A combination as set forth in claim 15 wherein said abutment
means includes ridges each having a portion extending transversely
of the backbone directly adjacent each sleeve of the ring member
through which
18. A combination as set forth in claim 17 wherein said abutment
means further includes at least two projections, each extending
transversely of the backbone, one located adjacent each opposite
end of the backbone,
19. A backbone or spine of synthetic resin for supporting and
securing a ring element in a loose-leaf binder, said backbone being
thin, narrow, and elongated, with a front surface adapted to extend
behind a ring element, and including an integral stud extending
forwardly of said front surface adapted to extend through an
aperture in a ring element and secure the ring element to the
backbone, and an integral ridge extending forwardly of said front
surface and transversely of the backbone adjacent each stud,
adapted to engage a rivet sleeve carried in an aperture of a
secured ring element through which said stud is constructed to
extend and thereby
20. A plastic, e.g., synthetic resin, backbone for a loose-leaf
binder cover, insertable between plies of the cover and adapted to
secure a ring element to the cover, said backbone being thin, long
and narrow, transversely curved, with smooth, dull, side edges
sufficiently flexible and resilient longitudinally to permit bowing
without permanent deformation; having a front surface adapted to
extend behind a ring element; and including two integral studs
extending forwardly of said front surface and adapted to extend
through apertures in a ring element for engaging and securing the
ring element to the backbone, each stud having an enlarged head at
the distal end with a longitudinal slot in the end that extends at
least the full length and width of the head, and a ridge adjacent
each stud extending transversely of the backbone and projecting
forwardly of said front surface a distance less than the height of
the adjacent stud, adapted to engage a portion of a ring element
that is secured to said surface by said studs and inhibit relative
shifting of
21. In combination, a backbone of a loose-leaf binder and a ring
element secured thereto, said backbone being made of synthetic
resin, narrow and elongated in shape, with a front surface that
extends behind the ring element, a plurality of synthetic resin
studs, integral with said backbone and extending forwardly from
said front surface, said ring element having apertures and sleeves
through which said studs extend, said studs having integral heads
engaged with said ring member, retaining said ring member against
said front surface, and integral abutment means extending from said
front surface, directly adjacent said ring member, positioned to
inhibit longitudinal movement of the ring member relative to said
backbone, said abutment means including at least two projections,
each extending transversely of the backbone, one located adjacent
each opposite end of the backbone, beyond the longitudinal extent
of the ring member.
22. In combination, a backbone of a loose-leaf binder and a ring
element secured thereto, said backbone being made of synthetic
resin, narrow and elongated in shape, with a front surface that
extends behind the ring element, a plurality of synthetic resin
studs, integral with said backbone and extending forwardly from
said front surface, said ring element having apertures and sleeves
through which said studs extend, said studs having integral heads
engaged with said ring member, retaining said ring member against
said front surface, and integral abutment means extending from said
front surface, directly adjacent said ring member, positioned to
inhibit longitudinal movement of the ring member relative to said
backbone, said abutment means including ridges each having a
portion extending transversely of the backbone directly adjacent
each sleeve of
23. A combination as set forth in claim 22 wherein said abutment
means further includes at least two projections, each extending
transversely of the backbone, one located adjacent each opposite
end of the backbone, beyond the longitudinal extent of the ring
member.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to loose-leaf binders.
2. Prior Art
Two types of loose-leaf ring binders pertinent to the present
invention include the low cost, plastic covered, binders and the
more expensive "case made" binders, both of which utilize
conventional metal rings that can be opened and snapped closed.
The low cost, plastic covered, binders are typically comprised of a
vinyl covering formed from two sheets in overlying relationship,
that are divided transversely into two cover leaves and a central
spine portion. Reinforcement, usually cardboard, is provided in
each cover leaf, between the two vinyl plies, and a metal or
cardboard backplate is inserted between the plies in the spine
portion, to support a snap-action ring member, which is secured to
the backplate with rivets. Metal backplates offer substantially
greater strength over cardboard and are typically curved
transversely to provide an improved appearance to the spine of the
binder.
When a vinyl cover of the above type having a metal backplate is
manufactured, the backplate is inserted after the cover is
fabricated. To facilitate this, a space or pocket for the metal
backplate is preserved with a cardboard insert in the spine portion
between the two plies. When the two plies are sealed about the
cover leaf reinforcements and between the cover leaves and the
spine portion with a heat sealing mechanism, the temporary use of
the nonconductive cardboard insert in place of the metal backplate
prevents arcing or shorting of the electronic sealing machine used
to seal the cover plies. It also avoids any damage to the vinyl
that might otherwise be caused by sharp edges of the metal
backplate when the vinyl plies in the hinge areas are pressed
together for heat sealing. A slit is then made in the spine
portion, usually across one end, to permit removal of the cardboard
spacer and insertion of the metal backplate. This construction is
disadvantageous, especially when it is considered that the binder
is intended to be a low cost product, because the metal backplate
is relatively expensive and substantial labor and handling are
required to both insert and remove the cardboard spacer and
subsequently insert the metal backplate having extending rivets
that stretch the plastic during insertion. Thereafter, the rivets
used to attach the metal ring assembly against the spine portion
require hand peening.
So-called "case made" binders, which also use metal backplates, are
generally of more expensive construction than vinyl-covered binders
of the construction described above. This is primarily due to the
utilization of higher quality covering material and custom fitting
to provide a better appearance. For example, the cover leaves are
typically covered with cloth, leather, simulated leather, plastic,
or the like, and include an inside lining or cover, and often
utilize separate metal hinges between the spine portion and the
cover leaves. These binders have typically been provided with metal
backplates that are curved transversely for a more pleasing
appearance, and substantial labor has been required in
manufacturing these case made binders.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to loose-leaf binder constructions
and specifically to a backbone or spine of thermoplastic synthetic
resin for a loose-leaf binder, in the form of either an insert for
a fabricated cover or as an integral part of a molded cover.
When in the form of an insert, the backbone of the present
invention can embody the advantages of the metal backplate yet it
can also be initially located between vinyl plies of the spine
portion of a low cost binder during electronic sealing, and thereby
eliminate the use of a spacer and the necessity of subsequently
removing the spacer and inserting the backplate. Further, the
plastic backbone has no tendency to cut through the vinyl plies in
use, as does the metal backplate.
It has the further advantage of being more easily and conveniently
inserted than a metal backbone when a cardboard insert or spacer is
to be replaced. This is advantageous because often the plastic
cover plies will be sealed wiht a cardboard backbone spacer as
previously described for stock and then a backbone and ring binder
subsequently installed as needed. A plastic backbone facilitates
insertion because it can be longitudinally bowed without permanent
deformation. As a result, installation can be made through a
longitudinal slit between apertures in the plastic that received
the studs or rivets by bowing the backplate and inserting the ends
at opposite ends of the slit and then allowing them to slide under
the cover ply to the end of the backbone portion as the backplate
returns through its inherent resiliency to the original shape.
Unlike the transverse slit required at the end of the backbone
portion for insertion of a metal backplate, this slit is completely
covered by the ring member after installation.
When the improved backbone construction is used as a part of an
entire molded cover, a loose-leaf binder can be provided that in
appearance and feel is very similar to a "case made" binder, but
which eliminates the need for a metal backplate, covering material,
and separate hinges. This results in substantial labor savings.
In both types of construction, the plastic spine insert or integral
spine portion includes integral plastic studs, typically two, that
are spaced longitudinally along the spine, to be received in
apertures and rivet sleeves of a ring member. In a preferred
construction, the studs have heads and slots in the end that permit
compression of the heads for insertion through the rivet sleeves.
The heads then retain the ring member. Heat is applied to deform
the head into close retaining relationship with the ring member,
and to cause the thermoplastic material to flow into the slot of
the head, preventing subsequent compression of the head and thereby
inhibiting removal of the ring member.
An important feature of the present construction is the inclusion
of one or more integral abutments in addition to the studs,
projecting forwardly from a front surface of the spine or backbone
that receives the ring member. The integral abutment or abutments
engage the ring member and inhibit longitudinal movement of the
member relative to the spine. This assures that a load applied to
the ring member in a direction longitudinally thereof, as by the
weight of sheets carried by the binder when the binder is upright,
will not be resisted only by the studs. This, in turn, assures that
the studs, which have a limited diameter (and, hence, a limited
strength) governed by the standard diameter of the rivet-receiving
apertures of a ring member, will not be sheared from the spine
during use. The combination of integral studs for attaching the
ring member and integral abutments of high shear strength provides
a secure and rigid attachment, which assures that even at low
temperatures, where the plastic may become more brittle than
normal, forces applied to the ring members during shipment or use
of assembled binders will not cause the studs to fail.
In the preferred embodiment of a backgone or spine constructed as
an insert for a vinyl loose-leaf binder of the type described
above, integral abutments are provided closely adjacent a base
portion of the studs. In a preferred embodiment, two straight
ridges extend transversely of the backbone length on diametrically
opposite sides of each stud and lie closely adjacent one end of a
rivet sleeve carried in an aperture of the base of the ring member,
in which the stud is received. Thus, when the ring member is
against the backbone and the studs project through the rivet
sleeves and apertures of the ring member, the base of each rivet
sleeve will be confined against movement longitudinally of the
backbone by the transverse ridges. The ridges can be formed either
by a recess in the backbone or spine that receives the base of the
rivet sleeve, or by raised walls projecting from the spine, and in
no way detract from the appearance of the binder, since they are
concealed behind the ring member.
Where the backbone portion forms a part of an integral one-piece
cover, a generally straight abutment for inhibiting movement of the
ring member is provided, in the preferred embodiment, at each end
of the backbone portion. These abutments may be provided either
alone or in combination with the ridge abutments of the type
described above. The straight abutments extend across the width of
the backbone portion adjacent ends of the ring member, and serve to
prevent longitudinal movement of the ring member relative to the
backbone. In addition, they also enhance the appearance of the
molded binder by partially obscuring and enclosing the ends of the
ring member.
In the preferred constructions of both embodiments, when a ring
member is placed against the front surface of the backbone or
backbone portion, with the integral studs extending through the
apertures and rivet sleeves of the ring member, the extending ends
of the studs are each formed by the application of heat into a head
that contacts the ring member and retains the ring member against
the backbone. When viewed from the outside, the backbone of the
binder has no exposed rivet heads, which detract from the
appearance of many conventional binders.
As a result of the present construction, low cost vinyl binders
with curved backbones and without exposed rivets are closely
competitive in price with binders having flat cardboard backbones
and exposed rivets, and are substantially less expensive than vinyl
binders with metal backplates. The one-piece plastic binders are
significantly less expensive than case made binders.
The above and other features and advantages of this invention will
become more apparent from the detailed description that follows,
when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a backbone for loose-leaf binder,
constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view taken along the line 2--2 of
FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an exploded view, with parts broken away, of a plastic
loose-leaf binder incorporating the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a transverse sectional view taken approximately along the
line 4--4 of FIG. 3, with parts omitted;
FIG. 5 is a partial sectional view taken along the line 5--5 of
FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a one-piece loose-leaf binder cover
and backbone embodying the present invention; and
FIG. 7 is a partial perspective view of the binder cover shown in
FIG. 6, including a ring member secured thereto.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
With reference to FIG. 1 to 5, a one-piece plastic backbone insert
10 is shown for use in a vinyl binder cover 12, which, along with a
conventional metal ring member 14, forms a low cost loose-leaf
binder. The backbone 10 serves to rigidify the spine portion of the
binder 12 and to secure the ring member 14 to the cover. It is
placed between an outer ply 16 and an inner ply 17 of plastic
sheets, typically vinyl, that are electronically-sealed together to
form the binder cover 12.
The backbone 10 is comprised of a plate portion 20 adapted to
extend substantially the entire height of the binder cover 12,
i.e., the length of a spine portion 18, as best illustrated in FIG.
3, and is of sufficient width to extend substantially the width of
the spine portion, as best illustrated in FIG. 4. The thickness of
the plate portion is sufficient to establish suitable rigidity to
the spine. In the preferred embodiment, the plate portion 20 is
curved transversely, both for the sake of appearance and feel of
the binder cover and also to increase the rigidity for a given
thickness of the backbone. The backbone, including all integral
parts thereof, is constructed of a thermoplastic material of high
strength and toughness, which avoids substantial brittleness at low
temperatures. For commercial considerations, the material must be
of relatively low cost. A satisfactory material is polypropylene.
Preferably, the backbone is injection molded.
Two integral studs 22, 23 extend perpendicularly from the concave
surface 20a of the plate portion 20 of the backbone, adjacent
opposite ends thereof. Each has a stem portion 22a, 23a that is
circular in cross-section, an enlarged head portion 22b, 23b at the
end, and a longitudinal slot 24, 25 extending the full width and
height of the head and partially into the stem portion. Each head
includes, as shown in connection with the stud 22 in FIG. 2, a
radial shoulder 22c and a tapered end surface 22d. Abutments or
ridges 26, 27 and 28, 29 are associated with each stud 22, 23
respectively, and project from the concave surface 20a. Each
extends transversely of the backbone on a diametrically opposite
side of the associated stud from the other abutment of the pair,
spaced from the base of the stud to closely receive the base of a
rivet sleeve. Each abutment extends forwardly beyond the adjacent
backbone surface a distance substantially less than that of the
stud.
The stud stems 22a, 23a are of a diameter that will fit closely
within a sleeve 30 carried in an aperture 31 of a metal base 32 of
the ring member 14. The stud heads 22b, 23b are of a diameter and
the slots 24, 25 of a width that will permit the head to be forced
through a passageway that will receive the stem portion, by virtue
of the outward taper of the end surface of the head portion and the
ability of the plastic material to deform. The stud thereafter
returns to its initial shape by virtue of the resilience of the
plastic material. The length of the stud stems 22a, 23a is
sufficient for the stud heads to project above, i.e., through, the
base of the ring member 14 when the member is positioned against
the spine of the binder cover, with the shoulder portions 22c and
23c, (FIGS 2 and 5) closely overlying the base of the ring
member.
As best shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the sleeve 30 carried by the ring
member has a flange or flared portion 34 at the base, adapted to
seat against the spine or backbone of the binder cover. The
distance between each upstanding abutment 26, 27 and 28, 29 is
established to closely receive the flange 34 and restrict movement
of each sleeve in directions essentially longitudinally of the
plate portion 20. Typically, a portion of the vinyl cover 17 will
overlie the abutments unless a large aperture is provided for the
studs to project through. The spacing between adjacent abutments
accommodates the vinyl thickness along with the diameter of the
sleeve flange, as shown in FIG. 5.
After assembly of the ring member, the slots 24, 25 are filled or
blocked by slightly melting the head portions of the studs, to
cause melted plastic to flow into the slots. This can be readily
accomplished by the application of localized heat, because the
backbone is formed of a thermoplastic material. At the same time,
it is preferable to slightly shape and compress the head toward the
ring member to eliminate any clearance between the head and ring
member, which is initially established to facilitate manufacturing
tolerances of ring members. The ring member is retained against the
spine of the binder cover because the head can no longer be
deformed to a compressed condition in which it can pass through the
surrounding sleeve.
It will be apparent from the construction of the backbone 10 that,
when a ring member 14 is secured to a backbone, a force applied to
the ring member in a direction longitudinally of the backbone will
be resisted by both he shear strength of the studs and that of the
ridges or abutments 26 and 28 or 27 and 29. It will be further
appreciated that the abutments 26-29, if of adequate thickness to
provide sufficient strength, limit the shear load that can be
applied to the studs longitudinally of the backbone and prevent the
studs from failing in shear.
The construction and manner of assembly of the completed binder is
best understood from FIGS. 3 and 4. The inner vinyl ply 17 of the
binder cover, with precut apertures, one of which is shown at 40 in
FIGS. 3 and 5, for receiving the studs 22, 23 is laid flat, and
cardboard reinforcement sheets 38, 39 are placed on the inner ply
in proper position to reinforce cover leaf portions of the binder
cover. The backbone insert 10 is placed between the cardboard
reinforcement sheets 38, 39 on the inner ply 16, with the studs
extending downward through the apertures 40 and into holes of a
fixture that positions the backplate. The outer vinyl cover ply 16
is placed over the inner ply, cardboard reinforcement sheets, and
backbone. Inner and outer plies are then electronically sealed
about the margins and along opposite longitudinal edges of the
backbone, the latter serving to form hinge portions 41, 42 between
the backbone and the cardboard reinforcement sheets. Because of the
complete absence of metal parts comprising the binder cover 12, all
danger or risk or arcing or shorting the electronic sealing machine
is eliminated. Furthermore, because all edges of the plate portion
20 are relatively dull and smooth, there is no tendency for the
edges to cut through either ply 16, 17 during use or during
assembly when the two plies are pressed together and sealed along
the edges.
The metal ring member is attached to the vinyl binder cover by
placing it over the backbone and inner ply 17, with the sleeves 30
aligned axially with the studs 22, 23. The ring member is then
forced onto the studs until the stud heads emerge through the
sleeves and above the ring member. The extending head of the studs
22, 24 are then locally heated to a temperature at which at least a
portion melts and flows into the respective slot to retain the
metal ring member in place.
Where a binder cover has been pre-fabricated with a cardboard
backbone, a backbone 10 embodying the present invention can be
substituted by forming a longitudinal slit from one aperture 40 to
the other in the vinyl ply 17, removing the cardboard backbone and
inserting the present one by bowing the plate portion 20 upward in
the center and tucking the ends beneath the upper vinyl ply at
opposite ends of the longitudinal slit and allowing the plate to
spring back to its original shape. The ring member is then attached
in the manner described above.
As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the present invention can be embodied in
a molded, one-piece, binder cover 50 of thermoplastic material the
same as that used for the backbone insert 10. The binder cover 50
includes integral front and back cover leaves 51, 52, connected to
an intermediate backbone portion 53 through parallel integral hinge
portions 54, 55 of reduced thickness. The entire cover is
preferably injection molded, permitting certain finished detail to
be provided, such as the simulation of an embossed or grained
covering material and inner liner, and a transverse curvature to
the backbone 53, so that the cover has the appearance and feel of a
case made binder, but without requiring the hand labor.
Two studs 58, 59 extend upward from an inner concave surface 53a of
the backbone portion 53 and two transverse abutments 60, 61 and 62,
63 are located adjacent each stud. The studs 58, 59 and the
abutments 60-63 are constructed identically to and function in the
same manner as the studs 22, 23 and abutments 26-29 of the backbone
insert 10.
Two straight end-abutments 66, 68 are provided, each adjacent an
opposite end of the backbone portion 53. These straight
end-abutments extend substantially the width of the backbone
portion 53 and have a straight top surface 66a, 68a. The depth of
the abutments is slightly less than the depth of the curvature
provided by the concave configuration of the backbone portion 53.
See FIG. 7. The thickness of the abutments 66, 68 is approximately
equal to the thickness of the backbone portion, which is sufficient
to provide a high degree of rigidity and strength to the
end-abutment. With this construction, the end-abutments reinforce
or help rigidify the curvature of the backbone portion 53 and
prevent longitudinal movement of a ring member 14' along the
backbone portion, in either direction. They also provide the
additional function of partially obscuring and enclosing the ends
of the ring member 14', to enhance the appearance of the binder.
While the preferred embodiment utilizes both the abutments 60, 61
and 62, 63 adjacent the studs and the end-abutments 66, 68 for
maximum strength, the end-abutments can be used alone. Thus, any
shear load applied to the studs 58, 59 through the ring member in a
direction substantially along the length of the backbone, is
limited either by the abutments 66, 68, alone, or along with the
walls 60-63. A severe shear load may be applied, for example, when
a large ring binder is stood on its end, especially if it is so
placed in a sharp or forceful manner. This can be a particular
problem if the binder material is cold and therefore somewhat more
brittle than usual, as often occurs during use. For example, a
catalog binder carried in a trunk of an automobile during the
winter will become cold and more brittle and, if used while still
cold, the studs 58, 59 may be more apt to fail in shear than they
normally would. With the present construction, the shear load is
borne by one of the end-abutments and, if present, also by two of
the abutments 60-63 as soon as the studs begin to deform from the
load.
While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been
disclosed in detail, it will be appreciated that various
modifications or alterations may be made therein, without departing
from the spirit and scope of the invention set forth in the
appended claims.
* * * * *